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The Spiders of the Family Symphytognathidae

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The Spiders of the Family Symphytognathidae ---------1 The Spiders of the Family Symphytognathidae By R R FORSTER, Otago Museum, Duned1O, New Zealand [Recewed by the Editor, ApriL 21, 1958] Abstract THE status of the famIlIes Symphytognathidae, Anapidae, TextncellIdae and Micro­ pholcommatidae and the genera Mysmena and Lucharachne IS dIscussed, and It IS proposed to group all of these spiders Into a single famIly for which the earlIest name IS Symphytognathldae The affimties of the famIly are discussed, and it IS concluded that It was denved from the ArglOpldae, and It IS suggested that the resemblance whIch some genera show WIth the Thendlldae In structure and habIts IS the result of convergence The web. where It IS known, mdicates that the basIc structure IS an orbweb, but that In a number of speCIes thiS has been modIfied to gIVe the appear­ ance of webs typIcal for the Thendlldae and Linyphlldae New records are given for a number of prevIOusly descnbed speCIes, and two new genera and twenty-eight new speCIes are establIshed The structure of the respIratory system withm the famIly IS discussed, and It is concluded that the dIfferent systems represented have at the most generIC SIgnificance INTRODUCTION THE splders 10cluded 10 the Symphytognathldae are all minute, ranging in body l~ngth from about 0 5 mm to 2 00 mm Because of theIr small SIze and the cryptozoic hfe they lead in leafmould and moss, they have been rarely found in the past and are generally poorly represented 10 collectIOns. However, over the last few decades sufficlent numbers of these spIders have been collected and recognised to permIt more conclusive studIes to be made Most of the specimens recorded in the present paper have been obtamed over the last ten years from leafmould and moss by the use of Salmon's modificatIOn of the Berlese Funnel The famlly Symphytognathidae was estabhshed by Dr. V. V. Hickman in 1931 for the mmute Tasmaman splder Symphytognatha globosa The family was based on a number of unusual characters, of whlch the most lffiportant were the absence of lungbooks, the anterior spiracles leadmg mto tracheae, the absence of female palps, and the fusion of the chehcerae along the mldhne Petrunkevitch ( 1933) in his monumental study on the classificatlOn of splders based on a study of their internal anatomy, pomted out that, 10 addltion to the lack of lungbooks, the Symphyto­ gnathldae shared a number of internal characters with the Leptonetidae and Caponlldae, and he therefore placed these three famIlies in a separate sub-order, the Apneumonomorphae Fage (1937), after examining the respiratory system of a number of the sPlders placed by Slffion (1895) in the group Anapeae (ArglOpldae), pointed out that all of the genera 10 this group which he was able to examine, wlth the exception of T ecmessa, were without lungbooks and should be m hIS op1OIOn placed m the famIly Symphytognathldae, and he suppressed the family Anapidae established two years earlier by Kratochvil (1935) for these spiders This conclusion has been followed by all subsequent authors. HIckman, in the course of hIS senes of papers on the spiders of Tasmania, establIshed two further famlhes of apneumone spiders, Mlcropholcommatidae (1944) and Textricellidae (1945), whIch he placed 10 the sub-order Apneumonomorphae with the Symphytognathldae, Telemldac and Caponiidae. Transacttons of the Royal Soclety of New Zealand 269 Vol 86, Parts 3 and 4, pp 269-329, 28 Text-figs., May, 1959 270 Transactzons After studying the large series of spIders now avaIlable from New Zealand, Aus­ tralIa, New Gumea and the PacIfic Islands, and the collectIon of these spIders from North and South Amenca m the Amencan Museum of Natural HIstory, New York, I have concluded that the famihes Symphytognatrudae, Mlcropholcommatldae and Textncelhdae, WIth the genera Mysmena and Lucharachne could well be placed m a smgle famIly, for whIch the oldest avaIlable name IS the Symphytognathldae In spIte of our mcreasmg knowledge of the structure and habIts of these spIders the relatIOnshIp of thIS famIly to other spIders 5tIll remams m doubt The genera included m the WIder mtel pretatIOn of the famIly adopted m thIS paper could be grouped equally well on morphologIc;al grounds to demonstrate close affimty WIth eIther the ArgIOpidae or the Thendlldae OpmIOn m the past has been dIVIded m the main between these two alternatlves SImon (1895) placed hIS group Anapeae at the end of the ArglOpidae, mdlcatmg affimty WIth the orbweb spIders, whIle Berland (1924) consIdered that the group should be placed m the Thendlldae }. age (1937), whIle followmg SlIDon's plaCIng of the group, pam ted out that only future study would resolve the questIOn of whether the famIly had evolved dIrectly from either the ArgIOpidae or Thendlldae or ongInated from stock common to both of these famIhes. I am mclmed to the VIew that the famIly has been denved from the ArgIOpIdae or at least has evolved from a stock common WIth the ArgIOpidae The fact that a number of genera construct typIcal orbwebs-Rzsdomus (HIckman, 19:.18), ChasmoceJ)lwlon (HIckman, 1946), Patu (Marples, 1956)-m my OpInIOn strongly supports thIS VIew It IS most dIfficult to conceIve the separate develop­ ment of an orbweb m a form IdentIcal WIth that of typIcal argIOpid spIders, whereas degeneratIOn from an orbweb could eaSIly lead to webs havmg the appearance of sheet or t:mgle webs T extncella constructs small sheet webs whIch look lIke those of the Mlcryphantldae whIle the webs of Mzcropholcomma are tan!Sle webs such as are found In the Thendlldae Archer (1946) reports that North Amencan speCIes of lvIysmena constructs a sheet web, but the statement made by Marples (1955) after carefully studymg Tamasesza acummata, a speCIes whIch IS transferred to Mysmena m the present paper, seems sIgmficant He states "The web IS extremely delIcate It conSIsts of a set of threads radIatmg m all dIrectIOns from a centre where the spIder SItS The space between the radIals IS filled WIth the threads of stIcky sdk, so fine that the droplets can only be seen under the mIcroscope, and the whole occupIes a volume roughly 1 5-2 cm across When spmmng the spIder keeps gOIng qUIckly out along dIfferent radIals Apparently It attaches a thread to a radIal and carnes the other end to the centre and out along another radIal to attach It there The web IS bUIlt from the penphery mwards Though the threads are not regularly arranged, the general lIDpressIOn IS of an orb web In three dlIDen­ SIOns" If we were attemptmg to bndc;e the gap between the typIcal orbwebs found In Chasmocephalon, Rzsdonzus and Patu and the type of web found In Mzcrophol­ comma, the web of Mysmena acummata prOVIdes a perfect example. WIth only slight modIficatIOn thIS type of web would lose all resemblance to an orbweb, and would then be m the form found In Mzcroplwlcomma WIth reference to the de­ velopment of a sheet web from an orbweb, I mIght quote Marples' (1951) reference to the web of Patu samoenSlS, where he states "They conSIsted of a very fine hon­ zontal sheet WIth very regular meshes The sheet was an Irregular polygon some SIX centlIDetres long, and an obhque thread extended upwards from the sheet between one and two centlIDetres from one end The threads of the sheet radiated from a pomt of attachment of the oblIque thread, but It was a sheet and not an orb web" Later observatIons, however (Marples, 1955) demonstrated that thIS web IS mltlally an orbweh of very fine mesh, and that subsequent tanglIng of the threads or the addItIOn of further threads gIves It the appearance of a sheet weh Dunng a bnef stay In FIJI m 1956 I was able to exam me the web of the very clo')cly related speCIes Patu vztzenSlS The webs, whIch are from 3 to 5 centImetres In WIdth, wele on tree trunks, where they were placed honzontally The threads were extremely fine and FORSTER-Spiders of the Family Symphytognathidae 271 closely spaced, but after treatment with talc the web was found to be a perfect orb, with the sticky spIral lines closely spaced, and it does not appear that in this speCIes the regular structure is subsequently modified as m samoensis. Symphytognatha is reported by HIckman (1931) to construct an irregular web like that of Therzdzon, m which the spider rests in an mverted positlOn. In view of the very close morphological relationship of this genus to Patu it would be of con­ siderable interest if the method of web construction were to be closely studied to see If there IS any evidence for this web bemg a degenerate orbweb ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The basic work for this paper was carried out at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University and the American Museum of Natural History, New York, while the author held a Fulbright Research Scholarship. I wish to express my deep appreciation to both of these institutions for assistance in many ways, and to the Umted States Educational Foundation for granting the research scholarship which made my visit possible I am deeply indebted to Dr Willis J Gertsch, of the Amencan Museum of Natural History, and Dr Herbert Levi, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for much information and advice, and to Dr V V Hickman for specimens of Tasmaman spiders, and encouragement over many years This paper would not have been possible without the numerous speci­ mens which have been collected by Dr T E Woodward, of the University of Queensland, and I wish to express my dee!J gratitude for these and other spiders whIch he has forwarded to me for e'(aminatlOn over the last seven years I am also much indpbted to Professor B J Marples for information on web structure and many helpful dIscussions durin~ the final preparation of the manuscript, and to the numerous mdlViduals mentlOned in the text who have assisted in collecting specimens Family SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE Hickman 1931 1931 Symphytognathldae HIckman Proc Zool Soc London p 1328 1935 Anapldae Kratochvil Act Soc Sc N atur Ml)ravlcae, 9 (12) 1944 Mlcropholcommatldae HIckman Pap Proc Roy Soc Tasm p 183 1945 Textncelhdae HIckman Trans Conn Acad Arts Sc 36.
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