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Diatom Based Pollution Indices for Fresh Water Lakes of Mysore

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Diatom Based Pollution Indices for Fresh Water Lakes of Mysore DIATOM BASED POLLUTION INDICES FOR FRESH WATER LAKES OF MYSORE A MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT WITH THE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI UGC Approval Letter No. and Date: MRP(S)-0540/13-14KAMY006/UGC- SWRO dated 28.03.2014 Principal Investigator Lizzy Cyriac Associate Professor Department of Botany St. Philomena’s College Mysuru-570 015 Co-investigators Ms. A.L Maria and Mr. Nayeemulla Sharif Assistant Professors of Botony St. Philomena’s College Mysore-570 015 The project report submitted to the UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI 1 DIATOM BASED POLLUTION INDICES FOR FRESH WATER LAKES OF MYSORE A MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT WITH THE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI UGC Approval Letter No. and Date: MRP(S)-0540/13-14KAMY006/UGC- SWRO dated 28.03.2014 Principal Investigator Lizzy Cyriac Associate Professor Department of Botany St. Philomena’s College Mysuru-570 015 Co-investigators Ms. A.L Maria and Mr. Nayeemulla Sharif Assistant Professors of Botony St. Philomena’s College Mysore-570 015 The project report submitted to the UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI 2 DECLARATION I do hereby declare that the final project report of the minor research project entitled “ Diatom based pollution indices for fresh water lakes in Mysore is the result of research work carried out by me at the department of Botany, St. Philomena’s College, Mysore. Further more, I declare that the work is original and has not been submitted to any other University for any other degree. (Lizzy Cyriac) 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere gratitude to UGC, South Western Reginal office, Bangalore for granting me the minor research project and giving me an opportunity to conduct research along with teaching. Heartfelt thanks to Rev. Fr. Leslie Moras, the former Principal of the college and the Episcopal vicar for education and health, of Mysore Diocesan Educational Society (College Management), Rev. Fr. Dr. Bernad Prakash Barnes, Rector, St. Philomena’s College, Mysuru and Dr Ruth Shantha Kumari, Principal, St. Philomena’s College, Mysuru for the extended support and co-operation. My sincere thanks to my father, Prof. K.V. Joseph retired Professor in Botany and Prof. Othbert Pinto, Director of P.G. Studies, St. Philomena’s College for their constant support and encouragement, without which I could not have completed the project successfully. My sincere thanks to Mr. Cyriac Philip, Prof. Dorothy. P, Dr. Noor Mubasheer, Dr. Sukanya, Dr. Shiva Kumar A and Dr. Asha M.S for their extended support and co-operation. Finally, I thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of St. Philomena’s College, Mysuru who have been involved with me in completing the project. (Lizzy Cyriac) 4 CONTENTS Sl.No Content Page No 1. Introduction 6 2. Review of literature 8 3. Materials and methods 11 General topography of the study area Sampling sites Phytoplankton analysis 4. Results and discussion 16 5. Conclusion 22 6. References 24 5 INTRODUCTION Diatoms form an important part of wetlands and one of the most dominant group of planktonic algae in fresh waters. They are golden brown algae belonging to division- Bacillariophyta. These planktons are microscopic organisms that live in the water environment, forming an important part of the fresh water ecosystem. Their small structure and extensive reproductive rate they occupy large expanses of water bodies. Various measures have been adapted to assess water quality of rivers. Several measures based on general composition of water quality parameters have been used to detect organic pollution due to human disturbances. Biological indicators show the degree of ecological imbalance that has been caused and chemical methods measure the concentration of pollutants. Both types of assessments are necessary to monitor pollution. Relation between the various types of biological indicators which includes phytoplankton counts and diversity of phytoplankton is also important. Most biological assessments have dealt with conditions arising out of organic pollution due to inflow of sewage, effluents from industries etc. The tolerance of Diatoms to various environmental stress is an important aspect of study. BOD indicates the rates of oxygen consumption, but measures only one component of the complex oxygen balance. Ecological conditions governing the growth of phytoplankton in various water bodies is also of significance.. The review on the value of biological indicators to rate the quality of water, points out striking facts. Assessment of eutrophication is also an important criterion that suggest the extent of increase in concentration of nutrients which is likely to adversely alter the balances in the aquatic ecosystem. Urbanization has led to the pollution of most of the lakes. It has caused the decline of some species of algae (plankton) while some have become extinct. On the other hand some planktonic species have increased enormously causing 6 pollution making it unfit for drinking and recreational purposes. Water quality can be assessed based on the diatom assemblage Although a great deal of work has been done on the phytoplankton ecology, studies on conservation strategies of lake ecosystems are lacking. The review of literature reveals that researches have dealt the physico-chemical parameters and the phytoplankton of lakes, independently. Information on the planktonic diversity and related aspects of lakes of Mysore district are lacking. An attempt has been made to assess the plankton diversity in four lakes of Mysore district situated at a distance apart. Emphasis is laid upon the conservation strategies using Diatoms as indicators of Ecological status. 7 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Use of Diatom indices to monitor river pollution has been done to a considerable effect. It is because they are sensitive to water chemistry, especially to the ionic content, pH, dissolved oxygen, organic matter etc. These observations made by Werner(1977), Vann Donn et-al (1994), Potapora and Charles(2007) and of late by Alvares Blanco et-al (2012).These studies discuss the ecological profiles of the diatom assemblage on diatom based metrices. Qualitative bio-assessment of water has been done by Pan et-al and Rott et-al. Tripathy and Pandey (1989) recorded diatom population to be high during summer. Cemagreef(19820 developed diatom based indices on the bases of reginal autoecological studies of diatom taxa. Rumean and Corte (1980)developed generic diatom indices. Pollution metrices have been done by Round(1993), Kocil et-al(2009), Boclenger et-al(2006) and Ray et-al (2004) The use of diatom based indices in India is very less. Water quality index in classifying lake waters has been used by Thambker and Charan(2004), Princy et-al (2001), Chimry and Razinddin(2002) and Agarkar (1998).Sargonkar and Despande(2003) developed an overall indices for pollution for surface water based on general classification scheme in the Indian context. Parvatessam and Mishra(1993) detected pollution indicating algae. Hosmani and Barathi (1980) used algae as indicators of organic pollution. Bragi and Goswamy (19940) studied ecology of algal blooms. Hosmani et-al (2011) studied water quality index for aquatic lakes in Mysore.. In 2012, research on benthic diatom community for lake water monitoring was done by Hosmani. Khatkar et. al., (1989) found a close relation between phytoplankton and some nutrients, especially during summer months. Few of the reports were those of Naik and Hegde (1990) from the Sharavathi estuary, Tripthi and Pandey (1990), Madhur and Pathak (1990) from rock shelters, Srivastava and Othawani (1990) from semiarid region of Rajastan.. Some of the ecological studies related to phytoplankton were also made by Singh 8 (1990) who correlated physico-chemical parameters with primary production of plankton, Goviathan (1990) studied seasonal succession of algal flora of waste stabilization ponds; Ebrahim Banat (1990) studied algal productivity in waste water treatment plants. Ikommiko (1990) pointed out the problem of toxic pollution of Ladoge Lake in Russia and suggested that increased discharge of toxic substances into the lake has caused water quality deterioration, changes in species composition and other deleterious effects on the aquatic ecosystem, Trifonova (1990) outlined the ecology and succession of phytoplankton, His work was related to phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll levels. Certain inland lakes of Mysore were studied by Naganandini and Hosmani (1990). Surendra kuamr and Sharma (1991) pointed out that the trophic level of water rises due to high electrical Inductance, pH, total alkalinity and nitrates. Lakes of central Ontario were studied by Molot and Dillon (1991) who stressed upon nitrogen and phosphorous ratio related to chlorophyll production in lakes of central Ontario. The conditions controlling the blooms of Cyclotella were discussed by Jyothi et. al., (1992) who reported that during the bloom chlorides, phosphates and organic matter were in higher concentrations. Besare et. al., (1992) studied the numerical and volumetric variation in a polymictic lake in Bhopal. Dixit et. al., (1992) suggested the use of Diatoms as indicators of biological condition of lakes. They can be used to address a wide variety of environmental issues including lake acidification, eutrophication as well as climate changes. Eutrophication usually affects physical and chemical environment and can lead to significant
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