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Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve Was Among the First Nine Tiger Reserves Declared in 1973 at the Launch of Project Tiger in India

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Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve Was Among the First Nine Tiger Reserves Declared in 1973 at the Launch of Project Tiger in India Identification and Quantification of Anthropogenic Pressure in Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary A Report By: Ovee Thorat; M. Sc. & Ramjilal Gurjer Under the guidance of Mr. Fateh Singh Rathore & Dharmendra Khandal; Ph. D. Tiger Watch (www.tigerwatch.net) Ranthambhore Road, Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan 322 001 Supported By Tiger Awareness • Prakritik Society • Hotel Dev Vilas 1 List of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Aim of the Study & Methodology 3. Summary of the Data 4. Study Area a) Formation b) Placement c) Habitat 5. Conservation Efforts at Kailadevi WLS 6. Human Presence in Kailadevi WLS a) Population b) Basic Facilities c) Ethnic Groups d) Grazing e) Mining f) Firewood Collection g) Agriculture 7. Dacoites in the Study Area 8. Wildlife 9. Difficulties Faced During Study 10. Discussion and Recommendations 11. Annexure 1: Socio-economic Data Sheet 12. Annexure 2: List of Villages in the study area 13. Annexure 3: Socio-economic data of villages inside Kailadevi WLS 14. Annexure 4: Socio-economic data of villages on the boundary or very near to Kailadevi WLS 15. References 2 Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the precious supervision and support of Mr. Fateh Singh Rathore and Mr. Dharmendra Khandal. We are grateful towards Mr. Phillip Davis; Tiger Awareness for the financial aid. We are appreciative of infrastructural facilities provided by Prakritik Society. Mr. Govardhan Singh Ranthore, Mr. Balendu Singh and Mr. Jay Mazoomdar offered us useful suggestions and information. Thakur Shersinghji of Baler also shared his traditional knowledge of Kailadevi Sanctuary. We express gratitude towards all above mentioned individuals for enriching our knowledge. Mr. Girish Punjabi helped us to prepare grids for the maps of study area. His grids will also be useful for further detailed studies in the area. Thanks to Babuji for maintaining our accounts. The daily care and food provided by Mogiya Hostel warden kept us ready for work all the time. We could not have done with drivers of Tiger Watch. Most essentially, the support of local people who accompanied us on the field was imperative. Tiger Awareness 3 Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary is major part of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve. The total area covered by this sanctuary is 672.82 Km2 out of 1394.48 Km2 area of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve (Ranthambhore Management Plan, 1991-1995). Kailadevi WLS is located in Sawai Madhopur and Karauli districts of Rajasthan. Even though it is level III TCU ((Dinerstein, E. et.al 1997); it has some unique features. Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve is the only part of Aravali hill ranges, in which the tiger population has survived today. The habitat of Ranthambhore TR is also unique in having continuous forests of Dhonk tree (Anogeissus pendula). Ranthambhore TR has experienced tiger crises due to poaching. Poaching, combined with the fact that Ranthambhore is an isolated habitat, leads to a restricted gene pool of tigers within Ranthambhore (Kenney et.al 1995). Kailadevi Sanctuary is a large area very close to Ranthambhore NP which can accommodate more tigers if made free of disturbances. It not only connects to Ranthambhore NP but also can act as a corridor to take tigers to Madhya Pradesh. The Tiger population of Ranthambhore is geographically isolated with ‘stepping stone’ connectivity through Kailadevi Sanctuary to Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh. This connectivity if revived can serve as a means for dispersing tigers to repopulate Kailadevi as well as Kuno. (Jhala, Gopal, Qureshi, 2007) There is a magnitude of human population living inside Kailadevi WLS. To manage this area, apt knowledge of placement, population and nature of the villages present in this area is essential. Kailadevi WLS has a history of participatory conservation efforts. However, can participatory conservation be obliging if already the foundation creates too much disturbance is a matter of speculation. 4 2.a. Aim of the Study: Identification and quantification of anthropogenic pressure within Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary. Minimum population in breeding age needed for viability (80-100) requires 800- 1000 sq km of habitat. Such Ideal tiger habitat also includes space for sub-adult, transient and aged individuals. Without peripheral forest or connecting patches such tigers can give rise to human-animal conflict (Mazoomdar & Banerjee, 2009). Kailadevi WLS is such habitat which is essential for a healthy tiger population. Correct management of already existing PAs and study of possible corridors connecting different areas is extremely vital. b. Methodology 1. Socio-economic Datasheet A datasheet (annexure 1) for collecting the socio-economic data was created according to nature of villages in our study area. Basic details of GPS location, district, tehsils as well as panchayats and sarpanch were noted at the start. This data was useful to understand exact location of the villages. Data such as water and electricity supply, health facilities, banks, schools etc. gave us idea about the extent of development of the villages. Census data of 2001 was not available for all of the villages hence human as well as livestock population data was collected from each and every village during this survey. This data informed us about the size of the village. Data related to income sources and firewood collection was important to know the dependence of villagers of forest. Crop and livestock predation data was used to estimate human-animal conflict and presence of wildlife in the study area. The data was collected of each village within the sanctuary by one of the authors (Ramjilal Gurjer) in the span of three months. He travelled more than 1500 kms during the study. He also travelled through some of the potentially dangerous areas within Kailadevi WLS. His contribution to this project was most important. Local guides and sometimes another assistant accompanied him during the field survey. At some villages people suspected that he was collecting socio-economic data to relocate the village and they would ask him the purpose. This sometimes put him in an uncomfortable position. During this study he also had to face dacoits. He was stopped from entering a few areas by dacoits as well as villagers. Also, photography was not allowed at specific mining areas. We could not survey some aprt of study area due to vague PA boundary and resource limitations (map 3). 5 2. Mapping: Google Earth software was used to prepare maps of study area as well as to learn about parameters such as village and agricultural development. Other GIS softwares (Quantum GIS, GE Path and GE Graph) were also used. Toposheet (Government of India 1977, no. 54 Dhaulpur) of the area was used as a reference to mark boundary of the Protected Area. It was necessary to divide study area in different blocks by grid (Image 5). By doing this we could easily make out patterns of data such as village densit and wildlife presence. This also helped us to present the data considerably. We divided the study area in grid with blocks of 3KmX3Km. We chose this size of blocks due size and spread of villages in the area. Map 1: Map of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve 6 Map 2: Boundary of Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary 7 Map 3: Excluded Parts of Study Area 8 Map 4: Grid 9 3. Summary of the Data 1. Villages inside Kailadevi WLS Total Villages 82 Total Population 40947 Total Households 5864 Vehicle Data Jeeps 20 Motorcycles 432 Tractors 137 Firewood Collection from inside PA 68.41% Livestock Data Buffalo 23253 Cow 14770 Goat 45001 Others (Sheep, camel, horse, pig) 1633 2. Villages on the boundary and very near to Kailadevi WLS Total Villages 77 Total Population 55470 Total Households 8498 Vehicle Data Jeeps 29 Motorcycles 980 Tractors 200 Firewood Collection from inside PA 55.39% Livestock Data Buffalo 18114 Cow 8590 Goat 47195 Others (Sheep, camel, horse, pig) 2942 3. Villages in corridor between Kailadevi WLS and Ranthambhore NP Total Villages 23 Total Population 11093 Total Households 1873 Vehicle Data Jeeps 3 Motorcycles 121 Tractors 40 Firewood Collection from 59.78% inside PA Livestock Data Buffalo 4755 Cow 2705 Goat 8825 Others (Sheep, camel, horse, pig) 1261 10 4. Study Area: Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary a) Formation Kailadevi WLS was constituted in 1983 and later it was made part of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve and included in Project Tiger. Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve was among the first nine Tiger Reserves declared in 1973 at the launch of Project Tiger in India. The Kailadevi Sanctuary is northern extension of the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve in Karauli and Sawai Madhopur districts. It is named after the famous Kailadevi temple near Kaila village. The National Park area was being managed as the core and the rest as buffer until in 1992, Kailadevi Sanctuary (constituted in 1983) along with Sawai Mansingh Sanctuary, Qualji Area and some other forest areas were added to the reserve. b) Placement Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve is situated in south-east Rajasthan. The area of reserve extends between latitude 25054’ N to 26012’N and longitude 76023’E to 76039’E (Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve Management Plan, 190-1995). Kailadevi WLS is situated in districts of Sawai Madhopur and Karauli. Kailadevi WLS is bounded in the west by the river Banas and in the south by the river Chambal. The Banas finally flows into the Chambal. There are hills in the south, north and eastern parts. The sanctuary’s connectivity to other Protected Areas is crucial. It is separated from Ranthambhore National Park by river Banas. This corridor often comes under human-animal conflict as it is being disturbed gradually by agricultural, mining, infrastructural reasons. Kailadevi also connects tiger population of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve to tiger populations in Madhya Pradesh and hence it is a very vital area. The area comes under four tehsils (Khandar, Sapotra, Karauli and Mandrayal) (map 5).
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