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Socio-Cultural Organisation of the Meena Tribe of Rajasthan

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Socio-Cultural Organisation of the Meena Tribe of Rajasthan Indian J. Soc & Pol. 03(02): 2016: 29-40 ISSN 2348-0084 (P) ISSN 2455-2127 (O) SOCIO-CULTURAL ORGANISATION OF THE MEENA TRIBE OF RAJASTHAN NEETU SINGH1 1Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, U.P.INDIA ABSTRACT Traditionally the Meenas are patrilocal, patrilineal and kin-based Society. They culturally and traditionally divide their homeland into twelve territorial units called 'Pals' and they live in both compact villages or isolated hamlets called 'dhanis' which are uniclan in nature. Generally the village of Meena community is comprised of the members belonging to a single 'got'. However, in a large number of villages two of more 'got' of the tribe are settled. Thus we can say that the village community is mainly tribal community. Agriculture being the primary occupation of the community, the typical Meena village follows its ancient pattern of settlement either on alluvial plains or on the semi-arid plateau. The habitation area is well marked with the boundaries of the villages and fields. Since age long Meenas have continued to live in the forests, villages and hilly regions. They live in huts which are more popularly called 'Dhodhe' or 'Jhopadi', is made up of clay, hay and cow dung. They used to construct their houses usually in dense forest and hilly areas so that they may live in isolation and could not be easily deducted. These safe zones of Meenas are known as Mewase. KEYWORDS: Tribes in India, Meena, Rajasthan, Mewase However in due course of time they began to live have been constructed in large villages. This dispensary in plains." The village layout reveals lack of planning. is run by local Vaidya." (Rizvi SHM : 1987) An unpaved street, nearly 10-12 feet wide cut across the The deep wells which have brick lining and raised village heart, beside which all the houses were surrounded wall are the main source of water supply for constructed. The Meena families whose fields are near drinking and irrigation. As a result of Developmental the village continue to reside with other communities. projects, launched in post Independence era, the land is There was no demarcation in area for any caste group. now being irrigated by the help of electricity. The wells Those families of Meena whose fields are situated away supply drinking water to the villagers throughout the from the village usually shift from the village, and year. There are some wells for the exclusive use of construct their houses on the outskirts of the village, at unclean and 'untouchable' caste group if they are residing convenient places. "Each 'dhani' belongs exclusively to in the village. And in case of a 'stream' near the village so one family group and is known by the name of its called 'unclean' and 'untouchable' castes use the water founder. A family which does not belong to that group of from its lower point. The disposal of garbage is family is not permitted to live in that particular 'dhani' unhygenic as it is simply collected outside the village and Besides Meena no other caste groups are allowed to thus poses a great health hazard for the entire villagers. construct their own 'dhani' within the village confines. In No concept of latrine is there in a village so people move some villages the smallest 'dhani' have two houses built away from the human habitation to the nearby jungles or in it. Even today this system of 'dhani', is prevelant in the fields. The entire village is littered with cow-dung which Rajasthan villages." (Primary Source) is collected by each household for fuel. The village folks Temples and shrines form an important part of the take bath in open around the village wells. These are the village social life. Temples of Hanuman (locally referred few examples to be cited to prove that uncleanliness to as Balaji), Mahadeo and Sitaram are constructed in the prevails in the remote meena villages causing a great centre of the villages while those of lesser dieties are challenge to health related issues. constructed on the outskirts of the village. "In post In many parts of Rajasthan. The facilities for independence period, Ayurvedic dispensary and schools primary and secondary education have been made accessible. But it has been noticed that the teachers and 1: Corresponding Author SINGH : SOCIO CULTURAL ORGANISATION OF THE MEENA TRIBE OF RAJASTHAN headmasters of these primary School are generally absent the houses the area becomes dirty and full of bad odour and do not perform their duties deligently. The reason "Being busy in the agricultural chores, they sometimes behind this state of affairs is that most of the teachers neglect bathing, but now a days scenario has been quite come to their work place from very long distance, as the changed as the Meenas have developed the habbit of residential facilities are absent. similarly the nearest daily bath." (Rizvi SHM : 1987) Soaps are rarely used by colleges are generally situated at great distance from the the Villagers. These unhygenic conditions results in the villages (ranging from 100 to 200 km.) and the hostel spread of various infections diseases for which they seek facilities are limited. The high cost of living discourages remedy, by offering players to the dieties like "Bhairon, the parents from sending their children to pursue higher Hanuman, Kuladevi. These Traditions are' prevalent in education. the tribal villages even today. Due to their weak economic conditions several Meena families do not have Members of some other Hindu caste groups are proper mattresses etc. so they generally lie down on the also accommodated by the Meenas villages follow the cots without them. But now days situation has changed general pattern of the Indian Villages which have a due to urbanisation and industrialization; a great number compact living pattern, with planned dwellings. Mud of Meenas seek jobs in urban areas and have become walls and thached roofs are the typical features of the economically sound, now they can have proper Meena house. There is a single main entrance to the mattresses-quilts etc and ofcourse utensils made up of central portion of the main quarter of the house, which is stainless steel along with all the essentials needed for a surrounded by thick mud walls. The living room is a better life. This may be attributed to urban style of living. place for the storage of family-goods and food grains also it has a 'Devasthan' a place for the family diety. The Food Habits : kitchens having thached roofs are constructed and the Meenas are generally considered to be non- number of hearths depends upon the type of family. The vegetarian but actually there are very less number of men spend their leisure time in the 'tiwari' and 'bada' and Meenas of certain places, who consume liquor and meat. it is only during very severe winter nights that they sleep Otherwise their staple diet consists of grains like wheat, in their respective rooms. Beside the main structure, a big Millet, gram, Maize, Bajara and Pulses etc. Being a rectangular room 'Tiwari' is built. It has some wooden settled agriculturist community they generally have milk cots spread in a row and it is here that all the guests are producing animals like cow, buffalo, goat etc. So it is entairtained by the male Meena. In the 'Bada' which is certain that milk and milk products form an essential part chiefly a cattleshed, rooms for storage of food grains, of their diet. 'Rabdi' is their favourite food. Butter milk is fodder and agricultural implements are constructed. It extensively used in various dishes. 'Dalia, thooli, dal, lies generally at the back of the house. Then there is baati, churma, Maalpua, kheer and chane ki daal are 'toup', a specially constructed structure to store the some of their favourite food items. To offer prasad to fodder. The yearly fuel, mainly consisting of cow dung Lord Jagdish, they prepare maalpua, kheer and chane ki- cakes are stored outside the living quarters and called daal. During 'engagement' and 'tikka ceremony dish made parunda. up of rice, ghee & crushed sugar is prepared to which Thorny bushes may be seen around the houses in handsome amount of Khoya is added for flavour . Chane- a meena village. Sometimes in a village houses made up daal is mainly used as compared to other kinds of pulses. of earthern tiles (Khaprils) and stones may be found but Generally they do not buy vegetables from the markets construction of 'pukka houses' is very rare in the Meenas but rely heavily upon which are grown by themselves in Villages. Although they have started constructing those their own fields. It is only during some special occasions in the cities. Outside the house, raised platform known as that they buy potatoes from the markets. 'Butter-milk' 'Chabutara' is constructed upon which the neighbours and along with raabdi form an important part of their other guests are welcomed by 'Hukkaah' and then matters breakfast which is generally termed as 'Kalewa' by them. pertaining to social life and household problems are Under the influence of the city-life, some of them have discussed. Windows are very less in these homes so also started taking tea- buiscuits as a part of breakfast. proper vantilation is hindered and as a result the Dinner is known as 'Baydu' in their terminology. members of the house easily fall victim to several diseases. Less attention is paid towards cleanliness. Examples may be cited- by keeping the animals around 30 Indian J Soc & Pol 03(02):2016:29-40 SINGH : SOCIO CULTURAL ORGANISATION OF THE MEENA TRIBE OF RAJASTHAN Table No.
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