DIATOM BASED POLLUTION INDICES FOR FRESH WATER LAKES OF

A MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT WITH THE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF NEW DELHI

UGC Approval Letter No. and Date: MRP(S)-0540/13-14KAMY006/UGC- SWRO dated 28.03.2014

Principal Investigator Lizzy Cyriac Associate Professor Department of Botany St. Philomena’s College Mysuru-570 015

Co-investigators Ms. A.L Maria and Mr. Nayeemulla Sharif Assistant Professors of Botony St. Philomena’s College Mysore-570 015

The project report submitted to the UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI

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DIATOM BASED POLLUTION INDICES FOR FRESH WATER LAKES OF MYSORE

A MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT WITH THE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI

UGC Approval Letter No. and Date: MRP(S)-0540/13-14KAMY006/UGC- SWRO dated 28.03.2014

Principal Investigator Lizzy Cyriac Associate Professor Department of Botany St. Philomena’s College Mysuru-570 015

Co-investigators Ms. A.L Maria and Mr. Nayeemulla Sharif Assistant Professors of Botony St. Philomena’s College Mysore-570 015

The project report submitted to the UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI

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DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the final project report of the minor research project entitled “ Diatom based pollution indices for fresh water lakes in Mysore is the result of research work carried out by me at the department of Botany, St. Philomena’s College, Mysore. Further more, I declare that the work is original and has not been submitted to any other University for any other degree.

(Lizzy Cyriac)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to UGC, South Western Reginal office, Bangalore for granting me the minor research project and giving me an opportunity to conduct research along with teaching.

Heartfelt thanks to Rev. Fr. Leslie Moras, the former Principal of the college and the Episcopal vicar for education and health, of Mysore Diocesan Educational Society (College Management), Rev. Fr. Dr. Bernad Prakash Barnes, Rector, St. Philomena’s College, Mysuru and Dr Ruth Shantha Kumari, Principal, St. Philomena’s College, Mysuru for the extended support and co-operation.

My sincere thanks to my father, Prof. K.V. Joseph retired Professor in Botany and Prof. Othbert Pinto, Director of P.G. Studies, St. Philomena’s College for their constant support and encouragement, without which I could not have completed the project successfully.

My sincere thanks to Mr. Cyriac Philip, Prof. Dorothy. P, Dr. Noor Mubasheer, Dr. Sukanya, Dr. Shiva Kumar A and Dr. Asha M.S for their extended support and co-operation. Finally, I thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of St. Philomena’s College, Mysuru who have been involved with me in completing the project.

(Lizzy Cyriac)

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CONTENTS

Sl.No Content Page No 1. Introduction 6

2. Review of literature 8

3. Materials and methods 11

 General topography of the study area

 Sampling sites

 Phytoplankton analysis

4. Results and discussion 16

5. Conclusion 22

6. References 24

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INTRODUCTION

Diatoms form an important part of wetlands and one of the most dominant group of planktonic algae in fresh waters. They are golden brown algae belonging to division-

Bacillariophyta. These planktons are microscopic organisms that live in the water environment, forming an important part of the fresh water ecosystem. Their small structure and extensive reproductive rate they occupy large expanses of water bodies.

Various measures have been adapted to assess water quality of rivers. Several measures based on general composition of water quality parameters have been used to detect organic pollution due to human disturbances. Biological indicators show the degree of ecological imbalance that has been caused and chemical methods measure the concentration of pollutants. Both types of assessments are necessary to monitor pollution. Relation between the various types of biological indicators which includes phytoplankton counts and diversity of phytoplankton is also important. Most biological assessments have dealt with conditions arising out of organic pollution due to inflow of sewage, effluents from industries etc. The tolerance of to various environmental stress is an important aspect of study. BOD indicates the rates of oxygen consumption, but measures only one component of the complex oxygen balance.

Ecological conditions governing the growth of phytoplankton in various water bodies is also of significance.. The review on the value of biological indicators to rate the quality of water, points out striking facts. Assessment of is also an important criterion that suggest the extent of increase in concentration of nutrients which is likely to adversely alter the balances in the aquatic ecosystem. Urbanization has led to the pollution of most of the lakes. It has caused the decline of some species of algae (plankton) while some have become extinct. On the other hand some planktonic species have increased enormously causing

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pollution making it unfit for drinking and recreational purposes. Water quality can be assessed based on the diatom assemblage Although a great deal of work has been done on the phytoplankton ecology, studies on conservation strategies of lake ecosystems are lacking.

The review of literature reveals that researches have dealt the physico-chemical parameters and the phytoplankton of lakes, independently. Information on the planktonic diversity and related aspects of lakes of are lacking.

An attempt has been made to assess the plankton diversity in four lakes of Mysore district situated at a distance apart. Emphasis is laid upon the conservation strategies using

Diatoms as indicators of Ecological status.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Use of Diatom indices to monitor river pollution has been done to a considerable effect. It is because they are sensitive to water chemistry, especially to the ionic content, pH, dissolved oxygen, organic matter etc. These observations made by Werner(1977), Vann Donn et-al

(1994), Potapora and Charles(2007) and of late by Alvares Blanco et-al (2012).These studies discuss the ecological profiles of the diatom assemblage on diatom based metrices.

Qualitative bio-assessment of water has been done by Pan et-al and Rott et-al. Tripathy and

Pandey (1989) recorded diatom population to be high during summer. Cemagreef(19820 developed diatom based indices on the bases of reginal autoecological studies of diatom taxa. Rumean and Corte (1980)developed generic diatom indices. Pollution metrices have been done by Round(1993), Kocil et-al(2009), Boclenger et-al(2006) and Ray et-al (2004)

The use of diatom based indices in India is very less. Water quality index in classifying lake waters has been used by Thambker and Charan(2004), Princy et-al (2001), Chimry and

Razinddin(2002) and Agarkar (1998).Sargonkar and Despande(2003) developed an overall indices for pollution for surface water based on general classification scheme in the Indian context. Parvatessam and Mishra(1993) detected pollution indicating algae. Hosmani and

Barathi (1980) used algae as indicators of organic pollution. Bragi and Goswamy (19940) studied ecology of algal blooms. Hosmani et-al (2011) studied water quality index for aquatic lakes in Mysore.. In 2012, research on benthic diatom community for lake water monitoring was done by Hosmani. Khatkar et. al., (1989) found a close relation between phytoplankton and some nutrients, especially during summer months. Few of the reports were those of Naik and Hegde (1990) from the Sharavathi estuary, Tripthi and Pandey (1990), Madhur and

Pathak (1990) from rock shelters, Srivastava and Othawani (1990) from semiarid region of

Rajastan.. Some of the ecological studies related to phytoplankton were also made by Singh

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(1990) who correlated physico-chemical parameters with primary production of plankton,

Goviathan (1990) studied seasonal succession of algal flora of waste stabilization ponds;

Ebrahim Banat (1990) studied algal productivity in waste water treatment plants. Ikommiko

(1990) pointed out the problem of toxic pollution of Ladoge Lake in Russia and suggested that increased discharge of toxic substances into the lake has caused water quality deterioration, changes in species composition and other deleterious effects on the aquatic ecosystem, Trifonova (1990) outlined the ecology and succession of phytoplankton, His work was related to phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll levels. Certain inland lakes of Mysore were studied by Naganandini and Hosmani (1990). Surendra kuamr and Sharma (1991) pointed out that the trophic level of water rises due to high electrical Inductance, pH, total alkalinity and nitrates. Lakes of central Ontario were studied by Molot and Dillon (1991) who stressed upon nitrogen and phosphorous ratio related to chlorophyll production in lakes of central Ontario.

The conditions controlling the blooms of Cyclotella were discussed by Jyothi et. al.,

(1992) who reported that during the bloom chlorides, phosphates and organic matter were in higher concentrations. Besare et. al., (1992) studied the numerical and volumetric variation in a polymictic lake in Bhopal. Dixit et. al., (1992) suggested the use of Diatoms as indicators of biological condition of lakes. They can be used to address a wide variety of environmental issues including lake acidification, eutrophication as well as climate changes. Eutrophication usually affects physical and chemical environment and can lead to significant changes in the phytoplankton community structure. Flores and Barone (1994), Uku and Mavuli (1994) opine that generally this process results in zooplankton community dominated by rotifers and small bodied Cladocerous. Lehman et. al., (1994) observed increase in chlorophyll a concentration of algal blooms during rainy season. Shaji and Patel (1994) highlighted phytoplankton ecology of a polluted pond at Anand (Gujarath) and stressed upon the physico-chemical

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parameters; Khan and Chowdary (1994) studied physical and chemical limnology of lake

Katpal, while Umon and Jireaney (1994) studied basic ecology of a lake of Costa Rica.

. A vast number of journals are published throughout the country and the world.

Based on the records that could be procured through various agencies, as well as referring to various literatures available in the subject, it has been possible to accumulate the present data.

It provides sufficiently high percent of references to constitute the review of literature.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS:

General topography of the study area:

Mysore is situated in the southern part of Deccan Peninsula and is the southern district of . The total area of the district is 5715 sq. km. The river Cauvery flows through the district with its important tributaries like Laxmanthirtha, Kabini and Suvarnavathi on the south, , Hemavathi and Lokapavani on the north flows through the district irrigating a major part of the land. The annual rainfall in the district is comparatively low

(700mm/annum)

The district is located between 11030' and 120 50' north latitude and 750 45' and 770

45' east longitude. It is boardered by Hassan and Mandya districts in the north,

Chamarajanagar and Kerala state to the south, and on the west by Kodagu district and

Waynad of Kerala state. It can be classified as partly maidan and partly semiland. The soil is fertile and well watered by perennial rivers and canals. Here and there granite rocks rise from the plains.

The district is a table land situated in the angle where Eastern and Western ghats ranges converge into a group of hills called the Nilgiri hills. Lofty Mountain ranges arise covered with vast forests. The general elevation of the district is more than 800 meter above

MSL.

Sampling Sites

Four lakes situated at a distance of 20-30 Kms apart in Mysore were selected for the present study. They include , , Bogadhi lake and Uttanahalli lake.

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Karanji lake is located in Mysore city. 12.3028 degree north, 76.6736 degree east Total area of the lake is 90 hectares. Water spread area is 35 hectares. The lake is surrounded by a nature park.

Kukkarahalli lake is also in Mysore city 12.3104 degree north, 76.6304 degree east, near

Manasagangotri, University of Mysore. Area is 62 hectares and catchment area is 414km2.

Bogadi Lake is about 9 km from Mysore city. 12 degree 18’0’’ and longitude 12 degree

18’0’’. It is a seasonal lake and is small. Less effected by human activites.

Uttanahalli Lake is about 5 kms from Mysore on the Nanjangude highway. 12 degree 15’0’’ and longitude 12 deree 15’0’’.

Associated with Thripura Sundari Temple. With lot of human activities and is abode for many birds.

KUKKARAHALLI LAKE VIEW

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KARANJI LAKE VIEW

BOGADHI LAKE VIEW

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UTANAHALLI LAKE VIEW

Phytoplankton Analysis

Samples for the estimation of diatoms were collected from surface waters and sediments at various places of the lakes at various depths. There were collected at an interval of 30 days. Precaution was taken to avoid filamentous algae and floating debris of angiosperm origin. Plastic carbuoys were used for the purpose of collection. An approximate amount of 25 ml, 4% formaldehyde and a few drops of Lugol’s iodine were added to the sample. It was sedimented in glass columns as described by Welch (1948). The amount thus sedimented was further reduced to 20 ml by centrifugation and on certain occasions when the plankton population was thin it was adjusted to 10 ml or less than 10 ml. The samples were preserved and stored for further analysis. Slides and coverslips were thoroughly cleaned with detergent and acids. Using a pipette, 10ml of the sample was drawn. A drop of ammonium chloride (10%) was added to neutralize charges and reduce clamping. Semi permanent mounts of the sample were prepared in 50% glycerin for identification and enumeration of

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plankton. Identification was done by consulting monographs of Desikachary (1959),

Philipose (1967), Prescott (1982), Scott and Prescott (1961), Sarode and Kamath (1984).

They were enumerated as per the methods described by Welch (1948) and Hosmani and

Bharathi (1980). Plankton count was done by Lackey’s drop method (1938). The diatoms were identified upto species level and were recorded as organisms per liter and tabulated for further study.

Ecological characterization of Diatom communities and their role to evaluate water quality was based on the Van Dam et-al table. (JEE Journal of Ecological Engineering, Vol 14, issue

4, 2013).

Salinity of the water samples was measured using TDS (total dissolved Salts ) method. 50 ml of water sample collected and evaporated to dryness and then the salt residues were weighed. pH of the samples were measured using pH meter.

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Results and Discussion: Software used in Statistical data analysis. OMINIDA GB 5.3 Table:1-Table of distribution of diatoms in the lakes of study: S1 - Karanji lake S2- kuukkarahalli lake S3 - Uttanahalli lake S4- Bogadi lake

Sl No Diatom S1 S2 S3 S4

1 Achnanthes maginulata 0 0 1200 0 2 Anomoeoneis sphaerophora 2800 2800 0 0 3 Asterionella Sp. 0 0 6800 4200 4 Aulocoseira crenulate 4200 2800 0 0 5 Campylodiscus clypeus 1400 0 0 0 6 Cocconeis placentula 1400 1400 1300 0 7 Cyclotella kutzingiana 2400 2800 4200 1400 8 Cymbella gracilis 2800 5600 5600 2800 9 Cymbella hungarica 0 0 1400 1400 10 Diatoma vulgare 5600 7000 2300 4200 11 Fragillaria capucina 0 0 1300 0 12 Fragillaria capucina 1700 1800 0 0 13 Fragillaria virescens 3600 5800 5600 4300 14 Gomphonema germinatum 4200 2800 0 0 15 Gomphonema lanceolatum 1600 0 0 0 16 Gomphonema parvalum 2800 5600 0 0 17 Melosira varianas 6400 5400 2300 1800 18 Navicula cuspidate 5600 8400 5700 2800 19 Navicula gracilis 1600 4900 1200 0 20 Navicula rhynchocephala 0 1400 0 0 21 Navicula viridula 1112 2000 0 0 22 Navicula westii 1233 1400 0 0 23 Nitzschia amphibia 0 0 1400 0 24 Nitzschia constricta 16 4900 3200 4300 2824

25 Nitzschia gracillis 0 0 2800 0 26 Nitzschia linearis 1400 2800 1400 0 27 Nitzschia palea 7800 7000 9600 4200 28 Pinnularia acrospheria 0 1600 1400 0 29 Pinnularia borealis 2800 4200 0 1400 30 Pinnularia caridinaliculis 0 0 1100 0 31 Pinnularia gibba 10600 9400 8800 2800 32 Rhopalodia gibba 0 1400 1400 2341 33 Stauroneis kirtikari 1800 1400 0 0 34 Stephenodiscus astrea 0 0 5600 1400 35 Surirella ulna 1700 4952 4424 1693 36 Synedra acus 2800 2800 4200 1400 37 Ulnaria acus 0 1500 0 0

Images of few Diatoms found in the four Lakes.

Synedra ulna Synedra acus

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Nitzschia amphibia Nitzschia palea

Navicula cuspidate Melosira varians

Melosira granulate Navicula rhynocephala

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Table 2: Ecological Values of four lakes of Mysore district Sl Ecological Ecological Ecological Ecological Ecological No Indicators value value value value S1 S2 S3 S4 1 Number of species 16 17 15 14 2 Population 155645 10,7052 88724 40958 3 Number of Genera 18 19 16 14 4 pH(R) 7.00-8.00 Alkaliphilous Alkaliphilous Neutral pH 7 mainly mainly occurring at occurring at pH>7-8 pH>7-8 5 Salinity(H) Fresh, Fresh, Fresh, brackish Fresh, brackish brackish brackish

6 N2 Uptake Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen metabolism(N) autotrophic autotrophic autotrophic autotrophic taxa tolerating taxa tolerating taxa tolerating taxa tolerating elevated levels elevated levels elevated levels elevated levels of organically of organically of organically of organically bound bound bound nitrogen bound nitrogen nitrogen nitrogen 7 Oxygen Moderate Moderate Moderate Continuously requirement(O) (above 50% (above 50% (above 50% high (about saturation) saturation) saturation) 100% saturation) 8 Saprobity(S) Alpha meso Alpha meso Alpha meso Oligo saprobous saprobous saprobous saprobous 9 Trophic state(T) Eutrophentic Eutrophentic Oligo to Oligo eutrophentic mesotrophentic (hypoeutrophen tic) 10 % indicators of 37.22% 31.05% 27.79% 22.00% Organic pollution

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In the present study, a total of 37 diatom taxa belonging to 21 genera was identified and recorded from the samples obtained from the four sites. Karangi lake recorded maximum number of diatoms followed by kukkarhalli lake and Uttanahalli lake . Least number was identified in Bogadhilake. Cymbella gracilis, Diatoma vulgare,,Melosera varians, Navicula cuspidate, Nitzschia palea, N. constricta, Pinnularia gibba, Synedra ulna are the Pollution tolerant species and are found in abundance in all the four lakes. Maximum number of species recorded was Pinnularia gibba from Karangi and Kukkarhalli lakes.

Diatoms as Indicators of Water Quality: Studies on diatoms in India were initiated in the early 19th Century by Detoni (1891-94)

Initial investigations on diations were mainly oriented towards taxonomy and systematic.

Later Cleve (1878) and Leudger-Fortmorel’s (1893), Gopinath and Quasim (1971),Juttner et- al (2003) used diatom assemblage data to investigate environmental data and reported the relationship between diatom assemblage and water chemistry. Diatoms are highly sensitive to many environmental variables and they are considered as powerful indicators of environmental changes, including acidification, eutrophication, carbon and organic nitrogen, pH and phosphorous (Klobe 1932, Van Der Werff and Huls 1957-1974, Cholnoky 1958,

Werner 1977, Dixit et al. 1992 and Van Dam 1993). Such studies have often used auto ecological data as warning signals. Van Dam et al. (1994) have presented a list of freshwater diatom taxa with ecological indicator values . They include ecological indicators for moisture conditions, pH, trophic state and salinity (Higler 1991), Verdonschot et al. (1992) and Van

Beusekom 1993). Diatoms are very susceptible indicators for organic biodegradable material and are a major issue in water quality management (Smit- Kroes 1989). They can indicate associated changes in the oxygen balance (Hustedt 1957, Sladecek 1986) they are capable of detecting values for saprobity, organic nitrogen and oxygen. Soft ware OMNIDIA for computing diatom indices has facilitated the use of diatom based bio-monitoring (Lecointe et

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al. 1993). The soft ware has an inbuilt ecological data for about 13000 diatom species, which comprise complete name, references, family type, sensibility and indicative values for the calculation of ecological indices. The comprehensive database in OMNIDIA has been adopted and validated using this soft ware. It has a specific four letter acronym as compared to the eight letter acronym proposed earlier.

Presently, diatoms in four lakes of Mysore district, Karnataka State, India have been analysed using the soft ware program as Indicators of organic and anthropogenic pollution.

Method of diatom collection for water Quality indicators:

Diatoms were collected from surface water and sediments from different areas surrounding the lakes. They were stored in glass bottles and labeled. This procedure was repeated for all the four experimental lakes situated in Mysore district. They were observed under the Microscope (10 x 100x magnification) for the presence of live cells. Preparation for analysis was based on the procedure of Hasle (1978) and adapted by Round et al. (1990). Ten ml of saturated Potassium permanganate solution was added for 48 hours followed by addition of hot concentrated hydrochloric acid (32%; 90C for 1-3) hours until the solution becomes clear and yellow. After the sample was oxidized, 1 ml of Hydrogen peroxide was added drop wise. The cooled sample was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. The centrifuged samples were stored in glass vials. The diatom data for each of the lakes was subjected to OMINIDIA software program to obtain the ecological values Leconite et al.

(2003).

The occurrence of epilithic diatoms in all the four lakes along with the acronyms is presented in Table .1. and the classification of ecological indicator values (Van Dam et al.

1994) are presented in Table .2. The indicator values of the diatom taxa have been taken from the literature covering a large geographical area since many diatoms have cosmopolitan distribution and have a similar ecology throughout the world (Hustedt 1938, 1939). For the

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pH classification a term indifferent for diatoms having pH optimum around 7 was used.. The salinity classification according to Van Der Werff and Hulls (1957-1974) as fresh-brackish class depends on the chloride content and diatoms survive well in low chloride concentrations. The system of nitrogen up-take metabolism is based on the work by

Cholnoky (1968) and Van Dam (1975) who have shown that diatoms are able to assimilate organic nitrogen compounds (Admiral et al. 1987).The classification of oxygen requirements is based on Hustedt (1938-1939), Cholnoky (1968) and Van Dam (1975) indicating the saturation levels of oxygen in water. The saprobity system combines indicator properties for the presence of biodegradable organic matter and oxygen concentrations.

CONCLUSION The total populations of diatoms were highest in Karangi lake, but diversity more in

Kukkarhalli lake. The evenness of species was not well marked. As per the ecological indicators, all the four lakes are considered alkaliphilic. The salinity conditions represent that all are fresh brackish water with chloride concentrations. The Nitrogen uptake metabolism indicates that the diatom populations in these lakes are nitrogen autotrophic taxa tolerating elevated concentration of organically bound nitrogen. There is a slight change in the oxygen requirement in different lakes is varying. Low oxygen requirement (above 30% saturation) is noticed in Bogadhi lake because it is seasonal., Except Bogadi lake, all the other three lakes are considered alpha mesosaprobic . With regards to moisture tolerance, all the four lakes support species which mainly occur in water bodies and on wet places and Refering to the water quality the diatom associates indicates that the majority of waters sampled were alkaline and usually oxygen rich. Water pollution by organic nitrogenous compounds was attributed to the populated rural area with their large number of lives stock. Such situations are very common around lakes of the present study.

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In Karenji kere and Kukkarahalli lakes, the species were more sensible but abundant.

According to Karnataka State Pollution Board, Influx of sewage into karangi and kukkarhalli from the city through smaller ponds is common and therefore there may be an abundance of diatoms.

The indicators of organic pollution were GPAR: Gomphonema parvalum NINT:

Nitzschia intermedia), DVUL: Diatoma vulgare MVAR:,Melosera variens which also occurred in all four lakes. (NCUS): Nevicula cuspidata was recorded in all the four Lake.

Organic pollution was high in Karangi and Kukkarhalli lakes. Indicators of anthropogenic pollution were also high in Karangi lake. Presence of Cyclotella ,Amphora copulata, (ACOP)

Amphora ovata (AOVA), Fragillaria ulna (FULN), Navicula rhynochocephala (NRHY),

Rhopalodia gibba (RGIB), Stauronies phoenicenteron (SPHO) and Synedra ulna (SULN) indicate anthropogenic pollution.

Indicators of organic pollution are slightly low but indicators of anthropogenic pollution are high. Degradation of organic pollutants in low but anthropogenic pollutants degradation is moderate to very high. From the present study, it can be concluded that all the four lakes are eutrophicated and polluted The OMNIDIA software program serves as an important asset in determining the ecological status of the water body. The study therefore indicates that diatom can be used as indicators of water quality, even without the analysis of water chemistry variables.

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