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The Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)

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The Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) The Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) As NASA changed from launching astronauts on expendable rockets to the Space Shuttle system with its reusable orbiter and solid rocket boosters, spacesuit engineers began deve l o pment of a reusable EMU. Previously, all spacesuits were one- time garments. Spacesuits were custom-built to each astronaut’s body size. In the Apollo program, for example, e a ch astronaut had three custom suits—one for flight, one for training, and one for flight backup.Shuttle suits, however, are tailored from a stock of standard-size parts to fit astronauts with a wide range of measurements. In cons t r ucting the Shuttle spacesuit, de vel o p - ers were able to conc e n t r ate all their designs towa r d a single function— g oing EVA. Suits from earli e r manned spaceflight prog r ams had to serve mul t i p l e fu n c t i on s . Th e y had to provide backup pres s u r e in case of cabin pre s s u re failure and, on Gemini mi s s i on s , pro t e c t i o n if ejection became necessary du r ing launch .T h ey also had to provide an envi r on- ment for EVA in microg ra v i t y and in low grav i t y while walking on the Moon (Apo l lo missions ) . Sui t s we r e worn during lift off and ree n t r y and had to be com f o r table under the high-g forces experie n c e d du r ing accelerat i o n and decelerat i on . Shuttle suits ar e worn onl y when it is time to ven t u r e outside the or biter cab i n . At other times, cr ew members wear com f o r table shirts and slacks , or shorts . For launch Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 17 and reentry, special orange-colored flight suits with p re s s u re bladder layer of urethane-coated nyl on helmets are worn. and fabric layer of pre s s u re - re s t raining Dacron ® . A b ove the bladder and re s t raint layer is a liner of Many Layers Ne o p rene coated Nyl on Ripstop. This is follow e d by a seve n - l ayer thermal microm e t e o roid garm e n t The Shuttle EMU has 14 layers to prot e c t of aluminized Myl a r ® , laminated with Dacron ® as t r onauts on EVAs . The inner layers comp r ise the s c ri m . The outer layer of the suit is made of Ort h o - li q u i d - c o o l i n g - a n d - ve n t i l a t i o n garme n t . First come s Fa b ric which consists of a blend of Gort e x ® , a liner of Nylo n tricot over which is a layer of span- K evl a r ® , and Nomex® materi a l s . dex fabric laced with plastic tubing. Next comes the 1. Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment Liner (Nylon tricot) 2. Liquid Cooling and Ven t i l a t i o n Ga r ment Liner Outer Layer 14. Thermal (N ylon / Sp a n d e x ) Micrometeoroid Garment Cover (Ortho-Fabric) 3. Liquid Cooling and Ven t i l a t i o n Ga r ment Liner Water Tran s p o r t Tub i n g 7–13. Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment Liner (Multi-layered Insulation— Aluminized Mylar®) 6. Th e r mal Microme t e o ro i d 4. Pres s u r e Garment Bladder Ga r ment Liner (Neo p re n e (U rethane Coated Nylon ) Coated Nylo ng Ripstop) 5. Re s t r aint (Dacron®) 18 • Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1 9 9 8 - 0 3 - 1 1 2 - H Q Shuttle EMU End Items 2 . D i s p l a ys and Control Module (DC M ) Chest-mounted con t rol module containing all The Shuttle extra vehicular mobility unit c on t ro l s , a digital display, the external liquid, g a s , (EMU) consists of 18 separate items. Fully assem- and electri cal interf a c e s . The DCM also has the bled, the Shuttle EMU becomes a nearly complete p ri m a ry purge valve for use with the Se c on d a ry short-term spacecraft for one person. It provides Oxygen Pa ck . pressure, thermal and micrometeoroid protection, oxygen, cooling water, drinking water, food, waste collection,(including carbon dioxide removal),elec- trical power, and communications.The EMU lacks only maneuvering capability, but this capability can be added by fitting a gas jet-propelled Simplified Aid for Extravehicular Activity Rescue (SAFER) over the EMU ’s prim a r y life- s u p p o r t syst e m . On Ea rt h , the suit and all its parts , fu l ly assembled but 3 . EMU El e c tri cal Harness (EEH ) without SAFER, weighs about 113 kilogra m s . A harness worn inside the suit to provide bioin- Or biting above Earth it has no weight at all. It does, s t ru m e n t a t i on and com mu n i ca t i ons con n e c t i ons to how e ver , retain its mass in space, which is felt as the PLSS. resistance to a change in motion. 1. Primary Life-Support System (PLSS) Self-contained backpack unit containing an oxygen supply, carbon-dioxide-removal equipment, caution and warning system,electrical power, water-cooling equipment, ventilating fan, machinery, and radio. 4. Secondary Oxygen Pack (SOP) Two oxygen tanks with a 30-minute emergency supply combined,valve, and regulators.The SOP is attached to the base of the PLSS. The SOP can be removed from the PLSS for ease of maintenance. 5. Service and Cooling Umbilical (SCU) Connects the orbiter airlock support system to the EMU to support the astronaut before EVA and to provide in-orbit recharge capability for the PLSS. Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 19 The SCU contains lines for power, communica- 9. Lower Torso t i on s , oxygen and water re ch a r g e, and water Spacesuit pants, boots, and the lower half of the drainage. The SCU conserves PLSS consumables closure at the waist.The lower torso also has a waist during EVA preparation. bearing for body rotation and mobility, and D rings for attaching a safety tether. 6.Battery Hard Upper Battery that supplies electrical power for the EMU Torso under- during EVA.The battery is rechargeable in orbit. neath fabric 7. Contaminant Control Cartridge (CCC) Cleanses suit atmosphere of contaminants with an integrated system of lithium hydroxide, activated Lower Torso charcoal, and a filter contained in one unit. The CCC is replaceable in orbit. Reference Numbers 8–11. 10. Arms (left and right) Shoulder joint and shoulder bearing, upper arm bearings, elbow joint, and glove-attaching closure. 8. Hard Upper Torso (HUT) Upper torso of the suit, c omposed of a hard fiber- 11. EVA Gloves (left and right) glass shell . It provides stru c t u ral support for Wrist bearing and disconnect, wrist joint, and fin- mounting the PLSS, DC M , a rm s , h e l m e t , I n - Su i t gers.The gloves have loops for attaching tethers for Drink Bag, EEH , and the upper half of the waist restraining small tools and equipment. Generally, cl o s u re . The HUT also has prov i s i ons for mount- crew members also wear thin fabric comfort gloves ing a mini-work s t a t i on tool ca r ri e r. with knitted wristlets under the EVA gloves. 20 • Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1 9 9 8 - 0 3 - 1 1 2 - H Q 12.Helmet 14.Maximum Absorption Garment (MAG) Plastic pressure bubble with neck disconnect ring An adult-sized diaper with extra absorption mater- and ventilation distribution pad. The helmet has a ial added for urine collection. backup purge valve for use with the secondary oxy- gen pack to remove expired carbon dioxide. 15. Extravehicular Visor Assembly (EVA) 1 3 . Liquid Cooling-and-Ve n ti l a tion Garm e n t Assembly containing a metallic-gold-covered Sun- (LCVG) filtering visor, a clear thermal impact-protective Long underwear-like garment worn inside the visor, and adjustable blinders that attach over the pressure layer. It has liquid cooling tubes, gas venti- helmet. In addition, four small “head lamps” are lation ducting, and multiple water and gas connec- mounted on the assembly; a TV camera-transmitter tors for attachment to the PLSS via the HUT. may also be added. 16.In-Suit Drink Bag (IDB) Plastic water-filled pouch mounted inside the HUT. A tube projecting into the helmet works like a straw. Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 21 17.Communications Carrier Assembly (CCA) known as caisson disease, are produced by the for- Fabric cap with built-in earphones and a micro- mation and expansion of nitrogen gas bubbles in phone for use with the EMU radio.
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