Ludwig Leo – Architekt Im West-Berlin Der Langen 1960Er Jahre

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Ludwig Leo – Architekt Im West-Berlin Der Langen 1960Er Jahre Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Ludwig Leo – Architekt im West-Berlin der langen 1960er Jahre Author(s): Harbusch, Gregor Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010870836 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Ludwig Leo Architekt im West-Berlin der langen 1960er Jahre Gregor Harbusch Band 1/2 Text Diss. ETH Nr. 23686 Diss. ETH Nr. 23686 Ludwig Leo Architekt im West-Berlin der langen 1960er Jahre Band 1/2 – Text Abhandlung zur Erlangung des Titels DOKTOR DER WISSENSCHAFTEN der ETH ZÜRICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zürich) vorgelegt von GREGOR HARBUSCH M.A., Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin geboren am 7.6.1978 von Deutschland angenommen auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Philip Ursprung, ETH Zürich Prof. i.R. Dr. Adrian von Buttlar, TU Berlin Dr. Ita Heinze-Greenberg, ETH Zürich 2016 ! Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation ist die erste umfassende und archivbasierte Abhandlung über die Arbeit des Architekten Ludwig Leo (1924–2012). Leo zählt zu den ungewöhnlichsten deutschen Architekten in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er war fast ausschliess- lich in West-Berlin tätig, seine produktivste Zeit waren die «langen 1960er Jahren». Mit dem Umlauftank 2 und der DLRG-Zentrale entwarf er 1967 zwei beispiellose Ikonen einer techno- logisch orientierten Nachkriegsarchitektur, die auch international Beachtung fanden. Bis Mit- te der 1970er Jahre realisierte er zehn Bauten, anschliessend lehrte er für einige Jahre. Ab Anfang der 1980er Jahre zog er sich weitgehend aus dem öffentlichen Architekturgesche- hen zurück. Zeitlebens entwickelte Leo keine formale Handschrift, sondern entwarf konzep- tionell und machte vielfältige Einflüsse für sich produktiv. Konsequent hinterfragte er plane- rische Paradigmen, dachte Bauaufgaben neu und arbeitete alle Projekte bis zu vermeintlich nebensächlichen Ausführungsdetails selbst durch. Nachvollziehbar wird diese minutiöse Auseinandersetzung mit den Projekten an Hand der Pläne, Zeichnungen und Skizzen im Nachlass, die grösstenteils von Leo allein angefertigt wurden und in der Argumentation der Dissertation immer wieder eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Das Ziel von Leos Arbeit war es, für jede spezifische Aufgabe eine funktional durchdachte und zugleich architektonisch ausser- gewöhnliche Lösung zu bieten. Ein besonderes Augenmerk galt dem sozialen Austausch der zukünftigen Nutzer und den kommunikativen Potentialen des Raums. Die vorliegende Dissertation konzentriert sich auf sechs realisierte Bauten und drei Entwürfe für Schulbauten, die zwischen Ende der 1950er und Mitte der 1970er Jahre entstanden. Durch detaillierte Fallstudien werden die Entstehungszusammenhänge der Entwürfe, Leos architektonisches Denken und die Genese der Entwürfe greifbar. Den Fallstudien ist ein lan- ges Kapitel über Leos Studienzeit und seine ersten Arbeitserfahrungen bei anderen Archi- tekt vorangestellt. Fragen nach den Berliner Architektennetzwerken sind ein wiederkehren- des Thema in allen Kapiteln. Das Schlusskapitel gibt eine kompakte Übersicht über Leos Entwurfsdenken, die typischen Elemente seiner Architektur und verortet seine Architektur im Feld der internationalen progressiven Architekturpraxis der Nachkriegsjahrzehnte. Die Hauptquelle der Forschungsarbeit war das Ludwig-Leo-Archiv in der Akademie der Künste in Berlin, das kritisch und umfassend durchgearbeitet wurde. Eine wichtige inhaltliche Ergän- zung waren Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen sowie vier ausführliche Interviews mit Leo. Ein wis- senschaftliches Werkverzeichnis aller greifbaren Bauten und Projekte Leos schliesst die Ar- beit ab. 2 Summary The present dissertation is the first comprehensive study, based on archival research, about the architect Ludwig Leo (1924–2012). Leo was one of the most exceptional German archi- tects in the second half of the 20th century. He was mainly active in West Berlin, and the «long 1960s» were his most prolific period. Two of his buildings – the Umlauftank 2 and the DLRG-Zentrale, both designed in 1967 – became internationally acclaimed, enduring icons of a technology-oriented, post-war architecture. Up to the mid 1970s he realized ten buildings; he later taught for some years. After the early 1980s he increasingly withdrew from archi- tectural practice and discourse. He refrained from establishing a recognizable formal style, but designed conceptually and brought various influences to play in his own work. He ques- tioned planning paradigms, rethought the parameters of the buildings and personally worked through all his projects, taking care of even apparently marginal construction details. His numerous plans, drawings and sketches – almost all drawn by himself – allow an under- standing of his meticulous dedication to the projects, and are, therefore, central for the ar- gument of the dissertation. With his architectural work, Leo aimed to find a functionally con- vincing and architecturally remarkable solution for each individual design task. Particular at- tention was paid to social exchange between the future users and the communicative po- tential of space. The present dissertation concentrates on six completed buildings and three unrealized pro- jects for schools, that were designed between the late 1950s and the mid 1970s. Detailed analytical case studies of these nine examples shed light on the contexts in which his pro- jects were conceived, on Leo’s architectural ideas, and on the genesis of each design. Prior to that, a long chapter discusses Leo’s student activities and his first working experiences with other architects. Questions about Berlin’s professional networks are a recurrent theme in all chapters. The final chapter gives a concise overview of Leo’s architectural approach and the recurrent elements of his work. Moreover, it puts Leo in the context of the interna- tional and progressive architectural practice of the post-war decades. The main source for the dissertation was the Ludwig-Leo-Archive at the Akademie der Künste Berlin, which was critically and comprehensively worked through. Interviews with contemporary witnesses and four extensive interviews with Leo were a crucial additional source of information. An academic catalogue raisonné of all known buildings and projects by Leo completes the dis- sertation. 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung. Annäherungen an Leo 10 1.1 Methode 15 1.2 Literaturlage, Rezeption und Stand der Forschung 20 1.3 Archivsituation 27 1.4 Leos Zeichnungen und Pläne 29 1.5 Struktur der Arbeit 37 2 Studieren, Wohnen und erste Arbeitserfahrungen 40 2.1 Arbeiten und Studieren in Hamburg 41 2.2 Die Architekturabteilung der HfBK Berlin 45 2.3 Der Student Hans-Ludwig Leo an der HfBK 49 2.3.1 Bauhaus-Verbindungen und erste Entwurfsaufgaben. Grund- studium bei Georg Neidenberger, Georg Leowald und Eduard Ludwig 50 2.3.2 Technisches Durchdenken, elegantes Konstruieren und städte- bauliches Wissen. Hauptstudium bei Günther Gottwald, Paul Baum- garten und Wils Ebert 53 2.4 Fragmente studentischer Arbeiten. Zwei Wettbewerbe und der Abschlussentwurf 58 2.4.1 «Ausgezeichnete Untersuchungen» und «eigenwillige Formen- sprache». Interdisziplinäre Studentenwettbewerbe für einen Typen- spielplatz und Aufenthaltsräume an der HfBK 59 2.4.2 Leos Abschlussentwurf. Ein Rekonstruktionsversuch 61 2.5 Leben und Arbeiten im Studentenwohnheim Eichkamp 68 2.6 Generationenkonflikt und Paradigmenwechsel. Leo auf dem neunten CIAM-Kongress in Aix-en-Provence 1953 74 2.7 Erste Arbeitserfahrungen in Berlin, London und Köln 85 2.7.1 Alte Avantgarde und mechanische Tüfteleien. Prägende Jahre bei Hans und Wassili Luckhardt 1953–55 85 2.7.2 Elegant, nüchtern, sparsam. Studentische Mitarbeit bei Paul Baumgartens Konzertsaal der Hochschule für Musik 1953 91 2.7.3 Erstes Lernen von der britischen Architektur. Ein kurzer Arbeits- aufenthalt bei Yorke Rosenberg Mardall in London 1954 92 2.7.4 Entscheidende Impulse aus Köln. Leos und Stefan Wewerkas Mit- arbeit am Oberhausener Institut von Oswald Mathias Ungers 1955/56 95 4 2.7.5 Inspirationen der Berliner «Scharoun-Schule». Mitarbeit bei Sergius Ruegenberg 1956 98 2.8 Positionierungen 103 3 «Die Entwurfsidee zeigt völlig eigene Wege» Leos vielversprechender Karrierebeginn 106 3.1 Architektonische Fragen im Schatten des Kalten Krieges 107 3.2 Ein wegweisendes erstes Haus. Die Kindertagesstätte in der Loschmidtstrasse 1957–59 115 3.2.1 Der Ideenwettbewerb für die Ausarbeitung von Typenentwürfen für Kindertagesstätten 1956 115 3.2.2 Adaption und Realisierung 120 3.2.3 Die verlorene Innenausstattung 124 3.2.4 Pionierarbeit mit Farbe 127 3.2.5 Eine klare Positionsbestimmung 131 3.3 Gemeinschaftliches Wohnen als politisches Programm Das Studentenwohnheim Eichkamp (zusammen mit Hans C. Müller und Georg Heinrichs) 1956–59 134 3.3.1 Der Wettbewerb für einen Vorentwurf 1955/56 135 3.3.2 Formen der Gemeinschaftsbildung 138 3.3.3 Die Zimmer 140 3.3.4 Aussen 145 3.3.5 Zwei Studentenwohnheime von Kollegen 147 3.3.6 Reaktionen damals und heute. Lob, Zerstörung, Wiederentdeckung 149 3.4 Offenes Wohnen in einem introvertierten Haus. Das Haus Dr. Veith in Bakede 1958–60 152 3.4.1 Anforderungen 152 3.4.2 Ein offenes Raumgefüge. Der Wohnbereich der Familie 155 3.4.3 Aussen 158 3.4.4 Arbeiten am Entwurf. Skizzen, Briefe, Details 160 3.4.5 Bezüge. Smithsons, Scharoun, Ungers und die Situation vor Ort 163 3.4.6 Bilder des Hauses 170 5 3.5 Roher Beton, robuste Einbauten und topographische Sensibilität
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