DOCSLIB.ORG

Muslim League Was Founded at Decca on 31St December

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

General Knowledge 1 | P a g e Geography of Pakistan 1. The 1,064 kilometers or 650 miles of the Pakistani coastline. 2. international boundaries totaling to 6,774 kilometers of boundaries, 3. The boundary with the Islamic Republic of Iran, is 909 kilometers, 4. International boundary with Afghanistan is 2,430 km kilometers long called Durand Line, 5. Border with China is 523 km long, and 6. Border with India 2,912 km long. Location of Neighboring Countries India to the east, Afghanistan to the northwest, and Iran to the west while China in the northeast. Provinces and their Area 1. Baluchistan 347,190 (km²) 2. Punjab 205,345 (km²) 3. Sindh 140,91 (km²) 4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier) 74,521 (km²) 5. Gilgit-Baltistan 72,971 (km²) General Facts 1. The Northern Areas has five of the world's seventeen highest peaks along with highest range of mountains the Karakoram and Himalaya. 2. Extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the "Third Pole. 3. The northern highlands include parts of the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram Range, and the Himalayas 4. 4.8% of total area of Pak: is forests (standard is 25%) 5. 5 rivers flow in Punjab Ravi, Sutlaj, Chenab, Indus & Beas. 6. Durand line is b/w Peshawar and Afghanistan. 7. Ports and harbours are Kimari (Kar), Bin Qasim (Kar), 8. Kara korum Highway (Silkroute) B/w Pak: & China was completed on 18th June, 1978. 9. Cholistan desert is in Bahawlpur district. 10. Harpa is in Sahiwal. 11. Bhambhore is in Thatta. 12. Nanga Parbat is situated in Himalayan. 13. Total arable land of Pakistan is 27%. 14. Sub-Himalya is also known as Siwaliks. 15. Makran Coastal Highway connects Karachi with Gwader,port 16. Baluchistan is 44 % of total Pakistan. 17. The Sindh Sagar Doab is also known as Thal Desert. 18. Six barrages are constructed on the River Indus. 19. HisparGlacies is located in Hunza. 20. The coldest place in Pakistan is Sakardu. 21. Pakistan can be divided per climate into 4 regions. 2 | P a g e 22. Land between two rivers is called Do, aba. 23. Jinnah Barrage is originated on the river Sindh. 24. Sukkur barrage is completed in 1932 25. Sher Shah built G.T. Road. 26. Imperial Highway is the old name of G.T. Road. 27. • Karakoram highway passes through 3 ranges. 28. Karakoram highway passes through khunjrab pass. 29. Shandur Pass connects Gilgit with Chitral. 30. Thar Coalfield is the biggest coalfield of Pakistan. 31. Kotri barrage was built in 1955. 32. An M-1 motorway is Islamabad-Peshawar. 33. 43% of the gas is obtained from Sui. 34. The Salt Range in Punjab Province has large deposits of pure salt 35. The glacial area of the country covers some 13,680 sq. km 36. The Line of Control is 740 km (460 mi) long. 37. Siachen Glacier in Korakarm ranges Rainfall 1. In the north, where the rainfall is above 700mm. 2. Most of Balochistan and the major part of the Punjab south of Sahiwal, and Sindh receive rainfall less than 200 mm per year 3. There are two sources of rainfall in Pakistan, the Monsoon and the Western Depression 4. The monsoon rainfall takes place from July to September (Kharif season) 5. Since the monsoon enters from the east, the eastern part receives more rainfall from these. 6. The western depression enter Pakistan from the west after passing over Iran and Afghanistan, 7. Western Depression bring a small amount of rainfall to the western part of the country from December to March (Rabi season) 8. The Rainiest Place: Murree in Rawalpindi District (Punjab), with mean annual rainfall of about 1,484 mm (164cm).Glaciers of Pakistan Glaciers Km Sq. km 01 Siachen Glacier 75 1180 02 Biafo Glacier 68 625 03 Baltoro Glacier 62 755 04 Batura Glacier 58 290 05 Hispar Glacier 53 620 06 ChogoLungma Glacier 47 330 07 Rimo Glacier 45 510 08 Panmah Glacier 44 400 3 | P a g e 09 Khurdopin Glacier 41 280 10 SarpoLaggo Glacier 33 230 . Roads The road network in the country has a total road length of 257,683 kms, of which 152,033 are paved and 105,650 are unpaved. four national highways three important motorways 1. The Makran Coastal Highway follows the coast of Sindh and Balochistan provinces , linking Karachi and Gwadar 2. The Karakoram Highway the highest paved international road in the world. connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass. 3. The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, running from Bengal, across north India, to Peshawar in Pakistan. 4. The Silk Road It is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe. It passes through the mid section of Pakistan through cities of Peshawar, Taxila and Multan. Motorways 1. M2 motorway M2 was the first motorway completed in 1998, linking the cities of Islamabad and Lahore 2. M1 motorway connecting Peshawar and Islamabad, 3. M3 motorway linking Faisalabad with M2 motorway Deserts of Pakistan 1. Thar (Sindh), area of 175,000 square kilometers It is the world’s 17th largest desert known as the “Great Indian Desert” 2. Thal (Punjab), 4 | P a g e located in Mianwali region of Pakistan between the Indus and Jhelum 3. Cholistan (Punjab). locally known as “Rohi” covers the area of Bhawalpur, Punjab. 4. Kharan Desert located in Balochistan 5. Indus Valley Desert area of 19,501 square kilometers located in the northern area of Pakistan DOABS OF PUNJAB 1. BIST JULLUNDHUR DOAB - Between SATLUJ and BEAS rivers. 2. BARI DOAB - Between BEAS and RAVI rivers. 3. RACHNA DOAB - Between RAVI and CHENAB rivers. 4. CHAL / JECH DOAB - Between CHENAB and JHELUM rivers. 5. SINDH SAGAR DOAB - Between JHELUM and INDUS rivers. Passes 1. Muztag pass connects Gilgit-Yarkand (China). 2. Khankum Pass connects Chitral-Wakhan (Afghanistan). 3. The Shandur Pass connects Chitral and Gilgit. 4. Khyber Pass connects Peshawar-Kabul. 5. Kulk pass connects Gilgit-China. 6. Bolan pass connects Iran and Pakistan. 7. Khanjrab pass connects Pak-China. MOUNTAIN RANGES OF PAKISTAN 1. Karakoram range, highest peak is K2 (8,611m or 28,244 feet). 2. Himalaya range, highest peak in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat (8,126m or 26,653 feet). 3. Hindu Kush range, highest peak is Tirich Mir (7,690 metres or 25,230 feet). 4. Sulaiman Mountains range, highest peak is Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487 m or 11,437 feet). 5. Safed Koh range, highest peak is Mount Sikaram (4,761 m or 15,620 feet) 6. Pamir Mountains, junction of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. 7. Salt Range, a hill system in the Punjab Province, abundant in salt 8. Toba Kakar Range, southern offshoot of the Himalayas in the Balochistan Land of Pakistan and how it is used? Land use/land cover Percentage % Forest. 5.2 Rangeland. 26.9 Agricultural land. 19.9 Open ground. 10.0 Exposed rocks. 24.5 Deserts. 9.7 Built-up/land 0.5 5 | P a g e Water logged and saline land 0.5 Water bodies 0.5 Snow and glaciers 2.3 Total 100 Sources; http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9393/-Land_Use_Atlas_of_Pakistan- 2009Pakistan_LandUseAtlas_2009.pdf.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-vii/geography/75491-geography-pakistan- important-key-points.html History of Sub-Continent 1857-1947 Important Events in the history 1857 Mutiny against the British. 1858 Government of India Act 1858. 1861 Indian Council Act 1861. 1885 Indian National Congress is founded by A.O. Hume. 1905 Partition of Bengal announced. 1906 Muslim League was founded at Decca on 31st December. 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms of Indian Councils Act – 21st May. 1910 Indian press act 1910. 1911 Partition of Bengal is cancelled. 1911 New Delhi established as the new capital of India. 1914 Outbreak of the 1st World War 4th August. 1918 Beginning of trade union movement in India. 1919 Rowlatt Bill introduced on Feb 16, 1919. 1919 The JallianwalaBagh tragedy took place on 13th April in Amritsar. 1919 The House of Commons passes the Montague Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act, 1919 on 5th December. The new reforms under this Act came into operation in 1921. 1920 The Indian National Congress (INC) adopts the Non-Co-Operation Resolution in December. 1920-22 Mahatma Gandhi suspends Non-Co-Operation Movement on Feb 12 after the violent incidents at ChauriChaura. 1922 Moplah rebellion on the Malabar coast in August. 1923 Swaraj Party was formed by Motilal Nehru and others on 1st January. 1928 Nehru Report recommends principles for the new Constitution of India. All parties conference considers the Nehru Report, Aug 28-31, 1928. 1929 All Parties Muslim Conference formulates the ‘Fourteen Points’ under the leadership of Jinnah on 9th March. 1930 First Independence Day observed on 26th January. 1930 Mahatma Gandhi launches the Civil Disobedience movement with his epic Dandi Mar (Mar 12 to Apr 6). First phase of the Civil Disobedience movement: Mar 12, 1930 to Mar 5, 1931. 1930 First Round Table Conference begins in London to consider the report of the Simon Commission on 30th November. 1931 Second Round Table Conference took place on 7th September.
Recommended publications
  • Friday Mosque Of

    Friday Mosque Of

    No.2330,Monday,17 May,2021 www.TOURISMpaper.com Some 20 historical objects have recently been confiscated from three smugglers in The World`s Only Print Tourism Newspaper Kuhdasht, western Lorestan province, a senior police official in charge of protecting cultural heritage said on Friday, CHTN reported. Including a decorative box, statue base, tray, and a few coins, the relics which had been embedded inside a car, were discovered during a routine inspection, Moham- Iranian Police madrezaMoradian announced. The official, however, did not refer to the exact age of the relics. The culprits were Seize Relics from detained and surrendered to the judicial system for further investigation, he noted. Smugglers 4 cooking Some $2m Paid to Support Tourism BozGhormeh Stew BozGhormeh Stew is a traditional recipe Businesses in South Khorasan from Kerman. Kerman is located in the he Iranian government has paid though to tempt archaeologists (rela- southeast of Iran. 1 lb (454g) Stew Beef. some 85 billion rials (over $2 tively accessible Old Esfandiar and Old Inredients: T million at the official exchange Deyhuk are amongst our favorites). ■ 1 Cup Garbanzo Beans rate of 42,000 rials per dollar) in loans Castle lovers will swoon over Birjand’s ■ 6 oz (170g) Whey Kashk to the tourism businesses affected by fortress – which might be slightly over- ■ 1 Onion the coronavirus pandemic in the eastern restored but make a great site for a tradi- ■ 2 Garlic Cloves province of South Khorasan. tional restaurant – and the mountain-top ■ 1/4 Tsp Saffron The loans have been paid to travel agen- fortifications at Qa’en, especially magi- ■ Turmeric cies, tourist complexes, and tour leaders cal at sunset; Forg is one of the most ■ Salt, White Pepper as well as handicrafts units across the picture-perfect castle-citadels in Iran.
  • INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1885-1947 Year Place President

    INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1885-1947 Year Place President

    INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1885-1947 Year Place President 1885 Bombay W.C. Bannerji 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji 1887 Madras Syed Badruddin Tyabji 1888 Allahabad George Yule First English president 1889 Bombay Sir William 1890 Calcutta Sir Pherozeshah Mehta 1891 Nagupur P. Anandacharlu 1892 Allahabad W C Bannerji 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji 1894 Madras Alfred Webb 1895 Poona Surendranath Banerji 1896 Calcutta M Rahimtullah Sayani 1897 Amraoti C Sankaran Nair 1898 Madras Anandamohan Bose 1899 Lucknow Romesh Chandra Dutt 1900 Lahore N G Chandravarkar 1901 Calcutta E Dinsha Wacha 1902 Ahmedabad Surendranath Banerji 1903 Madras Lalmohan Ghosh 1904 Bombay Sir Henry Cotton 1905 Banaras G K Gokhale 1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji 1907 Surat Rashbehari Ghosh 1908 Madras Rashbehari Ghosh 1909 Lahore Madanmohan Malaviya 1910 Allahabad Sir William Wedderburn 1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Dhar 1912 Patna R N Mudhalkar 1913 Karachi Syed Mahomed Bahadur 1914 Madras Bhupendranath Bose 1915 Bombay Sir S P Sinha 1916 Lucknow A C Majumdar 1917 Calcutta Mrs. Annie Besant 1918 Bombay Syed Hassan Imam 1918 Delhi Madanmohan Malaviya 1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com| www.careerpower.in | www.careeradda.co.inPage 1 1920 Calcutta Lala Lajpat Rai 1920 Nagpur C Vijaya Raghavachariyar 1921 Ahmedabad Hakim Ajmal Khan 1922 Gaya C R Das 1923 Delhi Abul Kalam Azad 1923 Coconada Maulana Muhammad Ali 1924 Belgaon Mahatma Gandhi 1925 Cawnpore Mrs.Sarojini Naidu 1926 Guwahati Srinivas Ayanagar 1927 Madras M A Ansari 1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru 1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru 1930 No session J L Nehru continued 1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel 1932 Delhi R D Amritlal 1933 Calcutta Mrs.
  • The Ideological Differences Between Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Movement with Special Reference to Surendranath Banerjea and Lajpat Rai

    The Ideological Differences Between Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Movement with Special Reference to Surendranath Banerjea and Lajpat Rai

    1 The Ideological Differences between Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Movement with Special Reference to Surendranath Banerjea and Lajpat Rai 1885-1919 ■by Daniel Argov Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the University of London* School of Oriental and African Studies* June 1964* ProQuest Number: 11010545 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010545 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT Surendranath Banerjea was typical of the 'moderates’ in the Indian National Congress while Lajpat Rai typified the 'extremists'* This thesis seeks to portray critical political biographies of Surendranath Banerjea and of Lajpat Rai within a general comparative study of the moderates and the extremists, in an analysis of political beliefs and modes of political action in the Indian national movement, 1883-1919* It attempts to mirror the attitude of mind of the two nationalist leaders against their respective backgrounds of thought and experience, hence events in Bengal and the Punjab loom larger than in other parts of India* "The Extremists of to-day will be Moderates to-morrow, just as the Moderates of to-day were the Extremists of yesterday.” Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 2 January 190? ABBREVIATIONS B.N.]T.R.
  • The Falling Netanyahu Takes Down a Cantankerous Political Class

    The Falling Netanyahu Takes Down a Cantankerous Political Class

    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.13954 Saturday MAY 29, 2021 Khordad 8, 1400 Shawwal 17, 1442 Elections is Brighton’s Alireza Steel ingot export Germany recognizes competition to Jahanbakhsh to decide rises 135% in colonial-era massacres in serve people Page 2 on his future Page 3 a month on year Page 4 Namibia as genocide Page 5 Unity is the secret behind the Resistance’s victories: Amir-Abdollahian TEHRAN - Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, the resistance and steadfastness victory could special aide to the speaker of the Iranian be achieved. This victory sent an important Parliament on international affairs, has re- message that the Zionist enemy only under- flected on the secret behind the recent victory stands the language of force and resistance,” of the Palestinian resistance against Israel. he told the Lebanese Al-Ahed News. Amir-Abdollahian said the 2006 victo- The Iranian diplomat added, “This ry of the Lebanese resistance movement victory and other victories achieved by against Israel raised faith in the resistance the resistance, especially the victory of and sent a message that Israel understands July 2006, were achieved in light of the only the language of power. unity of the Lebanese people and the gold- “The flight of the Zionist entity from en equation in Lebanon – the army, the southern Lebanon raised faith in the resist- people, and the resistance. Crabs in ance among the Lebanese, and that through Continued on page 3 Tehran, Moscow confer on joint investment in agricultural sector TEHRAN – Iranian Agriculture Minis- investment in various agricultural fields.
  • JBES-Vol9no2-P183-19

    JBES-Vol9no2-P183-19

    J. Bio. &Env. Sci. 2016 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 183-190, 2016 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Evaluation of timber and fuel wood consumption and its impact on vegetation cover in northern parts of Pakistan. Murad Ali*, Hazrat Sher, Siraj Ahmad, Eizat Wadan, Murad Ali Department of Botany, Govt: PG Jahanzeb College, Saidu Sharif Swat, Pakistan Article published on August 31, 2016 Key words: Cedrus deodara, Fuel wood, Timber wood, Rapid wood cutting, Hindukush range Abstract The present study aims to investigate the deforestation and effects of floods on various plants in Northern parts of Pakistan. Data was collected from the local people. The data shows that due to drastic and rapid cutting of trees is the major cause of deforestation. The data were recorded in the form of questioner after that, the recorded data were analyzed by SPSS (Statistical programmed for social sciences) software. The trees are ruthlessly cut for burning, timber and furniture purposes. The highest ratio of cutting trees is for burning purposes. Cedrus deodara, Querqus dialata, Betulla utillus, Juglans regia, Picea smithiana, Pinus willichaina. Land sliding and floods are the second highest reason of deforestation. The deforestation also affects the growth of other plant species as its ground flora. The shade and moisture loving plants (Sciophytes) disappear due to deforestation while the halophytes dominate the cleared area. Due to anthropogenic activity and rapid cutting of valuable species of the area affect the climatic condition of the site. *Corresponding Author: Murad Ali [email protected] 183 | Ali et al.
  • Indian National Congress Sessions

    Indian National Congress Sessions

    Indian National Congress Sessions INC sessions led the course of many national movements as well as reforms in India. Consequently, the resolutions passed in the INC sessions reflected in the political reforms brought about by the British government in India. Although the INC went through a major split in 1907, its leaders reconciled on their differences soon after to give shape to the emerging face of Independent India. Here is a list of all the Indian National Congress sessions along with important facts about them. This list will help you prepare better for SBI PO, SBI Clerk, IBPS Clerk, IBPS PO, etc. Indian National Congress Sessions During the British rule in India, the Indian National Congress (INC) became a shiny ray of hope for Indians. It instantly overshadowed all the other political associations established prior to it with its very first meeting. Gradually, Indians from all walks of life joined the INC, therefore making it the biggest political organization of its time. Most exam Boards consider the Indian National Congress Sessions extremely noteworthy. This is mainly because these sessions played a great role in laying down the foundational stone of Indian polity. Given below is the list of Indian National Congress Sessions in chronological order. Apart from the locations of various sessions, make sure you also note important facts pertaining to them. Indian National Congress Sessions Post Liberalization Era (1990-2018) Session Place Date President 1 | P a g e 84th AICC Plenary New Delhi Mar. 18-18, Shri Rahul Session 2018 Gandhi Chintan Shivir Jaipur Jan. 18-19, Smt.
  • Important Indian National Congress Sessions

    Important Indian National Congress Sessions

    Important Indian National Congress Sessions drishtiias.com/printpdf/important-indian-national-congress-sessions Introduction The Indian National Congress was founded at Bombay in December 1885. The early leadership – Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer, among others – was largely from Bombay and Calcutta. A retired British official, A.O. Hume, also played a part in bringing Indians from the various regions together. Formation of Indian National Congress was an effort in the direction of promoting the process of nation building. In an effort to reach all regions, it was decided to rotate the Congress session among different parts of the country. The President belonged to a region other than where the Congress session was being held. Sessions First Session: held at Bombay in 1885. President: W.C. Bannerjee Formation of Indian National Congress. Second Session: held at Calcutta in 1886. President: Dadabhai Naoroji Third Session: held at Madras in 1887. President: Syed Badruddin Tyabji, first muslim President. Fourth Session: held at Allahabad in 1888. President: George Yule, first English President. 1896: Calcutta. President: Rahimtullah Sayani National Song ‘Vande Mataram’ sung for the first time by Rabindranath Tagore. 1899: Lucknow. President: Romesh Chandra Dutt. Demand for permanent fixation of Land revenue 1901: Calcutta. President: Dinshaw E.Wacha First time Gandhiji appeared on the Congress platform 1/4 1905: Benaras. President: Gopal Krishan Gokhale Formal proclamation of Swadeshi movement against government 1906: Calcutta. President: Dadabhai Naoroji Adopted four resolutions on: Swaraj (Self Government), Boycott Movement, Swadeshi & National Education 1907: Surat. President: Rash Bihari Ghosh Split in Congress- Moderates & Extremist Adjournment of Session 1910: Allahabad.
  • Conservation Status Assessment of Native Vascular Flora of Kalam Valley, Swat District, Northern Pakistan

    Conservation Status Assessment of Native Vascular Flora of Kalam Valley, Swat District, Northern Pakistan

    Vol. 10(11), pp. 453-470, November 2018 DOI: 10.5897/IJBC2018.1211 Article Number: 44D405259203 ISSN: 2141-243X Copyright ©2018 International Journal of Biodiversity and Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC Conservation Full Length Research Paper Conservation status assessment of native vascular flora of Kalam Valley, Swat District, Northern Pakistan Bakht Nawab1*, Jan Alam2, Haider Ali3, Manzoor Hussain2, Mujtaba Shah2, Siraj Ahmad1, Abbas Hussain Shah4 and Azhar Mehmood5 1Government Post Graduate Jahanzeb College, Saidu Sharif Swat Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. 2Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. 3Department of Botany, University of Swat Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. 4Government Post Graduate College, Mansehra Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. 5Government Post Graduate College, Mandian Abotabad Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. Received 14 July, 2018; Accepted 9 October, 2018 In the present study, conservation status of important vascular flora found in Kalam valley was assessed. Kalam Valley represents the extreme northern part of Swat District in KPK Province of Pakistan. The valley contains some of the precious medicinal plants. 245 plant species which were assessed for conservation studies revealed that 10.20% (25 species) were found to be endangered, 28.16% (69 species) appeared to be vulnerable. Similarly, 50.6% (124 species) were rare, 8.16% (20 species) were infrequent and 2.9% (7 species) were recognized as dominant. It was concluded that Kalam Valley inhabits most important plants majority of which are used in medicines; but due to anthropogenic activities including unplanned tourism, deforestation, uprooting of medicinal plants and over grazing, majority of these plant species are rapidly heading towards regional extinction in the near future.
  • Community Conserved Areas in South Asia: Pakistan

    Community Conserved Areas in South Asia: Pakistan

    PAKISTAN COMMUNITY CONSERVED AREAS IN SOUTH ASIA PakistanPakistan Authors: Tahir Rasheed Hameed Ahmed Sustainable Use Specialist Group-Central Asia (SUSG-CASIA) 1 PAKISTAN AbstrAct outh Asian region is the home of thousands of years' old civilisation. A range Sof indigenous natural resource management systems evolved in the region in relation to diverse social, cultural and ecological realities of local communities. Pakistan is no exception to that. Its community conservation initiatives are the outcome of time-tested approaches and values that have proven as effective in addressing natural resource issues as any other 'developed' conservation model of the world. Though, due to a number of reasons, this entire heritage is at risk. However there are still certain pockets where indigenous principles and practices are intact and play a key role in the conservation and protection of natural resources. Centuries old participatory natural resource models have never been an alien phenomenon to the people of Pakistan. This report seeks to highlight these. It attempts to negate the perception that conservation is the legacy of modern day Protected Area (PA) systems. After the failure of modern PAs to meet their objectives, the policy makers and the conservation pundits in Pakistan decided to shift from traditional “top down” approach to a “bottom up” approach by involving the stakeholders in planning, implementation, monitoring and recognising Community Conserved Areas (CCAs) as legal entities. The main thrust of this policy shift was to link biodiversity conservation with local socio- economic development and provides communities with viable alternatives. This report briefly analyses the present extent and status of these CCAs in Pakistan.
  • To Neoproterozoic Ghanzi Basin in Botswana and Namibia, and Implications for Copper-Silver Mineralization in the Kalahari Copperbelt

    To Neoproterozoic Ghanzi Basin in Botswana and Namibia, and Implications for Copper-Silver Mineralization in the Kalahari Copperbelt

    GEOCHRONOLOGY, MAGNETIC LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY, AND THE TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE LATE MESO- TO NEOPROTEROZOIC GHANZI BASIN IN BOTSWANA AND NAMIBIA, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COPPER-SILVER MINERALIZATION IN THE KALAHARI COPPERBELT By Wesley Scott Hall Copyright by Wesley S. Hall 2017 All Rights Reserved A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Geology). Golden, Colorado Date ____________________________ Signed: ________________________________ Wesley S. Hall Signed: ________________________________ Dr. Murray H. Hitzman Thesis Advisor Signed: ________________________________ Dr. Yvette Kuiper Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date ____________________________ Signed: ________________________________ Dr. Merritt Stephen Enders Professor and Department Head of Geology and Geological Engineering ii ABSTRACT Despite a wealth of research on the Kalahari Copperbelt over the past 30 years, two crucial aspects of the mineralizing systems have remained elusive. First, the age of the rift sequence hosting the deposits and, second, the nature of the fluid pathways for the mineralizing fluids. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) U-Pb isotopic analysis on one igneous sample of the Makgabana Hills rhyolite (Kgwebe Formation) within the central Kalahari Copperbelt in Botswana constrains the depositional age of the unconformably overlying Ghanzi Group to after 1085.5 ± 4.5 Ma. The statistically youngest detrital zircon age populations obtained from the uppermost unit of the Ngwako Pan Formation (1066 ± 9.4 Ma, MSWD = 0.88, n = 3), the overlying D’Kar Formation (1063 ± 11, MSWD = 0.056, n = 3), and the lower Mamuno Formation (1056.0 ± 9.9 Ma, MSWD = 0.68, n = 4) indicate that the middle and upper Ghanzi Groups were deposited after ~1060 to ~1050 Ma.
  • Incidence of Livestock Diseases in Nomal and Naltar Valleys Gilgit, Pakistan

    Incidence of Livestock Diseases in Nomal and Naltar Valleys Gilgit, Pakistan

    Pakistan J. Agric. Res. Vol. 25 No. 1, 2012 INCIDENCE OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES IN NOMAL AND NALTAR VALLEYS GILGIT, PAKISTAN A. N. Naqvi and K. Fatima* ABSTRACT:-A research project was undertaken to study the incidence of livestock diseases in Nomal and Naltar valleys, Gilgit. The data on cattle, goat, sheep and donkey were collected from the Animal Husbandry Department from 2003 to 2007. In total 19259 animals were found affected with various diseases. The disorders reported in the area were digestive diseases, infect- ions, mastitis, reproductive diseases, endoparasites, ectoparasites, wounds, hematuria, respiratory diseases, emaciation, hemorrhagic septic-emia, tumour, blue tongue, cow pox, enterotoxaemia, tetanus, paralysis and arthritis. In precise, endoparasites were found in 25.3% animals followed by respiratory diseases (24.74%). Most of the cattle (2053) and sheep (926) were found affected with endoparasites, whereas most of the goats (3960) were suffering from respiratory disorders. The seasonal data indicated that the incidence of diseases prevailed was high (33.94%) in winter while it was as low as 14.18% in summer. Key Words: Nomal; Naltar; Livestock; Cattle; Goat; Sheep; Diseases; Endoparasites; Digestive System Disorders; Infections; Mastitis; Foot and Mouth Disease; Pakistan. INTRODUCTION including self-employed business- Pakistan is endowed with diverse men. About 20% of population dep- livestock genetic resources. Analysis ends on the agriculture and very few of livestock population trends show on livestock for their livelihood. that cattle population increased by Agricultural land of this valley is 219%, sheep by 299% and goats by mostly plain, fertile and suitable for 650% in the last 45 years (Afzal and all kinds of crops, vegetables and Naqvi, 2004).
  • Analysis of Durand Line Management Mechanism

    Analysis of Durand Line Management Mechanism

    PAKISTAN - Annual Research Journal Vol. No 54, 2018 ANALYSIS OF DURAND LINE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM Nelofar Ikram* Zahid Anwar ** Abstract Being a gate way to Central Asia, the geo- strategic setting of Pakistan and Afghanistan delivers a shortest and most cost effective course for routing vast energy reserves of Central Asia to the outer world. It is a serious stumbling block in the way of their affable relationship which is impeding development and affluence not only in their bilateral interactions but in other fields as well. Both the countries should comprehend the urgency of settlement of this issue so that they can utilize their vitalities to other aspects of mutual interests. It is the time to evaluate border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan with a vision to propose sustainable mechanism to end cross border terrorism, smuggling and illegal border immigrations. Afghanistan ought to accomplish its historical obligations and adhere to the rules of international law. On the other hand Pakistan should strive for diplomatic resolution of outstanding disputes with Afghanistan. This paper examines the border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan, contemporary models of border management and way forward on border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan. To analyze border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan with a view to suggest sustainable mechanism to help in stopping cross border terrorism, smuggling and illegal border immigrations. Key words Border management, Afghanistan, Pakistan, The Durand Line, terrorism, transit trade Introduction Historically, Afghanistan has remained astride the expedition route from central Asia into the Indian subcontinent. It was also the shortest course from central Asia to the Indian Ocean.