Guillermo Sánchez Trujillo El Enigma De Los Manuscritos

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Guillermo Sánchez Trujillo El Enigma De Los Manuscritos GUILLERMO SÁNCHEZ TRUJILLO EL ENIGMA DE LOS MANUSCRITOS —DESCIFRAMIENTO DE EL PROCESO DE FRANZ KAFKA — MEDELLÍN , 2009 2 The Thought that there is anything fresh to be said about Kafka’s The Trial is implausible. For three reasons. GEORGE STEINER 3 A mis hijos, Marcela y Lucas 4 © Guillermo Sánchez Trujillo, 2008 Ilustración y diseño de Carátula: Marlon Vásquez Silva 5 CONTENIDO Introducción 7 Primera parte: El enigma de los manuscritos 1. El testamento de Kafka 13 2. La odisea de los codiciados manuscritos 17 3. el enigma de los manuscritos 23 4. El tesoro de Tutan K. 27 5. Donde el autor sale en defensa del legado de Kafka 33 6. Donde se descubre el origen de la novela 37 7. El discurso del método 41 8. El genoma dostokafkiano 45 9. Donde se establece el orden de los capítulos 53 10.Donde se descubren relaciones elementales de parentesco 59 11.El orden secreto de los manuscritos 63 12.En un principio fue el fin 67 13.La historia de “Un sueño” y otros sueños 73 14.La construcción 79 Segunda parte: El tribunal en el hotel 15.La ciudad de K. 83 16.Ese oscuro objeto del deseo 95 17.La aventura de Zuckmantel 99 18.El tribunal de la pensión 103 19.Preparativos de boda en el campo 107 20.Una temporada en el paraíso 111 21.Kafka y Felice 119 22.Amor a primer mordisco 123 23 .La condena o la imposibilidad del matrimonio 127 24.El fugitivo 131 25.Génesis de El proceso 135 26.El tribunal en el hotel 139 Tercera parte: El crimen de K. 27.El misterioso Proceso 147 28.La kerkaporta 151 29.La máquina literaria 153 30.La señorita folladora 157 31.La Venus del delantal 165 32.Una blusa para un crimen 171 33.Fin 175 Epílogo 185 Apéndices 187 6 7 Introducción Todo empezó años atrás, cuando el mundo académico y literario se preparaba para celebrar el centenario del nacimiento de Franz Kafka, el 3 de julio de 1983. Desde principios del año hubo todo tipo de eventos relacionados con la importante celebración: conferencias, exposiciones, reediciones de sus obras, lecturas, ensayos, reseñas en periódicos y revistas, proyección de películas basadas en sus obras, y muchos actos públicos y privados que, como las alegres tertulias de los bares donde en medio de ríos de alcohol se cantaban alabanzas al abstemio Kafka, eran un homenaje al autor. Yo no fui ajeno a esa fiebre kafkiana. Por el contrario, decidí que había llegado la hora de cumplir una promesa o propósito que me había hecho en la juventud: tratar de averiguar de dónde sacaba Kafka sus historias, cosa de la cual nadie parecía tener la más mínima idea, aunque no faltaban los que decían que obras como La metamorfosis eran reflejo de sus pesadillas, mientras otros aseguraban que habían sido esculpidas con el cincel de su imaginación. Yo soy de los que piensan que obras tan singulares y extraordinarias no salen de la nada. Kafka había reconocido como sus “hermanos de sangre” a Flaubert, Dostoievski, Kleist y Grillparzer, e incluso había dicho que, en su novela El desaparecido , trataba de imitar a Dickens. Pero sus obras no tenían antecedentes claros, todo en él era distinto, como si hubiera reinventado la literatura. Así las cosas, me dediqué a buscar la fuente de la creatividad kafkiana en la biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango de Bogotá. Para empezar hice un inventario del material de consulta que allí encontré. Durante una semana me la pasé indagando aquí y allá, sin decidirme todavía a tomar notas, hasta que finalmente escogí la biografía titulada Kafka , a secas, de Klaus Wagenbach, uno de los más reputados kafkólogos. Llegados a este punto, considero necesario aclarar que, para mi fortuna, pertenezco al exclusivo círculo de aquellos a los que se les “aparece la Virgen”, aparición que en el caso que nos ocupa tuvo lugar bajo la forma de un error onomástico, al aparecer el nombre de Dostoievski en una cita en la que Kafka se refería a Hebbel. La cita hacía parte de una carta en la que Kafka le escribía a un amigo de juventud sobre la admiración que sentía por este escritor, y en la que terminaba diciendo que “un libro debe ser el hacha que rompa el mar helado que llevamos dentro” 1. “¿Dostoievski?”, “¿hacha?”, me pregunté a mí mismo como mirándome en un espejo, y entonces una palabra relampagueó en mi mente con la luminosidad de un aviso de neón: ¡RASKOLNIKOV! Ahora tenía que leer Crimen y castigo de Dostoievski, algo que venía aplazando desde la adolescencia, ya que la sola lectura del título, como si se tratara de algo personal, me revolvía las entrañas. Y fue así como un error me llevó directo y de la mano por el camino verdadero. 1 Carta de Kafka a Oskar Pollak de 1903, citada en: WAGENBACH. Klaus. Kafka. Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1970, pág. 51 8 Por esos días, me trasladé a vivir a Medellín. Al llegar a la ciudad, adquirí una hermosa edición de la novela de Dostoievski, y con ella subí al corregimiento de Santa Elena donde había arrendado una casa. Acompañado de una botella de ron, me acomodé en la hamaca y, con la respiración contenida, empecé a leer: “En una calurosa tarde de principios de julio, un joven salió de la habitación que tenía alquilada en una casa de la calle de S… Ganó la calle y, lentamente, con paso indeciso, se dirigió hacia el puente K…”. Paré en seco. “¿Principios de julio?”, le pregunté excitado a la botella, y sin esperar respuesta, me respondí: “¿Acaso el tres de julio?” “¿La calle de S, será la calle de Samsa?” “Y, el puente K., ¿será el puente de K.?” Me tomé un trago largo; acababa de entrar en el estado de paranoia crítica en el que me mantendría sin reposo durante varios años. Al iniciar la lectura del tercer capítulo de la primera parte, me llevé una sorpresa tan grande, que por poco me caigo de la hamaca: ¡estaba leyendo el mismísimo principio de La metamorfosis ! No lo podía creer. “¿Estaré soñando?”, me pregunté, y para convencerme de que era real lo que estaba viviendo, me tomé un trago de ron muy largo, que me estremeció. Más tranquilo, tomé un ejemplar de La metamorfosis para comparar los dos textos, y empecé de nuevo a leer: Crimen y castigo La metamorfosis A la mañana siguiente (Raskolnikov) se Al despertar Gregorio Samsa una mañana, despertó tarde, tras un sueño agitado que tras un sueño intranquilo… no lo había descansado… Consideró su habitación con odio. Era una Su habitación, una habitación de verdad, jaula minúscula, de no más de seis pies de aunque excesivamente reducida… largo… Raskolnikov se había retirado (Gregorio) Hallábase echado sobre el duro deliberadamente lejos de la compañía de caparazón de su espalda 3. los hombres, como una tortuga bajo su caparazón... 2 Salí a tomar aire. Esa noche la envidiosa luna estaba pálida, muy pálida. Leí Crimen y castigo las veces necesarias para retener los detalles de la novela en mi memoria. Después, me dediqué a leer la obra completa de Kafka en orden cronológico, con la novela de Dostoievski a un lado para ir subrayando las posibles coincidencias que 2 DOSTOIEVSKI. Fedor. Crimen y castigo . Barcelona, Editorial Bruguera, S.A., 1974, p. 34 3 KAFKA. Franz. La metamorfosis . Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, S.A., 1943, p. 15 9 encontrase entre las dos obras. El resultado no pudo ser más asombroso: tanto Descripción de una Lucha , lo primero que conservamos de Kafka, escrita en 1904, cuando apenas tenía veintiún años; Preparativos de boda en el campo , su siguiente obra, y La condena , así como La metamorfosis, se inspiraban en Crimen y castigo . Todo indicaba que Kafka se la había pasado reescribiendo esta novela de Dostoievski. “¿Cómo era posible que tratándose de dos autores tan conocidos, hasta el presente, ningún experto hubiese hayado estas coincidencias?”, me pregunté, sin poder hasta el momento responder a esta pregunta 4. Gracias a un fichero de indexación coordinada que me permitió almacenar, recuperar y cruzar la información obtenida a partir de la lectura paralela de las dos obras, pude hacerle el seguimiento a la obra de Kafka. De esta forma logré reconstruir con cierto detalle algunos de sus relatos más famosos, como La metamorfosis y La condena , en los que se encuentran presentes también otros autores, Schiller con Los Bandidos en La condena y Sacher-Masoch con La Venus de las pieles en La metamorfosis , aunque esto último no sea del agrado de todos, pues algunos kafkólogos consideran a Sacher-Masoch muy mala compañía. Pero no se puede ignorar esa amistad, en primer lugar porque Gregorio tiene en su cuarto un retrato de la dama en cuestión que, de hecho, es lo primero que ve al abrir los ojos la mañana de la transformación y, en segundo lugar, porque el nombre de nuestro héroe, Gregor Samsa, es un anagrama de Sacher-Masoch. Un cuasianagrama porque debemos reemplazar “ch” por “g”. Además, el protagonista de La Venus de las Pieles , Severino Kusinski, como esclavo de la Dama de las pieles toma el nombre de Gregorio por mandato de su señora, con lo que la identificación resulta múltiple. Nada qué hacer. Kafka construye las primeras escenas de La metamorfosis con base en tres despertares de Raskolnikov que lo transforman, sucesivamente, en animal, asesino y culpable, lo que de entrada nos hace sospechar de la versión oficial en la que Gregorio es un ser angelical, víctima de la familia y de la sociedad. Para ver cómo recrea Kafka el despertar de Raskolnikov antes del asesinato, nada mejor que un contrapunto entre las dos obras: Crimen y castigo La metamorfosis (Raskolnikov) de repente, oyó claramente Gregorio dirigió [...] la vista hacia la dar la hora en un reloj.
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