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206 The Revelation of Christ in Scripture

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Page numbers in color indicate illustrations. References to specific citations from Scripture and the Catechism will be found in the separate INDEX OF CITATIONS.

A Aristotle, 132 C Arius and Arianism, 79, 114, 199 Abram/Abraham, 33, 34–35, Ascension of Jesus, 8, 87, 99, canon of Scripture, 74, 77–80, 66, 143, 150, 155, 157, 202, 203 145, 161, 164, 177, 182, 183, 192, 87–89, 199 Adam and Eve, 6, 8–9, 33, 34, 199, 203 “Canticle of the Sun” (St. 94, 142, 143, 157, 158, 200, 201, St. Athanasius of Alexandria, Francis of Assisi), 18, 29 202, 203 114 Carthage, Councils of (397, St. Albert the Great, 21 atheism, 25 419), 79 Alexander (bishop of St. Augustine of Hippo catena, 116, 199 Alexandria), 114 Catholic Epistles, 147, 199 City of God, 142–143 allegorical sense of causation, argument from, Confessions, 6, 14, 20 Scripture, 119 21–23 on desire for God, 6, 7, 9, ambo, 94, 199 Christ. See Jesus Christ 12, 14 St. Ambrose of Milan, 175 City of God (St. Augustine), on natural revelation, 20 anagogical sense of 142–143 on unity of Old and New Scripture, 121 Communism, 25 Testaments, 154 Analogy of Faith, 117 Confessions (St. Augustine), ancient manuscripts and 6, 14, 20 interpretation of Scripture, B Constantine I (Roman 131–133 emperor), 79 angel, Jacob wrestling with, Contemplatio, 97–98 35 Baptism, 158–159, 194 contingency, argument from, Baptism of Jesus, 174–178 Annunciation, 98, 99, 174, 177 23–24 Beatitudes, 180 anthropology, Christian, 6, Councils of the Church, 25, 199 St. Benedict, 96 79. See also First Vatican apocryphal/ Benedict XVI (pope), 30–31, Council; Second Vatican deuterocanonical books, 80, 62–63, 71, 132, 161, 197 Council; Trent, Council of 145, 199, 200 Bible. See Scripture Carthage (397, 419), 79 Apostles, commanded to Big Bang Theory, 128 Ecumenical Council, spread Gospel by Jesus, 48, bishops, 49, 199 defined, 25, 200 48–49, 74–75, 111 Blessed Virgin Mary. See Hippo (393), 79 Apostles’ Creed, 20, 63, 200 Virgin Mary Nicaea (325), 114 apostolic succession, 48, 49, Bread of Life Discourse, covenantal sign, 156, 157, 199 199 193–194, 199

covenants, 34, 142–143, 143, on divine inspiration of defined, 200 150, 153, 155–162, 199 Scripture, 62, 70 desire for God and, 11 creation on divine revelation, 44–45, focus and reflection desire for God and, 7–8 49, 55–56 questions, 43, 45 knowledge of God through on historical development in history, 34–41 of Scripture, 87–88 natural revelation of (See knowledge of God through, natural revelation) on interpretation of 3, 11, 33–45 Scripture, 113, 115, 124–125 love of St. Francis of Assisi in New Testament, 40–41 for, 17, 22 on Old and New in Old Testament, 34–40 New Testament, read in Testaments, 150–151 truth about, 42 light of, 154 on Scripture in life of divinely inspired nature of Salvation History and, 154, Church, 93, 104 Scripture, 61–71 156 on unity of Old and New additional readings, 70–71 science and history, Bible Testaments, 164–165 authorship of Scripture, in relation to, 129 Deposit of Faith, 47, 48–49, divine and human, 62, as self-revelation of God, 52, 200 62–63, 65, 107 18, 19 design, argument from, 24, definition of divine truth of, 107 24–25 inspiration, 62, 200 Creed, 20, 63, 130, 200 desire for God, 5–15 focus and reflection additional readings on, Crucifixion, 64, 99, 183, 192, questions, 69 194 14–15 fundamentalism and creation/Fall of humanity literal truth attributed to and, 7–9 Scripture, 64–65, 67 D focus and reflection historical context, role of, questions, 13 63, 67 happiness, found in Damascus (pope), 82 historical development of relationship with God, 6–7, David, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 66, Scripture and, 73, 74 12 142, 143, 157, 202 inerrancy of Scripture and, life of St. Paul and, 12 Dead Sea Scrolls (Qumran 65–67, 201 means of fulfilling, 9–11 texts), 131, 131–132, 200 life of St. Matthew and, 66 truth about, 12 Decree Concerning the literary context, role of, 64, Canonical Scriptures deuterocanonical/ 65 (Council of Trent, 1546), apocryphal books, 80, 145, truth about, 68 88–89 199, 200 Divino Afflante Spiritu (papal degrees of perfection, Digan, Maureen, 39 encyclical, 1943), 113, 115, 137, argument from, 24 Divine Logos, 190, 200 187 Dei Filius (Dogmatic Divine Mercy, 39 Dominum et Vivificantem Constitution on the Church, divine revelation. See also (papal encyclical, 1986), 198 1870), 25, 136 transmission of divine dynamically equivalent (Dogmatic Dei Verbum revelation translation, 83, 84, 200 Constitution on Divine additional reading, 44–45 Revelation, 1968)

E F Good News, Gospels as proclamation of, 170–171 Gospel of Mary Magdalene Ecumenical Council, defined, Faber, St. Peter, 146 (Gnostic), 79 25, 200 faith and reason, Gospel of Thomas (Gnostic), Egypt, enslavement by/ relationship between, 128– 79, 131 liberation from, 35–37, 178 130, 132 Gospels, 14, 167–198. See also Elijah, 41 “faith seeking John; Luke; Mark; Matthew; St. Elizabeth, 98 understanding,” theology as, synoptic Gospels 148 encyclical, defined, 128, 200. additional readings, 186–187 the Fall, 8–9, 33, 142, 158, 200 See also specific encyclicals defined, 201 by title Fascism, 25 focus and reflection Enlightenment, 25, 200 Fathers of the Church, 20, questions, 185 200 Epistles, of New Testament Good News, as Catholic Epistles, 147, 199 St. Faustina, 39 proclamation of, 170–171 Hebrews, Letter to, 147 Fides et Ratio (papal importance of, 167, 169, 170 encyclical, 1998), 30, 128, 136 Pauline Epistles, 145–147, origins of term, 171 First Vatican Council (1868- 165, 200 truth about, 184 1870) Esau, 34 grace, 158–159, 201 Dei Filius, 25, 136 Essenes, 131, 200 on natural revelation, 25 Eucharist five proofs of existence of H Bread of Life Discourse in God, 17, 21–25, 200 John’s Gospel, 193 Francis (pope), 50, 186 High Priestly Prayer, 194, happiness, found in 201 St. Francis of Assisi, 18, 22, 29 relationship with God, 6–7, 12 Institution Narrative, 193, St. Francis Xavier, 146 Hebrews, Letter to, 147 201 fundamentalism, 64–65, 200 high Christology, 193, 201 Last Supper and, 66, 95, 111, High Priestly Prayer, 194, 201 159, 182, 182, 190, 192–194, Hippo, Council of (393), 79 201, 202 G historical books of Old Liturgy of, 97 Testament, 37, 38, 144, 201 New Covenant and, 159, 161 Garden of Eden, 8, 201 historical context of in Rosary, 99 Gaudium et Spes (Pastoral Scripture, 63, 67, 111–113, 116, in Scripture, 95, 95–97 Constitution on the Church 120, 130 in the Modern World, 1965), Evangelii Gaudium (apostolic historical criticism of 15, 171 exhortation, 2013), 186 Scripture, 130 genetics, 128 exegesis. See interpretation historical development of of Scripture Gentiles, 19, 35, 201 Scripture, 73–89 existence of God, five proofs Glorious Mysteries, 99 additional reading, 87–89 of, 21–25 Gnosticism and Gnostic canon, formation of, 74, Exodus from Egypt, 35–37, 178 texts, 79, 131, 173, 201 77–80, 87–89, 199

divinely inspired nature of Infancy Narrative, 174, 201 moral sense, 121 Scripture and, 73, 74 Institution Narrative, 193, science and history, Bible focus and reflection 201 in relation to, 107, 128–137 questions, 86 interpretation of Scripture, senses of Scripture, 118–121, life of St. Jerome and, 82 107–137 204 Magisterial statements, additional readings, 124– source criticism, 130 78–80 125, 136–137 spiritual sense, 118, 119–121, New Testament, 74, 76–77 allegorical sense, 119, 121 204 Old Testament, 74, 75–76 anagogical sense, 121 symbolic meaning, not oral tradition, 74–75 ancient manuscripts, use reducible to, 130 translations of Scripture, of, 131–133 textual criticism, 130, 204 78, 80–84 in context of Church’s life Tradition of the Church truth about, 85 and tradition, 110 and, 115–116 written tradition, 75–77 criteria for, 115–117 truth about, 122, 134 historical-critical method of definition of exegesis or types and typology, 119 interpreting Scripture, 112, interpretation, 109, 110, 200 unity of Scripture and all 201 different types of truth in, truths of faith, 117 history 107, 120, 121, 178 Interpretation of the Bible in divine revelation in, 34–41 faith and reason, the Church (Pontifical Biblical relationship between, Commission, 1993), 115 salvation in and through, 128–130, 132 77, 142–143, 150, 154–155, St. Irenaeus of Lyon, Against 156, 161 focus and reflection Heresies, 87 questions, 123, 125, 135 science and history, Bible Isaac, 33, 34–35, 203 in relation to, 107, 128–137 historical and literary Israel context, importance of homily, 95, 97, 201 defined, 34, 201 considering, 111–113, 116, Hugh of St. Victor, 41 Jacob’s name changed to, 120, 130 34, 35, 201 historical criticism, 130 Kingdom of, 37, 157 I historical-critical method, 112, 201 individual study of, 110, 115 J St. Ignatius Loyola, 146 life of St. Athanasius and, image of God, humans made 114 in, 7 Jacob/Israel, 33, 34–35, 35, life of St. Thomas Aquinas 201, 203 Immaculate Conception, and, 132 94–95, 201 St. James, 192 literal sense, 118–119, 130, Incarnation, 11, 62–63, 201 202 St. Jerome, 78, 82, 92, 205 inerrancy of Scripture, literary criticism, 130 Jesuits/Society of Jesus, 146 65–67, 201 Magisterium, role of, Jesus Christ infallibility 110–111, 113, 115–116 Ascension of, 8, 87, 99, 145, defined, 51, 201 modern Catholic principles 161, 164, 177, 182, 183, 192 of Magisterium’s of, 112–115 Baptism of, 174–178 teachings, 51

commanding Apostles to Bread of Life Discourse in, revelation; natural revelation; spread Gospel, 48, 48–49, 193–194 Scripture; Tradition 74–75, 111 Divine Logos in, 190 CCC 150 on, 3 Crucifixion of, 64, 99, 183, focus and reflection happiness found in, 6–7, 12 192, 194 questions, 196 truth about, 148 as Divine Logos, 190 high Christology of, 193 Kowalska, St. Maria Faustina, divine revelation through, St. John the Apostle as 39 33, 41 traditional author of, 190 as icon of God’s self- life of St. John and, 192 revelation, 170, 171 L on miracles of Jesus, Incarnation of, 11, 62–63, 190–191, 191 201 mystical/spiritual qualities Last Supper, 66, 95, 111, 159, Infancy Narrative, 174 of, 192 182, 182, 190, 192–194, 201, 202 as mediator, 156, 202 Paschal mystery in, 193, 194 Latin, 81, 82, 83, 104, 202 as Messiah, 19, 41, 66 seven I AM statements in, Lectio Divina, 91, 96, 97–98, miracles of, 181, 181–182, 191 202 190–191 truth about, 195 lectionary, 94, 202 nature of, 171 St. John Lemaître, Georges, 128 as New Adam, 142 Gospel of John, John the Leo XIII (pope), 14 New Covenant established Apostle as traditional Leviticus, Old Testament by, 158–161 author of, 190 book of, 36 Old and New Testaments, life of, 192 literal sense of Scripture, as bridge between, 141 Paschal mystery, as 118–119, 130, 202 Original Holiness, witness to, 194 literal translation, 83, 202 restoration of, 8 Revelation attributed to literal truth attributed to parables of, 180–181, 203 John the Apostle, 147, 192 Scripture, 64–65, 67 Paschal mystery of, 8, 158, St. John the Baptist, 40–41, literary context of Scripture, 182–183, 193, 194, 203 174–178 63, 65, 111–113, 120, 130 Resurrection of, 8, 42, 64, St. John XXIII (pope), 50 literary criticism of 66, 75, 87, 99, 145, 158, 160, St. John Paul II (pope), 30, 50, Scripture, 130 164, 177, 182, 183, 191, 194, 197 128, 132, 136, 198 literature, Scripture Sermon on the Mount/ joy and rejoicing, 186 regarded as, 120 Sermon on the Plain, 158, Joyful Mysteries, 99 liturgy 179–180 canon of Scripture and, 74, temptation of, 178–179, 179 78, 79 Transfiguration of, 11, 99 K defined, 93 Jewish version of Old Psalms, importance of, 40 Testament, 145 Kingdoms of Israel and Scripture in, 81, 84, 94–97, John, Gospel of, 189–198 Judah, 37, 157 100 additional readings, 197– knowledge of God, 3–57. See Liturgy of the Eucharist, 97, 198 also desire for God; divine 202

Liturgy of the Hours, 40, 91, moral sense of Scripture, 121 defined, 11, 139, 145, 203 93–94, 102, 202 Moses, 33, 35–37, 143, 150, 157, divine revelation in, 40–41 Liturgy of the Word, 40, 158, 202 focus and reflection 94–97, 202 motion, argument from, 21 questions, 149, 151 Luke, Gospel of, 172 Mustard Seed, parable of, 181 historical development of, St. Luke, life of, 177 74, 76–77 Luminous Mysteries, 99 N history of salvation Luther, Martin, 100, 202 recounted in, 142–143 Jesus as bridge between Old Testament and, 141 M Nag Hammadi texts, 131, 202 natural revelation, 17–31 knowledge of God through, 11 additional readings on, Magisterium 29–31 natural revelation and, 19 canon of Scripture, defined, 9, 203 number of books in, 141, 145 statements about, 78–80 desire for God and, 9 Old Testament unveiled in, 139, 150, 154, 186 defined, 49, 202 First Vatican Council on, 25 origins of, 49 desire to change or combat five proofs of existence of teachings of, 173 God through, 21–25 truth about, 148 interpretation of Scripture focus and reflection Nicaea, Council of (325), 114 and, 110–111, 113, 115–116 questions, 28 Nicene Creed, 20, 200 transmission of divine knowledge of God through, Noah, 143, 156, 157, 202 revelation and, 47, 48, 3, 9, 17–31, 20 49–53 life of St. Francis and, 22 Magnificat, 174, 177 O patristic testimony on, Mark, Gospel of, 172, 174 20–21 St. Mark, life of, 160 relativism and, 26 obedience of faith, 44, 45 Mary, Mother of God. See Scripture and, 19 Old Testament. See also unity Virgin Mary self-revelation of God, of Old and New Testaments St. Mary Magdalene, 79, 194 created world as, 18, 19 additional reading, 150–151 Mass. See Eucharist; specific truth about, 27 apocrypha/ entries at liturgy New Adam, Jesus as, 142 deuterocanonical books, Matthew, Gospel of, 172 80, 145, 199, 200 New Covenant, 142, 143, 153, St. Matthew, life of, 66 158–161, 182, 203 contents of, 37, 144–145 mediators, 156, 202 New Eve, Virgin Mary as, 95 covenants in, 155–158 Meditatio, 97 New Testament. See also defined, 11, 139 Mendel, Gregor, 128 unity of Old and New divine revelation in, 34–40 Messiah, 19, 40, 41, 66, 202 Testaments focus and reflection metaphor, biblical use of, 65 See also Gospels, 145–147 questions, 149, 151 miracles of Jesus, 181, 181–182, additional reading, 150–151 historical development of, 190–191, 202 contents of, 145–147 74, 75–76

history of salvation St. Luke and, 177 Rerum Novarum (papal recounted in, 142–143 St. Mark and, 160 encyclical, 1891), 14 importance of, 143 on natural revelation, 19 Resurrection of Jesus, 8, 42, 64, 66, 75, 87, 99, 145, 158, 160, Jesus as bridge between on Tradition, 53 New Testament and, 141 164, 177, 182, 183, 191, 194, 197 St. Paul VI (pope), 112 knowledge of God through, revelation. See divine Pauline Epistles, 145–147, 165, 11 revelation; natural 200. See also specific Epistles revelation; self-revelation of New Testament hidden in, Pentateuch/Torah, 37, 38, God 139, 150, 154, 186 144, 203 Revelation, Book of number of books in, 141, 144 Pentecost, 75, 99 (Apocalypse), 147, 192, 199 parts of, 38 St. Peter (apostle and pope), Roncalli, Angelo Giuseppe. Protestant and Jewish 49, 51, 160, 192, 194 See John XXIII versions, 145 St. Peter Faber, 146 Rosary, 91, 98–99, 101, 146, reasons for being called Pius XII (pope), 113, 137, 187 203 “Old,” 143 pope, 49, 203. See also Rule of St. Benedict, 96 Septuagint, 78 specific popes by name truth about, 148 prayer, and Scripture, 93–99 oral tradition, 49, 74–75 S Prodigal Son, parable of, 180 Oratio, 97 prophets, biblical, and Ordination, as Sacrament prophetic books, 37–38, 38, Sacraments, 153, 158–159. See and Sacred Tradition, 48 144, 203 also specific Sacraments Original Sin, 9, 158, 203 Protestants, Protestantism, Sacred Scripture. See Our Father, 97, 98, 203 and Protestant Reformation, Scripture 77, 81, 89, 100–101, 145, 203 Sacred Tradition. See P Tradition Q Sacrosanctum Concilium (Constitution on the Sacred pagans and paganism, 20, Liturgy, 1963), 94 203 “Q” source, 130, 183, 203 Salvation History, 77, 142–143, parables of Jesus, 180–181, Qumran texts (Dead Sea 150, 154–155, 156, 161 203 Scrolls), 131, 131–132, 200 Sanhedrin, 10 Paschal mystery, 8, 158, Sarah, 34, 155 182–183, 193, 194, 203 R Scholasticism, 21, 204 Patriarchs, biblical, 35, 203 science and history, Bible in patristic testimony on relation to, 107, 128–137 natural revelation, 20–21 racism, 25 Scripture, 59–105. See also Paul III (pope), 146 reason and faith, divinely inspired nature St. Paul the Apostle relationship between, 128– of Scripture; Gospels; 130, 132 historical development of Hebrews attributed to, 147 Rebecca, 34 Scripture; interpretation of life of, 10 Scripture; New Testament; relativism, 26, 203

Old Testament; Scripture in focus and reflection spiritual sense of Scripture, the life of the Church; unity questions, 103, 105 118, 119–121, 204 of Old and New Testaments; importance of, 92–93 Summa Theologiae (St. specific books Lectio Divina, 91, 96, 97–98, Thomas Aquinas), 117, 132 apocryphal/ 202 synods, 79, 204 deuterocanonical books, life of St. Benedict and, 96 synoptic Gospels, 167, 80, 145, 199 liturgy, 81, 84, 94–97, 100 172–183. See also Luke; Mark; as collection of books Matthew personal prayer, 97–99 (biblia), 59–105 “contradictions” between, prayer, 93–99 defined, 11, 61, 204 176–178 Rosary, 91, 98–99, 101, 146, desire for God, origins of, defined, 172, 204 203 7–9 different viewpoints of, 172 truth about, 102 divine revelation in history focus and reflection and, 34–41 Second Vatican Council. See questions, 185 also fundamentalism and literal Dei Verbum John’s Gospel truth attributed to, 64–65, defined, 92, 204 differentiated from, 190 67 Gaudium et Spes, 15, 171 life of St. Mark and, 160 historical and literary on importance of life of St. Matthew and, 66 context of, 63, 65, 67, Scripture, 92 life of St. Luke and, 177 111–113, 116, 130 interpretation of Scripture inerrancy of, 65–67 at, 113 parallels in, 174–183 knowledge of God through, John XXIII and, 50 Paschal mystery in, 182–183 3, 6–7, 11 Sacrosanctum Concilium, Synoptic Problem, 183, 204 natural revelation and, 19 93–94 number of books in, 77, 79, self-revelation of God T 141 created world as, 18, 19 organization of, 139 Jesus as icon of, 170, 171 , 131, 204 Tradition, relationship to, senses of Scripture, 118–121, targumim 49, 52, 53 204 temptation of Jesus in the desert, 178–179, 179 transmission of divine sensus fidei, 52, 204 revelation through, 3, Ten Commandments, 157 Septuagint, 78 47–49 St. Teresa of Calcutta, 50 Sermon on the Mount/ truth about, 148 Sermon on the Plain, 158, textual criticism of universality and 179–180 Scripture, 130, 204 timelessness of, 113 Sheen, Fulton, 186 theology, 93, 148, 204 Scripture in the life of the sola scriptura, 100 theopneustos, 62, 204 Church, 91–105 Solomon, 157 St. Thomas, [Gnostic] Gospel additional reading, 104–105 of, 79, 131 Sons of Thunder, 192 Catholic reading of the St. Thomas Aquinas Bible, 100–101, 195 Sorrowful Mysteries, 99 CCC quoting, 132 Eucharist, institution of, source criticism of five proofs of existence of 95, 95–97 Scripture, 130 God, 17, 21–25, 200

images of, 23, 117, 132 truth about, 53 V life of, 132 Trent, Council of (1543-1563) on senses of Scripture, 119 canon of Scripture Vatican I. See First Vatican declared at, 80, 145 Summa Theologiae, 117, 132 Council Decree Concerning the Tradition Vatican II. See Second Canonical Scriptures, defined, 3, 48, 204 Vatican Council 88–89 Deposit of Faith and, 47, Verbum Domini (apostolic defined, 80, 199 48–49, 52, 200 exhortation, 2010), 41, 63, 71, deuterocanonical books interpretation of Scripture 161 declared to be divinely and, 115–116 Virgin Mary inspired at, 145, 200 oral tradition, 49, 74–75 Annunciation, 98, 99, 177 Vulgate declared as origins of, 49 official Latin translation of Immaculate Conception of, Scripture, relationship to, Scripture at, 82 94–95, 201 49, 52, 53 types and typology, 119, St. John and, 192 transmission of divine 154–155, 205 Magnificat, 174, 177 revelation through, 47, 48, as New Eve, 95 53 U Rosary, 91, 98–99, 101, 146, Transfiguration, 11, 99 203 translations of Scripture, 78, Visitation, 98, 99 80–84 unity of Old and New Visitation, 98, 99 transmission of divine Testaments, 139, 153–165 Vulgate, 81, 82, 104, 205 revelation, 47–57 additional readings, 164– additional readings, 55–57 165 Deposit of Faith and, 47, in covenants, 153, 155–162 W 48–49, 52, 200 focus and reflection focus and reflection questions, 163, 165 Way of the Cross, 101, 205 questions, 54, 57 Jesus as bridge between, wisdom literature, 37–38, 144, life of St. John XXIII and, 50 141 205 Magisterium, role of, 47, 48, life of St. Mark and, 160 49–53 truth about, 162 through Scripture, 3, 47–49 in typology, 154–155 through Tradition, 47, 48, unity of Scripture and all 53 truths of faith, 117