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Home , Kalam Valley, Nomal Valley, Polond Desert, Toba Kakar, William Wedderburn

General Knowledge

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Geography of

1. The 1,064 kilometers or 650 miles of the Pakistani coastline. 2. international boundaries totaling to 6,774 kilometers of boundaries, 3. The boundary with the Islamic Republic of , is 909 kilometers, 4. International boundary with is 2,430 km kilometers long called , 5. Border with China is 523 km long, and 6. Border with India 2,912 km long.

Location of Neighboring Countries  India to the east,  Afghanistan to the northwest, and  Iran to the west while  China in the northeast.

Provinces and their Area 1. Baluchistan 347,190 (km²) 2. Punjab 205,345 (km²) 3. Sindh 140,91 (km²) 4. (North-West Frontier) 74,521 (km²) 5. -Baltistan 72,971 (km²)

General Facts 1. The Northern Areas has five of the world's seventeen highest peaks along with highest range of mountains the and Himalaya. 2. Extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the "Third Pole. 3. The northern highlands include parts of the , the Karakoram Range, and the 4. 4.8% of total area of Pak: is forests (standard is 25%) 5. 5 rivers flow in Punjab Ravi, Sutlaj, Chenab, Indus & Beas. 6. Durand line is b/w Peshawar and Afghanistan. 7. Ports and harbours are Kimari (Kar), Bin Qasim (Kar), 8. Kara korum Highway (Silkroute) B/w Pak: & China was completed on 18th June, 1978. 9. Cholistan is in Bahawlpur district. 10. Harpa is in Sahiwal. 11. Bhambhore is in Thatta. 12. Nanga Parbat is situated in Himalayan. 13. Total arable land of Pakistan is 27%. 14. Sub-Himalya is also known as Siwaliks. 15. Coastal Highway connects Karachi with Gwader,port 16. Baluchistan is 44 % of total Pakistan. 17. The Sindh Sagar is also known as . 18. Six barrages are constructed on the River Indus. 19. HisparGlacies is located in Hunza. 20. The coldest place in Pakistan is Sakardu. 21. Pakistan can be divided per climate into 4 regions.

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22. Land between two rivers is called Do, aba. 23. Jinnah Barrage is originated on the river Sindh. 24. Sukkur barrage is completed in 1932 25. Sher Shah built G.T. Road. 26. Imperial Highway is the old name of G.T. Road. 27. • passes through 3 ranges. 28. Karakoram highway passes through khunjrab pass. 29. Shandur Pass connects Gilgit with Chitral. 30. Thar Coalfield is the biggest coalfield of Pakistan. 31. Kotri barrage was built in 1955. 32. An M-1 motorway is Islamabad-Peshawar. 33. 43% of the gas is obtained from Sui. 34. The in Punjab Province has large deposits of pure salt 35. The glacial area of the country covers some 13,680 sq. km 36. The Line of Control is 740 km (460 mi) long. 37. Siachen Glacier in Korakarm ranges

Rainfall 1. In the north, where the rainfall is above 700mm. 2. Most of Balochistan and the major part of the Punjab south of Sahiwal, and Sindh receive rainfall less than 200 mm per year 3. There are two sources of rainfall in Pakistan, the Monsoon and the Western Depression 4. The monsoon rainfall takes place from July to September (Kharif season) 5. Since the monsoon enters from the east, the eastern part receives more rainfall from these. 6. The western depression enter Pakistan from the west after passing over Iran and Afghanistan, 7. Western Depression bring a small amount of rainfall to the western part of the country from December to March (Rabi season) 8. The Rainiest Place: Murree in Rawalpindi District (Punjab), with mean annual rainfall of about 1,484 mm (164cm).Glaciers of Pakistan

Glaciers Km Sq. km 01 Siachen Glacier 75 1180 02 Biafo Glacier 68 625 03 Baltoro Glacier 62 755 04 Batura Glacier 58 290 05 Hispar Glacier 53 620 06 ChogoLungma Glacier 47 330 07 Rimo Glacier 45 510 08 Panmah Glacier 44 400

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09 Khurdopin Glacier 41 280 10 SarpoLaggo Glacier 33 230 . Roads The road network in the country has a total road length of 257,683 kms, of which 152,033 are paved and 105,650 are unpaved.  four national highways  three important motorways 1. The Makran Coastal Highway  follows the coast of Sindh and Balochistan provinces  , linking Karachi and Gwadar 2. The Karakoram Highway  the highest paved international road in the world.  connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass. 3. The Grand Trunk Road  (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of 's oldest and longest major roads.  For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, running from Bengal, across north India, to Peshawar in Pakistan. 4. The Silk Road  It is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe.  It passes through the mid section of Pakistan through cities of Peshawar, Taxila and Multan.

Motorways 1. M2 motorway  M2 was the first motorway completed in 1998,  linking the cities of Islamabad and Lahore 2. M1 motorway  connecting Peshawar and Islamabad, 3. M3 motorway  linking Faisalabad with M2 motorway

Deserts of Pakistan 1. Thar (Sindh),  area of 175,000 square kilometers  It is the world’s 17th largest desert  known as the “Great Indian Desert” 2. Thal (Punjab), 4 | P a g e

 located in Mianwali region of Pakistan between the Indus and Jhelum 3. Cholistan (Punjab).  locally known as “Rohi”  covers the area of Bhawalpur, Punjab. 4. Kharan Desert  located in Balochistan 5. Indus Valley Desert  area of 19,501 square kilometers  located in the northern area of Pakistan

DOABS OF PUNJAB 1. BIST JULLUNDHUR DOAB - Between SATLUJ and BEAS rivers. 2. BARI DOAB - Between BEAS and RAVI rivers. 3. RACHNA DOAB - Between RAVI and CHENAB rivers. 4. CHAL / JECH DOAB - Between CHENAB and JHELUM rivers. 5. SINDH SAGAR DOAB - Between JHELUM and INDUS rivers.

Passes

1. Muztag pass connects Gilgit-Yarkand (China). 2. Khankum Pass connects Chitral-Wakhan (Afghanistan). 3. The Shandur Pass connects Chitral and Gilgit. 4. Khyber Pass connects Peshawar-Kabul. 5. Kulk pass connects Gilgit-China. 6. connects Iran and Pakistan. 7. Khanjrab pass connects Pak-China.

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF PAKISTAN

1. Karakoram range, highest peak is K2 (8,611m or 28,244 feet). 2. Himalaya range, highest peak in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat (8,126m or 26,653 feet). 3. Hindu Kush range, highest peak is Tirich Mir (7,690 metres or 25,230 feet). 4. range, highest peak is Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487 m or 11,437 feet). 5. Safed Koh range, highest peak is Mount Sikaram (4,761 m or 15,620 feet) 6. Pamir Mountains, junction of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. 7. Salt Range, a hill system in the Punjab Province, abundant in salt 8. Range, southern offshoot of the Himalayas in the Balochistan

Land of Pakistan and how it is used? Land use/land cover Percentage %  Forest. 5.2  Rangeland. 26.9  Agricultural land. 19.9  Open ground. 10.0  Exposed rocks. 24.5  . 9.7  Built-up/land 0.5 5 | P a g e

 Water logged and saline land 0.5  Water bodies 0.5  Snow and glaciers 2.3 Total 100

Sources; http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9393/-Land_Use_Atlas_of_Pakistan- 2009Pakistan_LandUseAtlas_2009.pdf.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-vii/geography/75491-geography-pakistan- important-key-points.html

History of Sub-Continent 1857-1947 Important Events in the history  1857 Mutiny against the British.  1858 Government of India Act 1858.  1861 Indian Council Act 1861.  1885 is founded by A.O. Hume.  1905 Partition of Bengal announced.  1906 Muslim League was founded at Decca on 31st December.  1909 Minto-Morley Reforms of Indian Councils Act – 21st May.  1910 Indian press act 1910.  1911 Partition of Bengal is cancelled.  1911 New Delhi established as the new capital of India.  1914 Outbreak of the 1st World War 4th August.  1918 Beginning of trade union movement in India.  1919 Rowlatt Bill introduced on Feb 16, 1919.  1919 The JallianwalaBagh tragedy took place on 13th April in Amritsar.  1919 The House of Commons passes the Montague Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act, 1919 on 5th December. The new reforms under this Act came into operation in 1921.  1920 The Indian National Congress (INC) adopts the Non-Co-Operation Resolution in December.  1920-22 suspends Non-Co-Operation Movement on Feb 12 after the violent incidents at ChauriChaura.  1922 Moplah rebellion on the Malabar coast in August.  1923 Swaraj Party was formed by and others on 1st January.  1928 Nehru Report recommends principles for the new Constitution of India. All parties conference considers the Nehru Report, Aug 28-31, 1928.  1929 All Parties Muslim Conference formulates the ‘Fourteen Points’ under the leadership of Jinnah on 9th March.  1930 First Independence Day observed on 26th January.  1930 Mahatma Gandhi launches the Civil Disobedience movement with his epic Dandi Mar (Mar 12 to Apr 6). First phase of the Civil Disobedience movement: Mar 12, 1930 to Mar 5, 1931.  1930 First Round Table Conference begins in London to consider the report of the Simon Commission on 30th November.  1931 Second Round Table Conference took place on 7th September.  1932 The Third Round Table Conference begins in London (Nov 17 to Dec 24).  1937 Wardha scheme of basic education.

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 1939 Second World War (Sep 1). Great Britain declares war on Germany on 3rd September; the Viceroy declares that India too is at war.  1939 Between 27th October to 5th November, the Congress ministries in the provinces resign in protest against the war policy of the British government.  1939 The Muslim League observes the resignation of the Congress ministries as ‘Deliverance Day’ on 22nd December.  1940 Lahore session of ihe Muslim League passes the Pakistan Resolution in March.  1940 Congress launches Individual Satyagraha movement on 17th October.  1942 Churchill announces the Cripps Mission on 11th of March.  1942 Quit India movement begins on 11th of August; the Great Aug Uprising.  1944 Wavell calls Simla Conference in a bid to form the Executive Council at Indian political leaders on 25th January.  1946 Cabinet Mission arrives in New Delhi (Mar 14); British Prime Minister Attlee announces Cabinet Mission ro propose new solution to the Indian deadlock on 15th March; issues proposal (May 16).  1946 August Muslim League observes "." Widespread communal rioting spreads to many parts of India.  1946 takes over as Congress president on 6th July.  1946 Wavell invites Nehru to form an interim government on 6th August; Interim Government takes office (Sep 2).  1946 First session of the Constituent Assembly of India starts on 9th December. Muslim League boycotts it.  1947 Mountbatten Plan was made on 3rd June for the and the announcement was made on June 4th that transfer to power will take place on August 15th.

History of Subcontinent and Indedendence Before Partition 1. The British Government introduced the Indian Independence Bill in Parliament on July 4, 1947. 2. British India had 17 provinces before partition. 3. The partition was announced in India by Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy General of India. 4. Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer, drew up the borders for the newly independent Pakistan, completed on August 17, 1947. 5. The British had given the 565 princely states the choice of joining India, joining Pakistan. 6. June 3, 1947 The plan to partition the Indian subcontinent is announced by then-Prime Minister of Britain, 7. The Salt March in 1930 led by Gandhi. 8. The period of the World War II saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India Movement led by Congress. 9. Mangal Pandey, the rebel who ignited the fire for 1857. 10. last Mughal Emperor, the 82-year-old Bahadur Shah, had agreed to take on the leadership of the revolt. 11. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched a movement for Muslim regeneration in the founding in 1875 of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh. 12. In July 1905, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905) ordered the partition of the province of Bengal. 13. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, during world war 1. 14. Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie was very unpopular. 15. In January 1857 the British announced that they would introduce a new rifle with a paper cartridge covered with grease to keep the powder dry. 16. In 1916 Lucknow Pact was passed Congress conceded to the legitimate rights of Muslims. In this pact the right of separate electorates for Muslims was recognized. 7 | P a g e

17. In 1919 the Montague Chelmsford Reforms were introduced. The demands of Lucknow Pact were accepted. In centre Muslims were given one third seats. 18. Swadeshi movement, which called for national independence and the boycotting of foreign goods. 19. Mahatma Gandhi launched the noncooperation movement, the campaign to boycott English institutions and products. 20. In 1867 the Hindus of Banaras presented a request to their government regarding the replacement of with Hindi. 21. Urdu-Hindi controversy in 1867. 22. 1933 Pakistan Declaration / Now or Never Pamphlet by Chaudhry Rehmat Ali. 23. 1919 JallianwalaBagh massacre, killing at least 400 people including men and women. Over 1,000 people were injured. 24. In 1864, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan laid the foundation of a scientific society at Ghazipur. 25. In 1866, the scientific society issued a journal named as Aligarh Institute Gazette. 26. In 1886, Sir Syed set up an organization which is known as Mohammedan Educational Conference, 27. Ali Garh college was raised to the level of university, after the death of Sir Syed in 1920. 28. Sir Syed wrote “Loyal Muhammadans of India. 29. In 1864 Sir Syed Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. 30. 1939-45 World War II.

The 1945-46 elections

1. 21st August 1945 the Viceroy Lord Wavell announced that elections to the central and provincial legislatures. 2. Elections for the Central Legislature were held in December 1945. 3. Leagues performance was even more impressive as it managed to win all the 30 seats reserved for the Muslims. 4. Congress won most of the non-Muslim seats while Muslim League captured approximately 95 percent of the Muslim seats. 5. League celebrated January 11, 1946 as the Day of victory.

After Partition 1. The cash balances of undivided India stood at about Rupees 4,000 million 2. India and Pakistan mutually came to an agreement that Pakistan would get Rupees 750 million as her share. 3. Remaining 550 was later on released after Gandhi's fast and under world pressure on January 15, 1948. 4. 50 Million was still to be paid. 5. Pakistan had no industry at the time of partition. 6. On April 1, 1948, India cut off the supply of water from the two headworks under her control. 7. Karachi, the first capital of Pakistan. 8. At least 15 million people were uprooted. 9. one of the largest human migrations in recorded history. 10. Around one to two million people were killed. 11. Bangladesh was called East Pakistan, located over 1700 kilometres away from West or present- day Pakistan. 12. Kingsway Camp, Delhi’s largest refugee camp at the time, was home to about 300,000 people. 13. In October 1947, civil unrest had spread around Kashmir. 8 | P a g e

14. Sixteen ordinance factories were producing weapons in the sub-continent at the time of partition. 15. Not a single factory was situated in the area of Muslim majority. 16. India would make payment of 60 million rupees to Pakistan for ordinance factory 17. approximately, 6500000 Muslim reached Pakistan from India. 18. Nearly 150 000 men and 160 000 tons of war materiel had to be shifted to Pakistani territory from India. 19. M.A. Jinnah also became the chief executive of the Baluchistan province. 20. Approximately 7 million Muslims from India moved to Pakistan. 21. Gurdaspur, Ferozpur, Jullandar and Kashmir were sided with India. 22. The worst and most cruel issue was the division of Punjab infants killed, women raped – the streets of Punjab were full of Muslim blood and amputated limbs. 600,000 Muslims were said to be killed in 7 days. 23. It was decided that all military assets would be divided betweenthe two states at the ratio of 64% and 36%. 24. Nehru, appointed India's first Prime Minister of India. 25. The First Kashmir War, started in October 1947. 26. . A ceasefire was agreed in 1949, with a Line of Control (LoC).

Partition of Bengal 1. Partition of Bengal, (1905), division of Bengal carried out by the British viceroy in India, Lord Curzon, 2. The Province was spread over the area of 1, 89, 000 square miles with the population of 80 million 3. Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa had formed a single province of British India since 1765. 4. By 1900 the province had grown too large to handle under a single administration. 5. In 1911, the year that the capital was shifted from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi 6. Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal and formed two new provinces of manageable size – East and West Bengal. 7. East Bengal consisted of Dacca, Mamansingh, Assam, Kaula, Rangpur, and Bogra district, the Dacca was capital of East Bengal 8. Bihar and Orissa constituted a separate province to be called as West Bengal with the capital of Calcutta and become the Hindu Majority provinces.

Indus Waters Treaty 1. Treaty, signed on September 19, 1960, between India and Pakistan 2. Pakistani President Mohammad Ayub Khan signed the 3. The western rivers—the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—to Pakistan 4. Eastern rivers—the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—to India.

Political Parties Congress 1. Its first president was an Indian and Mr. Hume was its first general secretary.

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2. Foundation on 28 December 1885 by A.O. Hume 3. The Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. 4. When World War II began in 1939, 5. In 1942 the organization sponsored mass civil disobedience to support the demand that the British “quit India. 6. the British government of Clement Attlee passed an independence bill in July 1947, 7. Headquarters New Delhi 8. Umesh Chandra Banerjee was the first president of Congress 9. On 28th December 1885 the first session of the Congress was held with 72 members 10. In the Congress session held in 1894 there were 118 Hindu members of Congress and only 20 were Muslims. 11. The Congress during all her life in united India kept claiming that it represented all the communities living in India 12. All India Congress Committee, formed in 1929 13. Extremist Hindus like Tilak, Medan Mohan Malvia, and Banerjee became its major leaders who practically took arms against the Muslims, 14. Congress was a hindus Majority Party 15. During the elections of 1937 Congress won the majority seats in the legislature and formed government in India. 16. Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915. With the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale, Gandhi became president of Congress. 17. elections were held in 1937 Congress won 706 seats out of total 1771 seats. 18. Congress ministries resigned in 1939 19. In December 1945 elections to central Legislative Assembly were held. Congress demanded for independence of united India and opposed partition of India

Congress leadership

 Bal GangadharTilak  Bipin Chandra Pal  Mahatma Gandhi  Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,  MaulanaAbulKalam Azad  LalaLajpat Rai,  ,  Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

List of party presidents

1901 DinshawEduljiWacha

1902

1903

1904 Henry Cotton

1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale

1906 DadabhaiNaoroji

1907 Rashbihari Ghosh

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1908 Rashbihari Ghosh

1909

1910 William Wedderburn

1911

1912 RaghunathNarasinhaMudhokar Nawab Syed Muhammad 1913

Bahadur

1914 BhupendraNath Bose

1915 Lord SatyendraPrasanna Sinha

1916 AmbicaCharanMazumdar

1917

1918 Madan Mohan Malaviya

1918

1919 Motilal Nehru

1920 LalaLajpat Rai

1920 C. Vijayaraghavachariar (President) 1921 (Acting President)

1922 Chittaranjan Das

1923 Mohammad Ali Jouhar

1923 AbulKalam Azad

1924 Mahatma Gandhi

1925

1926 S. SrinivasaIyengar

1927

1928 Motilal Nehru 1929

& Jawaharlal Nehru 30

1931

1932 Madan Mohan Malaviya

1933 1934

& 35 1936

Jawaharlal Nehru 1937

1938

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Subhas Chandra Bose (resigned) 1939 Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session. 1940

AbulKalam Azad 45

1946 Jawaharlal Nehru

1947 J. B. Kripalani

Muslim League

1. The birth of All India Muslim League at Dacca on 30th December 1906 2. The party was inspired by the academic and social activism of the scholar Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 3. In 1930, Muhammad Iqbal became the party’s president 4. Jinnah had returned to India in the mid-1930s and eventually became AIML’s president. 5. All India Muslim League became the Muslim League (ML) after Pakistan’s creation. 6. the new country’s first Constituent Assembly had an ML majority. 7. All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was formed in 1949 by a leading ML leader from Bengal (East Pakistan, 8. Jinnah joined Muslim League as well in 1913 9. Muslims of India celebrated Day of Deliverance on 22nd December.

List of Founders of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)  Founder of Pakistan  First Governor-General of Pakistan  First President-Speaker of the Constituent Assembly  Presiding figure of the Muslim League Allama Mohammad Iqbal (1877–1938)  Presented and conceived the idea of Pakistan  Formalize the Two-Nation Theory  Philosopher and Poet of Urdu language Aga Khan III  (1877–1957)  Key presiding figure of the Muslim League  Led the Ismailism movement in support of . Liaqat Ali Khan (1895–1951)  First Prime Minister of Pakistan  Author of Objectives Resolution Fatima Jinnah (1893–1965)  Regarded as Māder-e-Pakistan  Woman activist 12 | P a g e

 Younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah  Leader of the Opposition during 1965 elections

Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan (1893–1985)  Author of the and chief negotiator of Radcliffe line  The main Representative of the Pakistan Movement in the International community  First Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan Fazl-ul-Huq (1873–1962)  Ascended as Interior Minister of Pakistan  Governor of East Pakistan Khawaja Nazimuddin (1894–1964)  First Bengali leader of Pakistan  Second Prime Minister of Pakistan  Second Governor-General of Pakistan

Rahmat Ali(1895–1951)

 Coined and created "Pakstan"  Author of Now or Never AbdurRabNishtar (1899–1958)  Governor of Punjab  First Minister of communications Mohammad Ali Jouhar (1878–1931)  Muslim cleric and leader of Khilafat Movement  Key presiding figure of the Muslim League Shaukat Ali (1873–1939)  Muslim cleric and leader of Khilafat Movement  Key presiding figure of the Muslim League Ra'ana Ali Khan (1905–1990)  First Lady of Pakistan  Governor of Sindh  Initiated Women military corps  Widely known as Māder-e-Pakistan"

Some Famous Viceroys in India from 1858 to 1947

Viceroy Tenure Achievement

Lord Canning 1858-1862 Abolished doctrine of lapse

Lord Curzon 1899 – 1905 Indian Universities act – to control Indian Universities

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Raleigh Commission Partition of Bengal

Lord Minto 1905 – 1910 Morley – Minto reforms

Lord Chelmsford 1916 – 1921 Rowlatt Act was passed Montague – Chelmsford reform was passed

Lord Irwin 1926 – 1931 Launch of civil disobedience movement and Dandi march First round table conference was held

Lord Linlithgow 1936 – 1943 Cripps Mission Quit India movement

Lord Wavell 1944 – 1947 Launch of Direct Action day Wavell Plan & Shimla conference

Lord Mountbatten 1947 Last Viceroy and First governor-general of free India Sources https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/list-viceroys-india/ https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/list-viceroys-india/ https://historypak.com/ https://storyofpakistan.com/aligarh-movement/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/08/partition-british-game-divide-rule- 170808101655163.html

Mughal Emperors and

List of all Mughal emperors in Indian history

1. Babur (1526-1530) 2. Humayun (1530-1540,55-56) 3. Akbar (1556-1605) 4. Jahangir (1605-1627) 5. Shah Jahan (1627-1658) 6. Aurang Zeb (1658-1707) 7. Bahadur Shah 1 (1707-1712) 8. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713) 9. Alamgir (1754-1759) 10. Shah Jahan (1759) 11. Shah Alam (1759-1806) 12. Akbar Shah (1806-1837) 13. Bahadur Shah Zafar (1837-57)

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Babar (1526-1530) 1. Original name of babar was Zahirul Din Muhammad 2. He was born in Feb 14 1483 3. Died December 26, 1530, Agra [India] 4. Founder of the Mughal dynasty of northern India. 5. Where was the capital of Babur? - Agra. 6. Wrote Tuzuk-i-Babri in Turkish. 7. Which ruler used the gun-powder for the first time in India?- Babur, in the first battle of Panipat 8. Babur laid the foundation of Mughal empire in 1526 by defeating:IbrahamLodhi 9. When Bābur made his first raid into India in 1519 10. Babur won the First Battle of Panipat mainly because of:His military skills 11. Tom of Babar ( Kabul)

Hamayun (1530-1540, 55-56) 1. His real name was Nāṣir al-DīnMuḥammad, 2. Born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan] 3. Died January 1556, Delhi [India]) 4. Father of Akbar ? –Humayun 5. Second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empire. 6. Humāyūn captured Lahore (now in Pakistan) in February 1555, and, after defeating SikandarSūr, 7. His tomb in Delhi, built several years after his death, is the first of the great Mughal architectural masterpieces

Akbar (1556-1605) 1. Full name of Abar was Jalāl al-DīnMuḥammad Akbar, 2. (born October 15, 1542, Umarkot 3. died October 25, 1605, Agra, India), 4. The greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. 5. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent. 6. He took an active interest in other religions, persuading Hindus, Parsis, and Christians, as well as Muslims, 7. Akbar was illiterate king 8. He encouraged scholars, poets, painters, and musicians, making his court a centre of culture 9. Which Mughal emperor was the most secular in outlook? Akbar 10. Akbar, at the age of 13, was made governor of the Punjab region 11. Akbar assumed actual control over the administration of his empire in:1556 12. On November 5, 1556, a Mughal force defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat 13. Akbar’s capital of FatehpurSikri, near Delhi, 14. Who built the city FathepurSikri (City of Victory) ? - Akbar 15. Who initiated Din-i-Ilahi? Akbar 16. The ‘Jiziya’was abolished by:Akbar in the year1564) 17. Who was the Mughal Empire when the English East India Company was being founded in1600 December Akbar 18. Which Mughal empire built Agrafort ? - Akbar 19. Tomb Of Akbar (Fatah pursakri)

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Jahangir (1605-1627) 1. original name Nūr-ud-dīn Muhammad Salīm, 2. born August 31, 1569, FatehpurSikri [India] 3. died October 28, 1627, 4. Mughal emperor of India from 1605 to 1627. 5. Prince Salīm was the eldest son of the emperor Akbar, 6. The new emperor chose the Persian name Jahāngīr (“World Seizer”) as his reign name 7. After 1611 Jahāngīr accepted the influence of his Persian wife, Mehr al-Nesāʾ (NūrJahān). 8. Mughal painting reached a high level of elegance and richness during his reign. 9. Who among the following was the first Mughal emperor to allow Britishers to establish trade links with India? (b) Jehangir 10. The East India Company was founded in India during the reign of: (c) Jehangir 11. Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur and Bishandas were the famous painters of his court. 12. Which Mughal empire built the Shalimar Garden ? - Jahangir (in Srinagar) 13. Which Mughal empire built the Nishant Garden ? - Jahangir (in Srinagar) 14. Tomb of Jahangir (Lahore)

Shah Jahan (1627-1658) 1. Original name of Shah Jahan was Shihāb al-DīnMuḥammadKhurram 2. (Born January 5, 1592, Lahore 3. Died January 22, 1666, Agra 4. Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) 5. He was the third son of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and the Rajput princess Manmati., 7. In 1638 the Persian governor of Kandahār, ʿAlīMardān Khan, surrendered that fortress to the Mughals. 8. His first capital, Agra, 9. He built two great mosques, the Motī Masjid (Pearl Mosque) and the Jāmiʿ Masjid (Great Mosque) in Agra 13. Executed ninth Sikh Guru, Guru TeghBhadur in 1675 AD.14. 14.A struggle for succession between his four sons, DārāShikōh, Murād Bakhsh, Shah Shujāʿ, and Aurangzeb. 15. Aurangzaib strictly confined Shah Jahān in Agra Fort until his death. 17. The Peacock Throne was made for:Shah Jahan 18. Period of Shah Jahan was famous for Arcetacture Taj Mahel Red Fort MotiMahel Lahore Fort 19. Which Mughal Empire's period is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal Architecture? – Shahjahan 20. His tomb is in Agra

Aurangzeb (1658-1707) 1. original name Muḥī al-DīnMuḥammad 2. title ʿĀlamgīr, 3. born November 3, 1618, Dhod, [India]— 4. died March 3, 1707) 16 | P a g e

5. emperor of India from 1658 to 1707 6. the last of the great Mughal emperors. 7. Under him the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent 8. Aurangzeb was the third son of the emperor Shah Jahān and MumtāzMaḥal 12. Aurangzeb was Known as Zinda Pee 13. Aurangzeb was a Extreme sunni Muslim 14. Aurangzeb Banned Music and dance in his court 14. Jazia tax was reannounce by Aurangzeb 1979 15. Tomb Of Wife of Aurangzeb is in Aurangabad 16. Tomb of Wife of Aurangzeb is known as 2nd Taj Mahel 17. Badshahi Mosque was built by Aurangzeb 18. Tomb Of Aurangzeb (Khalid a Abad) 20. Who built the monument Bibi kaMakbara ? - Aurangazeb (Bibi kaMakbara is known as mini Tajmahal)

Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) 1. Born Oct. 14, 1643, Burhanpur [India] 2. Died Feb. 27, 1712, Lahore 3. Mughal emperor of India from 1707–12. 4. Prince Muʿaẓẓam, the second son of the emperor Aurangzeb, 5. Tomb of Bahadur shah 1 (Delhi) 6. Popularly known as Shah Alam I

Bahadur Shah II 1. Born Oct. 24, 1775 Delhi 2. Died Nov. 7, 1862, Rangoon 3. The last Mughal emperor of India (reigned 1837–58) 4. He was the second son of Akbar Shāh II and LālBāī. 5. He figured briefly, and unwillingly, in the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58; during the mutiny, rebel troops from the city of Meerut seized Delhi and compelled BahādurShāh to accept nominal leadership of the revolt 6. He was very good Urdu poet and his pen name was Zafar. 10. 11. The Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled by British and sent to: Rangoon 13. Tomb of Bahadur Shah 2 is in(Rangoon)

General Facts About Mughals Empire 1. Which of the following ports was the biggest port during the Mughal period? Surrat 2. . The capital of the kingdom of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was: Lahore 3. The court language of Mughals was: Persian 4. The bitterest war of succession under the great Mughals was fought among the sons of: Shah Jahan 5. Sher Shah’s real name was: Farid Khan 6. In 1700 Subcontinent became richest state 7. Mughals empire was called Gun Powder Empire 8. What was the early name of Shahjahan? - Khurram 9. What is the Gate way of Redfort called as ? - Lahore Gate.

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10. . Nine Gems of His Court (Navratnas): A. Birbal (Mahesh Das) B. Tansen (Tanna Mishra) C. Faizi D. Maharaja Man Singh E. Fakir Aziao din F. Mirza Aziz Koka G. Todar Mal H. Abdur Rahim Khan-i-khanaa I. AbulFazl

Sources https://www.britannica.com/biography https://gkarea.com/mughal-empire.html https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-the-great-mughal-emperors-of-india-1467193104-1 https://gkarea.com/mughal-empire.html

Constitutions Salient Features of British Constitution Following are some salient features of the British constitution 1.Mostly Unwritten and Partly Written ● By far the most important feature of British constitution is its unwritten character. ● There is no such thing as written, precise and compact document, which may be called the British constitution. ● The main reason for this is that it is based on conventions and political traditions, which have not been laid down in any document. ● However, it has some written parts too which includes Historical Documents, Parliamentary Statues, Judicial Decisions and Constitutional Characters, e.g. Magna Carta (1215), Petition of Rights (1628), Bill of Rights (1689), Parliamentary Act of 1911 & 1949 etc. Also Read: Indian Constitution 2.British Constitution is Evolutionary ● The British constitution is a specimen of evolutionary development. ● It was never framed by any constituent assembly. 3.Flexible Constitution ● It can be passed, amended and repealed by simple majority of Parliament since no distinction is made between a constitutional law and an ordinary law. Both are treated alike. The element of flexibility has length the virtue of adaptability and adjustability to the British constitution. This quality has enabled it to grow with the needs of time. 4.Unitary ● All powers of the government are vested in the British Parliament, which is a sovereign body. ● The executive organs of state are subordinate to it and exercise delegated powers and are answerable to it. ● There is only one legislature. England, Scotland, Wales etc. are administrative units and not political autonomous units. 5.Parliamentary Executive ● England has a Parliamentary form of government.

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● The King who is sovereign has been deprived of all his powers and authority. ● The Prime Minister and his Ministers are responsible to the legislature for their acts and policies. 6.Sovereignty of Parliament ● A very important feature of the British constitution is sovereignty of Parliament. ● Parliament is the only Iegislative body in the country with unfettered powers of legislation can make, amend or repeal any law it likes. ● No Concept of Judicial Review 7.Rule of Law ● Another important feature of the British constitution is the Rule of Law. ● It implies equality or all before supremacy, uniformity and universality. It has three implications: 1. All persons are equal before jaw irrespective of their position or rank. 2. This doctrine emphasizes the supremacy of the law and not of any individual. 3. No one can be detained or imprisoned without a fair and proper trial by a competent court of law. A corollary to this principle is the doctrine that, “the King/Queen can do no wrong”. Besides these, there are some other features of the British constitution, which are as follows: 1. Constitutional Monarchy 2. Bi-Party System 3. Referendum etc.

Salient Features Of US Constitution Although there are many interesting features in its constitution but the most important are: ● Written constitution ● Rigid constitution ● Popular sovereignty ● Bicameral legislature ● Separation of powers ● Checks and balances ● Judicial Review ● Presidential system ● Federal system ● System of republic ● System of spoils ● Bill of Rights ● Dual Citizenship 1. Written Constitution: ● American constitution is a written constitution framed in 1787 and enforced in 1789. It consists of seven articles; three of them related to structure and powers of Legislative (Article 1), Executive (Article 2) Judiciary (Article 3) and The other four dedicated to position of states (Article 4), modes of amendments (Article 5), supremacy of national power (Article 6) and ratification (Article 7). It also holds that constitution is the supreme law of the land. Article one is the longest and cannot be amended. Like other constitutions, it also

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consists of preamble; a single sentence that introduces and defines purpose of the document 2. Rigid Constitution: ● It is one of the most rigid constitutions in the world which means that for amending it, a special and difficult procedure has to be followed. It consists of 2 steps; 3. Popular Sovereignty: ● In U.S, the people rule i.e. they have delegated their powers to the government and the government owes its authority to the will of the people. ● The principle of popular sovereignty is stated in the Preamble of constitution as “we the people do ordain and establish this constitution for United States of America.” 4. Bicameral Legislature: ● The constitution of USA provides for bicameral legislature i.e. two houses in the centre. ● According to Article 1, “All legislative powers are vested in Congress.” Congress consists of two houses i.e. Lower House or House of Representatives and the Upper House or Senate. 5. Separation of Powers: ● The doctrine of separation of powers divides power between the three pillars/institutions of government to prevent interference of one institution in the affairs of another. ● The powers are divided among Congress, President and the Judiciary.. 6. Federal System: ● The U.S constitution provides for a federal system of government which means that powers are divided among centre/federal government and the states. ● According to Article 1, the federal government has jurisdiction over 18 matters and residuary powers are vested in states. 8. Presidential System: ● The constitution provides for a presidential form of government. Article 2 provides the powers, election and their matters related to president. ● President is elected for a term of 4 years and is not answerable to Congress but cannot dissolve Congress. ● He has a cabinet to assist him in running his executive powers. 9. Bill of Rights: ● The first ten amendments to the constitution are called “Bill of Rights”. ● The BOR provides for the rights of a person’s property, liberty, freedom of speech, press, religion and assembly.

Top 10 longest rivers of the world

1. Nile River 1. Located in North-East Africa – 2. Its length is 6,650 km (4,132 miles) 3. Its water resources are shared by eleven countries,  Tanzania  Uganda,  Rwanda,  Burundi  the Democratic Republic of the Congo  Kenya, 20 | P a g e

 Ethiopia,  Eritrea  South Sudan,  Sudan  Egypt. 4. the Nile is the primary water resource for Egypt and SudanNile river at Cairo, Egypt

2. Amazon River 1. South America 2. 6,400 km (3,976 miles). 3. Its the second longest river in the world 4. The Amazon flows in the following countries: Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, 5. Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana.

3.Yangtze River Located in China, 1. Its length is 6,300 km (3,917 miles).

4.Mississippi – Missouri – Jefferson 1. Located in, North America – 2. Its length is 6,275 km (3,902miles). 3. The Mississippi flows mainly in the United States (98.5%) and the rest in Canada (1.5%). 4. It flows towards the Gulf of Mexico

5. Yenisei 1. Located in Angara – Selenge, Asia – 2. Total length is 5,539km (3,445 miles). 3. Flows mainly in Russia (97%) and the rest in Mongolia. The largest river system flowing to the 4. Ocean. Rising in Mongolia, it follows into Russia and drains in the Kara Sea.

6.Yellow River 1. Located in China – 2. Length is 5,464km (3,395 miles) 3. Also known as Huang He, it is the second-longest river in Asia after the Yangtze.

7.Ob River 1. Located in Irtysh, Asia 2. Length is 5,410km (3,364 miles) 3. It flows in  Russia,  Kazakhstan,  China,  Mongolia.

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8. Parana 1. Located in South America – 2. Length is 4,880km (3,030 miles). 3. Flows in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay.

9. Congo 1. Located in Chambeshi, Africa – 2. Length is4,700km (2,922 miles) – 3. The world’s deepest river with measured depths in excess of 220 m (720 ft.). 4. It is the third largest river in the world by volume of water discharged.

10. Amur 1. Located in Argun, Asia – 2. Length is 4,444km (2,763 miles) 3. The river forms the border between theRussian Far East and Northeastern China.

Brief Facts About the Oceans Of the World

1. Pacific Ocean. ● The Pacific Ocean, the largest And deepest of the oceans ● Reaches northward from the Southern Ocean to the Arctic Ocean. ● It spans the gap between Australia and Asia, and the Americas. ● Its area, excluding adjacent seas, encompasses about 63.8 million square miles (165.25 million square km). 2. Atlantic Ocean ● The Atlantic Ocean, the second largest ocean ● It extends from the Southern Ocean between the Americas, and Africa and Europe, to the Arctic Ocean. ● The Atlantic Ocean is a huge mass of water covering about 21 percent of the Earth and a total area of approximately. 76.762 million square kilometers. 3.Indian Ocean ● The Indian Ocean, the third largest, extends northward from the Southern Ocean to India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Southeast Asia in Asia, and between Africa in the west and Australia in the east. ● The Indian Ocean joins the Pacific Ocean to the east, near Australia. ● It is the smallest, geologically youngest, and physically most complex of the world’s three major oceans. ● It stretches for more than 6,200 miles (10,000 km) between the southern tips of Africa and Australia and, without its marginal seas, has an area of about 70,560,000 km2 4. Arctic Ocean ● The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and the shallowest of the world's five major oceans. ● It is located in the Northern Hemisphere and is almost completely surrounded by North America and Eurasia, including the countries of Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada and the United States. ● The Arctic Ocean is almost completely covered by ice in the winter and remains partially covered in ice throughout the entire year. 22 | P a g e

● The Arctic Ocean encompasses an area of 5,427,000 square miles. This is almost the same size as Russia. ● Polar bears live and hunt on the ice of the Arctic Ocean. ● There are 4 whale species in the Arctic Ocean including the bowhead whale, grey whale, narwhal, and beluga whale. ● The Titanic sank because it ran into an iceberg that had broken away from a glacier from the Arctic Ocean. 6.Southern Ocean. ● The Southern Ocean is a proposed ocean surrounding , dominated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, generally the ocean south of 60 degrees south latitude. The Southern Ocean is partially covered in sea ice, the extent of which varies according to the season. The Southern Ocean is the second smallest of the five named oceans.

Some Facts About Dams and Reservoirs in Pakistan 1. According to the International Commission on Large Dams, 150 dams and reservoirs in Pakistan are over 15 m (49 ft) in height. 2. Tarbela Dam is the largest earth filled dam in the world and is second largest by the structural volume. 3. Mirani Dam is the largest dam in the world in terms of volume for flood protection with a floodstock of 588,690 cubic hectometer while 4. Sabakzai Dam is 7th largest with a floodstock of 23,638 cubic hectometer.

List of reservoirs and dams in Pakistan • Diamer-Bhasha Dam • GomalZam Dam Project • Hub Dam • Kalabagh Dam • Karoonjhar Dam • Mangla Dam • Mirani Dam • Namal Dam • Rawal Dam • Shadikor Dam • Tarbela Dam • Warsak Dam

Diamer-Bhasha dam ● Diamer-Bhasha Dam is the name of a dam that has been planned in the Northern Areas of Pakistan on the River Indus. ● It is located about 314 km upstream of Tarbela Dam and about 165 km downstream of Gilgit. ● The dam is expected to create a large reservoir with a gross capacity of 8.10 million acre feet (9 km³) submerging large tracts of land in the . ● The dam is supposed to have a power generation capacity of 4500 megawatts GomalZam Dam ● GomalZam Dam Project is located in Damaan area of NWFP, Pakistan.

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● Gomal River, on which a 437 feet high GomalZam Dam will be built, is one of the significant tributaries of . ● The total projects costs amounts to Rs. 12 billion. ● It will produce 17.4 MW of electricity when completed. ● Approximately Rs. 4.388 billion contracts for the construction of GomalZam Dam Project were awarded to Messer CWHEC - HPE, a joint venture of two Chinese firms in August 2002. Hub Dam ● Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River on the arid plains north of Karachi on provincial border between Balochistan and Sindh, Pakistan. ● The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in Lasbela District of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. Kalabagh Dam ● The Kalabagh dam is a mega water reservoir that is planning to develop across the Indus River, one of the world's largest rivers. ● The proposed site for the dam is situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the north-west Punjab province, bordering NWFP. ● The dam project is a highly controversial and has been so since its inception. ● In December 2004, General Pervez Musharraf, , announced that he would definitely build the dam in the larger interest of Pakistan. Karoonjhar Dam ● Karoonjhar Dam is a dam in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan. Mangla Dam ● The Mangla Dam in Azad Jammu Kashmir (Pakistani or Free Kashmir) is the twelfth largest dam in the world. ● It was built in 1967 with funding from the World Bank. Mirani Dam ● Mirani Dam is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. ● Mirani Dam multipurpose project, is located on Dasht River, about 30 miles west of Turbat in Makran Division of Balochistan ● The project has been completed in November 2006 and inaugurated by President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan

Shakidor Dam ● The Shakidor (ShadiKor) dam is located near Pasni, in the Balochistan province of south west Pakistan, 1,900 km (1,180 miles) from Islamabad and has a length of about 148 meters (485 feet). ● It was built in 2003, at a cost of 45 million rupees (758,853 dollars), to provide irrigation water to the nearby farms. ● On February 10, 2005, the dam burst under the pressure of a weeks' worth of rain, killing at least 70 villagers and dragging their bodies to the . ● The Pakistani military was sent into emergency Search and Rescue operations, saving 1,200 people. Tarbela Dam ● Tarbela Dam (or the National Dam) is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan. ● Tarbela Dam is one of the world’s largest earth and rock filled Dam

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● It is located about 50 kilometers northwest of Islamabad, and a height of 485 ft above the river bed and a reservoir size of 95 sq miles makes it the largest earth filled dam in the world. ● The dam was completed in 1976 and was designed to store water from the Indus River for irrigation and flood control, and for the generation of hydro-electric power. ● The project was funded by the World Bank. Construction began in 1968, and continued until completion in 1976. ● The dam has a volume of 138,600,000 cubic yards (106,000,000 m³). With a reservoir capacity of 11,098,000 acre-feet (13.69 km³), the dam is approximately 143 m high and 8,997 feet (2,743 m) wide at its crest. ● It is solely for generating electricity and has a water channel with the highest flow in the world. Warsak dam ● Warsak Hydro Electric Power Project is located on River Kabul at about 30 km from Peshawar in North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. ● The project financed by Canadian Government was completed under COLOMBO PLAN in two phases. ● capacity of 25,300 acre-feet of water for irrigation of 119,000 acres of land and meeting power generation requirement. A spillway with nine gates is capable to discharge 540,000 cusecs of flood water. ● The first phase including construction of Dam, Irrigation tunnel, civil works for Phase-II and installation of four units each of 40 MW capacities with 132 KV transmission systems, was completed in 1960 at a total cost of Rs.394.98 million. ● Two additional generating units each of 40 MW capacities were added in 1980-81 at a cost of Rs.106.25 million as second phase of the project. ● Warsak Dam has now completely silted up and practically there is no available storage.

Sources Link. http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/13283-reservoirs-dams- pakistan.html

International Conferences and treaties 1. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)  Formation 4 April 1949  Headquarters Brussels, Belgium  Membership 29 states  Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg  Total summits 30  Last Summit 3-4 Dec 2019 Watford (new York)

Sources https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/nato_countries.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO

2. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)  Establishment 8 December 1985 ( Dhaka)  Secretary-General MR. ESALA RUWAN WEERAKOON  Headquarters Kathmandu

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 Member states 8 members  Official languages English  Total Sumits 19  Last Summit19th SAARC Summit Islamabad, Pakistan 15–19 November 2016

Sources https://www.saarc-sec.org/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation

3. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)  Established Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, (February 1970).  Headquarter Jeddah, Saudi Arabia  Membership 57 member states  Official languages Arabic, English, French  Secretary General OIC Yousef Bin Ahmad Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Othaimeen

Sources https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=58&p_ref=30&lan=en https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation

4. United Nations Security Council  First session 17 January 1946.  Members 5  Security Council President Dang DinhQuy Permanent members 1. China 2. France 3. Russia 4. United Kingdom 5. United States

Sources https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/secretariat/

5. United Nations organisation  Headquarters New York City  Membership 193 member states  Secretary‑General António Guterres  General Assembly President Tijjani Muhammad-Bande  Founded October 24, 1945, San Francisco, California, United States

6. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)  Headquarters Queenstown, Singapore  Membership 21 economies  Chairperson Muhyiddin Yassin (2020)  Establishment 1989  Total Meetings 31  Last Meeting 16–17 November Chile Santiago President SebastiánPiñera

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7. World Health Organization (WHO)  Formation 7 April 1948  Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland  Director-General TedrosAdhanom  Member states 194

8. International Monetary Fund (IMF  Formation 27 December 1945  Headquarters Washington, D.C. U.S.  Membership 189 countries  Official language English  Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva

9. World Bank  Formation July 1944  Headquarters Washington, D.C, U.S  President David Malpass

Sources https://data.worldbank.org/country/west-bank-and-gaza

10. European Union (EU)

 Members States 27  Capital Brussels (de facto)

11. Asian Development Bank (ADB)  Formation 19 December 1966  Headquarters Ortigas Center Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines  Membership 68 countries (49 Asian Pacific)(19 outer)  President MasatsuguAsakawa

Sources https://www.adb.org/about/members

12. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering  Formation 1989  Headquarters Paris, France  Membership 37 (2 regional organizations)  President Xiangmin Liu

13. United Nations Children's FundUNICEF  Formation 11 December 1946;  Headquarter New York City, US  Head Henrietta H. Fore  Members 192

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14. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)  Formation 29 April 1961  Headquarters Rue Mauverny, Gland, Vaud, Switzerland\  President Pavan Sukhdev

15. World Trade Organization (WTO)  Formation 1 January 1995  Headquarters Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland  Membership 164 member states  Director-General Roberto Azevêdo Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization

16. International Criminal Court  Seat The Hague, Netherlands  President Chile Eboe-Osuj  Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda  Registrar Peter Lewis  Members 123 countries are States

Source https://asp.icc- cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/pages/the%20states%20parties%20to%20the%20rome%20st atute.aspx

17. World Tourism Organization(UNWTO  Formation 1 November 1974  Headquarters Madrid, Spain  Secretary General Zurab Pololikashvili  Members 158 countries

18. United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)

 Formation 15 March 2006  Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland  President Coly Seck  Members 47

19. United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) Established 1946

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Mountains And Mountain Ranges Of the World Mountain Ranges Location Ft. m

Everest1 Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 29,035 8,850

K2 (Godwin Austen) Karakoram Pakistan/China 28,250 8,611

Kanchenjunga Himalayas India/Nepal 28,169 8,586

Lhotse I Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 27,940 8,516 Makalu I Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 27,766 8,463

Cho Oyu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 26,906 8,201

Dhaulagiri Himalayas Nepal 26,795 8,167

Manaslu I Himalayas Nepal 26,781 8,163

Nanga Parbat Himalayas Pakistan 26,6608,125

Rivers of Pakistan  Astor River  Chenab River  Dasht River  Dashtiari River  Gambila River  Ghaggar-Hakra River  Ghizar River  Gilgit River  Gomal River  Hub River  Hungol River  Hunza River  Indus River  Jhelum River  Kabul River

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 Swaan River  Kundar River  Kunhar River  Kurram River  Lyari River  Ravi River  Shigar River  Shimshal River  Sutlej River   Tochi River  Zhob River 1- Rivers flow in Punjab Province Five 2- Rivers flow in Sindh Province . Four 3 Rivers flow in Balochistan Province Seven 4 Rivers flow in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Eight

Indus River 1. River Indus is the longest river in Pakistan. 2. The Indus River (locally called Sindhu) 3. The river rises in the southwestern Tibet The total length of the river is 3180 kilometers (2000 miles) 4. It is also the world's 21st largest river in terms of annual water flow. 5. It originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar in China 6. The Indus provides the key water resources for the 7. It has 20 major tributaries. Indus River is also called, Nile of Pakistan 8. The Kalabagh dam is a mega water reservoir that Government of Pakistan is planning to develop across the Indus River 9. Tarbela Dam (or the National Dam) is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan

River Ravi 1. It rises in the Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh state, India, 2. The total length of the river is about 720 km 3. The waters of the Ravi River are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty 4. It is also called 'The river of Lahore 30 | P a g e

Chenab River 1. The Chenab River is a major river of India and Pakistan 2. It forms in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, India 3. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. 4. largest of the five tributaries of the Indus River 5. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad 6. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometers

River Sutlej 1. The source of the river is at Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, near Mount Kailas 2. The total length of the river is about 1,450 km 3. The waters of the Indus are allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.

Kabul River 1. The Kabul River is a 700-kilometre (430 mi) long river 2. Emerges in MaidanWardak Province the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan, 3. Kabul river in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, 4. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the  Logar,  Panjshir,  Alingar  Surkhab,  Kunar  Bara  Swat rivers. 5. Its largest tributary is the Kunar River 6. Warsak Hydro Electric Power Project is located on River Kabul

River Hunza 1. Hunza River is the main river in Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. 2. Flowing through Nomal Valley, it reaches Gilgit city and empties out into Gilgit River.

Jehlum River 1. The Jhelum River is a river of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan

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2. . It is a tributary of the Indus River 3. River Jhelum is nearly 725 kilometres long 4. Mangla Dam, completed in 1967, is one of the largest earthfill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of 5,900,000 acre feet (7.3 km3)

Gilgit River 1. River in the Gilgit-Baltistan area of the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir region 2. The river rises from a glacier where the Hindu Kush, Karakoram Range, and western (Punjab) Himalayas meet 3. The Gilgit’s total course is some 150 miles (240 km).

Gomal River 1. Gomal River is a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan 2. Gumal River, rises in eastern Afghanistan near Sarwāndī 3. course of 150 miles (240 km). 4. The Gomal's chief tributary is the Zhob River 5. GomalZam Dam Project is located in Damaan area of NWFP, Pakistan

Hub River 1. Hub River is located in Lasbela, Balochistan 2. , It starts from the Pab Range in the south eastern Balochistan 3. The total length of hub river is 56km 4. Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River

Beas River 1. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, 2. Its total length is 470 kilometres 3. The waters of the Indus are allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty

Kurram River 1. The Kurrum River flows in the Kurrum Valley, stretching across the Afghan-Pakistani border west to east 2. Length 322 km

Zhob River 1. Zhob River is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. 32 | P a g e

2. The Zhob River originates in the KanMetarzai range 3. it flows through Balochistan 4. Drains into Gomal River. 5. The total length of the Zhob River is 410 km 6. It is a tributary of the Gomal River

Swat River 1. Swat River flows from Hindu Kush Mountains through valley 2. merges into Kabul River in Peshawar valley Sarhad, Pakistan. 3. Swat River irrigates vast area of 4. Its Length is 240 km 5. Munda Headworks has an installed generation capacity of 740 MW.

Source 1. https://www.dawn.com/news/884890/geography-the-rivers-of-pakistan 2. https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River/Hydrology 3. http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/13309-rivers- pakistan.html 4. https://kids.kiddle.co 5. https://www.quora.com/How-many-rivers-are-there-in-Pakistan 6. http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/13283-reservoirs-dams- pakistan.html 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan

Continents of the world Asia  Size: 44,579,000 sq. km  No. of countries: 48 Famous Countries and Population China 1,439,323,776 India 1,380,004,385 Indonesia 273,523,615 Pakistan 220,892,340 Bangladesh 164,689,383 Japan 126,476,461 Turkey 84,339,067

Iran 83,992,949 South Korea 51,269,185 Iraq 40,222,493

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● Asia is the world's largest continent of the seven continents in size and population ● It has 30 per cent of world land area and 60 per cent of population ● It contains the world's largest country, Russia, and the world's two most populous countries, China and India ● Asia houses the highest point on earth - the summit of Mount Everest, which is 29,028 ft. (8,848 m) tall ● The religions of Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity first began in Asia ● The major animals found in Asia are -- reticulated pythons, tiger, panda, yaks, Indian rhinoceroses

Africa  Size: 30,221,532 sq km  No. of countries: 54 Population: 1,216,130,000 ● Of the seven continents of the world, Africa is the second largest ● The world's longest river -- the Nile -- and the world's largest desert -- the -- both are home in Africa ● The world's hottest place -- Ethiopia -- is in Africa ● More than 50 per cent of the world's gold and 95 per cent of the world's diamonds come from the mineral rich continent of Africa ● The world also gets 66 per cent of its chocolate from the Dark Continent ● The major animals in Africa include -- cheetah, African elephant, lion, zebra, Egyptian mongoose, giraffe, addax

Australia  Size: 8,525,989 sq km  No. of countries: 3  Population: 39,901,000 Famous Countries and Population 1) Australia 24,255,949 2) New Zealand 4,727,459 3) Papua New Guinea 7,321,589 ● Australia is the world's smallest continent and is also known as an 'island continent' as it is surrounded by water on all sides ● Austria is home to over 500 varieties of eucalyptus trees ● Two-thirds of Australia is desert land 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gipson Desert Search More Basic Details About These 6. Deserts and Add Them In Your Notes. 7. 8. Sturt Stony Desert 9. Tirari Desert

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10. Pedirka Desert ● The world's largest coral reef -- the Great Barrier Reef -- is around 2300 kilometres long ● The unique animals of Australia are -- kangaroo, emu, platypus Antarctica Size: 14,000,000 sq km No. of countries: Technically there is no country in Antarctica. Population: 1,106 ● Antarctica is not only the coldest place on Earth but also the highest, driest, windiest and emptiest ● 75 per cent of the world's ice and 61 per cent of the Earth's fresh water is located in Antarctica ● It is also called the White Continent or the Frozen Continent ● Before 1840, Antarctic was called 'Terra Australis Incognita' which meant 'the unknown southern land' ● Antarctica saw the coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was -89 degree C ● Because of this sort of extreme temperature fluctuations, Antarctica is larger in winters by around 14.2 million square kilometers than in summers due to the ice formation around the periphery ● The largest land animal in Antarctica is a 1.3 cm long insect known as Belgica Antarctica ● The only permanent settlements in Antarctica are the research bases where scientists from different countries come to do their work ● Penguins are home in Antractica and Adelie penguins are the most common kind found here

Europe  Size: 10,180,000 sq km  No. of countries: 50  Population: 738,849,000 Famous Countries Population 1 Russia 145,934,462 Eastern Europe 2 Germany 83,783,942 Western Europe 3 United Kingdom 67,886,011 Northern Europe 4 France 65,273,511 Western Europe 5 Italy 60,461,826 Southern Europe 6 Spain 46,754,778 Southern Europe 7 Ukraine 43,733,762 Eastern Europe 8 Poland 37,846,611 Eastern Europe 9 Romania 19,237,691 Eastern Europe 10 Netherlands 17,134,872 Western Europe 35 | P a g e

● Europe and Asia are parts of the same major landmass -- Europe is separated from Asia by the Ural mountains and the Caspian Sea ● The highest mountain in this continent is Mount Elbrus (Search More About the mountains of this continent. E.g Highest Point And Elevation. ● Europe is surrounded by water on three sides -- Mediterranean Sea in the south, Atlantic Ocean in the west, and Arctic Ocean in the north ● The world's smallest country, the Vatican City, is in Europe ● Some of the major rivers of Europe include Danube, Elbe, Loire, Oder, Dnieper and Don ● Finland, in Europe, is called the 'Land of Lakes' because melting ice sheets have created a lot of lakes here ● Three-fourth of the world's potatoes grow in Europe ● The Volga is the longest river in Europe ● The second longest river of Europe, the Danube, passes through five capital cities of the ● The major animals of Europe are - hedgehog, roe deer, wild boards, blue tit, the European tree frog

North America  Size: 24,709,000 sq km  No. of countries: 23  Population: 579,024,000 Famous Countries Population 1) United States of America 324,314,000 2) Mexico 112,322,757 3) Canada 35,851,774 4) Guatemala 16,176,133 5) Cuba 11,204,000 6) Dominican Republic 10,911,819 7) Haiti 10,033,254 8) Honduras 8,576,500 9) El Salvador 6,163,000 10) Nicaragua 6,071,045 TOTAL 555,485,525 ● North America has four time zones and is the only continent with every type of climate ● North America was named after the explorer Americo Vespucci and is also known as the "New World" ● Of the seven continents of the world, North America's population density at 22.9 per square kilometre is the highest ● The largest fresh water lake in the world -- Lake Superior - is located in this continent ● The world's third longest river - the Mississippi (3778 km) - is located in North America ● When compared with the other continents, North America has the highest average perperson income ● The world's largest economy, the USA, is a part of North America 36 | P a g e

● The world's largest producer of maize, what and soyabean is North America ● The world's largest sugar exporter among the seven continents - Cuba - also called the 'sugar bowl of the world' is located in North America ● The world's smallest owl - the Elf - is found on this continent ● The moose and the elk, found in North America, are the first and second tallest animals on the continent ● The other major animals of North America are --brown bears, hummingbirds, bald eagles, brown bears, bullfrogs

South America  Size: 17,840,000 sq km  No. of countries: 12  Population: 422,535,000 1) Brazil 204,519,000 2) Colombia 48,549,000 3) Argentina 43,132,000 4) Peru 31,153,000 5) Venezuela 30,620,000 6) Chile 18,006,000 7) Ecuador 16,279,000 8) Bolivia 10,520,000 9) Paraguay 7,003,000 10) Uruguay 3,310,000 ● The world's largest river as per water volume and the second longest (6440 km) -- the Amazon -- is in South America ● This continent houses the world's highest waterfalls -- the Angel Falls ● The world's largest snake and the second longest -- the green anaconda -- also resides in South America ● The highest volcanoes of the world -- Mt. Cotopaxi and Mt. Chimborazo -- are found on this continent ● Brazil, the country which is the largest coffee producer in the world, is in South America ● The major languages spoken on this continent are Portuguese and Spanish ● The largest salt lake in the world -- Salar de Uyuni (Uyuni salt flats) -- is in South America ● The world's highest lake (3800 m) and South America's largest is Lake Titicaca ● Aftethe r Himalayas, the Andes form the second highest mountain range in the world. These young-fold mountains are located in South America. Mt. Aconcagua (7,021 m) is the highest peak in the Andes.

Continents by population from largest to smallest 1. Asia 2. Africa

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3. Europe 4. North America 5. South America 6. Australia 7. Antarctica

Source Link https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/continents-of-the-world.html Link https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-currentaffairs/story/7- continents-of-the-world-facts-html-1334565-2018-09-07 Link https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-africa/

Currencies

Country Currency Afghanistan Afghan Afghani AFN United States of America(USA) United States Dollar USD Australia Australian Dollar AUD Bangladesh Bangladeshi Taka BDT China Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY Colombia Colombian Peso COP Denmark Danish Krone DKK Egypt Egyptian Pound EGP France European Euro EUR Germany European Euro EUR Iraq Iraqi Dinar IQD Israel Israeli new Shekel ILS Japan Japanese Yen JPY Nepal Nepalese Rupee NPR Russia Russian Ruble RUB South Korea South Korean Won KRW

Turkey Turkish Lira TRY

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United Kingdom Pound Sterling GBP Zambia Zambian Kwacha ZMW Source Link. https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/world-currencies.html

Some Famous Countries And Capitals.

Short-form name Long-form name Capital  Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Kabul Afghanistan  Australia Commonwealth of Australia Canberra

 Bangladesh People’s Republic of Dhaka Bangladesh  Canada Canada Ottawa

 Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt Cairo

 France French Republic Paris

 India Republic of India New Delhi

 Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Tehran

 Israel State of Israel Jerusalem

 Japan Japan Tokyo

 Russia Russian Federation Moscow

 Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Riyadh

 Turkey Republic of Turkey Ankara

 Zimbabwe Republic of Zimbabwe Harare

 Syria Syrian Arab Republic Damascus

 United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great London Britain  United States United States of America Washington, DC

 Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic Colombo of Sri Lanka  Italy Italian Republic Rome

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Tallest buildings in the world

Building Name City Height (m) Completion Use

Burj Khalifa Dubai (AE) 828 2010 Office / Residential / Hotel

Shanghai Tower Shanghai (CN) 632 2015 Hotel / office

Makkah Royal Makka 601 2012 Hotel Clock Tower

Ping an Finance Shenzhen 599.1 2017 Office Center

Lotte World Seoul (KR) 556 2017 Hotel / Tower Residential / Office One World Trade New York City 541.3 2014 Office Center 7.Guangzhou CTF Guangzhou 530 2016 Hotel / residential Finance Centre. / office Tianjin CTF Tianjin (CN) 530 2019 Hotel Finance Centre CITIC Tower Beijing (CN) 528 2018 Office TAIPEI 101 Taipei 508 2004 Office

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