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Erinnerungsraum Der Reformation Luthers Frühschriften: Weltdokumentenerbe in Thüringen

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Erinnerungsraum Der Reformation Luthers Frühschriften: Weltdokumentenerbe in Thüringen www.thueringen.de Erinnerungsraum der Reformation Luthers Frühschriften: Weltdokumentenerbe in Thüringen 1 Inhalt Vorwort 03 Einleitung 04 Weimar HAAB 06 Gotha FB 10 Weimar ThHStA 14 Jena ThULB 18 Eisenach Lutherhaus 22 Eisenach Wartburg 23 Mühlhausen Archiv 24 Rudolstadt Bibliothek 25 Schmalkalden Archiv 26 Impressum 27 2 Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, von den 14 Frühschriften Martin Luthers, die im Herbst 2015 Die Aufnahme in das Weltdokumentenerbe ist für die Landes- in das Weltdokumentenerbe der UNESCO aufgenommen wor- UHJLHUXQJ]XJOHLFK9HUSʺLFKWXQJI¾UGLH%HZDKUXQJGHULQ den sind, stammen fünf aus Thüringer Bibliotheken und Archi- den Bibliotheken und Archiven überlieferten gedruckten und ven. Die Werke des Reformators Luther, der in so vielen Thü- handgeschriebenen Zeugnisse vergangener Epochen Sorge zu ringer Orten seine Spuren hinterlassen hat, sind nunmehr tragen und unsere Aktivitäten im Rahmen der Reformations- Bestandteil des Gedächtnisses der Menschheit. Gleichzeitig dekade fortzusetzen. So fördert die Landesregierung in den präsentiert sich der Freistaat Thüringen mit der Aufnahme von nächsten Jahren eine Vielzahl von Veranstaltungen und Pro- Luthers Schriften ins Weltdokumentenerbe nicht nur als eines jekten und unternimmt wesentliche Anstrengungen, um Thü- der Kernländer der Reformation in Europa, sondern gerade auf ringen und seine Schätze zur Reformationsgeschichte weiter in dem Feld der schriftlichen Überlieferung unseres Kulturerbes der Welt bekannt zu machen. Dazu soll auch diese Publikation als „Erinnerungsraum der Reformation“. dienen, in der sich nicht nur die vier Bibliotheken und Archive präsentieren, die nun zum Weltdokumentenerbe erhobene Es ist mir deshalb eine Freude, die gleichnamige Publikation Spitzenstücke bewahren, sondern auch weitere Thüringer In- GHUʸHQWOLFKNHLW]X¾EHUJHEHQXQGDOOHQDP(UIROJEHWHLOLJWHQ stitutionen, die handschriftliche und gedruckte reformations- Akteuren herzlich zu danken: Der Direktorin des Leibniz- geschichtliche Quellen besitzen. Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, Frau Professo- rin Dr. Irene Dingel, dem Beauftragten der Thüringer Landes- Ich wünsche Ihnen, liebe Leserin und lieber Leser, interessante regierung für die Reformationsdekade, Dr. Thomas A. Seidel Einblicke in die vielen Schatzkammern des Landes Thüringen und natürlich den vier Thüringer Institutionen, aus denen die und würde mich freuen, wenn Sie diese Einblicke auch bei ei- fünf Werke stammen, der Forschungsbibliothek Gotha, der nem persönlichen Besuch vor Ort vertiefen. Thüringen wird Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek Weimar, der Thüringer Uni- auch über 2017 hinaus als Kernland der Reformation zu entde- versitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena und dem Thüringischen cken sein. Hauptstaatsarchiv Weimar. Bodo Ramelow Ministerpräsident des Freistaats Thüringen 3 Einleitung Kernland der Reformation Im Blick auf die Vielfalt der reformatorischen Ereignisse, die Tiefe und Nachhaltigkeit der Reformation in Stadt und Land so- Die Ausbreitung und Verfestigung der lutherischen Reforma- wie den Aufbau eines evangelischen Kirchenwesens kann Thü- tion ist untrennbar mit dem mitteldeutschen Raum verbunden ringen zweifellos als die Pionierregion der lutherischen Refor- – insbesondere mit dem heutigen Freistaat Thüringen, einem mation angesprochen werden. Kernland der Reformation. So setzte sich ab 1520 die Reforma- tion in Erfurt durch. 1522 wurde in Gotha der erste Gottesdienst Sachwalter des Luthertums nach der neuen reformatorischen Lehre durchgeführt. Ähnli- ches wird aus Nordhausen berichtet, der Geburtsstadt des Re- Diese Bedeutung Thüringens ist aber nicht auf die Anfänge der formators Justus Jonas, der dort immer wieder predigte. Im Au- Reformation beschränkt, sondern reicht bis weit ins 18. Jahr- gust 1524 wurde Friedrich Myconius von dem ernestinischen hundert hinein. Das hängt mit der besonderen politisch-religi- Herzog Johann dem Beständigen als erster evangelischer Pre- ösen Konstellation im Alten Reich zusammen. Die Reformation GLJHUQDFK*RWKDEHUXIHQXPGLHGRUWLJHQɤ3IDʸHQVW¾UPHɢ]X wurde spätestens mit dem Wormser Reichstag Teil einer Insze- EHHQGHQXQGGLH5HIRUPDWLRQʺ¦FKHQGHFNHQGHLQ]XI¾KUHQ nierung der politischen Macht, die von ihren damaligen Regen- 1525 übernahm Georg Spalatin zunächst das Amt des Pfarrers ten und Förderern – dem Kurfürsten Friedrich III. (dem Weisen) an der St. Bartholomäikirche in der kurfürstlich-sächsischen Re- von Sachsen, seinem Bruder Johann dem Beständigen und des- sidenzstadt Altenburg, um drei Jahre später dort auch als Su- sen Sohn Johann Friedrich I. – forciert wurde. Nach dem Verlust perintendent und Visitator tätig zu werden. Anfang 1525 sam- der Kurwürde 1547 als Folge des Schmalkaldischen Krieges – melte Thomas Müntzer in Mühlhausen die Kräfte der radikalen wodurch große Landesteile mit Wittenberg verloren gingen und Reformation um sich, um mithilfe eines Bauernaufstands hier das Territorium der Ernestiner sich nur noch auf Thüringen be- und jetzt das „Himmelreich auf Erden“ einzuführen. Von 1527 schränkte – transformierte sich diese Schutzfunktion der Ernes- bis 1529 kam es in großen Teilen Thüringens unter der Leitung tiner: Sie verstanden sich nunmehr als Bewahrer des theolo- von Philipp Melanchthon und Friedrich Myconius zu einer gro- gischen Erbes Luthers in seiner genuinen, gnesiolutherischen ßen Kirchen- und Schulvisitation, um einen Überblick über die Form. Deshalb wurden z.B. das Hofarchiv nach Weimar und die Verhältnisse zu ermöglichen. In Schmalkalden wurde 1530 der Bibliotheca electoralis nach Jena in die dortige neu gegründete „Schmalkaldische Bund“ gegründet. Hier legte Martin Luther Universität verlagert, die nunmehr als Gegenprogramm zum 1537 auf einem Fürstentag gemäß eines Auftrags des Kurfürsten „philippistischen“ Wittenberg der Albertiner dienen sollte. Nach von Sachsen, Johann Friedrich, seine Glaubenssätze vor, die als der Freilassung von Johann Friedrich I. aus kaiserlicher Gefan- Schmalkaldische Artikel 1580 Eingang in das Konkordienbuch genschaft machte er Weimar für die letzten Jahre seines Lebens der evangelischen Kirche fanden. zur Residenz. Daneben entstanden durch Erbteilungen in den nächsten Jahrzehnten weitere Herzogtümer wie Sachsen-Alten- Überhaupt ist Thüringen eng mit dem Leben und Wirken des Re- burg, Sachsen-Coburg, Sachsen-Eisenach, Sachsen-Gotha und formators verbunden. Seit 1497 ging er in Eisenach zur Schule. 6DFKVHQ:HLPDUGLHDOOHGHP/XWKHUWXPYHUSʺLFKWHWEOLHEHQ 1501 wechselte er nach Erfurt, um Theologie zu studieren. 1505 trat er in das Erfurter Augustinerkloster ein, wo er bis 1511 Hier liegen die Anfänge einer besonderen dynastisch gepräg- lebte. In Gotha wählte man ihn im Frühjahr 1515 auf dem Kong- ten Erinnerungskultur in Thüringen, die sich noch heute in der regationskapitel des deutschen Augustinerordens für drei Jahre beeindruckenden Vielfalt historischer Gebäude wie den zahl- zum Distriktsvikar über zehn (später elf) Konvente der Augusti- reichen Schlössern, Burgen, Kirchen, Bibliotheken, Archiven, ner in Thüringen und Sachsen. Doch auch unmittelbar nach der Kunstkammern und Denkmälern zeigt, die gleichsam als Ge- Reformation blieb Thüringen ein enger Bezugspunkt für Luther. dächtnis- und Wissensspeicher der Reformation fungieren. Glei- Nachdem er sich auf dem Wormser Reichstag im Frühjahr 1521 ches gilt für die darin enthaltenen Objekte wie Handschriften, in Anwesenheit des Kaisers geweigert hatte, seine Thesen zu wi- Alte Drucke, Gemälde, Altäre, Münzen, Porzellan, Skulpturen, derrufen, und die Reichsacht über ihn verhängt wurde, setzte 7HSSLFKH6FKPXFNXQG:DʸHQGLHDOVKHUYRUUDJHQGHGedächt- man ihn im Auftrag des Kurfürsten Friedrichs des Weisen nach nismedien der Reformation angesehen werden können. In ihnen einer Scheinentführung bei Altenstein (heute Bad Liebenstein) manifestiert sich das überlieferte kulturelle Erbe der Reforma- auf der Wartburg bei Eisenach fest. Hier lebte er fast ein Jahr in- tion und ihres Weiterlebens im Luthertum der Frühen Neuzeit. kognito als Junker Jörg. In dieser Zeit übersetzte er das Neue :LHVHKUPDQLQ7K¾ULQJHQGLHVH(ULQQHUXQJVNXOWXUSʺHJWHEH- Testament meisterhaft in die deutsche Sprache, das dann als legen auch die Feierlichkeiten von 1617, 1630 und 1717, die in September- bzw. Dezembertestament Berühmtheit erlangte. den Gemeinden und Schulen die Erinnerung an die Reformation Auch später blieben seine Kontakte zu Altenburg, Eisenach, Er- wachhalten sollten. Dem Herzogtum Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg furt, Gotha, Schmalkalden, Weimar und weiteren thüringischen ʹHOLP5DKPHQGHV5HIRUPDWLRQVMXELO¦XPVVRJDUHLQH Städten eng. 1537 äußerte er gar den Wunsch, in der „göttli- Führungsrolle für die lutherischen Länder zu. All dies macht chen Stadt“ Gotha begraben zu werden, als er auf dem Rückweg deutlich, dass Thüringen lange Zeit als Kernland des Luthertums von Schmalkalden schwer erkrankte und glaubte, bald sterben anzusehen war. zu müssen. 4 Die Publikation 1. Ein Sermon von Ablass und Gnade. Wittenberg 1518. Aus: Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek Weimar. Die Publikation „Erinnerungsraum der Reformation. Luthers 2. %LEOLDGDVLVWGLHJDQW]H+HLOLJH6FKULʸW'HXGVFK:LWWHQ- Frühschriften: Weltdokumentenerbe in Thüringen“ möchte berg 1534. Aus: Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek Weimar. diese Tradition in Erinnerung rufen. Anlass hierfür bietet die 3. Von der Freyheyt eynisz Christen menschen. Wittenberg Aufnahme von 14 frühen Druck- und Handschriften Luthers in 1520. Aus: Forschungsbibliothek Gotha. das Weltdokumentenerbe der UNESCO, von denen allein fünf 4. Beginn eines Redemanuskripts Martin Luthers für den Dokumente
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