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To All Our Valued Customers for the Most Successful Auction Sales The Gross Amount Sold - $9,209.374.00 Vol. 22, NO.3 TIle Gelato,," Inside The CelatoyPJ ... March 2008 Consecutive Issue No. 249 Incorporating ROnl(ln Coinsa/UI e ll! lin! FEATURES Pu bl ili hcrfEdilOr Kerry K. Wetterslrom [email protected] 6 History and Coinage of the Aetolian League Associate Editors by Steve M. Benner Robert L. Black Michael R. Mehalick 26 An Investigation of the Physical Proper Page 6 ties of Roman Republican Silver Coin For Back lssues From age: Part II-Silver Content 1987 to May 1999 ('Ontact: by PierJuigi Debernardi Wayne Sayles [email protected] DEPARTMENTS
Art: Parnell Nelson 2 Editor's Note - Coming Next Month Maps & Graphic Art: 4 Letters to the Editor Kenny Crady 32 People in the News P.O. Box 10607 J1ro(i[ts in ilumisnl!ltirs Lancaster, PA 17605 TeUFax:717-65~7 33 Art and the Market For FedEx 1!. UPS deliveries: Kerry K. Wetterstrom 36 Coming Events 87 Apricot Ave Leola, PA 17540-1788 41 ANT1QlJ ITI ES by David Liebert WWW.celator.com 42 ~ oin5 of tur jBilJlr by David Hendin The Ce/a/or (ISSN 1 1048-0986) is an independent journal pub· lished on Ihe first day 01 each 44 The Internet Connection month at 87 Apricot Ave , Leola, by Kevin 8arry & Zachary "8eas/" 8easley PA 17540,1788. !I is clrculat&d in· tarnalionally through subscrlp lions and special distributions. 45 'through the .cooking glass Subscription rat es. payable in by Wayne G. Sayles U.S.lunds, ara $30 per year (Pe riodical rale) within the United States: $36 to Canada: $60 per 46 Cartoon year to all other addresses (ISAL). Advertising and copy deadline Is 47 Professional Directory the Iirst workday 01 each month. Unsolicited articles and news reo 52 On the Road - The Celator's Show & Club Schedule About the cover: A sil leases are welcome , however ver stater (or didrachm) publication cannot be guaran· teed. Unless expressly stated. 54 Club & Society Directory issued by the Aetolian The Celalorneither enclorses nor league. Photo courtesy is responsible lor the contents 01 55 Classifieds - Index of Display Advertisers of e NG , Inc. adverlisements, len ers-to-the edilor. leature arUcles, regular columns and press releases in ilS office pages. including any opinions The Gelator will staled therein. and the accuracy be closed on Monday, 01 any dala provided by its coo March 3n1 and also lribulors. Periodical postage paid M ~h 14!h & 21S!. (USPS '006077) LaJ'lCasler, PA t 7603 and additional offices. Check the "On the Copyright C 2006, Paradigm Road' section for fur Numismatics & Publishing, lne. ther details. Office hours are normally Postmaster: please send address changes to: Noon to 6PM EST. P.O. Box 10607 Please keep in mind Lancaster, PA 17605-0607 that this is a one-per son business when FOUNDED 1987 BY you're trying to reach WAYNE G. SAYLES me. Thank you! EDITOR'S COMING NEXT [; MONTH NOTE ~,- IN THE CELATOR" In mid January. The Normans in Sicily Egyptian o ffi cials 1060-11 94 a nn ounced their pl un to copyright some of thei r 111 0S t rec By Charles Suter ogni zable and famous anti quities in the Faces of Empire - Part X, country. This proposed Egyptian law would appl y 10 such icons as the Giza hind this piece o f Egyptian legislation, any Women Around tile Outset Pyn un ids. the Sphinx. and the funerary funds genera ted by the law would be used of the Principate mask of Tulankhamun. A ll told. " boUi to preserve and protect historic si tes in by Cornelius Venncule 120 anti quities would be protected by Egypt. according to Hawas.s. Well, Ihal this new law, according 10 Z,hi Hawass. changes everything- where do I send my A New Variant ofa "Provi secretary general of Egypt's Supreme royalty checks? sional" Samarian COill Coun ci l of Antiquities. Within the samc pi ecc of legislation Obviously, the Egypt ian government urc "provisions thaI stiffen penalties for by Rorm Berrol can pass and enforce such a law in their those cuugh t smuggling, stea ling, or own country, but it is their intention 10 destroying untiquities-thc fi rst n:vi sion AND COMING SOON enforce this law worldwide. Good luck of such laws since 1983." This section A Roman Moneyer with that! Internati onal law li mits copy of the proposed law is certainly more right protection for speci fi c amounts of practical and admirable. Smugglers and by Gregory Zentz lime, usuall y about 95 years. and then thieves need to be prosecuted and convict Th e Cambridge Honrd of the property becomes part of Ihe public ed. especiall y in source countries like do muin. As onc {; opyrigh t and in te li ec Egypt. If more countries pol iccd ;md en 1897 Revisited lUu l property law expert , Mark S:lblc- forced th eir smuggling laws, it would not by Jayseth Guberman PllblillS Helvius Pertinax "Under the proposed law, any manufacru rer or retailer By Paul Anderson wo uld have to obtain permission, and probably pay a royally 17" Philosopher al1d the Celator f ee, to sell products fhat are copies of th e antiquities Egypl by Nicholas j. Molinari wallIs 10 prolecl. " A nimals Oil Roman Coins By T. R. McIntosh man of S!. Louis, commented at the ti me be politic31ly necessary for them to try and Roman Ghos ts to the National Geographic Society get the U.S. and other governments to do N(;ws. "the p roposed Egyp tian law it for them. O r am I just bei ng naive? byS. C. Stites seems out of pl ace unde r trad iti o na l In the end, though. il is anOlhcr pro copyright concepts ... il appelll"S to rob vision of the Egypti tl ll law that I am the Portraits of Cleopa tra rather than fill the publi c domain." most enthu siasti c about. " Egyptia n ven by Walter C. Holt As this Egyptian law wo uld contra dors sclling goods-including those who ObsefU/tions on the Madonna dict U.S . and Euro pean copyright l3ws. offer the popular camel and horse rides it could not be enforced internationall y. at the foot of the Giz:l Pyramids-will be Denars ofMntthins Corvin"s Under the proposed law. any nmnufac forced to remain outside o f a O. 6-mile oj H"ngan;-Part I turcr or retailer would have to obtain ( I-kilometer) buffer zone." It's about by Steven H. Ka plan permission, and probably pay a royalt y lime! When [ visited Egypt :tnd the Giz:t fee, to sell products that arc copies of Pillteau in 1997, J fo und th:tt it was a Fa ces of Empire - Part XI, the antiq uities Egypt wants to protect. constant stru ggle to Hvo id the c:tme1-ride Hellenistic Bea llty to Tetrar T here are loopholes. so-to-speak. in the h ucksters. "A rc yo u an Ameri c a n? ltl w us it prohibits exact-scal e repl icas, Americ:t is No. I! " was the us ual start chic/Col1s tal1tinian Brutality but not-to-scale replicas arc allowed. ortheir sa les pitch. " Yes, ['m an Amer by Cornelius Vermeule Huh! Who reall y cares if Ihe re plic:t is ican. b ut we're only number 29." I to scale or not? A manufacturer that ac would repl y. And 3S J started counting The Birth of Jesus Viewed tuall y wanted to comply with this 13 w off the 28 countries above us. they would Th rough Coins could simply just change the dimensions roll their eyes. and wandcr o ff, looking By Richard Plant o f his product to a void any fees. O f for someone more in need o f a camcl course, there is an altmislic motive be- ride than yours truly!
~he CeltltM is "Mned toz MId dedicated to the coi" die-e"7ta "eH ot a"tiquit~ ",hose att temains as pOhJet5ul and appealin? todalt as in theit 0"''' time,
2 The Celator PUBLIC AUCTION to be held in conjunction with the Chicago International Coin Fair
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March 2008 3 covering a coin in a previous collection has etc. I think one of the attractions of both of a certain charm in and of itself, but to find our collections is the crude but beautiful oul thai one is a rather interesting forgery designs. The hammer struck coins of 2000 was even more compelling to read. This years ago probably were made in much is one reader that would be willing to read the same way as those of Carlos and Jo htte/':J more such stories of provenance discov hanna in Mexico City. The human element ered in the pages of this fine pub li cation. I in the making of the dies, no two dies were am also grateful for the letter by Curtis Clay the same, many dies had mistakes, and (February 2008, p. 4), adding even more the planchets varied in quali ty, shape and information on th is topic. size are all similarities. Hoards occasion Reader Enjoys Jorg Lueke ally are still being found. But the most im Provenance Articles Minnesota porlant thing about our collections is that Similar Interests! there is still much to learn about the histo The Gelatorseems to gel beller with ry and people involved with the coinages. age. So much so that I find myself un Our interests in numismatics are I find the research about the coins as im will ing to comment on a single article as probably more similar than different. I've portant as try ing to own them. But as there are so many praise-worthy contri always considered American colonial someone once said, 'We don't really own butions. But, Paul Anderson 's UA Quest coins as the ancient coins of the Ameri coins . .we are just temporary caretakers." for Provenance" (January 2008, pp. 30- cas, and they share much in common Ray Williams 31) was too interesting to ignore. Dis- with the ancient coins of Europe, Asia , New Jersey Princeton University Acquires Sarmas Collection Of Medieval Greek Coinage PRINCETON, NJ- The Princeton quired most of the coins from Engl ish lar gold ducat of Venice. Seventeen im University Numismatic Collection has dealers, and many can be traced back itation ducats in the collection bear the acquired the Sarmas Collection of to famous collections, including that of name of the Venetian doge Andrea Dan· coins of medieval Greece, comprising John Slocum of Newport, Rhode Is dolo of the mid-fourteenth century, th e more than eight hundred coins minted land. While late Byzantine issues are most common type, but there are also in the eastern Mediterranean following well represented in many public collec imitations in the names of five other Ve the fall of Constantinople to the armies tions, until now there has been no spe netian dages, which are much more rare. of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Even cialized col lection 01 the coins of the The largest part of the Sarmas col though the Byzantine Empire was Greek lands of the later Middle Ages lection comprises issues of the rulers of eventually reconstituted and resumed available for study in a public institution. mainland Greece in the thirteenth and its coinage, much of its former territory The Sarmas collection is especially fourteenth centuries, chiefly members of in Greece and the Aegean islands re rich in coins minted in the eastern Med the Villehardouin family of Athens and mained in the hands of descendents of iterranean that imitate the important the Angevin rulers of the Peloponnesus, the Crusaders and other Europeans, trade coins of Italian Cities, especially minted on the model of the pennies of who issued coins in the traditions of those of Venice and Naples. Some of Tours in France. Of special interest their homelands. The Sarmas collec these bear the names of rulers of Greek among these deniers tournois are those ti on was purchased with matching territories; many are of uncertain origin. issued by Giovanni Orsini at Aria in Epi funds provided by the Program in Hel· Among those of note with certain attri rus, Helen Angela at Karytaina, and John lenic Studies with the support of the bution are a silver coin of Chios minted II Ducas Comnenus at Neopatras, as Stanley J. Seeger Hellenic Fund. by Martino Zaccharia in the period 1324- well as one of Campobasso in Italy is Thea Sarmas, a London-based 1329, wh ich imitates the silver grossi of sued by Nicholas of Monforte in the ear businessman, who is also a noted col Venice, and a gold coin of Dorino Gatti ly fifteenth century. lector of Byzantine polychrome ceram lusio, Lord of Lesbos and Ainos from ics, assembled the collection. He ac- 1400 to 1449, which imitates the popu- Please tllrn to page 44 ....
Great choice, rock-bottom prices, fast deli very, seven days approval, limitless advice, a unique double your money back guarantee of authenticity, plus six illustrated catalogues a year (your first is free). That's what you get when you buy Celtic My prices are £20·£}00. never more My aim is 10 gel )VII collecting Cellic coins from Liz :~. List. And that's why collectors who start with a,," 10 keep yo" smili"g. )'eorajler year C(lSI pvl;ns. like Ihe o"e(lOO",. IW,-e Ihe me usually stay with me. Elizabeth Cot1am, Chris Rudd, PO firsl coins "'(I(/e in Brimin c.110-60 Be. A good place /0 /xX;" yo",- t'ollecli",,? Box 222, Aylsham, Norfolk GB-NRII 6TY. Tel (44) 1263 73 5007. Fax (44) 1263 731777. Email [email protected] Liz's List
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March 2008 5 History and Coinage of the Aetolian League The Aetolian League, which rose to casions at Thermon (Thermum). At each by Steve M. Benner power in the third century, sought to annual autumn meeting, it elected a new bind its cities economically and polit general, or strategos, who exercised fu ll HISTORY icall y into a limited democratic un it powers in the name of the Assembly and and was centcrcd on the Gree k region was eligible for re-election only after a Introduction of Aetolia, just north of the Gul f of period of several years. Over time, the Maced o n 's growth into a major Corinth. This League, along with the members found the Federal Council too European power under the brill iant Achaean League, became the bulwarks unwieldy, and a council of 30 to 40 leadership of Phi lip II in the mid for Greek freedom against th e en members conducted most of the fourth century BC signaled the demise croachments of their powerful neigh League's business. This tended to con of the Greek city-states as independent bors in Macedon, it aly, a nd Asia. (Au centrate the power of the League into econom ic and military entities. By the thor's note : AE is sometime transliterat tbe hands of a small group of oligarchs. time Alexander the Greal ascended his ed asAl, so that "Aitolia" is also a cOlTect The League levied taxes, raised father's throne, most of Greece was name for this region; K often appears in armies, conducted foreign policy fo r the under the hegemony of Macedon, as place ofC, as in "Arkadia" and "A kama members, and set up a common curren it remained for another half century nia" for Arcadia and AC lUlla nia.) cy and a uniform system of weights and after Alexander's death in 323 BC. The measures. At its peak, the Aetolian field armies of the individual city Origin and Organization League could field an army of about stales o f Greece coul d not compete The tribes from the littl e towns and 12,000 men. considered one of the best with those of Macedon and the suc mountain villages of Aetolia began to in Greece. Ini tially, the League was cen cessor states carved out of Asi a and coalesce into a loose confederation tered in Aclolia, but it later expanded to Africa by Alexander's generals. Their around the middle of the fourth cen incl ude Locris and Doris and parts of weakness led to the forma tion of tury Be. The Aetolian League adopt Thessaiy, Phocis, Epirus, and Acam ania. leagues 10 combine the resources of ed a constitution at the beginning of The League captured Naupactus on the many cities for both mi litary power the th ird century that included an as Corinthian Gulf as a port and took pos and economic growth. Earlier Greek sembly of all the males capable of han session of Delphi in 290 Be. Even the leagues, including the Delia n, Chalkid dling weapons in the member cities, Boeotian League was absorbed into the ian, Euboean, and Boeotian Leagues in and a representative Federal Council Aetoli an League in 245 after losing a the fourth and fifth centuries, had been of 1,000 members, apportioned by battle at Cbaeronea. dominated by one powerfu l city or had population. The Assembly met regu constituted loose confederations onl y. larly twice a year and for special oc-
THESSALY
SEA MALIS '-
AETOLIA DORIS PHOCIS lDelphi! •
ACHAEA c ....' ,
Figure i - Map of Cellfral Greece (courtesy
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March 2008 7 The AelOlians . considered half of the invade rs died from battle or from nia in 23 1. besieging the town of Mede savage by the established ci ti es of exposure and starvation. The new ly on. Argon of lllyria. an ally of Demetri Greece, would engage in freebooting respected Aetolian defenders then in us, moved to support the Acarnanians. and piracy, probably 10 make up for creased from two 10 six their vote on and thc League's army was put to fl igh t. the lack of resources at home due to theAmphictyonic cou ncil. a hi ghly ven The War of Demetrius had reached a the poor soil. They terrorized their erated and powerful religious alliance stalemate , When Demetrius II died in neighbors and even developed a type formed to protect the temple of Deme 229, his nine-year-old son, Philip Y, suc of extortion . selling protection from ter at Anthela. The "Bad Boys" ofAelO ceeded him and immediately made their armies to neighboring reg ions. !ia had become the he roes of Greece. peace with the AelOlian League. But they also stood up to the arm ies In 220, theAetol ian League. under of Macedon. preventi ng them from Wars of the AelOlian League the leadership of Dorimachus. dom inating Greece in the first half of In 243 BC,Matus, head of theAchae lau nched an invasion of Messenia. the third century, and were treated as an League, captured Corinth, which which appealed to the Achaean League equals by the kings of Macedon. sparked a two-year war with the Achae for help. Aratus sent a force against The members of the Ae toli an an League and Sparta against Macedon the Aetolians but was defeated. The League were considered the "Saviors and the Aetolian League. The conflict Aetolian rai ds on the Pel oponnesus of Greece" not only because they died out when theAetolian League failed con ti nued, ca usi ng the Hellenic curbed the incursions of Macedon. but to make any inroads into the Pe lopon League to appeal for protection to also because they saved the temple at nesus. Macedon, having failed to recap Philip Y of Macedon as head. Between Delphi from violati on. In 279, when ture any of the Greek cities it had lost, 220 and 2 I 7, Phi lip defeated the forc th e Gauls invaded Greece and Asia now controlled only Argos and Mega es of the Aetolian League, and peace with a massive army bent on plunder, lo poli s in Southern Greece. was signed at Naupactus in August they sent a flying column of about Arat us again initiated a war with 2 17. In 209. the Achaean League was 15,000 men (accounts widely vary) Macedon when he brought Megalopo again pressured by the Aeto lia n under Brenn us in the wi nter of 279- lis into the Achaean League. Demetri League and forced to ask for help from 280 10 take Delphi and loot the trea us II, successor to Antigonus as king Phi lip V. Phi lip mo ved into Greece sure stored th ere. T he Aetolian of Macedon, responded by sending an and twice defeated the Aetolian army League's troops wit h he lp from the army under Bi thys to the Peloponne unde r Pyrrhias and its Pergamum al Phocians carne out to meet them at sus. Aratus' army fough t Bithys ' Mace lies. after whi ch a truce was arranged, sunrise and launched an immediate do nians at Phylacia, near Tegea. and In 200. after the second Punic War, fro ntal assault. The Gauls were de was defeated. The Aetolian League Rome declared war on Macedon, and feated an d ned back north, harassed join ed the fight on the side of the the Aetolian League fought as Rome's continually by the Greeks. Thousands Achaean League and invaded Acarna- all y. The war had dragged on for two years when T. Quinctius Flamininus took over command of the Roman forces. In 197 , Flamininus' Ro man army soundly defeated the Mace donian army al Cynoscephalae, effec JOHNJENCEK tively ending the war. .Ancient Coins & Antiquities The Aetolian League watched with env y as its e nem y, the Achaean League, expanded to include the whole Peloponnesus. Feeling inadequately rewarded for their support of Rome in its defeat of Phi li p's Macedon, they invited Antiochus Ill, King of Syria, to invade Greece in 191. The Romans immediately moved to stop th is threat to thei r sphere of influence, The two fo rces met at Thermopylae with Ant i Anrcus of Lucius YCnls. sC 8 The Gelator An Outstanding Long Beach Signature Auction May 29-31, 2008 ANCIENT & WORLD COINS Heritage's Official Auction of the Long Beach Coin Expo May 29-31,2008. Call Today to Consign! Heritage's May 2008 Long Beach Our previous LOIlg Beach A"C/ion$ Signat"re Alletion will feawre a have colltailled an incredible lirray wide range of important ancient of coins mid notes that Warren Tu The World's #1 NumismaticAuctioneer ,,,;-L '1"" '''''';1'< "on>p!;n> March 2008 9 were massacred and others driven into kingship, and, from thai poilll all, the his kingdom of Calydon. The hunting exile by a pro- Roman faction. Aetolia inhabitants were referred to as Epeans. part y consisted of some of the most fa lost a considerable amount of it territo Having failed to win the throne, Pac mous heroes of the age, including Jas ry, and the League ceased 10 exist. In on moved to the region beyond the on, Peleus, Telamon, Theseus, Areas, 146 BC, Aetolia was incorporated into Axios River, which became known as Nestor, Polydeuces and Castor. as well the new Roman province of Achaea. Paeonia. Aetolus eventually succeed as Ihe prince of Calydon, young Me ed his brother as king of Elis, but was leagrus. During a prolonged fight with COINAGE forced into exi le when he killed Apis, the giant boar, Atalanta hit it with an the son of Jason of Arcadia, in a char arrow, which all owed Meleagrus to ki ll Introduction io! race du ring the Olympian games. the monster wi th his spear and knife. Unlike the cities of the Achaean Aetolus settled in the Achelous reg ion When Meleagrus, who had become League that issued only silve r north of the Gulf of Corinth, and the smitten by her prowess and beauty, hcmidrachms and bronLe letra region was named after him, AelOlia. offered Atalanta the spoils o f the chalkons for use throughout the chase, a fight broke out, and Melea league's history, the Aetolian League Atalanta the Huntress grus killed his two uncles. This even issued a variety of denominations (see A common figure seen on Aetolian tually led to Meleagrus' death, and, Table 2) from a gold stater 10 a bronze League coins is Atalanta, a woman grieving for the young prince, Atalan chalkous for general use. The Aetolian from the heroic period that is not well ta returned 10 Arcadia. League coins can be easily disti n known. Atalanta's falher had wanted guished, because they all have the leg a son instead of a daughter, so he Chronology en d AITQAQN on their reverse. raised her as a boy in their native Ar There has not been much research cadia. She became skilled in the ways done to determine the minting dates for Aetolus of the hunter and an excellent shot Aetolian League coins. The standard In the Gree k legends, AelOlus was with the bow and arrow. She was also method of dating the coins has been one of three sons of Endymium and willing to constantly test her abilities to use the span of time that the League the grandson of Aethlius, the first king with the men of this fabled age. Atal ex isted, 279 10 ! 68 BC, with the last of Eli s. Endymium staged a foot race anta was the only woman to accom~ 30 years under Roman domination. between his three sons, Paeon, Epeius, pany Jason on his quest for the Gold Howeve r, from his studies of the and Aetolus to determine who woul d en Fleece. Her most famous exploit Corinth Hoard, Noe, supported by De succccd him. This is considercd the WllS in the slaying of the ClIlydonian Laix and Losada. has suggested that origin of the foot race at the Olympi boar, which had heen sent hy Artemis the letradrachms were the first League an games. Epeius won the racc and Ihe in a pique at Ki ng Oeneus to fllvage coins minted, and were issued du ring the wars with Phi lip V from 220 to 209 BC . This has not been widely accept ed, so the more traditional start date of 279 is still commonly uscd. As to the end date for League coinage, Th ANTIQUA INC. ompson, in her study of the Agrinion • Speciali zing in ancient art and numis Hoard. stated lhat the Aetolian League hemidrachms were probably minted matics with an emphas is on quali ty, into the 150s, and, based on his con rarity, and desirability trol -markings and die-link studies, De Laix has suggested a date as late as 135 • Over 25 years of professional experti se Be. Frederick Scheu has suggested that the bronze coinage with a reverse • Reg ul ar and acti ve presence in the of Hercules may have been minted af international marketplace ter 168 BC, when most of the Aeto lian council was killed. He states that • Fully illustrated catalogues fe aturing none of the nationalist symbols of Ae carefull y selected material tolia, such as the boar, spearhead, and petasus, appear on these coins because • Representation for seri ous collectors a pro-Roman fac tion ruled Aetolia. He at all major internati onal auction sales also points out that similar Hercules reverses can be found on second cen • Appraisal s, market advice, liquidation tury BC coins of Bithynia and Tha advice and professional courtesy to all sos, which were also ruled by Rome. This begs the question: Why would interested parties the pro-Roman rulers rcstrict the use • Visit our web site: Antiquainc.com of Aetolian nationalist symbols on the bronze coins, but allow them on A fully iLlllstrated catalogue sent upon request the silver after 167 as suggested by Thompson and De Laix? 20969 VENTURA BLVD., SUITE #11 T EL: 818-887-0011 Over the last few decades, new ep WOODlAND HILlS, CA 91364 FAX: 818·887·0069 igraphic research has brought to light E-Mail: Antiquainc@aol .com 10 The Celator America.s Most Prestigious Ancient & Foreign Coin Show th The 37 Annual WWlWoIllt"liintinif The Waldorf Astoria Hotel- New York City 301 Park Avenue between East 49'h & 50'" Streets . (212) 355-3000 Call/he WaldorjAstoria Hotel reservations department at 212-355-3000 and ask for the ~peci(ll NYINC rate oj $267 or $295 depending 011 accol1lodatiol1s Jelecfed. Specify rate code "NYN" for 0111' spec:iol !'(lIes. Visit ollr websire, www.nyinc.injo./oracomplete AUCTIONS BY: Schedule of £~' eltts. includillg allctiol! /0/ viewing. • Heritage World Coin Auctions: Sunday & Monday, Jan. 4-5 allcrioll .~ e .HiO Il S, education(ll programs, (md more' Gemini, LLC: 'fucsday, .Ian. 6 Classical Numismatic Group: Tuesday & Wednesday, J an. 6-7 • Baldwin'sIM&M NumismaticsiDmitry MarkovlFritz Rudolf Klinker: The Ne w York Sale on Wednesday & TImrsday, Jan. 7-8 • Ponterio & Associates: Friday & Saturday, Jan. 9· JO La Galerie Numismatiquc: Sunday, Jan. II ~ Club Meetings Educational Forums ~~ T~ Seminars "IiI~~ I/' Exhibils ,7 Book Signings Bourse Inrormation: Kevin Foley - Convention Chairman P.O. Uox 370650 Milwaukee, WI 53237 (414) 421 -3484 - Fax (414) 423-0343 E·nHlil: kfoley2@ wi.rr.com March 2008 11 many names of League magistrates were being minted before the accepted There is some disagreement among and strategoi and of Amphic tyoni c date for the crenti on of Ihe League in 279 the sources as to what to eall the sil counci l Archons, names such as Hi Be. Note that this is prcliminarydata and ver denominations. The s ilver state r, e ron, Aristagoras. Chari xenos, and is subject to change before the book is half-stater, a nd quarter-state r arc also HeracJeidas. As more e pigraphic, actually released to Ihe public. re ferred to as a didrachm, drachm, and hoard, and arc heological dnta are col hemidrachm (used by D. I. Tsangari), lected. a connect ion between th e PreciQus Metal De nominations and, bec 12 The Gelator Tk IICorir~ 9ft cox! 1k f"'fut !'It I" "'! """,,1 IJII ,,' '" I B". ( ) 1 0.1 Carunoose "'" Coins ~~< Icom zoofl Dwl II~"'I TO,\ 'Y FE'I.\' , -,~ .... """"""'" ,., ~ John C. UlvcnJc( u •.-.I Nuo ...... ': II.:,",:,:,: ' ~t}r...... ~I'lff~ sp' hin~ . NumlSmahCS ~. ",. ~ , ..,~ .. ;W.~ DAVIDL ~RANIlMGER ...... t o "0. H ,. '------" I~~~ II V~'1~6EAR I ~Id,e R. \ Clsl""r ( '''n~ ikTOM {J,,'/,tp}jC;$, W(N( Q .' C•. ·• _. !lliVOSSEN II<"'k""lIcr O"'ll'~( I G',"n ~~sl Aelius "'-~ Fritt RlldoJf KuenI March 2008 13 ------ Be (see History). T a bl e 2 : A eoI r tan L eague p reclOus Mlle'De a OlD enomma f IOns On some coins, Macedonian # Denomination WI. Obverse Reverse shields are includ grams ed with the Gallic I A V Stater 8.4 Head of Athena in Aetolia seated right on ones in the pile. Corinthian Helmet shield pile The Gallic and Macedonian 2 A V Half-Stater 4.3 Head of Hercules Aetolia seated right on shields in some wearing lion skin shield pile cases are in 3 A V Half-Stater 4.0 Head of Atalanta Calydonian boar right wi scribed wilh leI ters, A on the wearing petasus spearhead below former and A Y on 4 AR Tetradrachrn 16.9 Head of Hercules Aetolia seated right on the latter, which wearing lion skin shield pile may refer to their 5 AR Stater/Didrachm 10.3 Head of young Naked warrior standing left respective gener al s defeated by male wi wreath & wi foot on rock Aetolia. Thc rc diadem verse is a favorite 6 AR Hal f-Stater I 5.2 Laurelled head of Aetolia seated right on theme, and is also Drachm Artemis shield pile used on the gold half-staler and the 7 AR Quarter-Stater I 2.5 Head of Atalanta Calydonian boar right wI silver staler and Hemidrachm wearing petasus spearhead below half-staler. The legend A ITQA- QN is to the left of the spear. the poor, a style similar to that worn There are at least eight variations of One point that needs to be made is as part of the Macedonian kings' re this denomination, all of which are due with respect to the flat head covering galia. Thc Grceks referred to this hat to the different items shown in the field used on the obverse heads or some as a pclasus. To call il a causia on in rront of Aetolia and/or in the exergue. coins: the causia versus the petasus. coins oflhis league is a misnomer, and The one shown in Figure 2 has a mono The word causia was used in Rome to would have been an insult 10 Ihe Ae gram in front of Aewlia. Along with describe a brimmed, fclt hal, worn by lolians. monograms, other ilems shown on the various reverses include a club, a bird on a tripod, a man leaning on a spear, and a small figure of Artemis walking to the right. One coin has Ihe lellers AY, which probably refers to a League mag istrate or strategos or, more unlikely, to tbitbal the defealed Macedonian general. ~ilbtr Figure 3- Aetolian League Gold Half-Stater. Photo from BMC. Vol. $8 7, NO.3. Curious about medieval as a natural complement to your ancient collection, but don' t want to invest much until you know you like Gold Half-Stater it? Then start small and painless. For every $8 you send, I'll send As mentioned above, the obverse of th is firSI Aelolian League gold half you a different medieval coin ... $ 16 for 2 different, $32 for 4 stater is Hercules wearing a lion skin different, $80 for 10 different, etc. With 12 different, get a free (see Figure 3). This obverse is very copy ofWalker'sReading Medieval European Coins. Please add similar to those found on Macedonian tetradrachms. The reverse of Aetoiia $3 postage per order. seated on Gallic shields is identical 10 [email protected] thaI shown for the gold stater shown in (845) 434-6090 Figure 2 and described above. Th is is the lIen G. Berman FAX (845) 434-6079 only known variation of this type ...... _" "_.... "" u.s. <> 14 The Gelator SHOPS • Augsburger • Saive • Bodde II> Spreitzer ... Dr. Brandt ... Muenzzentrum ... Brom • M&M • eNG • Olding MA-Shop Kuenker www.ma-shops.com/kuenker • Diller • Pater ... Dumez ... Poinsignon II> Franz ... Ritter ... Fuerstenberg • Rittig • Gorny & Mosch • Siee • Helmig • Dr. Szaivert II> Hoehn II> Topcoins MA-Shop Gorny & Masch wwwrna shops com!gornymosch • Hossfeld II> Vosper • Knopik • WAG • Kuenker • Weller • Kvicala • Wendel ... Linnartz • Wallin Mynt • Loebbers etc. .. MA-Shop Wolfgang Rittig Coming soon Special area www rna-shops com/nttlg .. Baldwin ... Ancient Coins ... Pegasi Numismatics www.ma-shops.com/ancient ... Dr. Bussa Peu5 ... Medieval Coins New www.ma-shops.com/medieval ... Classical Numismatic Group ma-shops.com/ cngcoins THE ONLINE COIN MALL ~ more than 150.000 coins, medals banknotes and accessories ~ shopping with warranty ~ new items listed daily MA-Shop Jochen Pater wwwrna shops.com/pater ~ search with top comparison E-Mall •• [email protected] phone'011-49 28712393-415 ~ www• mas- hops • co m March 2008 15 Another version of the gold half Tetradrachm stater (Hunterian Collection No.2) has The largest denomination the head of Atalanta wearing a peta silver coin is the tetradrachm. sus on the obverse, and the Calydonian As can be seen from Figure 4. boar with spearhead below on the re the obverse and reverse arc the verse. In the lite rature search for thi s same as seen on the gold half article, th is was the only example of stater except that Aetolia is th is type foun d. holding a sword in her right The boar was considered the na hand instead of Ni ke. Also. a tional symbol of Aetolia. Al though the Gallic trumpet cal led a eamyx Figure 4-Aetolian League Silver Tetradrachm. figure on the obverse has also been re serves as a ground line be Photo courtesy of eNG, Inc. ferred to as Artemis. AelOlus, and Ae nealh her feet and tIl e pile of tolia. it most likely be longs to Atalan shields (one variation docs not ta because she was renowned as the have the camyx). As mentioned above. the the differe nces are all on the reverse. In woman who helped kill the Caly average weight of this coin is just under Figure 4, the tctradraehm reverse has a don ian boar, as mentioned previous 17 grams. which is comparable 10 an Attic monogram of "AT" and the letters 3 H ly. The same reverse and obverse were tetradrachm or a Corinthian double stater. in front of Aetolia. The rest of the vari used fo r the quarter-stater or both at 17.2 grams. ations have different letters and mono hemidrachm shown in Figure 7. There are at least nine variations of grams though no figures or symbols. this coi n, and, as with the gold state r, The "Di gital Historia Numorurn" (http://www.s nible.org/coins/hn/) mentions another style of tet Tablc 3: Silver Coin Wei1!ht Standards in Grams radrachm that has a bust of Artemis Valuc Attic Ac{!inctic Pcrsic/Macedonian on the obverse and Aetolia seated on a shield pile on the reverse, li ke the Tetradrachm 17.2 17.2 no. 6 drachm in Table 2. But there is Didrachm or 8.6 12.4 10.5 no reference ment ioned, and I was Stater unable to fi nd an example of it. Drachm or 4.3 6.2 5.3 Stater Of Didrachm Half-Stater The stater or didrachm is argu Hemidrachm or 2.2 3.1 2.6 ably the most att ractive Aetolian Quarter-Stater League coin. On the obverse, it has the head of a youth wearing a wreath intertwined with a diadem (see Fig- ure 5 on page 18). There is speculation Edward J. Waddell, Ltd. that the head could be that of Antiochus II I of Syria or of Demetriu sAetolus. the Ancient Cuin Specialist son of Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon. The letters $ 1 are below the head. On the reverse is a naked warrior (probably Ae tolus) standi ng with a petasus hanging at his back and a sword under his arm. His right leg is raised onto a rock, and he is resting on a spear held in his left hand. The legend AITQAQN is behind him. There arc at least ten variations of this coin. Below the obverse head most of the coins have two letters, such as fY or A Y, as well as the aforementioned Half Slater or Drachm Another attractive coin is the half P.O. Box 3759, Frederick, MD 21705 stater or drachm, which has the laurel- Phone: C.~Ol) 47;3·8600 or (800) 381.(,3% · Fax; (301) 473-H7 1(, · fi.maii:cd@coi!l.com 16 The Gelato( NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG The auction will be held at the Hotel 8aur au Lac in Zurich Auctiou 4S - April 2nd, 2008 The Barry Feirstein Collection of Ancient Coins, Pmt IV Auction 46 - April 2nd, 2008 An extremely important series of Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins including an interesting collection of Greek coins and an extraordinary collection of Republican and Imperial coins. Catalogues are sent on request only, upon payment on an annual subscription of USD 80.00 (Please address catalogue orders to the Zurich Address only) NUMISMA TICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG PO Box 2655 3rd Floor Genavco House Niederdorfstrasse 43 17 Waterloo Place CH - 8022 Zurich GB - London SW 1Y 4AR Phone +41 44 26 1 1703 Phone +44 20 7839 7270 Fax +4 1 44 261 5324 Fax +44 20 7925 2174 eMail: [email protected] eMaiL [email protected] www.arsc1assicacoins.com March 2008 17 shields and Aetolia is fac ing out and spearhead. The other possible draehm slightly to the left. type is listed in SNG Manchester as hav The variation shown in Fi gure 6 is ing an obverse of Aetolus with laurel typical of these coins. In front of Ae crown and a reverse of a spearhead tolia is a head of Athena and the let above a jawbone. The style is exactly ters API!: reversed, and in the exer the same as that for an 1E18 (no. 10 in gue is a monogram. API:E may stand Table 2 and see Figure 8) and is very for the name of the god Mars. or, as crude. unlike the other drachms. The Figure 5-AetoJian League Silver Stater mentioned earlier, it may be the name coin is listed as silver, but it is probably or DidrachmPhoto courtesy of CNG, Inc. of a magistrate. For example, it may bronze since there are no other referenc be an abbreviation of Aristagoras I or es to this type. II, who were Archons of the Amphie- led head of Artemis with a bow and quiv tyonic council in the 270s and 250s, re Quarter-Stater or Hemidrachm er at her shoulder on th e obverse, and spectivciy. a time when the AelOlians By far the mOSI common Aetolian Aetoli a seated on a pile ofOallie shields domi nated the counci I (see History). The League co in is the quarter-stater or on the reverse. The reverse is the same othcr seven variations of this type of hemidrachm with at least 53 variations. as that seen on the tetradraehms, except drachm have different letters, mono The obverse has the head of Atalanta, that there is no Gallic tru mpet below the grams, and symbols either in front of Ae- though, as mentioned earlier, it is some- tolia and/or in the exergue. There are t wo other types of drachm that are listed in the literature as belo ngi ng to the League·s coinage. lmhoof-Blumer lists a drachm that has Athena in a Corinthian helmet on the obverse and a boar on the reverse. Though similar, I believe this coin does not bciong to the League for sev eral reasons. The main ones apply Figure 7- Aetolian League Silver Figure 6-Aetolian League Silver Half only to the reverse; there is no AIT Hemidrachm. Enlarged photo Stater or Drachm. Enlarged photo used QAnN, the boar faces left and is sty courtesy of CNG, Inc. with permission from SNG Copen listically different than that used on hagen, No. 8. other League coins, and there is no times referred to as Artemis, Aetolus, or Aelolia, wearing a petasus (see Figure 7) . The reverse has the Calydonian boar facing right, and a spearhead in the ex tzQ:1 ergue pointed right. The legend A ITQA QN is shown above the boar. There are R. BU S SOP E USN A C H F. o usually letters and/or monograms be neath the boar and above the exergue, NUMISMATISTS AND and occasionally there are lett ers with the spearhead in theexergue. Also on some AUCTIONEERS SINCE 1870 coins, there are letters behind and/or in front of the obverse head. The example shown in Figure 7 has an "AP" monogram Founded a~ one of th", first numismatic ;IUClion houses in Germany our finn has between the boar's rear legs, and a "ill" been a (;ellire of Ihe nU f ll i~mali<.: Irade and for nu mi,m;.( iC studies ever ~inc",. monogram directly beneath it. We offer experience and reliability :Ipplieu 10" COl ,lete set of services from c s t im~Hes and expt'rt :Idvice to the K4uisition and sale of import;lnt single items Bronze Coins n welJ a~ of entire rullect;ons and the st~g i ng of severa l mayor J\lC\ion~ a year. The last denomination of coins is the For further infornwt;on order our cl1alogues or vbit our web sit e bronzes. There arc six style types ofbronz \V\Vw.pcus-mucnzen.de es, which are shown in Figure 8. From the left, they have obverse heads of Atalanta wearing a petasus (first and second), Ath ena wearing a Corinthian helmet, and Ae tolus crowned with laurel or oak (fourth, fi fth, and sixth), respectively. The revers es show a spearhead pointed left with a bunch of grapes, boar with (or without) a spearhead above, Hercules standing with club and lion skin, a spearhead pointed right with a boar jawbone below, a trophy DR B USSO PE US NACHF. / BORNWtESENWEG 34 of military equipment, and a club fac ing D - 60.~22 FRA NKF URT AM MMl\ / TEL. +49(69)-9 59 66 20 right. The legend ALTQAQN is split be- FAX +49(69) 555995 / W' W\V.PEUS-MUENZENDE 18 The Gelator ' 2' HEllOS NUMISMATIK L ~ Munzen & Antike Kunst March 2008 19 tween the top and bottom or right and left on thc reverse. The club reverse seems to be a rare type since the author on ly found one (a chalkous) listed in the literaturc. Using Tsangari's designations, there are three denomina tions: hcmiobol, quanerobol, and chalkous, that are de- Figure 8-Aetolian League Bronzes. Enlarged photos courtesy lineated by their of GNG, Inc. and Lubke & Wiedemann (MMGmbH). wcight as opposed to their size or style. The average weights of the three are 5 with the weight range. ntis gives a value the quarterobol, and the club reverse only grams for the herniobol, 3 grarns fo r the mtio of bronze to silver of about 14. One for the chalkous. Whereas, the spearhead quarterobol, and 1.6 grams for the chalk can see that weight at the extremes of the reverse was used for all of the denomina ous. As common with the weight of bronze mnges may not always be a good indica tions. The spearhead and jawbone combi coins, the ranges ean be velY wide. For Li on of dcnomination. nation, which was by L1r the most com the coins surveyed for this paper. the rang As to size, the hemiobol ru ns around mon style, was seen on both the hemiobo es for each denomination were 6.3 to 3.4, 18.5mm, the quarterobol is slightly small Is and quarterobols, and the boar reverse 3.4 to 2.4, and 2.0 to 1.3 grams, respec er at around 17mm, and the chal kous is on both thequarterobol andchaikous. But tively. The low average weight of the he the smallest at around 13mm. But the di this infonnation is provided with the un rniobol is almost celtainly due 10 some ameter is not a good indication of denom derstanding that it is only meant to pro quarterobols being classified as herniobo ination since there are hemiobols that are vide an idea of how these styles are dis Is. Obviously, the quarterobol's weight smaller than qumterobols. tributed among the denominations and should be half that of the hemiobol's, so From the review of the literature, th e not meant to be a hard rule. For exam the official weight for the hcmiobol was Hercules style reverse was uscd only for ple, there are some IEs that have the tro probably 6 grams, which is in agreement the hemi obol, the trophy reverse on ly for phy reverse, but seem too light to fit into the quarterobol category. As to variati ons of the styles, the club reverse has only one variation, as men tioned, and the spearhead seems to have on ly two, pointed left or right. The trophy of mili tary equipment and boar at bay reverse types have at \cast half a dozen variations, and the Hercules style has about a dozen. By far the most common bronze coin is the one with the spear head and jawbone reverse, with almost two-dozen variations. ~. <;:eltics Conclusion French Royals The Aetolian League coins of precious Merovingial/s metals are artistically attractive, historically significant, and justifiably command a high , Feudal. price, which explains why there are not any Medieval. in my collection. There is still consider French Moderns able research that needs 10 be donc to de tennine if there is a relationship between 46, rue..:vivienne the lellers and monograms found on , 75002 PARI~ League coins and the names of indi vidu 33(0)1 42.33'.\! S.99 als associated with the League's history. E-mail : The new reference by 0.1. Tsangari should help to fill in this lack ofinfonnation. One of the joys of collecting ancient coins is to be able to shine a light on one of those dark spots in history, no matter how small, and to fill in a piece of the puzzle that represents our past. SCHMITT 20 The Gelator Jean ELSEN & ses F'Us s.a. PUBLIC AUCTION 15 MARCH 20()8 AVENUE DE T ERVUEREN 65 B-l040 BRUXELL ES Tel: + 32.2.734.63.56 Fax: + 32.2.735.77.78 [email protected] WWW.ELSEN.EU EXTREMELY RARE GROS TOURNOIS OF HUGHES OF CHALON (1296-1301) STRUCK AT Huy CONTACT US 1t) DISCUSS SElI.INC YOUR COUECIION March 2008 21 References fo r History Cook. S. A" r. E, Adcock. and M. P. Charleswonh. Eds. The Cambridge Ancient His/ory, Vo ls. 7-8. Cambridge University Press, Greal Britain. 1969. Grant. Mi!.:hael. From A/eXllllder to Cleopatra. Ncw York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1982. Gri ma!. Picrre_ Hellenism alld Ille Rise of Rome. New York. Delacorte Press. 1965. Polybius, The Histories. Smith, William. A Smaller Hislory of {Allcienlj Greece. http://www.e!lopos.netlel penor/grcek - texts/ancieDl - ~(eecelhiSlO(y.of. ancient - ~ reece-21-mmans,asr. References for Coin~ De Lai )';, Roger, "The Silver Coinage of the Aetolian League." California SlIldies in Classical AllliquilY, 1975. Gardncr. Per!.: y. Caw/ogue of Greek Coills ill rhe Bri/ish Museum, Thessa/y 10 Ae tolia, Volume 7, Arnoldo Forni reprint. Bo logna, 1963. Vis it our we bsite www.astartesa.com Imhoof-Blumer, F., MOllnaies Grecques. Paris, 1883. Grose. S.W., Cll/a/ague of the McCieall Collec/ion of Greek Coins, Volum e fl. The Greek Maill/and, The Aegac(1II I,~lal!ds , Crete, The Fitzwilliam Museum. Obol In te r TE nat ional. Chicago. 1979. Astarte SA· Via Cantonale, lla • CH-6900 Lugano Switzerland Losada, Luis A., "The Aetolian Indem Phone +41 919233640. Fa x +41 91 92327 18 ' in fo @astartesa.com nity of 189 and the Agrinion Hoard," Phoe nix, VoL 19, No, 2 (Summ er, 1965). Noe, Sydney. "The Corinth Hoard of 1938," American Nllmisma/;c Society Muse um Nores. VoL [0. 1962. Scheu, Frederick. "Coinage System of Aetolia," The Numi,\'I!wtic Chronicle, John "" ~()ON" "' • • Wal ker. et aI, Eds., London. 1960. Sear. David R .. Greek Coins and their / DN\V Values, Volume J, £umpe. Seaby Publica tions, Spink & Son, London, 1978. ,,,' , , ,\ I . .. Sylloge Numlllorum Graecorum, The Royal Collectioll ojCoills and Medals. Dall www.dnw.co.uk ish Natiollal MII ,\'eUIll. The,)'saly- Illyricufll, Sunrise Publications. Inc., New Jersey, 1982. • Syl/oge Nummorum Graecorum, Vol ume 7, Mall chester Ulliversity Museum. IMPORTANT ANCIENT COINS The Raby alld GUlerbock Collectiolls, The Oxford University Press and Spink and AND RELATED NUMISMATIC BOOKS Son, London, 1986. Thompson, Margaret, "The Agrinion london, 9 April 2008 Hoard," Numismatic No/n and Monograph.l· No. 159, The American Numi~matic Soci We are currently accepting material for our next specialist ety, New York, 1968. Tsangari, D. l., Corpus des mOllnaies auction of ancient coins. If you're thinking of selling, d' 01: d' argen/ et de bronze de la confede,.. arioll e/o/jellne. (expected to be published whether it be your collection or some duplicates, in 2008). please contact our consultant Ilalo Vecchi today on About the author--Steve M. Benner h a~ 44 20 7016 1822, or at [email protected] a Ph.D. in engineering from Ohio State University and has worked for NASA at WEBB the Goddard Space Flight Center in DIX NOONAN Greenbelt, .MD, for the last two decades. 16 Bo lton Street Pi ccad illy London W 1J 8BQ England He has been a coin collector since he was a child, and an ancient coin collector for Telephone 442070161700 Fax 44 20 7016 179 9 the last 35 years. He specializes in coins of the ancient Greek leagues, E-mai l [email protected] 22 The Celator LHS Numismatics Ltd In Gassen 20 True Values of His to 8001 Zurich, Swincrland • Auctions in Switzerland Phonc.4!44 21 7 4242 Fax ~ 4 1 442174243 • Purchases and Sales info@LHS-numi,matik.com • Expertises and Valuations www.LHS-nurn;.rnalik.com • The Development and Care of Collections Post.1 .ddress: LHS Num;,nla!ics LId • Financial Services 1'.0. Box • Numismatic Reference Library eH-S022 Zurich • Special Areas: Coins of the Ancient Classical World Medieval and Modern Coins LHS Numismatics Now availllble: www.freemanandsear.com flIED PRICE Unsurpassed expertise and experience in the fieJd of classical coins. We offer. .. Ull 13 ~ A large inventory of quality Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Biblical coins Winter 2008 in all price ranges. With 120 exceptional ~ Among the finest Fixed Price Lists and Mail Bid Sales in the field, available Greek and R01fllJn Coins in print and downloadable form. and Antiquities ~ Personalized service in starting, building and liqUidating collections. ~ Auction representation and IXlnsultation at all major sales the world over. Freeman & Sear I P.O. Box 641352 I Los Angeles, California 90064-6352 310/450-9755 FAX : 310/450-8865 email: inl,l@lre"nanandsear.co~ March 2008 23 An Investigation of the Physical Prop erties of Roman Republican Silver Coinage: Part II-Silver Content oration between num ismatists and sci !nell! effect. Even Walker was aware of by Pierluigi Debemardi entists, which arc two worlds quite far it [Introduction J. 3 but probably not of its apart. This was implemented, for exam real extent and consequences. This top An ancient silver coin was not sim ple. by Kasztovszky, et al;4 however, the ic is very well treated, for example. by ply a loken, like in modern currencies. period considered there (second centu Beck, et al and references therein.o Dur In facl, the denarius system was based ry AD) is far from thc one of interest ing the minting steps (preparation and on its intrinsic value: its silver content here, that is the Roman Republican (RR) striking of the blanks), silver tends to is, together with the weight, the second times. migrate toward the surface; the under parameter, which defines the overall Crawford Lp. 570J collected all the lying mechanisms are still not fu ll y un value of the coinage. Therefore. the resu lts available al the date of his publi derstood. The following rules relating al study of the fineness in any ancient sil cation in an inleresting tab le listing the loy fineness to sUlt'ace silver content are vcr coinage would give interesting in compositions of about 50 RR silver found: 18-72% a!loy, surface 72%; 72- formation, but it is not easi ly measured. co ins. However, those data corne from 92% alloy, surface 92%; alloy higher Excluding all the techniques which re very different sources, are not evenl y than 92%, surface fotlows. This scheme sult in destroying the specimens, such distributed on the time line, and the sam very well explains Walker's results, as cupellation Isee references in Craw pic is too smal l. Some years later, Wal ker where a clear cut-off at 92% can be seen, ford, p.S70J,' chemical analyses: or la published an extended study,) by using when othcr previous techniques (as the ser ablation, among the latest non-de XRF to analyze about 2000 RR coins. oncs cited by Crawford) found much structive techniques developed as ar Since it is the same SUbject as this pa less silver, as for example, in quadrigati chaeomctricallools, {mccan mention X per. his results have to be summarized and in MarkAntony's coinage. The same ray fluorescence (XRF),J·4 and particle here. Walker found very stable charac conclusions are reached by Kasztovsz teristics, with the silver content oscil ky, et al,4 where XRF and PGAA tech induced x-ray emission (P I XE) ~ as tech niques for testing the surface composi lating in the narrow range of92-97% for niques are applied on the same coins. tion of ancient coins. the whole RR period. Early didrachmae To evaluate the real silve(contcnt, one In contrast, prompt gamma activation stay at an average of about 94%, quad has to use different teclmiques, such as analysis (PGAA)4 and fast neu tron acti rigati at 92%, while only victoriati are the previously referred..hulk.methods. vation analysis (FNAA) offer access to found to be debased at an average fine However, discussion is still going on ness of 83%. The denarius is found al the overall composition. All of them are about the most appropriate tools to study 8 based on the different emissions of the most always at about 97% fineness, with ancient coinages. clements in the alloy un der test, after only minor drops of a maximum 3% in In the meantime, in this paper it is having excited their molecules in some the years 89-87 BC, and a decrease to proposed to reconsider the buoyancy way. The more energctic oncs, so as to 92% in the legionary coinage of Mark method to measure the coinage fineness. have access to the bulk properties, mighl Antony. Quinarii emissions during the Its unparaHeled advantage compared to leave some radioactivity in the pieces. years 101-87 Be are also found slightly aH other methods is its reliance on equip Therefore, all the data that can be found debased, averaging at 92%. ment relatively quite simple today, such in the literature are based so far on meth Due to this huge amount of data, no as a precise scale. Moreover, it is inher ods that require complicated equipment, other similar studies have been carried ently a bulk measure, since il weighs and can be carried out only in special out since then, even if it is now recog everything in the coin. This technique ized laboratories and/or by specialized nized that the coins may suffer from has not rece ived enough credit in the technicians. This implies a tight collab- what is called the silver slIlface enrich- ancient numismatic field, because of major drawbacks regarding reproduc ibility and the lack of accuracy.2.9 It is MORTON &. EDEN L TD shown here for the first time that with in association with Sothebys 45 Maddox Street London W 1S 2PE some modifications of the usual scheme this procedure can indeed be profitably applied, with precision and reproducibil and Auctions, Valuations Sales of ity good enough to gain new insights AnCIent, Islamic and World Coins, into the subject. Medals, Decorations and Banknotes Buoyancy method This is a very simple method based Plca~e contact J aml: ~ I'.forro n, Tom Eden or on the force applied to any body sub Steve Lloyd for advice on buying or selling merged in a liquid. This force, as dis or to be included on our maiung list. covered by Archimedes, is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body. telepho ne + 44 (0)20 7493 5344 f~x +44 (0)20 7495 6325 e-mail in fo@ mort o n~ndcdm.com 24 The Gelator Y BC W(g) Ag% SG Cr.# Y BC W(g) Ag% SG Cr.# Y BC W(g) Ag% SG Cr.# 215 6.068 23 . 2 9 . 29 28/3 106 3.820 87.3 10.36 312/1 77 3.762 78.7 10 . 20 387/1 2113.217 59 . 5 9 . 86 53/1 106 3.593 84.5 10.30 313/1 77 3.412 84.8 10.31 388/1 2103 . 908 57 . 9 9 . 84 44/5 1053.77988.5 10.38 314/1 76 3.948 93.2 10 . 47 389/1 209 2.060 79.7 10.22 44/6 105 3.939 91.9 10.44 3 16/1 76 3 . 743 88 . 6 10.38 390/2 2074 . 136 93 . 4 10 .47 57/2 104 3.809 71.3 10.07 317/3 75 3.928 92.1 10.45 393/1 200 3.871 87 .5 10.36 114/1 104 3.812 87.9 10.37 318/1 74 3 . 782 94 . 3 10 . 49 394/2 57 3.791 97.4 10.55 158/il 103 3.603 78.4 10. 19 319/1 71 3.752 88.1 10.37 401/1 157 3 . 870 8.0 10 56 58/ 103 3.785 85.7 10.33 320/1 70 3.912 91 . 6 10 . 44 403/1 1543 . 785 87 . 5 10 . 36 201/1 102 3.740 90 . 0 10.41 321/1 69 4 .068 92 . 6 10 . 46 405/ 1534.054 73.9 10.11 203/1 1 01 3.968 90.8 10 . 42 324/1 69 3 . 804 92 ~ 1 10 45 406 1 152 3.570 84.7 10.31 204/1 101 3.943 89.0 10 .39 326/1 67 3.934 89.5 10 .40 408/1 1504 . 020 89 . 4 10 . 40 206/1 100 3.864 97.1 10 .54 327/1 67 .832 92.6 0.4 409/ 150 3 . 626 93.3 10.47 207/1 100 3.737 91.4 10.43 328/1 66 4.062 93. 5 10.47 410/] 148 3 . 933 96.3 10.53 216/1 · 8 .951 72.7 10.09 332 ] 66 3.912 91.6 10.44 410/ ~ 148 3 . 718 92 . 2 10.45 215/1 1.734 72.2 10.08 333/ ~ 66 3.442 91.7 10.44 4101 148 3 . 789 91 . 7 10 . 44 2 14 / 1 3 . 90291 . 910 . 44 335/1 64 3.912 86.4 10.34 412/1 146 3 . 570 80.9 10.24 2 19/1 3 . 776 91.6 1 0.44 340/1 ~3 3.969 92.6 10.46 413 ] 144 3 . 510 96.5 10.53 221/1 3 . 857 90 . 8 10.42 341 fj) (§3.. 3 . 932-Y2 •7 l q. 1 §.J ! 4/ ~ 143 3 . 086 92.2 10.45 222/1 3 .912 89.9 10.41 341/2· 62 3.83 1 87. 1 1 0.35 415/1 142 3 . 861 89.6 10.40 224/1 90 2.068 22 .5 9 . 28 341/3 623.820 90.8 10 . 42 415/1 139 3.543 92.0 10.45 90 3 . 886 87 . 9 10.37 342/4 62 3.901 95.3 1 0 . 51 416/1 89 3 . 822 92 . 9 10 . 46 344/1 60 3 . 700 93.2 10.47 420/2 894 . 015 87 . 1 10 . 35 344/2 58 3 . 897 96 . 5 10 . 53 422/1 88 3 . 703 75 . 2 10 .14 345/1 57 3.905 90 . 6 10.42 423/1 88 1 .784 84.4 10.30 345/2 57 3.588 72 . 3 10 . 08 423/1 88 3 . 445 56 . 5 9 . 81 346/1 56 3 . 935 84 . 4 10.30 425/1 88 3 . 710 81 . 8 10 . 26 346/2 56 3 . 995 91.1 10.43 427/1 136 3.864 86.5 10.34 239/1 87 4.378 78.6 10.20 348/1 55 3 . 893 88 . 9 10 . 39 428/1 135 3.619 92.2 10 . 45 242/1 87 1.944 70.7 10.06 348/4 55 3 . 946 92 . 9 10 . 46 431/1 133 3.948 96.6 10 . 53 247/1 86 3.869 78.4 10.19 350A/2 .387 94.8 1 .50 433 /~ 1313 . 734 96.4 10 . 53 251/1 86 3 . 679 93 . 8 10.48 350A/2 3 628 95 5 lQ 51 433 /~· 130 3.880 90.6 1 0.42 257/1 85 3.883 87.5 10.36 352/1 54 3 . 917 85 . 3 10 . 32 433/1 130 3.803 93.7 10.48 257/1 85 3.926 91 . 8 10.44 353/1 49 3 . 669 94 . 2 10 . 4 9 444/1 130 3.875 98 . 7 10 . 57 256/1 84 3.970 94.5 10.49 354/1 48 3 . 943 92 . 5 10 . 45 448/1 129 3 . 863 93.4 10 . 47 259/1 83 3 . 548 77 . 4 10.18 357/1 48 3.349 74 . 3 10 . 12 449/1 1273 . 750 95. 1 10 .50 263/1 83 3 . 990 90 . 4 10.42 364/1 48 3.940 90.3 10.41 450/1 126 3.921 92 . 9 10 . 46 266/1 48 3.810 87 . 6 10 . 36 451/1 125 3.850 95 . 1 10 . 51 269/1 47 3.945 92.8 10.46 453/1 123 3.909 94.7 10.50 274/1 3 . 887 93.3 10.47 458/1 1203.772 80 . 2 10 . 23 280/1 3.896 87 . 6 10.36 461/1 118 3.830 95 . 8 10 . 52 282/3 3.585 88.9 10.39 463 1173.796 92.7 10.46 284/1 3.668 86 . 6 10 . 34 463/2 116 3.900 93 . 4 10 . 47 286/1 3.759 85.5 10.32 463/ 115 3.854 92.2 10 .45 287/1 3.676 85.9 10.33 374/2 3.277 91.0 10.43 463/3 3.890 99 .0 10.58 289/1 3.847 9 . 10 . 43 379 3.908 73 . 6 10.11 464/1 3.802 90.0 10 . 41 290/1 3 . 831 92 . 4 10 . 45 379/2< 3.653 88.0 10.37 464/2 3 . 817 88.G 10.38 293 ] 4 . 052 92 . 1 10.45 380/1 3.81 7 81.4 10.25 465/ 3 .780 88 . 6 10.38 295/1 793.78188.810.38 382/1 3.675 82 . 1 10.26 46S/S 3. 846 89.2 10.39 298/ ~ 79 3.671 83.3 10 . 28 383/1 4.070 87 . 9 10.37 474/1 112 3 . 817 92.2 10 . 45 297/1 793.936 91.5 10.44 383/1 1113.836 84 . 2 10 . 30 299/1b 79 3.812 96.8 10.54 384/1 III 3.877 90 . 2 10 . 41 299/1a 78 3 . 865 92 . 0 10 . 45 3 5/ 1103.866 93 . 9 10 . 48 300/1 78 3 . 860 89 . 5 10 . 40 385/2l 110 3.984 91 . 3 10 . 43 301/1 78 3 . 736 89 .4 10.40 385/ ~~ 1093.765 88 . 2 10 . 37 304/1 78 3 . 935 89 . 6 10.40 385/ 108 3.856 92 . 4 10 . 45 306/1 7. 3 . 746 90.9 10.42 385/ 1083.794 92.4 10 .45 308/1 Table I-Weights, Silver (Ag) percentage, and Specific Gravity (SG) of the Republican coins in the author's collection (AC). The first column reports the year BG, second is the weight. third is the Ag percentage, fourth is the SG, and the last column is the types, following Crawford's catalogue. March 2008 25 Instead, I mg precision would be a considerable improvement, resulting in • an eITor of 2%. A scale with milligram • •• precision (0.001 g) used to be quite ex 80 pensive, but precisc, compact and Inw cost scales are now readily available. For the study prescnted in this work, a DIA MOND. PROFESSIONAL-MINI scale 60 Caligula was used; it can weigh 109 maximum and the precision is I mg. The setup used is si mple and completely home made with materials and objects availabl e in the author's home workshop. It imple ments, however, some modifications to the usual scheme, so as to achieve more Nero reliable and faster measurements. Con 20 cerning Ihe ti me needed for the measure ments, it took six hours for all of the 170 pieces, including multiple measure Author's coins ments so as to reduce errors. o The standard procedure requires From 171 weighing the water displaced by the .- coin. The coin has to be kept fl oating in the water without touch ing the eontain cr. The tray to hold the coin in tu rn in -150 -100 -50 o 50 100 150 200 250 troduces some error in the measure, Year since it also displaces some liquid when it is pluced into it. This problem is solved Figure 1-Comparison of silver content evolution in time obtained by present by a self-made tray, which can be lifted measurements with data taken from Pense,' and lhen placed again illlo the liqu id at the same origi nal position . Such a tray Common experience shows that a ball 0.37g of water wi th enough precision. avoids, at the same time, the problem of submerged into water is counteracted by What is "enough'''! Copper's SG is 8.9g/ air bubbles being trapped on the coin an upward force. Iflhe watcris in acon eml, so any possible AgCu alloy SG is surfaces, by means of a vertical position 1 tainer put on a scale-tray, that force is in the range of8.9- 10.5g/cm . Under the of the coin. discharged on the scale tray and one can hypothesis, the precision in weighing the The "tare" function of the electronic measure the weight of the displaced water is mostly responsible for the pre scale is used when the tray is placed into water. i.c. the volume of the ball. The cision of the measure (it is in fact more the liquid, so the scale displays zero. Tn buoyancy method proposed here to mea than 90% of the IOtal error): the relation that way, the contribution of the tray is Sllre the coin volume works in the very between seale precision and Ag content eliminated. Then the tray is lifted, the coin same way: once the coin volume is ob is given by: laid on it, and the tray with the coin placed tained, then SG (specific gravity) is giv back into the liquid. The tray reaches its E~ ( %)=E "" I / WI "J" ; ' I x SG/(SG ,, ~ en by definition as: original position, and thc scale weighs the SV ) x 100 = E 8<01<-' W 1iqUi 26 The Gelator Ancient, English and Foreign Coins and Commemorative Medals Auction March 26'h 2008 London featuring coins fro", The Dr. JS Vogelaar Collection witb matly unpublished /Jarieties from the 2nd to 4tb centtlries AD· an exceptional opportunity for tbe serious l,:oUecfor 0/ RomaNo-British ('TJins The Prior Collection of Roman Republican and Imperial silver coins & an interesting group of Late Roman and Ostrogothic gold coins For more information pIe-lise contact William MacKay: Tel: +44 (0)20 7563 4048 email: [email protected] 69 Southampton Row, Bloomsbury, London WelB 4ET www.spink.com .tnUmts.com• • Mail Bid Sale 5, CIQ~i:ng: l\Iar-Qh 21~ 2QQS l19ul~Xrv Frill! liu !)",qllh.in~ March 2008 27 The same liquid has already been used which accounts for both the SG of eth As for the latter question, the answer independently forpreeise measurements ylene and the additional contribution is no (with a home-made setup and wi th of the platinum content in roubles. 1o of the tray. As a crosscheck, the SG of out a better knowledge of the properties Since ethylene has a SG lower than steel was used to obtain the weight of of the liquids used and their interplay I, an apparatus calibration is needed. the cylinder through the measured vol with the submerged coin and tray). In [t serves also to compensate for the in ume, and then comparing this mea fact, ethylene, even reduced, also has crease of the fluid leve[ due to the coin, surement with the actual measured polar reatures that would come into play which makes the tray come into play weight of the cylinder; the two results with a more precise scale, such as O. 1mg. again. The calibration procedure is are within the allowable tolerances. AI that precision level, many other prob done by using a small steel cylinder The overal l precision of the measure lems would arise. The setup would be with approximately the same volume ments can be therefore estimated as +/ much more sensible to anything, for as a denarius, which can be computed I mg, mostly due to the tolerance of the example, vibrations and air streams by measuring its dimensions. Then one scale. Thi s means an error of about 3% (even produced by the breath of the op reads the weight of ethylene displaced on the fineness, considering (he lower erator). Moreover, one has to lake into by the cylinder and computes from that SO of ethylene (about 0.8). Two ques account the small amount of materials a Conversion Factor = (cylinder vol tions come readily to mind. Is that that may lie on an ancient coin: patina, ume)/(displaced alcohol weight), enough? Can it be improved? small encrustations, dirt, minerals, po- rosity, etc. They can easily modify the results in terms of • 100 • • • • • • a percentage point. Following • • ·• ' . • Caley/ 1% precision is achiev- • • • • • • • • • .- able in the best experimental • conditions with a freshly pre • • pared alloy. If one takes then • into account all the other caus es that can modify the coin vol ume, it is readil y seen that it is no t reasonable to ask for a pre 85 cision better than 2-3% from the buoyancy method. 80 As for the fi rst question, the actual precision is adequate for the fineness variations being studied here, which are on a 140 120 100 80 60 scale almost ten times larger Expanded view than the measure precision, as it will be shown later. , 100 • ,. Specific gravity measu re •• •• • • • •• 90 - • • • ments versus silver content • For li nking the SO of a sil '" ver coin to its fineness, the ba 80 • sic hypothesis is a dominantly binary AgCu alloy, which is 0~ demonstrated by all the de ~ 70 ..c tailed studies on silver ancient .gl , coins, based on more sophisti Q) 60 cated techniques. The inclu =s: sion of other metals (Pb, Au, OJ 50 Fe) has to be attributed to the « limits of ancient metallurgy and was not deliberate; the sum 40 of all of them can be estimated as less than 2%, and then can 30 • be neglected in a first approxi mation.5 The silver content per 20 - centage of a pore AgCu alloy is given by the we ll know for 10 ----~--~------~------~- mula: 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 Ag%;;;(I/SG-I/SGc) I (II SGp,g-I/SGc) x 100 Year Be whereSG is the measured spe Figure 2-$ilver content of the pieces in the author's collection (AC). The dense region of cific gravity, and SGc.' SG Ag data is shown at the top in an enlarged view, where a polynomial fit is also given as an eye the ones for copper and silver guide. Black dots are taken from Crawford,' and pentagrams from Pense. r 28 The Celator ""-./lrtemide./lste------. Koson, AR J ",chmc Lucilla. ' ure", Gio.cchino Mu "" , 2 lire 1813 Lropoldo II, fiorino 1824 Bui<>gn,_mnw ,~ u do 1797 An important selection of Greek, Roman, Byzantine, ~![edieval, Renaissance and Modern High Grade coins JlrtemUfe}fste SJl From Europe: phone 0(1378 0543!08845 -/ax 00378 0549 972142 From U.S.A.: phone 01137S 0549 908845 ·/ax011378 0549 972142 Cell. phone +39 335 7349969 - www.artem i de~~te.~..". -in f01iartem id eas\e . com -CATALOGUE ON REQUEST - j • • Extensive Stock In All Price Ranges • • Always Interested In Purchasing Collections of Any Size J• P.O. Box 7822 Oallas, 1)( 75209 Numismatist :114-725-4300 • 214-69()..7609 (Fax) WWW.GLENNWOODS.COM [email protected] March 2008 29 respectively. However, the previous re The last period of the denarius, say lat ion ho lds true for an ideal, freshly 100 to 250 AI), was more and more of a prepared AgCu alloy, while in an ancient disaster. as the fortunate title of Pense's coin one has to account for the greater paper underlines. 7 For this range, even complexity of ancient monetary si lver, a negative Ag percentage was found for and the possible presence of corrosion a Maximin us denarius . This is indeed products on or in coins long buried in absurd, and a possible explanation might the ground, which can contribute to di be that in the latest time periods, as onc minish its SO. Additional effects might can see also by close inspection of the be mi.::ro-porosity. which will not be wet pieces. the coins had merely a silver re from the liquid, presence of encrusta semblance. To obtain thai with a low tions, oxides. din, etc. silver content (say 510 20%), one has 10 An early investigation can be found introduce into the alloy other metals, in Caley,' where a comparison be such as Sn (tin), which has a sa of 7.2, tween the si lver content obtained by lower than that of copper. Another pos specific gravity and chemical analy sibili ty might be some leaching of cop sis is included. The data are, however. per during the burial. The combination not conclusive, and there is the possi of the two causes might also explain why bility that those SO measurements the present data are lower by 10-20% mi ght have had some problems. Un than the ones obtained by different mea fortunately, no details are given about surements,4 which better follow the the setup used. One can, however, sur black curve in Fig. I for imperial times . mise water was used, since nothing However. alJ the trends arc nicely repro different is stated, which might explain duced. The two plateaus in the periods some oddities in the results. 100-200 and 200-250 can be seen. Also, the silver increase at the time of Philip Assay on the whole denarius lifetime the Arab shows up (see Table I). His At first. the method is assayed on the coin, the one of Otacilia. and of Trajan whole denarius lifetime, because for Decius have higher Ag% than those of imperial times mo re data are available Severus Alexander and Maximinus. for comparison. This is made possible It is intcr.::st ing to observe that the because of the presence of about 30 im two worst repu ted emperors, Caligula perial silver pieces in the author's col and Nero, al least regarding their lection (AC). That's 100 small of a coins, behaved very differently. The number to perform stati stics, but dcnarius of Caligula can be compared enough to give a flavor of the silver with the Republican ones as to si lver debasement evolution. an d to perform eontent. while the one of Nero with the a comparison of present data with the debased quadrigatus. published ones, which arc more sys tematic for imperial times.4.Il Silver content in RR silver coinage The silver contenl versus time is re Fig. 2 shows the silverconlent of the ported in the graph of Fig. I: the raw RR coinage only; it is compared with data for RR times are given in Table I the data reported by Pense] and Craw on page 25. A fai rly good agreement is ford [p o 5701. ' which are displayed in Ag weight % observed for the earlier time periods. the same graph with dilTerent symbols. where both Pense' and the present work The data compare fairly wel l. By consid Figure 3-Time resolved fineness histo find a somewhat lower Ag content than ering Crawford's figures. the earlier time grams for the pieces in AG. For each his the curve presented by Pense and taken periods show a strong debasement in the togram and the corresponding time inter from other sources. didrachmae and victoriati emission~ as it val, the total number of coins is given. The bin size is 3%. The curves represent the best fit obtained as a sum of two Gaussian distributions. For the interval THE PROFESSIONAL NUMISMATISTS GUILD, INC. 100-80 BG, the coins minted in 89-87 Be 0"" 50 YEARS of are evidenced in the darker shade. KNOWLEDGE, INTEG RITY & RESPONSIBILITY Founded ill 1955. the PNG is a non-profit organization, comprised is found for the pieces measured here. Ag of the fop rare coin alld paper money cxpcrt~· from a/l around The world. Then the content stays high for the period 140-120 decreases in the era For more informatioll on Ihe PNG, please cOlllaCI: Be. 100-80 Be. and riscs again in the latest period. The trend of present measurernenL~ Robert Brueggeman, Executive Director is the same, but the results spread more to 3950 Concord ia Lane, Fallbrook, CA 92028 the lower side of Ag content. At the top of ~ Tel. (760) 728-1300 Fax (760) 728-8507 Fig. 2, the fineness for the period 160-40 ~PNG BC is shown in an expanded view, since """'"""w'''' .... .,.. ~. www.lJll8dea!ers.colII elllai!: info@pn8dea!ers.colII this is the period where the majority of pieces under study are located. 30 The Gelator The same statistical tools applied for the weights Wart I] are now applied to silver fineness evolution. To that end, the timescale of Fig. 2 is subdivided in di fferent time-slots and Fig. 3 is obtained. As for the weight statistics, a two Gaus sian model can be used to extract overall parameters. A clear two-peak behavior shows up only in the period 100- 80 Be. However. the long tails of the distributions toward low silver contents can be modeled profitably in that way for all the other periods. The earliest period analyzed (160-130 Be) presents a peak in the 9 1-94% range, but the distribution stays quite high to ward 100% and it is also quite broad. The second period ( 130- 100 Be) displays a similar behavior. The peak of the his togram is in the same fineness intervaL however, there is a clear shift of the distribution toward lower silver content and it also tends to get sharper. Coins with high silver con tent are fewer; instead the number of those with lower fine ness increases. The Sullan-Marian era is characterized by a neat two-peak behavior. The stronger peak at high si lver content is also sim ilar to the o ne of the previous time intervals, even if there is no coin within the highest bin. The smaller hut pronounced peak is quite displaced toward lower silver content, a clear sign of debasement. The distance between the two peaks is close to 13%. It is very tempting to recall Pliny (NH XXXIII , 46): "Livius Drusu.l" in tribuna/u pfebis ()ctal'tlll! partclII aeris argento miscuit" (L. Drusus added one eighth copper to sil Catalog ue: 15,- € Catalog ue online: ver during his term of plebs tribunate office). This should be www.gmc oinart.de proved on more pieces and issues, but it comes out already clearly from the data at hand, since all the pieces in the peri od 88-86 BC are debased, and others are also found so in the decade 88-79 Be. The date reported by Pliny is not fully cer tain. 1 However, if one accepts the identification of L. Drusus ~ ~ R!NY & MOSCH with the tribunlls pfehis in 9 1 13e. murdered for his political I "'&"'Giessener Munzhandlung positions during hi s term of office. there is a three-year sepa seif 1970 ration between the referred and detected debasement. This discrepancy is lefL to hi storians. Di fferent explanations could be proposed, such as a delay in applying a law proposed dur ing that tribunate, or the usc of Drusus' name to approx imately Auction 164/165 identify an era. [n any case, such debasement has to be attrib uted to the huge crisis connected with the Marsic social war, 17th/18th March 2008 for which more than 30 legions had to be recruited. and afLe r An cient Coins which the Roman treasury remained completely empty for a number of years. The collection of the debased pieces for Celtic, G reek, Roman provincial coins, Byzanti ne coins, large lots that period is repofted in Fig. 5. The 80-60 era marks a complete recovery of the quality of the coi nage, with the lowest spreading of the fineness ever Auction reached, even if the slow trend of the distribution to move 166/167 toward lower sil ver content can be seen. The last two con 18th/ 19th/20th March 2008 sidered decades clearly bear the signs of the turbulent times of Caesar's civil wars. A long tail toward lower fineness shows Med ieva l and Modern Coin s up, while the main peak, even if does not move much, gets Coins from Germany, Aust ria, Swit very broad. It has to be pointed out that for this period there zerland, call. of medals (app. 500 pes is a lack of many types among the coins tested, namely all of incl. Karl Goetz), Europe, important Caesar's issues and the ones referred to as Imperatorial is call. of Sicily coins (app. 450 pes), sues. Therefore, the real picture might have different details Po lish call. (app. 100 pes), Russian for the last years (45-40 BC). ca ll. (app. 1200 pes), lots The size of the samples for fineness analysis is less criti cal than for weight statistics. In fact, the composition is an intrinsic property, in principle always the same for all coins ..E:la. Maximiliansplatt 20·0 - 80333 Munchen of an issue, li nd therefore it is possible to include in the statis ~ Tel. +49·89 ~24226430· Fax +49-89-2285513 tics all kind of silver coins (didrachmae, victoriat i, quinarii, www.gmcoinart.de·infoOgmcoinart.de denarii). For that reason, one might expect these results to Office hours: Monday - Friday give the main guidelines for the silver content of RR coin- • 10:00 a.m. -1:06 p.IT'. ~'!!OO collfillucd 011 pase 34 .. March 2008 31 ACE and Harlan J, Berk Develop the ACE Traveling Coin Museum ------to study, attribute and keep. by Scott Uhrick Where possible, ACE attempts to locate local ancient coin en thusiasts who are willing to th At the January 12 , 2008 meeting of mentor a class by visiting to the Ancient Coin Collectors Guild at the help attribute the coins and to New York International Numismatic Con discuss their own collecting vention, Ancient Coins for Education interests. Many classrooms (ACE) unveiled its latest outreach project lack such a mentor, however, for bringing students and ancient coins and the ATM was seen as a together, the "ACE Traveling Coin Mu means of filling that gap. seum" (ATM). Containing ninety coins ACE was assembling a from a broad range of eras and ancient small collection of donated lands, the ATM will be mailed to class coins when Mr. Berk ap rooms around the nation participating in proached the organization and the ACE program, exposing a new gen asked to assist. Assessing the erati on of collectors to our hobby. collection, Harlan donated a The collection began as a collabora set of coins that greatly in Scott Uhrick (on right) and Harlan J. Berk hold tion between ACE and Harlan Berk (of creased the re levance of the the ACE Traveling Coin Museum case. Harlan J. Berk Ltd ., Chicago). Through collection to studies of ancient its program, ACE distributes Late Roman history and culture, including coins such time drachm of Alexander the Great. bronze coins to classrooms for students as an Athenian tetradrachm and a life- Donations from other collectors began to arrive as wel l, notably a set of Trajan architectural sestertii from Charlie Rhodes, and a set of Biblical coins from John Ryan . Thanks to the generosity ~rofiles in of al l of the donors, students from around the country will be able to view ~ umtsmatics coins representing the full range of an cient coinage, from a Persian sigloi to a Joseph Hilarius Eckhel denar from the Crusader States of the Midd le East. 1737-1798 Ancient Coins for Education has Joseph Hi la ri us Eckhel has often been referred to as been in existence since 2001, and has "the father of ancient numismatics." Born in 1737, placed over 40,000 coins into the hand Eekhel received his classical education in prepara of students around the nation. More in tion for the clergy. Rising to the position of Abbot, formation can be found at http:// and Professor of Classical Archaeology at the state ancientcoinsforeducation.org. university in Vienna, he also assumed the role of director of the famed Imperial Coin Cabinet, which had been established by his prede cessor, Valentine Jameray DuVal. Eckhel's first written work dealing with ancient coins, Numi veteres anecdori. was published in 1775. followed by additional works in Editor's Correcllon: 1779, 1786, and 1788. Perhaps his greatest contribution to the study of ancient coins The "Profiles Numismatics" was in his organization and arrangement of types. which has basically remained intact in for two hundred years. Eckhel's eight-volume work. Doctrina n1l1l11110rll.11I vetefllll1 for Louis C. West that appeared (1792-1798), is generally recognized as the first modern and serious treatment of the in the February 2008 issue, both study of ancient numismatics. It was, unquestionably, the first successful attempt at a lext and photo. should have been scientifi c arrangement of types, undertaken well before the development of archaeol credited to the American Numis ogy as a science, and certainly before the field of art history became an analytic al discipline. This arrangement featured a geographical listing of Greek coin types ill matic Society and the ANS Archi place of the traditional alphabetic arrangement. Ro man coins were organized both vist-Joseph Ciccone. VisittheANS chronologically and by mint. Eckhel died in 1798, leaving behind one of the richest website at www.numjsmatics.org/ and most scholarly state collections in Europe. archives!biographies.hUnI for addi This feature is provided courtesy of George Frederick Kolbe tional fascinating biographies of in dividuals connected to theANS and Fine Numismatic Books, Crestline, CA 92325 the hobby. 32 The Gelator Gorny & Mosch of Munich Schedule Auction Sales 164-167 for March 17-20, 2008 an aureus of C. Cas by Ursula Kampmann sius Longinus (EF, est. 15,000), and a denarius of Labie On Monday, March 17, 2008, Gorny nus (VF, est. 5,000) & Mosch will slart a week of auction are just a fe w of the sales in connection with the Munich highlights in this Numismala. Four sales will take place section. with about 6,000 lois lotal, estimated The experienced at 3.3 million Euros. All four catalogues collector will detect are available for 15 Euros each from some showpieces, Gorny & Masch, Giessener Munzhan dlung Ltd., Maximiliansplatz 20, D- especially among Gorny & Masch Auction 164, Lot 371: Britannicus, 41- the bronze coins of 80333 Munich, Germany; Tel: +49 / 89 55 AD. IE Sestertius, mint in Thrace. H. -M. von Kaenel, the first century. For / 24226430, Fax: +49/89 /22 85 51 "Britannicus, Agrippina minor und Nero in Thrakien," example, a sester 3, or email: [email protected] SNR 63 (1964), 130, type B, pl. 20, 7 (same dies). VF tius of Caligula with alogues can be viewed on the Internet Estimated at15,000 Euros. a lovely patina and a al www.gmcoinart.dein color. great style depicting his three siste rs on the reverse (EF, Those who coliect Byzantine coins Auction Sale 164 est. 8,000), or a sestertius of Britanni will also love the sale. They cou ld buy, Selected Ancient Coins cus struck at a mint in Thrace (VF, est. Four hundred ninety-eight ancient 15,000). coins estimated at 850,000 Euros will continued on page 38. .. be offered on the morning of March 17, 2008, among them are Celti c (11) , Greek (276), Roman Provincial (20), ~£ (/&(be ~urtOll'ttte ~boppe Republican (47), Imperial (1 12), Byz antine (26), and coins from the Migra (a division of RCCA Ltd.) located at tion period (3). It is difficult to decide which coins 111 South Orange Avenue· South Orange, NJ 07079 should be mentioned here. Too many A complete collectors gallery buying & selling: coins attract the connoisseur's atten tion, for example, a very rare electrum U.S ., ancient, & foreign coins, U.S. & foreign stamps, stater of the Mi lesian standard, pre paper money, tokens & medals, Classical Antiquities sumably struck at a mint in Northern a/Greece, Rome, Egypt, & Judaea, Pre-Columbian, Greece (VF-EF, estimate: 5,000) is of American Indian, African, & Ethnographic objects fe re d, a very rare stephanephoric tet & artifacts, along with historical and popular autographs radrachm from Syros (EF, est. 7,000), a stater of Lampsakos (VF+, est. & manuscript material, Revolutionary War & earlier Americana. 15,000), or a very rare tetradrachm of the Bactrian king Apollodotos I (VF+, BUYING & SELLING - FREE APPRAISALS est. 7,500) are also included in the "You'd be amazed at what we wi ll buy & how much we will pay" sale. There is also a nice selection of staters from Side featu ring some charming portraits of Athena. Traditionally, Gorny & Masch offers Prop.: Dr. Arnold R. Saslow some especially nice Greek coins struck under Roman ru le. We focus on Phone (973) 762-1588· Fax (973) 761-8406 a coin from Abydos in Troas showing Email: [email protected] Alexander at the very moment when entering Asia Minor (VF+, est. 6,000). Ga ll ery hours: Monday to Saturday 10:00 - 6:00 The coins of the Roman Republic Visa. MasterCard & American Express Accepted follow; among th em are some outstand ing rarities. For example, an aes grave Gift Certificates Issued with green patina in EF, which is very ----- rare for this type of coin (est. 6,500) , March 2008 33 Silver Content Cont. from pg. 31 This might sug IOO-80BC Verdigris spots gest the exist ence of a sort of 34811 age. Concerns might be related to the double leverage 332/l preservation conditions of the measured mechanism in 73% 79% coins. Even if al! the pieces are in de the RR silver 98 87 cent condition (some EF, only a few in coinage, which 333/1 Fine condi tion, most grade YF), and acted on both 34814 72% none of them present noticeable encrus weight and si l 67% 97 tations or defects that might affect the ver content to 87 measure, atlention has been paid to th is counteract sil 34 1/3 regard. Examples of coins are given in vcr shortage. 22% Fig.5 and 6, so that the reader can judge Fig. 4 reports 90 for himself. It is found that with such parameters ex 35 0Ai2 normal conditions of the coins, there is tracted from the 345/ 1 78% no apparent cffe<.:t on the SG measure. histogram f its 75% 86 As a demonstration, one can compare and averages 88 how much different some of the mea previously dis 34512 35711 sured pairs of coins of the same type are cussed. It clear 77% 77% as to palina and preservation, but nev ly shows the 88 ertheless display the same SG: see in evolution In 83 Fig. 6, Cr. 158,463 and 494, for exam time of the two 34611 361 / 1 ple. Even if some broad ening of the peak positions. 57% 8 1% distributions can be caused by any of The main peak 88 82 the effects described previously or by decreases slow measure tolerances, the double peak ly in time, but 345/2 37411 in the period 100-80 cannot certainly always stays 82% 8 1% be due to those causes. above 90% for 82 A sort of correspondence betwcen all of the exam 88 silver content and weight distri butions ined period, can be observed [Part [ I. Thcy get while the sec Figure 5- The pieces from AC with low silver content in the period 100-80 BG, broader or narrower quite in parallel. ondary peak 95 ,------ stays in the range of 94 85 to 75%, at a dis 1 -o ~ tance between Rand Main peak 92 15% from the main "" -0 ~ 90 --- 0> peak. The only ex 13% "" c :'S 90 ception is the period '"0 80-60, where double 85 Q) :e '" peak features almost 0> Mean value 0 t1l 88 '" ~ disappear. The mean "- Q) values of the distribu 80 Secondary peak > t1l <0: 86 tions clearly show a ""Q) Q. deep minimum for 75 84 the period 100-80, while both the vari 4.5 ~' ------0.4 ance and the peak ra tios identify the peri :§'0- 4 ' ods 130-100 and 80- 0> 0.3 60 as the two golden 0 :'S 3.5 eras fo r Republican Q) "'i!? silver coinage. In L> 0.2 stead, large variance ffi 3 t1l ·c ""Q) and huge peak ratio t1l Q. 0. 1 identify lhe pcriod 100-80 BC as the > 2.5 l ______~ ______~ worst within the ex 0 amined last 120 years 150 100 50 150 100 50 of the Republic, Year BC Year BC More detailed and Figure 4- Parameters extracted from the histogram fits of Fig. 3. Top left, position of the main (bottom) particular cases line and secondary peak (top line) of the fit of the Ag% distribution. Bottom left, corresponding peak Of coursc, by variance (assumed equal for both peaks). Bottom right, peak ratio. Top right, median (most probable) having at disposal and mean value of the silver content. many more specl- 34 The Gelator 157 BC EARLY SPRING SPECIAL~ Cr. 158/1 46 BC Cr. 463/2 INCLUDES NEW TITLES! (To get a ist of available books, see the 86.6% 97.4% note at the bottom of this ad.) Ifblif31 Numismatig; "Thirty l'ic= orSilwr" 85.5% b)' Sbirley Ihrr Sage _ Arguably a",ong ,he most ocauti· full)" illulock: 42 BC hundreds of ful l color enlarged ph040s of cnin, th roogh" Les Mwmaic:; CaroJjn~ mens for each type, it would be of great at the top has quite rough and porous surfaces, wh ile the second has very by M aurice Prou interest to analyze the individual series TIle only reference 00 early Medie,'al Freoch coinage from singularly and in detail. With the data at smooth surfaces. Pepin Ie Bref (752·768) through 1106 AD. Includes exten· disposal, one can try minor investiga Another interesting finding is con ,ive lable/index of name •. legend. and . ignifo WE STOCK OVER 3000 TITLES ON NUr.USMATICS List of 500 titles available. SASE in U.S.: one Loonie for Canada: ORe Euro Worldwide included with all or ders. Spedal request< honored Post.ge $7.00 for first book. S2.OO each addition.l book. New intenl3tioo.1 snipping ,.(c,- please inquire! (S",SOflCovCr. H",H .rdco,·cr.OOP--I·of.Prinl). SANFORD J. DURST 106 Woodc1eft Ave. Freepolt, NY 11520 USA Phone (516) 867-3333; Fax (5 16) 867-3397 E-Mail: sjd!x:[email protected] Ebay Store: NumjstJooks 33 March 2008 35 Silver Content Cont. from pg. 35 Coming Events .... strong verdigris spots that appear on two of them (see Fig. 5). This is also March 15 Jean Elsen & ses Fils B.A. Auction 95, Brussels quite con sistent with the properly res caled fin dings ofWalker.1 March 17-20 Gorny & Mosch Auction Nos. 164-167, Munich The Titia quinarius (Cr. 341/3) has March 20 Kolbe Auction of Koppersmith Library, Crestline, CA no similarities with the denarii of the same moneyer. whi(;h hav(; a silver (;on March 21 iNumis Auction Sale No.5, Paris tent of about 90%. This is the most de March 26 Spink Auction of Ancient & English Coins, London bascd RR LOin in the author's collection, March 26 Stack's/Coin Galleries Mail Bid Sale, New York City even sl ightl y lower than the quadriga tus. Thc lower silver content of quinarii March 28-30 Bay State Coin Show, Radisson Hotel, Boston, MA can be in part related to thc highcr sur April 2 Numismatica Ars Classica AG Auctions 45 & 46, Zurich face/weight ratio, which means a larger surface exposed 10 all of the effects dis AprilS Dix Noonan Webb Auction of Ancient Coins, London cussed before (porosity, corrosion, ox April 10-13 Santa Clara Coin, Stamp & Collectibles Expo, CA ides, encrustations). However, this is in April 11-13 MSNS Spring Show, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Dearborn, MI pan contradicted by the Titia qui nari us, which, even being the more debascd, is April 12 Artemide Aste Auction XX, Republic of San Marino the smallest in diameter and the thick April 17-18 Helios Numismatik GmbH Auction No.1, Munich est among all the six coins. It can be ob served Ihat quinarii were sparsely emit April1S-20 JAG Collectors Coin Show, Holiday Inn, Dunmore, PA ted, and slllvrisingly, always in corre Kids Auction to be held on Sunday from Noon-2PM. spondence with debasement in the coin To pre-register your 7-12-year-old child, please call age. The fact that all quinarii arc de James Antonelli at 570-775-9854 based is also consistent with their usu April 25-26 H. D. Rauch GmbH Auction No. 82, Vienna al preservation, which is generally lower than for denarii. Also debased April 25-26 Ponterio & Associates CICF Auction, Rosemont, IL issues of denarii. such as Rubria, Cor nelia and Marcia, display that same feat ure of a quality worse than aver age. Among numismatists experienced in the RR era, it can be frequently The Ancient and Foreign Coin heard: "typical for this issue, typical BOSTON... Mecca of The Northeast! for this period," and so on. That can Semi-Annual be now given somc explanation . BAY STATE CO~cSH Conclusions March 28'30, Z008 Largest Fall Show - Nove% ber r~ 11J.,2008 1n this paper. it is shown that specif Special Allcient ~eigtt SectiOll and up IC gravity (SG) measurements can he performed quile easily, and have been proven to possess accuracies already Chairman: Ed Aleo ~~~~ At: sufficient to give additional insights into Box 240, Clinton, Mfi: OJ 5'10 1) 1 Hotel the RR silver coinage. Silver debase 781-729-9677 200 Stuart Street ment is found present to some extent for Room reservations: 617·482·1800 www.baystatecoinshow.com all the analyzed RepUblican periods, with the exception of the period 70-50 Be. However, the clear peak al lower EXPOS UNLIMITED si lver content (13 % below the main one) in the Sullan era is something different. U.S., World, Foreign & Ancient Coins, StaInps, Paper Money, Postcards, Tokens, Since all the coins for the years 89-87 fe.. ~.... Cigar Label Art, Jewelry, Collectibles and More! FREI' T,",,"'''''' .... '" ea.y.'>c,";".,! Be are found with a copper addition "OrJ,.t.ndi"!/ AUCliM •• Educ. ,i<>n. 1 SomiIW', F_ Kid, '_ ,uro Hunt, ~I. I E.hibJ,. & 0.11y Go!<>,,'" close to one eighth, Pliny's cryptic sen Over 400 E> References I Crawford, M.H .. Romall Republican Coinage. Cambridge Universi ty Press. 1982 reprint of 1974 original. 2 Caley. E.R.. "Notes on the Chemical Composition of Parthian Coins with Spe cial Reference to the Drachms of Orodes I." The Ohio Jouma! of Science, Vo l. 50, No. 3,1950, pp. 107-120. 3 Wal ker, D.R., "The Silver Content of the Roman Republican Coinage." in Metal lurgy in Numismalics I. 1980. pp. 55-72 . • Kasztuvszky. Zs., E, Panczyk. W. Fe dorowicz and Zs. Revay, "Comparative Ar chaeometrical Study of Roman Silver Coins by Prompt Gamma Activa ti on Analysis and SEM-EDX," Journal of RadioallalYlica! alld Nuclear Chemisrry, Vol. 265, No.2. 2005, pp. 193-199. l Bugoi. R" B. Constantin escu. F. Con stantin, D. Catana. D. Plostinaru, and A. Sasianu, "Archaeometrical Studies ofOreek and Roman Silver Coins," JOllrna / of Ra Greek, Roman , Medieval and Italian coins, Papal Medals. Numismatic diaana/Ylica! alld Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 242, No.3, 1999. pp. 777-781. lb.1!u;ll wwwarhcometro/pdf/JR NC-1999,pdO " Beck, L, S. Bosonnet, S. Rcvei llon. D. Eliot, and F. Pi lon , "Silver Surface En richment ofSilve(- Copper Alloys; A Limi Numismatic Literature tation for the Analysis of Ancient Sil ver Coins by Surface Techniques," Nuclear !II' Now Available ,1't rument.I' (lnd Methods in Physio Research B 226.2004. pp. 153- 162. Roman Provincial Coinage, , Pense, A. "The Declinc and FalJ of the Volume. VII - De Gordien f ER Roman Denarius," Materials Characteri7-l1tion. Vol. 29, Issue 2, September 1992. pp. 2 13- A Gordien 11/ (238-244 222. I www. lehigh.cdu/-jnarcmetlpapers/ pcnse%2Q I992.pdO Apres f .-C.) s Symposium onAncie/i1 and Medieva/ Part I. Province d'Asie Monetary Technologies and Metrology The Cot1lrihurion of the Atomic (Illil Nu by Marguerite S. Butcher clear Analyses, Bucharest, Romani a, May 400 p for example , an extremely rare hexagram of Anastasius Artemius (EF-, est. 6,000), or a solidus of Constantine VII struck on the occasion of his son's coronation (VF-EF, est. 10,000). Auction Sale 165 Ancient Coins and Multiple Lots Auction sale 165 will offer 1,679 lots estimated at 51 0,000 Euros. The collec· tor will find among them a series of 34 Celti c coins and 405 Greek coins, fea turing a number of interesting fractions estimated much lower than you would suspect having seen the results of the last New York International sales. Then 170 Greek coins under Roman rule fol low. There are some outstanding revers es on offer, for example, a coin from Deultum showing Andromeda chained to the rock and Perseus setting her free (VF· EF, est. 600). Gorny & Masch Auction 165, Lot 1503: Oeultum in Thrace. Philip the Are you interested in Arab, 244·249. Reverse: Perseus setting free Andromeda, who is CHOICE WORLD COINS? chained to the rock. Yurukova, Deul You should be receiving our publications tum 132, No. 445·A/1, pl. 26, 445. Dark green patina. VF-EF. Estimat FOUR AUCTION ed at 600 Euros. CATALOGUES ANNUALLY Afterward, 137 coins of the Roman Republic and 608 imperial coins wil l be Featuring RARE and CHOICE gold and silver coins of sold, among them are some very well the world as well as ancient coinage and world paper preserved pieces of rare emperors and money. A sample catalogue is $30.00 postpaid. An annual empresses. Those who have specialized subscription is also available. The cost is $ 100 within the in Byzantine coins (89 lots) will find a rich selection of rare silver and bronze U.S . and $120 outside the U.S. coins. The famous multiple lots of Gorny Visit our web site at: & Mosch will complete the sale, with 222 large lots offered. www.ponterio.com Auction Sale 166-- Ponterio & Associates, Inc. World Coins, featuring a highly important col lection of medieval Sicily 1818 Robinson Ave. Auction sale 166, offering 1,360 lots 92103 San Diego, CA of world coins estimated at 650,000 Eu· 1-800-854-2888 or 619-299-0400 ros, will start 00 the afternoon of Tues· ~ Fax 619-299-6952 day, March 18th. It will begin with a se· ~ PNG E-mail: [email protected] ries of German coins (506): among them P.N.G. #308 Licensed AuClioll Compal1Y #968 are some special rarities and a collec tion of fractions from Slralsund. This year Richard H. Ponte rio - President there is a focus on medals from the end 38 The Celator of the 19'" and the 20'" century. A collec tion formed over more than five decades will be sold. Sixty-seven Austrian and Hungarian coins follow, with 443 coins of Europe to be offered afterward. The collector wi ll detect among them many rarities, for example, a terrific Polish Re naissance medal of 1527 showing Sigismund I (1506-1548) made by Job ~ars Silver Content Cont. from page 37 Kenneth W. Dorney CLASSICAL NUMISMATIST About the ullt!wr- Pierluigi Debernar SINCE 1988 di was born 45 years ago in Casale Mon ferrato, a small city between Turin and M ilan, Italy. He's happily manied to his wife Carla, and they have two boys. He received his degree in Electronic Engineer ing from Polytechnic of Turin, and since then, he 's worked for one ot" the Institutes of the Italian National Council of Research (CNR), the main Italian public research authority. His field of research is optoelec tronics, with a special focus on semiconduc tor lasers over the last few years, which led 10 the invention of a new kind of laser, pres ently used in high definition computer mice. He has always been fond of numismat ics and Roman history, but he only started This Month's Special: collecting ancient Roman coins five years A selection of 10 C hinese coins from the Han D ynasty in the 2nd Century ago, focusing on the Roman Republican Be to about the Sung Dynasty in the 12th Century. Fully attributed and period. Not satisfied with the technical referenced in 2x2 flips. grades Fine to EF. Generally these will be value I or 2 cash aspects of the hobby as he studied the lit coins. roughly 20mm to 30mm in diameter. Add to this a copy of R.B. White's f'inding erature for this fascinating field, he used U !;t of Chilleu Cfl.~ h , (a very good general atlribution guide). We have many different his scientific background 10 start research coins available, and the photo given is a sample. All for $40 postpaid anywhere in the ing the physical properties of RR sil ver world. coins. His research resulted in the present artiele. Pierluigi can be contacted by email www.coolcoins.com/specials at [email protected]. P.O. Box 493362. Redding. CA 96049-3362 March 2008 39 New York International Numismatic Convention Expands Bourse Area and Auctions for 2009 MILWAUKEE, WI-The 37'" Annual nary. Heritage will hold sessions on Sunday is $10 for a three-day pass. New York Internalional Num ismatic Sunday and Monday, January 4 and 5. In describing the level of commer Convention (NYINC), to be held al The Joining us for the first time will be a cial activity at the recently concluded Waldorf-Astoria Hotel from January 3- joint venture comprised of Germany's 36'" Annual NYI NC, Foley said, ·Our 11, 2009, will offer both an expanded Numismatik l anz and lIaly's Giulio auction companies reported results auclion formal as well as an enlarged Bernardi, S. R.l. Their session will take that were simply astonishingly beyond bourse area, according to Chairman place on Monday, January 4. Gemini, what they felt were entirely realistic pre Kevin Foley. Foley commented thai · A a joint venture of Harlan J. Berk and sale estimates. More than one consign unique feature 01 the NYINC is our Freeman and Sear, will hold their ses or felt as if they had purchased a win mul ti -company auction format, with sion on Tu esday, January 6. Classical ning 10Uery ticket, their re sults went so sessions sponsored by 12 different Nu mismatic Group will continue their strongly higher than their best expecta companies over a period of eight days. Triton auctions with sessions on Tues tions. The NYINC auctions have become We have become the victims of our own day and Wed nesday, January 6 and 7. such special events that they have the success. Our increasingly popular auc A four-way col laboration between Bald drawing power to provide the critica l tions have simply outgrown th e room in win's, M&M Numismatics, Dmitry Mark mass necessary to generate near fren which we've held them since moving ov and Fritz Rudolf Klinker, will spon zied and out of control bidd ing activity." from the World Trade Center in 2002. sor sessions on Wednesday and Thurs Foley added, ~ We had 113 separate Our NYINC auction sessions have be day, January 7 and 8. Ponterio & As commercial entities represented in the come standing room only events. We'll sociates will have the Friday and Sat bourse area at our 2008 event, and 106 be relocating them to larger quarters on urday slots, while the NYINC auctions renewed and paid in full for 2009 prior the fourth floor of The Waldon-Astoria will conclude on Sunday, January 11, to departing from the show. That kind beginning in 2009. This will also give us with a sale by Switzerland's La Gale of renewal success a full year in ad the opportunity to use our previous auc rie Numismatique.· Contact information vance sums up the level of success our tion room as an additional bourse area for all the NYINC auction companies bourse dealers experienced beller than to accommodate at least some of the can be found on the event's website, anything I or anyone else could possi· dealers on our long waiting list.~ www.nyinc.info. bly Ihink of to say. AI least two 01 our Foley continued, "In 2009, our auc "I n all, 12 different companies will bourse dealers laid me that shoving tion offerings will be simply extraordi- bring their numismatic expertise to matches nearly took place at their ta eight days of auctions taking place in bles between customers arguing over as many as 15 sessions. No other nu who had the first opportunity to pur Quality mismatic event anywhere in the world chase particular items. We simply had Classical Coins offers the collecting community as ex an extraordinarily active NYINC: Deal tensive an auction participation oppor ers interested in bourse space at the of tunity as the NYINC," Foley added 2009 NY INC should ca ll Foley at (414) Mediterranean Auction lot viewing gets underway 421-3484. for the 2009 NYINC on Saturday, Jan Discounted room rates of $267 or Civilizations uary 3. The bourse area opens for the $295 will be available at the Waldorf Professional Preview from 2PM-7PM for NYINC attendees, who should call For Collectors In on Thursday, January 8, when non the hotel directly at (212) 355-3000 and booth holders can gain early admission mention rate code "NYW for the spe All Price Ranges for a $100 registration fee. The regular cial rates. public hours will be Friday and Satur More complete details and sched day from 10AM-7PM and Sunday from ule information about the 2009 NYINC 10AM-3PM. Admission Friday through can be found at www.nyinc.info. Generous Consignment Terms E arly European Inquiries Welcomed Islamic & Oriental Bruce Antonelli C oins 315 East 80th Street New York, NY 10021-0673 Visit Us Online At www.vcoins.com/najafcoins www.vcoinS.com/inciinatioroma Or e-mail us at www.najafcoins.com inclinatioroma@vcoins_com 40 The Gelator pit-grave cemeteries dug , into the soft, often volca nic, rock of the region. The burials were typi cally cremations placed in biconical urns with up turned dish l ids . Hut shaped cinerary urns were also popular. The urn buri als were accompanied by many bronze objects such as armor. fibulas, situlas, buckets. and other vessels Who Were the and jewelry. These items were often decorated in Villanovans geometric pallerns of in cised lines. The Iron Age in Italy witnessed During the eighth cen many changes in the local culture of t ury Be. the ViJ1anovan the Bronze Age that preceded iI , par culture was gradual ly re ticularly in the area of Etruria and the placed by the Etruscan Po plain, as well as parts of the south civi lization in which many such as Campania. Villanovan settlements The early Iron Age culture of these simply evolved into areas is called Villanovan in honor of An exampe of a Vil/anovan cinerary urn. Photo Etruscan cities su ch as one of ils main sites outside Bologna. from www.ancientworldS.net/aw/Article/739241 . Tarquinia, Cervcteri and [ t is not a totally new culture, bUI Felsina (Bologna). The Etruscans, al Etruscan artifacts, are nevertheless rather a development of the Umfield though heavily influenced by Greek highly collectable i n their own right tradition of the Late Bronze age, which and Phoenician seafarers and settlers is often called proto-Villanovan and in the sou th of italy, owed a huge cul had close ties with the contemporary Say thoi you read it in tura! debt to the Villanovans from cultures in Central Europe. Villanovan whom they arose . Villanovan obj ec ts, culture was characterized by fortified while nowhere ncar as popular as The Celator settlements built on high ground, and ADBC Announces THE SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY Annual Christopher Founded in 1879 At the forefront of scientific and historical research fo r over one hundred years, the Swiss Connell Award Numismatic Society has established a worldwide reputation by its work with leading scholars. collectors and dealers diffused through its well known Revueand Gazetrejournals FAAMINGHAM, MA-The Associ with articles in four languages, together with numerous monographs and special publica ation of Dedicated Byzantine Collec tions in such series as Typos and the Catalogues of Swiss Coins. tors (ADBC) announces the First The Society itself owes its inception in 1879 to the pioneering spirit of Dr. Charles FranQois Annual Award for Excellence in writ Trachsel, its founder and first president, but the Swiss numismatic tradition goes back to the th ten articles on any topic of the Byz earliest days of coin collecting in the late 15 century when connoisseurs like the Amerbach fami ly of Basel, inspired by Renaissance humanists such as Erasmus of Rotterdam then antine Empire. Published articles in resid ing in the city, established important cabinets. any language may be submitted pro The Society continued from the old century under the guidance of Eugene Demole and Paul vided an English translation accom Siroehlin, while the new was presided over by eminent scholars such as Dietrich Schwarz panies it. This award is given in and Colin Martin. memory of Christopher T. Connell, The Swiss Numismatic Sociely remains today al the service of the international numismatic cofounder of the ADBC and beloved community. dedicated as it is to the furtherance of the knowledge 01 those small bu t invaluable witnesses of art and history, the coins of Greece, Aome, Byzantium, the Orient. devotee of things Byzantine. the middle ages, the modern period and Switzerland itself. Submissions should be sent to the By joining this leading society, you will be able to participate directly in numismatic research Empress, Prue Morgan Fills, P.O. and moreover be eligible to receive the annual Revue and the quarterly Gazette. as well as Box 644, Framingham, MA 01704, by members' discounts on most special publications. no later than November 1"' of each App lications for membership in the Society are welcome from all with an interest in ancient calendar year for review by commit and modern numismatics. tee. Submissions may also be e The membership fee is Sfr 130 per year (including postage) and Sfr 2500 for life membership, mailed to [email protected]. The or a sponsoring membership from Sfr 250 per year. Please make checks payable to the first award will be for the best sub Swiss NumismatiC Society. Please visit our website at: www.numisuisse.org. mission in 2008, and w ill be an nounced at the New York Internation SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY al Numismatic Convention at the an clo Secretary: Pierre-A. Zanchi, Chemin Cure 6 B nual meeting of the ADBC in 2009 CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland Fax: +41 21 728 65 61 and annually thereafter. E-mail: pmzanchi @bluewin.ch March 2008 41 Ages a nd right up un til today. T he use of barte r side-by-side with usc of coinage fu r ther enhanc es freq uent ly asked qu es ti ons ilbout how Recentl y, I was reading the insight much th ings fu l Ph.D. dissertation about the coins cost in an of Herod the Great by Donald T. Ari cient limes. el. a numismatist at the Israel Antiq Even though uities Au thority. a great deal Among other interesting aspects of of trade was coinage during the time of Herod the carried ou t Great, Ariel points out that the princi by direct pal use of coined money-especially barter and the bronze coinages-was to make taxes were payment to workers such as builders often paid in or other contractors. and soldiers. kind , there He correctly points out that small were still transactions in the Roman provinces uni ts of val at th is time were probably mostly un ue set in sil dertaken by barter. For exampl e, tax ver, and a es were orten paid in kind, and there number o f arc Illany other instances of barter in schola rs the anc ien t Holy Land liS wcll as have gath This balance, probably from the Roman period, is the type of throughout the world . This is truc even ered materi scale kept by small merchants to weigh out precious and semi though coins were introduced in the al on th is precious metals when they were used in trade. Similarly, the ancient Holy Land eil rly in the 4'h cen s ub ject, famous steelyard scales were used when the weighing of larger tury BeE and by the time of Herod I, so me o f amounts of commodities was required. Often no scales were bronze eoins hild alreildy been manu which I wil l needed and just "eyeballing" Ihe goods was enough to com factured locall y for more than 100 ycnfs. revicw here. plele a small transaction. Readers should not misunderst:llld thi s In gener- concept. I am not suggesting that coi ns al, as Raz Kletter notes, "the 'price' it a maximum price, since the laws in were never used to pay taxes or in mi of a product WHS sct in relation to a volved fines? Or an 'average' price? nor transactions. But this was probably particular metal. Kin gs often took Economi c documents warn us that such the exception rather than the rulc. great pains to set prices. In the Hittite set-prices were not always kept. .. " Fu rthermore, barter as a form of laws, the price of a bull for plough was We see a number of instances payment cont inues ri ght up unt il to set at 12 si 1vc r shekels. a eow at fi ve where meta ls. or their equivalents in day, and was certa inly (; omrnon earl y silver shekels, whi le a cal f was priced commodities, were used, such as in in U.S. history not to mention in the at only three shekels. The exact nature ancient Egypt where, accord ing to rest of the world through the Middle of such prices is not always clear: Was Lassen, "we know from ostraca from the workmen's town of Dei r el Medi na that a worker's monthly salary was ffiH. D. RAUCH GmbH Vienna 5- 1/2 sac ks of cereal, equiva lent to II debens of copper. A goat was cq uiva RAUCH Numismatist and Auctioneer since 1969 lent to 1-3 debens, a donkey to 25-30 For Ancient & World Coins debens, a pair of sandals to 112 to 3 Historical Meda ls dcbens and so on. In another text of the New Kingdom from the 15,b year Next Auction: No. 82, April 25-26, 2008 of Ramses II. we hear of a woman who paid 10 debens of copper ingots for a A ll (lIIctioliS IIOW /elllllres live, slave girl whose price WilS 4 debens real-time, bidding on tire Internet of copper and I qedet of silver. As sil Please contact us: 01143153333 12 ver was more valuable than copper, she had. in addition, to give vari ous E-mail: rallch@ hdrauch.com othcr things. such as cl othes. blunkets, Visit our shop: www,hdrauch.coIU honcy, bronze vessels, etc." Write to: A-I 010 Wien, Graben 15 (Europe) There are few texts that ac tuall y quote the pri(;es paid for specific goods 42 The Celator during the second millennium BCE, Stieglitz says that "Of the many hun dreds of economic texts from Ugarit, written in bothAkkadiilll and Ugaritic, this group numbers less than four dozen." Stiegl itz lists the following among the known examples: - Sheep were priced from about 2/3 shekel to one shekel of silver per head. - The price of a mare was 35 shek els of silver. - The price of a donkey is quoted as two talents of copper "since we know from other texts that a talent of copper was worth 15 shekels of si lver, the price of a donkey- equivalent to 30 shekels of si lver- was thcrefore only slightly less than that of a mare"). Actively Selling - Slaves or servants were consid Quality Ancient Coins ered, in commercial terms, almost as As a le ading dealer. and livestock ... one text records the pur specialist s in Biblical coinage, chase of a slave for 10 shekels of si 1- it is our pleasure to help ver, the same as "the price of a young assemble bull. It seems safe to assume that the price of slaves varied greatl y, accord ing to age. health and special skills. We may compare this Ugaritic price to the price of 20 (shekels) of si lver, which INS, AINA was obtained for Joseph by his broth 101003 11210 ers, when they sold him to the Ishmael ite, or Midianite merchants (Genesis : zuzimjudaea@att,net 37:28). Exodus 21 :32 specifies that ifan ox gores a slave. male or female, the owner shall pay to thei r master 30 shek els of sil vcr, and the ox shall be stoned. Now Available! The penalty, then, was evidently higher than the average price of a slave." - A juniper log cost one shekel. - 12 amphora of wine for 440 lot Kosher shekels of silver, thus each amphora cost 36-2/3 shekels of silver. (This was Foraerles of Ancient apparently a special, imported wine.) - Copper was priced at 15 shekels Jewish and Biblical Coins of silver per talent. - The price of gold is provided by Dayid Hendin several transactions ... the relative val ue of gold to silver was 1:4, although Author of Guide to Biblical Coins, the bestselling other ratios were mentioned; apparent reference book of all time for this series, documents with photo ly these other ratios were for gold of graphs more than 550 common and uncommon forgeries of more lower purity. than 125 types, from collections around the world. - Woven wool cost fi ve shekels per talent, 224 pages, 7 x 9 inch hardcover with dust jacket - A Tyrian robe with purple-dyed $50.00 piUS $3.00 shipping. Order your signed copy wool was priced at two shekels of silver. directly from the publisher or your favorite dealer, - A scarlel garment cost 18 shek els. Such garments were highly prized at Ugarit, as they were in lsrael some AMPHORA.~.JI\' three centuries later (sec I Samuel 1:24). ~ p.o. Sox 80S Y \ - A terracotta oil lamp was worth "L '" NY', k. NY 10960 ~. ~, 1140 shekel of silver. :-..I:::J • ~ 845·]58-7364 q, ' ~ ... [email protected] • ", •. Dandamayev expanded on some of ~ the more numerous Babylonian refer ences on wages and prices for the sixth www.amphoracoins.com to fifth centuries BCE; and I list sev http://www.vcoins.com/amphoracoins eral here: continued on page 46. .. March 2008 43 and coi n design, and then, logically, a chapter on "Coinage as a means of Com Money & Sovereignty municalion." which nows from ancient Greece through to the Un ited States. • There is al so a chapter on ""The Futu re of Money," whi ch to us, should have been left out in the final edit. Then the book gets down to the good stuff, 27 chapters on select gold coin s from history and all around the world. The chapters start with the staters of Lydia and end wi th a 5-franc panern from the Republic of Congo produced GoodNews in 1961 . Each includes a 1-2 page intro duction and a large. full color, image of JUSllhis past January, we wrote a col the selected coin. umn about eBooks and cBook Readers. O ur personal fa vorites were th e Allhe lime we mentioned thatlittlc was Visigothi c tremi ssis of Winiza (698- ava il able for ancient coin collecto rs and, 710 AD) for its minimalist design, and seemingly, no thing likely in the ncar fu the augusta Ie of the Holy Roman Em lUre. We arc happy to report that they peror Frede rick II ( 11 97 - 1250 AD), arc out there, not many as yet and not with its restoration of Roman design Security Warning: easy to find. but there arc it few. It is a and inscriptions. Adobe has re leased a number of slart, and to celebrate we have our fi rst We do have twO minor quibbles: a patches to their popul ar Reader softw;lrc cBook review. bibliography would have been appropri that ;lre designed to eliminate several Please note that this review repre ate and it would have been nice to know vul nerabilities Ihal could make your sents the opinions orlhe au thors and not where the illustrated coins can be fou nd. computer open to attack. The vulnera necessarily that of our beloved editor. We suspect they may be part of the ANA bilities arc associated with a nurry of Museum. but cannot be certain. ev ill y crafted PDF files rcleused by M Olley & Sovereignty as /;,):fJl'e .l' ~·ed ill Fi nally, at 79 pages, this eBook hac kers, bot-nets and really bud people Gold Coinage cou ld properl y be culled an eBooklet, sta rting las t November and continuing By Douglas A. Mudd & Michael Fag in but it is obviously u labor of love by through thi s year. Pu blished: 2008 by Cultural Chess* the authors and can be appreciated for Be sure that you update your Reader Format: Adobe PDF its wide-rangi ng selection of coins and software before opening and viewing Pages: 79 (5 .90 Mbyte) lovely images. any PDF. either from the web or email. 11Ius tr:llionsllmages: 4 1 (black and Just for grins, we did search the As we write this, the latest version is whi le and color) lybrary.com we b site fo r other num is 8.1.2 and most li kely will be supersed A vailable for $ 19.95 V iii downloHd at: matic books iUld found just one. That ed by other patches by the time you re:ld htt p://www.lybrary.comlmoney-sovcr was Coins alld Power ill Llite 1m" Age this. To get the latest version, simply go eignt y-expressed- gold-coin age- p- Britain by John Creighton. However, a 10 http://www.adobe.com/and click on 78 1.htrnl review of this book will have to wait for the "Gct Adobe Reader" bullon. another lime. That's all for this month. We arc off This cBook starts with a bri ef intro We are sure lh:lt th is is just the be to search for olher numismatic eBooks duction, followed by a chapter on the ginning of the numismati c cBook saga. that are hiding on the web,just waiting ·'Origins of Money" (wi th sub-chapters and morc (hopefully many more) will to be found. on Greek, Chinese and Indian tradi hc available in the futu re as people and tions). One tidbit to note from th is chap vendors become accustomed to the elec Princeton Cont. from page 4 ter is the relationshi p between seal-mak tronic distribution of books. Heck, we ing (which pre-dalescoins by mi llennia) may even save a few trees along the way. Princeton's Curator 01 Numismatics , Alan Stahl, is quite excited by the schol arly potential olthe new collection. "This makes Princeton an unrivaled resource for the study of a coinage about which there are many unanswered questions, ~ he noted. He added, "One of the former post-doctoral Fellows of the Program in Hellenic Studies is planning a return to Learn All Abou t Collecting Ancient Coins Princeton from Oxford specifically to study this new material, and a fi rst-year graduate student in History is going to compare the punches used on the vari www.ancientcoinmarket.com ous im itation ducats to see if she can connect those of a known origin to those New Articles Monthly s til l unatt ribu ted." 44 The Gelato( this same period, may be added to the list er in the Satrapal period; Issues that are of unusual variations on this theme. The -related iconographically were struck at obverse of this coin depicts an eagle stand the four mints of Tarsos, Mallos, Soli ing on the head of a bolU. The boar is a and Issos--often with a fifth vluian t bear familiar symbol of that city, being sym ing no mint symbol. The ty pes with eagle bolic of the city founder's lineage. Am standing on stag, lion and plow are typi philochos was an Argive, and several coins cally described as "Uncertain Cilicia," from the Roman period, in particular, de since they bear no epigraphy nor mint pict the founder and an accompanying marks. The bronze coin of Mallos with boar. Because of this supposed connection, eagle on boar's head does bear the city eth Alexander the Great remitt ed the taxes of nic, locking in Ihat particular issue at least. Mallos following his conquest of Cilicia. One might expect one day to see an obol Alexander, claiming to be descended from of this type to fit into the logical series. A New Coin of Mallos Herakles, was thereby an Argive himself. The re lationship between these mints is still poorly understood, but we see The coinage of Mallos in Cilicia, The considerable variety of these about which we have written several ty pes might lead one 10 the conclusion increasing evidence that the monetary that they arc from geographically dis policies in Cilicia during its long period times in the past. is interesting histori persed mints within a central sphere of under Achaemenid suzerainty were con cally and iconographically due to the infl uence or authority. That would, in sistent and relatively standardized, even convergence of Pers i an, Greek and fact, be consistent with what we lind lat- though the mint cities seem to have re eventually Roman in llucnces. Through tained considerable autonomy. That gen out the coinage ofCilicia in general, we eral relationship seems to have extend see many parallels to coin types that ed at least through the governorship of originated in Sicily or Magna Graecia. Balakros, who served as Satrap under Al For example, in the late 5'" and early 4'" exander the Great. Under Seleukid rule, centuries Be the city of Kroton in Brut- the production of coinage in Cil icia was sporadic and fewer mints operated. Uncertain Cilicia, 4th cent, BC (x2) Unfortunately, the history of Cilicia is not recorded to any great extent, and AR obol / . photo) much of what we know about the region is based on archaeological or numismat~ ic evidence. It was clearly an important staging ground for Persian enterprises Kroton, Bruttillm, 420-400 Be to the west, and many military campaigns AR staler (Pegasi photo) were launched from this region. That, of course, meant coinage both for local use and for troop payments. Today, the region lium issued silver and bronze coins bear U1Icertain Cilicia, 4th cellt, BC (x2) that would have been the site of ancient ing the unusual motif of an eag le Mallos in Alexander's time is buried deep perched on the head of a stag. Eagles AR ohol / li01l (Klillker photo) beneath alluvial deposits at the mouth of are often depicted standing over their the Pyramos (modem (eyhan) ncar the prey, but the meaning behind this motif modem Turkish village of Kamtash. would almost certainly have to be allegor As archaeological surveying meth ical or a narrative depiction of some myth ods impmve, we might someday see the ological talc. Wc find this same motif on advent of a serious excavation of the si te, silver fractions of Cilicia that are general which would surely add to our meager ly attributed to the mint at Tarsos. Other knowledge and perhaps reveal coins of fractions of a similar nature bear an eagle Ullcertaill Cilicia, 4th cellt. Be (x2) considerable interest to both public and standing on a lion oron a plow (some call AR obol / plow (Kiinker photo) private scholars. it a harpa). A stone rel ieffound in western or "Rough" Cilicia depicts an eagle stand ing on an ox's head. A sil ver stater of Mal Roman Republic. Anonymo us. Ca. los bears the vel)' unusual image of an 225-212 B.C. AR didrachm (24 mIll, eagle standing on the back of a swan. 6.64 g). Laureate head of Janus I Ju An unpublished bronze coin from piter in quadriga driven by Victory MaJlos, that would seem to derive from right. holding thunderbolt and sceplre. Crawford 28/3; Sydenham 64a: RSC 23. Toned VE $1500 Call or Email about consigning UI/certain CUicia, 4th cellt. BC your coins JE-15mm I boar (Kovacs photo) March 2008 45 Cristiano Bierrenbach Joins Heritage Hendin Cont. from page 43 Auction Galleries in Dallas - In 55 1, a woman worked as a wet nurse for one shekel of silver per month. DALLAS , TX-Well-known l atin Bierrenbach has been a success - In 498, another young woman American numismatist Crist iano ful Brazilian numismatic dealer for a was empl oyed fo r two years for 12 Bierrenbach has joined Heritage Auc decade, and helped to strengthen Bra shekels per year. tion Galleries as Director 01 Interna zilian numismatics through his work as - In 552, a boy was hi red by a tional Sales, to further Heritage's lead Technical Director in the Brazilian Nu woman for four shekels per year. ership position in World Coins. ~ There mismatic Society, and as th e founder - In 56 1. a youth was to serve his are outstanding opportunities in the and coordinator 01 the Latin American employer for one month for half a shekel. World Coin market today for collectors Numismatic Convention, the region's - In 574, an adu lt worker received and investors alike,M enthused largest coin show, Born in Rio de I shekel per momh, 8ierrenbach. Initially, he wit! work with Janeiro, Cristiano has strong ties to th e - In the period of the Chaldean Warren Tu cker, Director of World Coin U.S., having attended Bucknell Univer dynasty, an adult slave cost an aver Auctions, creating the Ancienl and sity in Pennsylvania. age of 50 to 60 shekels per year. Under World coi n catalogs for Long Beach and "I am quite excited about joining the Achaemenids, the prices for slaves New York, as well as marketing Heri· Heritage," concluded Bierrenbach. gradually rose to about 1-1 12 limes com tage in foreign markets." Warren has 40 "One of the many great aspects about pared with their previous levels. years of experience in the World Coin working for Heritage is that I can see Finally, we note that in anc ient markel, and I look forward to learning numis matic rarities first hand every times . as today, inflation and laws of from him." day-the material that we come across supply and demand in variably moved every day is simply incredible. A col prices for comparable commodit ies at league walked into my offi ce today and different times. Similarly, as Pulak has handed me an 1804 Dollar! I also look observed, "In antiquity, as in recent forward to attending more coin shows times, market forces as well as politi in the U.S. , and eventually enlarging cal circumstances could have caused. Heritage's presence in Asia and latin over time. fl uctuations in the value of America. Heritage is the most recog certain mass standards." nized numismatic brand in the world (For notes 011 the specific referenc today, and I wanl ilia be even more e.f, please .~ee pages 6/-63 ill my book important internationally." Ancient Scale WcighlS,from which this For more information, please email ar/ide is adapted.) Bierrenbach at [email protected]. Write to Heritage Auction Galleries, 3500 Copyright © 2008 by David Hendin Maple Ave., 17th Floor, Dallas, TX 75219, or phone 800-872-6467. For more information about Heritage's auc Do it the Easy Way - tions, and a complete record of prices realized , along with fUll -colo r, RENEW ONLINE! enlargeable photos of each lot, please at www.vcoins.coml visit www.HA.com. celator Cristiano Bierrenbach A ~Il l Y ~ ~RI[~ 0, WS · COMMUMICATlO~S CAU~~ JUllU~ CA~ ~ AR TO MAK~ A ,ATAL ,RROR IW JUDa~M~WT . ROMA 44 B.C. 46 The Celator Professional Directory ( Antiquities & Coins) (Antiquities & Coins) ( Antiquities & Coins ) HD ENTERPRISES fQAGt\tIlTS Of Tit\t ~ Antiquitics ~ Indinn Anifacts & Pottcry MUSEUM·QUALITY ANCIENT ART Tl('EJlS'U'R..'ES ~ Prc-Columbian Anifacts Specializing in Greek, Roman, ~ Ancicnt Coins ... and more! Egyptian and Etruscan ~ l3 uy- Sel1- Tradc-Consign Antiquities Alln: Hank Johnson /Vi P.O. Box 22082CL, Denver, CO 80222 P.O. Box 376 The Time l'h: 303-695-1301 Medfield, MA 02052-0376 Online Catalog: www.DQ!::-ill&&QW Machine Co. E-mail : maj@ ix nel&om.&Q!U Tel : (508) 359 . 0090 cl3ay Seller Name: hd cntCl]Jriscs E-mail: [email protected] Fine Archaeological Art and Coins Contact us for our complimentary catalogue of fine antiquities P.O. Box 282 - Flushing Sta. Harlan J. Berk, Ltd. Visit us on the Internet al: Queens, NY 11367 (718) 544·2708 Chicago's Full Seruice Dealer hHp:llwww.antiquities.net Since 1964 - Our 44 th Year O riginator of the I I ' \ k, ! • Buy or Bid Sales , - Nl \ ,1 "\', \ I... Approx. $1 ,!XXl,OOO ,oo of Coins & Antiquities In Every Sale • Greek • Biblical 3 1 North Clark Street • Raman • Jlldllcm, Chicago, Ulinois 60602 • B),::allfinc • Allliqllilies PH (3 12) 609-0018 Fa:< (312) 609-1309 ComfKlII)' IIi!b Site: E-Mail: [email protected] www.hcrakles-inc.com .. www.harl anjberk.co~..t- VCoins $lore: J r:!I G Www.vcoins.co mJhcrakles l'~rry' Si!'gel 1'0 /J", 4806/1 Ch",'/oll". 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March 2008 47 Professional Directory C~_-,B"o",o",ks:..:&",--,C",o",in",s,----~) C~ ____~C~oi~n~s ____~) (~ __~C~o~in~s _____) qOOD LIBRARIES ON ANCIENT COINS Brian Kritt RUb~IK NUMISM ATI CS Dealer in Ancient & Medieval Coins Specializillg ill Allcielll WANTED AH(IENTGREEIC 60 ROMAN Greek, ROllu/II &: Jlldaic Coins BYZANTINE We actively PUrch.15( desirable numis EARLY RUSSIAN malic books, catalogues and ~riodica[ s MEDIEVAL BALKAN in all fields, and also conduct freq uent auctions. Send $1 0.00 for our next cata P.O.R, 69SS. SanJ_. CA 9i IS0.6"S. liSA logue or visit our web sile to find books c-rnaU, rudnik@rudnik. ro rn for sale listed, and upcoming auctions. ,,_. ru~nik ,ro '" qEORqE FREDERICK KOLBE P.O. Box 558 Fine Numismatic Books Burtonsvilie, MD 20866 P. O. Drawer 3100. CrnlJinc, CA 9fl25 Ttl: 19091 338-6527 • Fax: 19(9) 338-0980 (301) 236-()256· fax (301) 989-1796 email: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] web site: www.numislit.com :!Imm.rill'8flM"illillm-G!JillilllM"illr!Jm-~~:!I DAVID R. SEAR ~ CHOICE ~ can supply autogruphed copi cs ~ ANCIENT COINS ~ of all his publ icatio ns induding the latest title ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES, VOL 11/ Fred B. Shore Spt'Cial dedication inscriptions on request The perfect gi ft ror yourself or the Class;cal Numismatics collector in your life. A/lciem Greek. Rommr allli ORDERS MAY BE PLACED Roman Emnire P(m/rimr coins of Ihe highesl quality houghl and sold on my website: www.dilvidrscar.com D""-1.< ;",,, lM·.IO'i ,\0, AU A",,", ( ~ . lJ LugJ,,,,,,m. "8~ I.,,, •. 0,. B">1 R ~ I '" View, AJ" R w;,I, T,ophy & Sp ISLAMIC & INDIAN CoINS OF Glenn Schinke GREATBRlTAlN, COINS Numismatist From the earliest times GREECEANVRoME Look/or us al: to the present day r cb. 29_March 2-Baltimorc Coin & C~rn: n · S/U)£LTED FOR Q UAU1Y & VA/_UI~ cy Co,wcntion, Convention Cenler M:Ir<:h 7_9_ANA Nar;OJw l Money Show. Clln"cnlion Ccnr cr. Phoenix. AZ Man:h 28-30-Bay Stale COil1 Show. Il. ad is- son HOlel. Boston, M A ApriI4-6-I>acinc NW Numismalic Associa- ,ion Shuw. Tukwila. \VA (Scanle) April IO_13_Sama Clara Coin. SlamI' .l Price lists isslled reglllarly, Collec ! ihle~ E~po. Santa Clara. CA ApnI2S-27- Chicago In'l'rnmional Coin fair. aooi/abl(' llpoll req!ll?st Crowne PlalAl Chicago O'Hare. 5440 No . Ri ~cr Road. Ru~mont, IL • CJJaV~:J§ ~:!'~ STEPHEN ALBUM P.O. BOX 7386 P.O. Box 3371 Cold Spring. ill i\' .)\')320 SANTA ROSA, CA. 95407 U.sA \';$;r Illlr Roscmcad, CA 91770 \\'d;sitc.l phone: 707·539-2120 \\ ' \\ ' \\ ' _d : Lssi<;'-1 )in ~ .,-')nl (626) 446-6775 fax: 707·539-3348 Fax (626) 446-8536 48 The Celator P rofessiona l Directory ( Coins ) ( Coins ) ( Coins ) Ancient & World Coins S p ecia lis t in SPARTAN PONTERIO A ncie nt Coins Roman, G~k and Large 'l1mlcrs, NUHrSHATrCS & ASSOCIATES, INC. 1486-1800, In Exceptional Quality PO Box 19 a/so stock World Millo I' Coins. Furlong, PA 18925 1818 Robinson Ave. Medals, Crowns, ArrijaC(s, San Diego, CA 92103 Books and Coil! cases (215) 343·9606 Our inventory is amon!: Free Illustrated Catalog (619) 299·0400 the fin s;,st in America (800) 854.2888 Occasional Lists Ava il abl e Attractive, Low Pric ed Fax (6 19) 299·6952 JAMES E. BEACH Ancients E-mail: COillS @polller io.coIII Numiscell aneous Medieval PNG #308 P_O _ 1:10)( 113, Owosso, MJ 48867 Antiquities ~P 'NG ANA·LM (989) 634-5415 • FAX (989) 634·9014 --- [email protected])nl "No Olle Sells Better for Less" CALGARY COIN GALLERY Classical Cash ANCIENT & MEDI E VA I ~ CO INS Always Buying!!! lilt ancient coins 1tllIIk1. , ..., ••• , ••:1 5() cociting and such good ",luc:? Chris Rudd catalogue - II a y~ar, an GREEK - ROMAN - BYZANTINE Visit our web-site at :".""''''''',' "ilh anicles - and )ull'lI soon BRITISH . EU ROPEAN - ISI..A MIC lisl Ihal lists only (dne. Chris CHINESE - PARTHIAN - SASSANIAN www.oldromancoins.com PO!lox . A~' l sham, Norfolk GB - NRII 6lY. JUDAEAN - INDIAN & M UCH 1- 10RE ,d (+44) 1263 735 007 (,\ S WELl. AS TIlE MO IJ~: II. N WOII.I.II I (4 13) 519-5148 fax (44) 1263 731 777 YOUR COIN SHOP 210 Maple Street wcbwww.celticcoins.com ON THE INTERNET Springfield, MA 011 05 www.vcoins.com/calgarycoin www.cl.l lgllrycoin.com E·mail : e-mail : cakoins@cil lgarycoin.com [email protected] THE LARGEST SElECTION Of + QIV1Tti,8 + Coins CI:::RnFIID Goll) (OINS OF THE WORlD GA LLER 1 ES Sefid for our CfftTent price list of NGCIICGI NUMISMAOCSd PlllunLY PeGS third-party certified & groikd aI/de", 6• • • & world gold coins or "isit our ...·e bsue: Buying and Selling l't:oi'lS.comillilus www.stcinbcrgs.com Ancient. Medieval and All . BudJy World Coins Show. Grapevinc. Collectlo .. Wanted Club Show. "We c'aler to all (,Q lJec tor.~· , , May Numismatic Associnlion. begillll er thro llgh ud"unced" Fori Worth. TX May B -24- San Franci,,'o HiSlorical Boursc. www.civitasgalleries.com GolJcn Gateway Holiday Inn. San Frunci.,co STEINBERG'S, INC. N"mj,,,,,,rirCoid SI'« •• I;,t, 5,.,.. 19_';(1 6800 University Ave Servil/g Tex f/!; fllll-time since 1995 P.O. nox 12483 1"0. Bax 5665 Dt.'J'I. TC, Cary, NC27S12-S665 Middleton, WI 53562 Austin, TX 78711 ·2483 f ....., Td "91~5S44 ' Fax:919-36J.-0555 ~ E-mail: info@;teinbergsmm Tel: 608.836. 1777 Fax: 608.836.9002 I I ; March 2008 49 Professional Directory ( Coins ) ( Coins ) ( Coins ) Fixed price offerings and I ) R I Cf~ LIST OF ANCIENT COINS \\~ offfr frt'quem Ancienl BOrg1li11 Pricl' USI.! on 8 1ine auctions of ....hirh n>llrailllll1;U ulec/;on "tlile/Qllowing: exceptional ancient coins Ancienl Greek Coins (sil'>:' & bronze) O".. Roman mp<".'C"~Egy",ian Coins Jooacan &. Bibli<:aJ CQiIL< e Visit Co;", of the Roman Procurators ' ~ www.Paul-Rynearson.com Coins of rhe Twelve Caesars . ~oman Republic Coins · Rom3Jl Imperial Coi ns Byt.llntine Imperial Coins ' Early ('(lins of Numismatic Dealer Enl:l~nd. Swtland. & Ireland ' Angill-Galiic since 1967 Wrile /or you, free copy oj our /0/1'.1'1 BarRllili I'ri,e Ust of AIlci... "r CO; I1.~ l)eolUJ in Alicient CO;II,' since f965 M & R COINS 11405 S. Harlem A\'c. Worlh, 11..,60482-2003 (708) 671-0806 or (708) 430-1445 • Fa~ (708) 636-4247 Jonathan K. Kern Co. Ilachclor or Arb, Numismatics Ancient, Medieval, Early Americ:.n ~~ ; "naH'" Specialists in NUMI$I\'IAT IK Ancient, Medieval LANZ and World Coins MONCI-IEN Dr. Hubert Lanz Luilpoldblock. Maximiliansplat7. 10 P.O. Box 2210 D·80333 MUnc hen , Germany North Bend, WA 441 S. Ashland Tel. (49) (89) 29 9{I70 ~...... 98045 Lexingtoll, KY 40502 F~x. (49) (89) 22 07 62 ! . (859) 269·1614 • www.lanz.com \ ...... Tel. (425) 831-8789 Email: [email protected] You can view OUT complete catalogs [email protected] www .. IKernCoins.com online for FREE. Warden \'()f k C 0 ins. c () m I Numismatics, LLC Rom a n Ancient Briti s h E nglish, Scotti s h Specialists 011 Coinages of & Iri s h Hamm e r ed Greece. Rome, the Near East, Central Asia & India ",ail 1'.I>I .B.1087 7211 A"'Slin Sl r~el Early Foresl Hills New York 1 n 7S-5354 pWJH"(7IS) 544 0120 f.:rx:(7IS) 544 0120 Islamic & Oriental ,..,,,ail :u1tonr@)"ori 50 The Gelator Professional Directory ( Coins ) ( Coins ) ( Coins ) Visiting: San Francisco? AMPHORA The Silicon Valley? Jewish· Biblical Stanford University? N TREASURE Greek· Roman Coins · Weights Visit... ISLAND Classical l1llwiSlllati.o;/s servillS beginners ,IITII ac/I"a"ced colleclors Antiquities · Jewelry We carry a large inventory of Ancients as well as the largest Free Illustrated Catalogs Free illllstrated list Philatelic stock in the Bay Area. avai/able IIpon request Classical Greek, Roman , TREASURE ISLAND Byzantine, and Medieval " We wrote the book 3703 EI Camino Real Coins, Books & Antiquities on Biblical coins!" Palo Alto, CA 94306 P.O. Box 131040 (650) 855-9905 AMPHORAe~' Ann Arbor, MI48113 1:j. P.O.8o>c IKlS rt\ email: [email protected] Phone: (734) 995-5743 ;8 www.ticoins.com Fax: (734) 995-3410 ~~Eoom !<.~~ ANCIENT RARE COINS IMPORTS Specializing in the Coinage of ludaea WWW.ANCIENTIM PO RTS.COM CELTI C. ROMAN, EAITERN. * Ancient BIBLI CAL, GREEK, BVZANTINE + * Medieval ~ SPECIA LI ZING IN CE lTlCCOI NS * Modern ~ Siamak Ahghari O f ANCIENT GAUL Numismatist William M. Rosenblum. llC P.O. Bo."( 785 CoiJ ~~ of C,.rrk, HOWl/! , Linleton, CO 80160-0785 Sdl' urid, BYZG1lliIU, elc. MARC iiR E IITSPRECI~ ER Phone: (720) 981-0785 or (303) 910-8245 Sj!ecilllhi'lg in E(ls/el"'II Cnhwgtl PO BOX 593 Fax: (720)981-5345 P.o. Eklx 9667. San Jose. CA 95 157 GRAND MARA IS, MN 55604 E-mail: BiI1 @Roscnblumcoins.com tel: 408.SYO.48 JS fall: 408.867.0950 MARC@ANCIE NTIMPORTS.(OM www.rosenblumcoins.com email: [email protected] Kenneth W. Dorney )lrtemide )lste s. r. [ Noll' online (1/ 1I'1i'1I'. vcoins.colI/ Three to four auctiotls per year. i/CluMical jiulltislltatigt Write us fo r FREE catalogue! Greek. Roman and Medieval Coins Papal Coins and Medals Italian and World Coins Numismatic books ~ • Catalogues Issued I\lonthly • Pl ease writ e for free sample Artemid~e Aste s.r.!. Via A. Giang; 4 - 47891 Dogana Wapne i/C . iJbillips On the Web S ince 1995; REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO Post Office Box 4096 www.coolcoios.com tel: + 378 908845 fax : +378 972142 Diamond Bar. CA 91765-0096 P.O. Box 493362 e-mail: [email protected] PhoneIFax: (909) 629~0757 Redding, CA 96049·3362 www.artemideaste.com (530) 222·8207 Visit our website for ou r internet sa le! Serving Ih e Collector Since 1959 March 2008 51 Professional Directory C__ ~C~OI~'n ~s ~&~B~o~o~ks~_) C_____ ~C~oi~n~s ______) ( Coins ) Ancient Coins, Jean ELSEN Antiquities, Literature & ses Fils s .a . & Related Collectibles! Bought, Sold and Auctioned! o,,~ "frh~ Ohlnr f ";rm. i~ lire U,S. ,Iwli"~ iM A","IMI em".! I~"""'r_ A>M ... "',.... of P",..w-oI N....u-.',,., • ...._'w-u1970. A ll ofour 111('11011 Q tlllo!:\ID, prica ruliud ~ nd ull!!O:!!!!lhl~ ~lI!:li!!ll iDf2!:mlltion jI.'-ailabk (orfr« On_! jne! CELTI C, GREEK. ROMA N and HAMMERED COI NS Malter & Co. Inc. WWW.ELSEN.EU 17003 Ve nturll BI .'d .. Ste. 205. boughl & sold .. Encino, CA 91316 P.O. Bo'"( 32. Hockwoh.l. Celtic, Greek. Ro man, 6. I' h. (SIS) 7114-7772 Bmndon. U.K. IP26 4HX Byzantin c & ,\ Iedie,·al coin s. , Fax (8 18) 784-472(; Tcllfax: + 44 (0) 1842 828292 t\\"enuc de Tcrvuercn, 65 "'7 TOLL FREE (8!l8) 7114-2 131 email: mike. voslX!r@vosper4l.."Oins.oo. uk 8 - 1040 Brus.els E_mail: [email protected] website: hllp://www.\usp!.."T4coins.co.uk www.maltergalleries.colll Tel. .l2.2.734.63.561'u 32.2.735.77.78 'Jv(&Jv{ R 52 The Gelato, Professional Directory ( Coius & Shows ) ( Clubs & Societies ) ( Numismatic Services ) WEISS WIN COllECTABLE SALES Women In ANCIENT-MEDIEVAl-EARLY FOREIGN Numis DUALITY COINS FOR EVERY BUDGET ,j\lItD WiNDsj, VISIT OUR TABLE AT THESE SHOWS. matics -;; WWW. W l lOW I IIOS . C O M ~1 WIN is a non Ma rch 21-23-Northern Utah Coin Sholl'. March 2008 53 Club & Society Directory Ancient Coin Club Twin Cities Orange Count~ of Chicago Ancient Coin Club Meets the 4" Thursday of the month OCACC at 7:30pm at Immanuel Lutheran Church, 104 Snelling Ave., one block Ancient Coin Club south of Grand Ave. in St. Paul, MN. The OCACC n>«ts on t ~ 4th Suoday oftbe mmlh For more information, please contact from 1:30-4:}I)P).1 01 the Fountain Volk:y Public Library. The library i, located.t 176l~ loc Abmot the Club Secretary, John L. Haer, at Sum in FountliJo Volley. PkaK ,"""laCt Bn:n TclfOfd flavius @char1er.net orvisittheclub's It (9019) 461 ·11'.17 or It [email protected] for website at http://tinyu r1 .comlw5wkn. details on futun:: moxhnp. www.mcalcoi .... tomIOCACC.htm D.A.W.N. :7Indenl X umismal/c Denver Area World c50c,idyofWas/,;nylon, 7)C Numi smatists Usually meets the 3nl SlIDday of each Meels the 1" Friday of each month at 7PM at Calvary Chapel located month at 2:00pm. Please join us for our at 9052 W. Ken Caryl Ave near So. programs and discussions of ancien! nu Ancie nt Coin Club Garrison Street in littleton, Colo mismatics and histOty. For more infor rado. For collectors 01A ncient, Me mation. please contact First Consul Mike ofLos Ang eles dieval and World coins. All are wel Mcha lick at 301-552-2214, VGVSTI@comcru;t.nctorvisit nd QQIIl.eLCall Bill Rosenblum at 720- GENIOA Meets the 2 Sunday of the 981-0785 for fu rther informati on. http://answ.ancients.info. mon th at lpm a t the Town Hall in the Ba lboa Mission Shopping Center in Gran VANCOUVER ANCIENT ada Hill s, CA. For more in COIN CLUB formation, please visit The Vancouver, BCAncient Coin http: // www.accla.org. Club usually meets the third Sun day of~ch month from 2-4 pm at the McG ill Branch of Ihe Burnaby Library. 4595 Alben San francisco Ancient Strect. Burn aby, ncar Wi!li ngdon and Hast ings. For Numismatic Society more information. contact Paul Meets the 2nd Saturday of each 604·3 14-4976 or emai l month at 2: \Spm at Fort Ma son, San Francisco. Guests arc welcome. For further info nna Classical Numismatic AssociMiot1 of Dct>icMct> lion, please contact the club at Society of the D\jz .... t1tit1C Collcctors SF [email protected]. Delaware Valley Mcets Saturday Noon at major events: Meets the 2nd Saturday of each Janua ry NYINe. Spring CSNS, Sum Iller ANA, with guest speaker and monlh al I :OOpm at Camden PAN - The Pacific mUlua] display of treasures. Annulll County Li brary, 15 MacArth ur dllcs are S 10. Contact the Empress at Ancient Numismatists Blvd., Westmont , NJ 081 08. For thalassa@aoLcom. Dues to ADB C, Meets the 2nd Sunday informati on, pl ease call Dick P.O. Box 585, Okemos, MI 48805- of the month at 1:OOpm Shul tz at (856) 667-0346. 0585; (517) 349-0799. ~ J:\ al the Bellevue Public .'l d Library in Bellevue, ~J\I WA. For further infor Way ne G. Sayles. mation write to PAN at Ancient Coin Executive Director P.O . Box 1384, Langley, WA 41 7-679-2 142 98260. www.pnna.org/pan Collectors Guild ht tp:lAw.'w.accg.us P.o. Box 911 Dues are $35 pef year. please Join a Club & Enjoy Gainesville, MO 65655 se nd to AC CG . P.O. Box 91 J. Your Hobby Even More! Gainesv ill e. MO 65655 54 The Celato( INDEX OF DISPLAY ADVERTISERS Allum. Stephen ...... 48 Celator Classifieds Amphora.. . 43,51.56 Ancient CoOn M~ rk' t (AC M'L) __ ...... 44 Rates: $5.00 for the first 20 words, 20¢ each additional word. Ancient I "'l"'~ '" ...... 51 l\n1iQua I""...... 10 An1iquariu. _ ...... __ ...... 47 STILL LOOKING for a special book FOR SALE: 1,000+ Ancient, Medi M ami ~------~ March 2008 55 David Hendin [email protected] February 6, 2008 Dear Friends: For the first time since it was founded, in 1945. the Isr ael Numismatic Society has voted to accept foreign members. I was proud to become the firsl American Life Member of the INS, among whose goals are: - the advancement and the study of numismatics in Israel - the encouragement of numismatic training and research on aHlevels among Israeli in stitut ions and private ind ividuals - the holding of scienti fic conferences and symposia on numismatic subjects - the publication on a regular basis of a scient ifi c journal and related srudies on its behalf - possib le dialogues, tours, or other educational programs with foreign members A membership form is below. The $60 annllal membership fee includes a subscription to the annual lsrllel Numismatic Research; Volume II has j ust been published. As a SPECIAL OFFER, YO ll can join now for a total $1 00.00 and receive INR Volume I as well . Overseas alll/uaimembership (ii/elI/des INR volume): $60. Name: ______Address: Postal Code: _____ City: State: Country: ______Fax: Email : ______Signature: Date: _-,-_-,-::---,-__ By check (made payable to Israel Numismatic Society) SEND TO Isftlel Numismatic Society c/o Hairn Giller, The Israel Museum, P.O. Box 7 1 [17, Jerusa[em917 10, Israel Fax: 972-2- 677- 1332, Email: [email protected] Web: www.jns, org.il If you would like to become a Lire Member of the INS or explore other Tax Deductible membership options (via P EF). please visit bt1 D:Uwww.ins . o [ ~.ill memh ers h ip. htm Bcst wishes, 56 The Gelator .CNGCOINS.COM • COIN SHOP. GREEK - ROMAN - BYZANTINE MEDIEVAL - WORLD - BRITISH In ventory regularly updated • ELECTRONIC AUCTIONS· 24 auctions a year, featuring 300-500 lots per sale • PRINTED AUCTIONS· View and place bids online in our printed sa les • AUTOMATED WANT LISTS • Receive notifications on specific items you want as soon as they are available - no obligation • BOOK LIST· Over 150 titles on Ancient, British, and World coins • RESEARCH· Searchable archives on over 67,000 coins we have sold • Subscriptions are available· For our printed catalogs - consult the web site • Company Goals· Customer Service· Excellence in Research & Photography • Consignments· Accepted for the printed and e lectronic auctions • Buying· All the time· Ancient - World to 1800 - British Classical Numismatic Group, Inc Post Office Box 479 • Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17608-0479 Tel: (7 17) 390-9194. Fax: (717) 390-9978 [email protected] o is pleased to announce its regular SPRlNG MAIL BID SALE ANCIENT AND MODERN COINS OF THE WORLD AND THE UNITED STATES Closing Date: Wednesday, March 26, 2008 Ancient coins for evelY interest and pocketbook Profusely Illustrated Catalogues Available. The price ofS 10.0 0 Includes the Prices Realized Coin Galleries has been conducting Mail Bid Auctions featuring Ancient coins since 1954. Our sales are quarterly, in the Wimer, Spring, Summer and Fa ll with the next scheduled for August [3, 2008. Those wishing to consign material should contact us as soon as possible. Coin s for inclusion in our Augu st sale should be in ou r hands no later than June 13, 2008. VISIT US ON THE WORLD WIDE WEBAT.· WI~.... :s tacks.cQm NEWPURCHASES-MONTHLYOFFERlNGS-AUCTIONINFORMAnON or ema il usat:[email protected] 123 W. 57ch St. • New York, NY 10019' 800·566·2580' FAX: (2 12) 245·5018 P.O. Box 1804 • Wolfeboro, NH 03894' 866·811· 1804 • tAx: (603) 569·3875 ft,ae/tJ /!loin @a lleri es Allcliom' • Apprai~'afs • ReUtll' Since 1935