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Impacts of Wind Farms on Swans and Geese: a Review 37 E.C

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Impacts of Wind Farms on Swans and Geese: a Review 37 E.C Wildfowl 62 Editor Eileen C. Rees Associate Editor Anthony D. Fox Published by Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK Registered Charity No. 1030884 Wildfowl Editor Dr Eileen C. Rees Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK. Associate Editor Prof Anthony D. Fox Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Kalø, Grenåvej 14, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark. Editorial Board Prof Jeff Black Dr Matthieu Guillemain Department of Wildlife Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Humboldt State University Sauvage Arcata, California 95521, USA. La Tour du Valat Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France. Assoc Prof Bruce D. Dugger Department of Fisheries & Wildlife Dr David Roshier Oregon State University Centre for Integrative Ecology 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. School of Life & Environmental Sciences Prof Andy J. Green Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus Wetland Ecology Department Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. Doñana Biological Station-CSIC C/ Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Sevilla, Spain. Cover photograph: Steller’s Eiders Polysticta stelleri, by Harri Taavetti. Cover design by Paul Marshall Published by the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK Wildfowl is available by subscription from the above address. For further information call +44 (0)1453 891900 (extension 257), or e-mail [email protected] ISBN 0 900806 61 3 Printed on FSC compliant paper by MPG Biddles Contents Editorial 1 Review Papers A merganser at Auckland Islands, New Zealand 3 M. Williams Impacts of wind farms on swans and geese: a review 37 E.C. Rees Standard Papers Population size and breeding success of Icelandic Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus: 73 results of the 2010 international census C. Hall, J.R. Glanville, H. Boland, Ó. Einarsson, G. McElwaine, C.A. Holt, C.J. Spray & E.C. Rees Habitat use, disturbance and collision risks for Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus 97 bewickii wintering near a wind farm in the Netherlands R.C. Fijn, K.L. Krijgsveld, W. Tijsen, H.A.M. Prinsen & S. Dirksen Limits of grazing area use by feral Greylag Geese Anser anser during moult 117 K. Schwarz & F. Woog Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca: an introduced species spreading in and from the 128 Netherlands A. Gyimesi & R. Lensink Evidence for Mallard Anas platyrhynchos and American Black Duck Anas rubripes 146 competition in western New Brunswick, Canada M.J. Petrie, R.D. Drobney, D.T. Sears & L.M. Armstrong Measurements and movements of Madagascar Teal Anas bernieri captured and ringed 165 at Lake Antsamaka in central-western Madagascar F. Razafindrajao, H.G. Young & A.I. Bin Aboudou Captive breeding and release diminishes genetic diversity in Brown Teal Anas chlorotis, 176 an endangered New Zealand duck G.M. Bowker-Wright, B.D. Bell, P.A. Ritchie & M. Williams Feeding environments of New Zealand’s extinct merganser revealed by stable 190 isotope analyses M. Williams, R.N. Holdaway & K.M. Rogers Direct and indirect evidence that productivity of Snowy Plovers Charadrius nivosus 204 varies with occurrence of a nest predator N.S. Burrell & M.A. Colwell Short Communications Ducks foraging on swan faeces 224 T. Shimada Announcements The 9th Conference of the European Ornithologists’ Union: August 2013 228 Wildfowl: Instructions for Authors 229 To subscribe to Wildfowl, or to purchase back numbers, please contact Mrs Margaret (“Maggie”) Sage at the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucester GL2 7BT, UK, telephone +44 (0) 1453 891257 or send an e-mail to [email protected]. 1 Wildfowl 62: Editorial This edition of Wildfowl is of particular interest for the new information provided on two endangered species – Madagascar Teal Anas bernieri and Brown Teal Anas chlorotis – and on the Auckland Islands Merganser Mergus australis which became extinct in 1902. The two merganser papers are particularly evocative; scrupulous attention to detail in a review of written records, use of modern techniques (stable isotope analysis) which throws further light on the birds’ feeding habitat, and the author’s biological insight into these birds throughout, helps to illustrate the distribution and habits of a species no longer with us. It is also touching that the review paper is dedicated to Janet Kear. She was remarkable not only for her pioneering studies of wildfowl and her work with waterbird conservation, but she inspired a generation of researchers and aviculturists, and for many years served as an eminent Editor of this journal. The Auckland Islands Merganser was a special interest of hers, and it is therefore hugely appropriate that these papers appear in Wildfowl. In addition to the work on endangered and extinct species, I am very pleased to see the publication of a detailed paper on the effects of a wind farm on Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering at Polder Wieringermeer in the Netherlands. Detailed post- construction studies of this kind are essential for assessing the effects of wind farm developments on waterbird populations. The journal also includes informative papers on, inter alia, the growth in numbers of Egyptian Geese Alopochen aegyptiaca in the Netherland, the latest population estimate for the Icelandic Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus population and potential competition between Mallard Anas platyrhynchos and Black Duck Anas rubripes in New Brunswick. The threatened species focus also extended to North America, with a study providing evidence for the predation of Snowy Plover Charadrius nivosus eggs by Common Ravens Corvus corax. Insight into a more familiar species is provided through an assessment of whether feral Greylag Goose Anser anser feeding distribution in Stuttgart, Germany, is influenced by their being flightless during moult. During the course of the year, scanning the Wildfowl back catalogue was taken forward speedily and effectively by Christine Orchard, and most papers published in the journal over the years are now in electronic (pdf) format. These are not yet readily available as some of the files are quite large (> 7 MB), but plans are underway to use OCR (optical character recognition) software to reduce file size, make the papers searchable, and ultimately to add them to the Wildfowl pages of the WWT website. I remain indebted to Tony Fox for his time, effort and invaluable comments as Associate Editor for Wildfowl, and to Editorial Board members – Jeff Black, Bruce Dugger, Andy Green, Matt Guillemain and David Roshier – for continuing to provide the advice and support essential for maintaining the standards and interest of the journal. I thank the referees for their valuable comments on the papers, and Ellen Matthews (EM Typesetting) and the staff at MPG Biddles (which recently acquired the Cambridge University Press ©Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Wildfowl (2012) 62: 1–2 2 printing presses) for taking the papers forward to publication. My colleagues Maggie Sage, Linda Dickenson and Jane Gawthorne provided helpful support throughout, including in the distribution of Wildfowl 62. Eileen Rees Editor: Wildfowl WWT Martin Mere Photograph: Janet Kear during her time as Director of Centres at WWT and Editor of Wildfowl, by David Platt. ©Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Wildfowl (2012) 62: 1–2 3 A merganser at Auckland Islands, New Zealand MURRAY WILLIAMS School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] Dedicated to the late Janet Kear, a friend and colleague from afar, whose lifetime work enriched our knowledge and enjoyment of the world’s waterfowl. Abstract The last population of the merganser Mergus australis persisted at Auckland Islands in New Zealand’s Subantarctic until its extermination by specimen collectors in 1902. It is now represented by four duckling specimens, 23 skins of immatures and adults, three skeletons, and a partial cadaver stored in 11 museums. It was the smallest known Mergus, the males weighing c. 660 g and showing little plumage dimorphism from the smaller (c. 530 g) females. Only five published accounts report first-hand observations of its ecology, breeding or distribution. Most likely it occurred as year- round territorial pairs in the larger streams and along the coastal edge at the heads of Auckland Island’s eastern inlets and in Carnley Harbour and fed on both marine and fresh water foods. Its population probably never exceeded 20–30 pairs. The scant records suggest it had a typical summer breeding season. Although its keel area and wing skeleton were reduced relative to its sternum length it was well capable of flapping flight. Key words: Auckland Islands, Auckland Islands Merganser, Mergus australis. A merganser (Family Anatidae, Tribe in 1902 (Alexander 1902; Ogilvie-Grant Mergini) once inhabited the Auckland 1905) was obtained, Polynesians having Islands archipelago, 450 km south of New earlier extirpated the New Zealand Zealand in the subantarctic Southern Ocean and Chatham Island populations. This (Fig. 1). When Polynesians first settled biogeographic oddity, a merganser in New Zealand in the late 13th Century, New Zealand’s waters, is today represented mergansers were also present in New by 27 skins and bones thereof from Zealand (North, South and Stewart Islands) Auckland Islands (Kear & Scarlett 1970; and at Chatham Island 800 km to New Kear 2005a) and a small but increasing Zealand’s east (Holdaway et al. 2001; Worthy collection of bones from midden and & Holdaway 2002). It was from Auckland natural deposits from the other two Islands that the first specimen, in 1840 populations (Worthy 1998a,b, 2004; Millener (Hombron & Jacquinot 1841), and the last, 1999). ©Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Wildfowl (2012) 62: 3–36 4 A merganser at Auckland Islands Figure 1. The Auckland Islands showing locations referred to in the text. 1= Magnetic Bay, 2 = Maclaren Bay. ©Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Wildfowl (2012) 62: 3–36 A merganser at Auckland Islands 5 In this paper I review, and where Description of plumage and soft parts appropriate reappraise, existing knowledge of Mergus australis at Auckland Islands, a bird Kear & Scarlett (1970) described the commonly referred to as Auckland Island(s) plumages and soft parts of the adult, Merganser (e.g.
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