AMERICAN MUSEUM Novlttates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 U.S.A. NUMBER 2619 MAY 9, 1977
RAYMOND R. FORSTER AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK A Review of the Spider Family Symphytognathidae (Arachnida, Araneae) AMERICAN MUSEUM Novlttates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 U.S.A. NUMBER 2619 MAY 9, 1977
RAYMOND R. FORSTER AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK A Review of the Spider Family Symphytognathidae (Arachnida, Araneae) AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2619, pp. 1-29, figs. 1-74 May 9, 1977
A Review of the Spider Family Symphytognathidae (Arachnida, Araneae)
RAYMOND R. FORSTER' AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK2
ABSTRACT The spider family Symphytognathidae is re- to Styposis (Theridiidae), I. boneti (Forster) is limited to include only the genera Sym- returned to Anapistula, and I. weyersi Simon is phytognatha, Globignatha (elevated from sub- considered a nomen dubium. Eleven new species generic status), Patu, Anapistula, and the new are described: Symphytognatha blesti from Aus- genus Curimagua, all of which share the fol- tralia; S. goodnightorum from Belize; S. gertschi lowing derived characters: the chelicerae are from Mexico; S. chickeringi from Jamaica; Glo- fused at least at their base, the female pedipalp is bignatha sedgwicki from Belize; Patu eberhardi, either reduced to a unisegmented lobe or absent, P. digua, and P. saladito from Colombia; Ana- the labium is much wider than long, and the ster- pistula benoiti from Zaire; Curimagua chapmani num is broadly truncate posteriorly. Other gen- from Venezuela; and C. bayano from Panama. era previously placed in the family belong to the The male of Anapistula secreta Gertsch is de- Anapidae, Mysmenidae, Micropholcommatidae, scribed for the first time, and the species is newly and Textricellidae. The status of the genus Iardi- recorded from Florida, Jamaica, Costa Rica, and nis is discussed; I. albulus Gertsch is transferred Colombia.
INTRODUCTION The spider family Symphytognathidae was es- ten less than 1 mm. in total length) and the ab- tablished by Hickman (1931) for the Tasmanian sence of book lungs. In recent years, it has be- species Symphytognatha globosa, remarkable for come apparent that although this grouping is its minute size, the absence of book lungs and convenient from a phenetic point of view, the female pedipalps, and the fusion of the chelic- family as thus constituted may be highly poly- erae. Since that time, Fage (1937), Gertsch phyletic, and that many of the included genera (1941, 1960), Forster (1959), and Levi and Levi may be more closely related to the Araneidae, (1962) have added to the group numerous other Theridiidae, or Theridiosomatidae than to each genera characterized mainly by minute size (of- other. Brignoli (1970), Levi and Randolph
'Research Associate, Department of Entomology, the American Museum of Natural History; Director, Otago Mu- seum, Dunedin, New Zealand. 2Assistant Curator, Department of Entomology, the American Museum of Natural History.
Copyright i The American Museum of Natural History 1977 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $2.20 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
(1975), and Lehtinen (1975) have all expressed previously published descriptions, whereas in this view; as the last author phrased it, "the other cases (Symphytognatha and Globignatha) Symphytognathidae, as it has been limited by the chelicerae are fused for most of their length. most of the recent authors, is surely a poly- Other presumably derived characters uniting phyletic dump heap of minute Araneoidea." these genera are the reduction of the female pedi- As indicated by Hennig (1965), monophyletic palp to a short, unisegmented lobe (Curimagua) groups can be recognized only by the presence of or its complete absence, the shape of the labium, shared and uniquely derived (synapomorphic) which is at least three times as wide as long, and characters. The question in this case is thus the wide posterior truncation of the sternum sep- whether or not there are such synapomorphic arating the posterior coxae by at least twice their characters uniting the genera presently placed in width. the Symphytognathidae. A number of characters The question of what the closest relative of common to most or all of these genera (the ab- this monophyletic group may be is one that we sence of book lungs, a claw on the female pedi- cannot yet answer. Study of representatives of palp, and leg spines other than male clasping the other symphytognathoid genera indicates to spines; the fusion of the labium and sternum; and us that most of the family-group names that have the shortening of the metatarsi) can be con- been proposed for these spiders represent distinct sidered derived as compared with their homol- groups: the Anapidae (Simon, 1895), containing ogous states in other araneoid families. These Anapis, Anapisona, Anapogonia, Chasmocepha- characters may represent synapomorphies or par- Ion, Conoculus, Crozetulus, Epecthina, Epecthin- allelisms, that is, they may have been derived ula, Pseudanapis, and Risdonius; the Mysmenidae only once or more than once. Many of them may (Petrunkevitch, 1928), including Mysmena, indeed be parallelisms associated with the small Mysmenopsis, Trogloneta, and possibly Cepheia, size of these spiders; the multiplicity of somatic Lucarachne, Maymena, Synaphris, and Taphiassa; forms, genitalic structures, and web-building be- the Micropholcommatidae (Hickman, 1944), haviors in these genera, and the fact that most of containing Micropholcomma and probably Para- these characters are loss (or negative) characters pua and Pua; and the Textricellidae (Hickman, all support the possibility of multiple paral- 1945), including Textricella and possibly Par- lelisms. A decision as to whether these characters archaea (currently placed in the Archaeidae). are synapomorphies or parallelisms can only be Whether these groups are actually monophyletic made by first detecting smaller monophyletic can be determined only after they are revised. At groups of these genera and then determining present, we see no synapomorphic characters whether the pattern of shared derived characters that would support a closer relationship of supports a hypothesis of relationship amongst Symphytognatha and its relatives to any one of themselves or with other araneoid families. these groups than to another; the broadly trun- The present paper is an attempt to determine cate sternum suggests a possibly close relation- which of the genera currently assigned to the ship with the Theridiosomatidae instead. family can actually be considered, on the basis of Certainly some of the best clues to relation- shared derived characters, to be members of a ships will come from the web-building behavior monophyletic group including Symphytognatha. of these spiders; it is unfortunate that the webs Several characters suggest that the genera Globi- of so few species are known. Marples (1951) orig- gnatha (here elevated from subgeneric status), inally reported that Patu samoensis and Patu Patu, Anapistula, and the new genus Curimagua, vitiensis spin 4-6 mm. wide horizontal sheet webs together with Symphytognatha, form such a against tree trunks, but later (1955) recognized monophyletic group. All these spiders have che- that in the former species from Samoa the webs licerae that are fused together; in some cases are actually orbs with the spirals placed so (Patu) the fusion is limited to the base of the closely that the web looks like a sheet; Forster chelicerae, can be detected only when an attempt (1959) subsequently reported comparable obser- is made to remove the chelicerae from the cara- vations for P. vitiensis in Fiji. William G. Eber- pace, and has therefore been overlooked in some hard has observed a similar horizontal orb web of 1 977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 3 fine mesh constructed by the Colombian species weaving stock and that some members have lost Patu saladito (fig. 1). However, the other species the ability (or need) to construct regular webs. It whose web is known, Symphytognatha globosa should be pointed out that the relatively plesio- from Tasmania, does not appear to make an orb morphic species Curimagua bayano has been col- web. V. V. Hickman reports (in litt.) that "As lected on the webs of diplurid spiders in Panama; far as I have been able to observe both in the Lucarachne are also frequently found in that field and the laboratory, the web consists of a habitat. few irregular threads in a more or less horizontal Any discussion of relationships within the plane. The spider rests below them in an inverted Symphytognathidae (as here restricted) must be position. In the field the spider is most often tempered with the realization that the few found on the underside of loose stones in cool known species represent only the tip of the ice- and shady situations, sometimes along the banks berg. Because of their minute size, these spiders of creeks. It does not move very quickly and the are usually collected only when specifically web seems to be made on the under-surface of searched for or when they happen to be taken by the stone. ... The threads do not appear to be Berlese funnel sampling. The close relationships adhesive." Since available data indicate that shown by such geographically disparate species as Symphytognatha is one of the most apomorphic Anapistula secreta in the northern Neotropical members of this lineage, it is possible that the region and Anapistula australia in Queensland in- group as a whole was derived from an orb- dicate that these spiders are probably very wide-
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FIG. 1. Horizontal orb web of Patu saladito in Colombia. Photograph by W. G. Eberhard. 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
spread; almost certainly, careful collecting will although dry, the weight of their metal coating reveal many additional species in South America, insures that they sink and will eventually resorb Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands. the alcohol lost by drying. In cases where subsur- Because of this, we have adopted a rather con- face characters had to be examined, as in the servative generic classification retaining as palpi of Anapistula, compound microscopy of much flexibility as possible for the future. For temporary mounts in lactophenol had to suffice. example, although the known New World Unfortunately, some characters, particularly the Symphytognatha can be distinguished by chelic- presence or absence of a colulus, remained es- eral characters from their Australian counter- sentially undetectable by either method. parts, the presence of an autapomorphic char- We are indebted to Dr. H. W. Levi of the Mu- acter demonstrating the monophyly of the group seum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer- (multidentate superior claws on the anterior legs) sity (MCZ) for lending much of the material on makes it seem best to retain them in a single which this work is based and for confirming our genus until the worldwide nature of the group is placement of Iardinis albulus. Through the cour- revealed in greater detail. Some comments on the tesy of Drs. H. S. Dybas and J. B. Kethley, ma- interrelationships of the known species are pos- terial was also made available from the Berlese sible, however. The almost complete fusion of sample sorting program of the Field Museum of the chelicerae in Symphytognatha and Globi- Natural History (FMNH). Dr. P. L. G. Benoit of gnatha indicates that the two genera are sister the Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (MRAC) groups and the most apomorphic members of the provided African specimens. Type specimens lineage; although the extreme fusion raises were kindly lent by Drs. M. Hubert of the Mu- doubts about the functionality of the chelicerae seum National d'Histoire Naturelle, G. Rack of in these genera, the fangs do bear an opening on the Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg, their retrolateral side that presumably leads to a E. Taylor of the Hope Department of Ento- poison gland. Probably either Anapistula or Curi- mology, Oxford University, and F. R. Wanless of magua is the most plesiomorphic member; Ana- the British Museum (Natural History). Repre- pistula retain the posterior spiracles leading to sentatives of Japanese species were kindly do- tracheae that penetrate through to the cephalo- nated by Dr. Takeo Yaginuma. Also used were thorax (Forster, 1959, fig. 158) and lack the ele- collections of the Otago Museum (OM) and the vated pars cephalica of the other forms; Curi- American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), magua have the eyes in triads rather than diads, including material made available by Dr. W. J. retain a remnant of the pedipalp in females, and Gertsch. Mr. Robert J. Koestler provided his spe- have only slight lobes (rather than distinct teeth) cial artistry with the scanning electron micro- on the cheliceral margins. scope. Special thanks go to Drs. W. G. Eberhard The minute size of these spiders (the male of and V. V. Hickman for making relevant natural the new species Patu digua, total length 0.37 history data available, and to Dr. M. U. Shadab mm., appears to be the world's smallest known for help with illustrations. spider) makes working with them difficult; many All measurements cited below are in mil- characters, particularly important cheliceral and limeters. palpal ones, are difficult or impossible to resolve under light microscopy and can be seen in detail SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE HICKMAN only with the aid of the scanning electron micro- scope. We have therefore not hesitated to use one Symphytognathidae Hickman, 1931, p. 1328 (type genus Symphytognatha Hickman). Roe- palp or chelicera, even of a unique specimen, for wer, 1942, p. 1014. Bonnet, 1958, p. 4202. scanning observation. Generally the entire spider was placed on a stub and then relevant parts dis- Diagnosis. The combination of chelicerae sected off; this eliminated the hazards of at- fused at least at their base and the pedipalp of tempting to transfer tiny structures. After exami- the female being reduced to one or zero segments nation, specimens were returned to alcohol; is sufficient to distinguish symphytognathids (in 1 977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 5 our restricted sense) from all other araneoid spi- nomen dubium until the type or other Sumatran ders. specimens become available. Description. Chelicerae diaxial, fused together at least at their base, without lamellae. Clypeus KEY TO GENERA high. Labium fused to sternum, at least three OF SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE times as wide as long. Sternum broadly truncate posteriorly. Female pedipalp reduced to small 1. Chelicerae fused for most of their length (figs. 2,31,35,41) ...... 2 unisegmented lobe or entirely absent. Without Chelicerae fused only near their base (figs. 45, cribellum or calamistrum. Without book lungs, 63)...... 3 with anterior pair of spiracles leading to tracheae 2. Suture line visible between chelicerae (figs. 2, restricted to abdomen or extending into cephalo- 31, 35); superior claws of legs I and II thorax, sometimes with additional posterior pair multidentate (figs. 6, 33). Symphytognatha of spiracles situated in advance of spinnerets, Suture line not visible between chelicerae (fig. leading to tracheae extending into cephalo- 41); superior claws of legs I and II not thorax. Six or four eyes in triads or diads. Geni- multidentate (fig. 44)...... Globignatha talia entelegyne. Six spinnerets in circle, colulus 3. Eyes in triads (fig. 40); female palp present sometimes present, anal tubercle unmodified. (fig. 63); chelicerae without teeth, with low lobes only (fig. 64) ...... Curimagua Abdomen without scuta. Legs prograde, without Eyes in diads (as in figs. 5, 23, 39); female spines except under anterior metatarsi of some palp absent (as in fig. 24); chelicerae with males, not scopulate; tarsi with three claws, teeth (figs. 46, 62) ...... 4 longer than metatarsi, without claw tufts, combs, 4. Pars cephalica elevated, much higher than pars or trichobothria. Palpal femur, patella, and tibia thoracica (Forster, 1959, figs. 118, 124)
without apophyses...... Patu Misplaced and Uncertain Names. The genus Pars cephalica not much higher than pars Iardinis is a source of some confusion. Simon thoracica (Gertsch, 1 941, fig. 14) ...... (1899) established the genus for Iardinis weyersi, ...... Anapistula a species from Sumatra, and placed it in the Theridiidae. The type specimen unfortunately SYMPHYTOGNATHA HICKMAN has been lost. Gertsch (1960) transferred Iar- dinus (a misspelling of the name) to the Symphytognatha Hickman, 1931, p. 1328 (type Symphytognathidae and placed in it two Amer- species by original designation Symphy- ican species. One, Iardinis albulus Gertsch from tognatha globosa Hickman). Roewer, 1942, p. Guyana, was based on a female with normal pedi- 1015. Bonnet, 1958, p. 4201. palps; the eye pattern and epigynal details in- Diagnosis. Both the chelicerae being fused for dicate that the species actually belongs to Sty- most of their length with a suture line visible posis (Theridiidae, NEW COMBINATION); this between them and the presence of multidentate placement has been confirmed by Dr. H. W. Levi. superior claws on legs I and II are diagnostic of The other, Iardinis boneti (Forster), was trans- Symphytognatha. ferred from Anapistula, and is below returned to Description. Carapace widest between coxae that genus; the non-elevated pars cephalica and II and III, broadly truncate anteriorly, highest at particularly the close resemblance of the male rear of ocular area; pars cephalica greatly ele- palp to that of Anapistula secreta support that vated, vertical posteriorly, pars thoracica steeply placement. Thus, I. weyersi Simon is the only sloping. Six eyes in three diads. From above, pos- species remaining in the genus. Levi and Levi terior eye row strongly recurved. Sternum con- (1962, p. 22), in their review of the world vex, globose, longer than wide, fourth coxae sep- theridiid genera, commented: "No specimens arated by at least twice their width. Labial suture known to exist. Species description not recog- line straight. Endites wider than long, strongly nizable. Probably in Pholcidae. Might be a syno- convergent, rounded into semicircle anteriorly. nym of Styposis." The name is best considered a Chelicerae fused for about four-fifths of their 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
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FIGS. 2-7. Symphytognatha globosa Hickman, male. 2. Chelicerae, posterior view, 275X. 3. Che- liceral teeth, posterior view, 2750X. 4. Fang, posterior view, 1375x. 5. Carapace, dorsal view, 240X. 6. Claws of leg I, lateral view, 2500X. 7. Claws of leg III, lateral view, 2500x. 1 977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 7 length, with suture line visible, with distal lobe Diagnosis. Symphytognatha globosa is closest bearing one short and two long teeth and some- to S. blesti but may be distinguished by the times with additional lobes. Superior claws of an- rounded ventral edge of the conductor (figs. 8, 9) terior legs enlarged, multidentate, of posterior and the relatively closely spaced spermathecae legs small, not multidentate. Female palp absent. (fig. 12). Without posterior spiracles or tracheae, with an- Male. Described by Hickman (1931). terior tracheae restricted to abdomen. No colu- Female. Described by Hickman (1931). lus. Material Examined. Tasmania: Risdon, June 1, 1937 (V. V. Hickman, AMNH), 2d, 29, May KEY TO SPECIES 22, 1948 (V. V. Hickman, MCZ), 1d, 19; Treval- OF SYMPHYTOGNATHA lyn, June 27, 1931 (V. V. Hickman, OM), 1d, 19. from Tasmania. 1. Males ...... 2 Distribution. Known only Females...... 4 2. Chelicerae with lateral lobes beside distal, Symphytognatha blesti, new species tooth-bearing lobes (figs. 35, 36); tegulum Figures 13, 23-29 elongate, chelate distally (figs. 37, 38) ...... chickeringi Types. Male holotype from Birowra, New Chelicerae without lateral lobes, with distal, South Wales, Australia (January 15, 1976; D. tooth-bearing lobes only (figs. 2, 25); Blest) and female paratype from Warrah, New tegulum rounded, not chelate distally (figs. South Wales, Australia (February 20, 1976; D. 8,27) ...... 3 Blest), deposited in the Australian Museum, 3. Ventral edge of palpal conductor rounded Sydney. (fig. 9) ...... globosa Ventral edge of palpal conductor straight (fig. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of the collector of the type specimens. 28) ...... blesti 4. Spermathecal duct coiling around spermathe- Diagnosis. Symphytognatha blesti is closest to cae three times (figs. 12, 13) ...... 5 S. globosa but may be distinguished by the Spermathecal duct coiling around spermathe- straight ventral edge of the conductor (figs. cae only once (figs. 14, 73) ...... 6 27-29) and the relatively widely spaced sper- 5. Spermathecal bulbs relatively widely spaced mathecae (fig. 13). (fig. 13) ...... blesti Male. Total length, not including chelicerae, Spermathecal bulbs relatively closely spaced 0.78. Carapace 0.33 long, 0.38 wide, 0.30 high. (fig. 12) ...... globosa 0.66 0.49 wide, 0.60 high. Cara- 6. Spermathecae without distinct posteromedian Abdomen long, lobes (figs. 14, 73) ...... 7 pace brown, pars cephalica darkest, with scat- Spermathecae with distinct posteromedian tered dark brown markings. Sternum and mouth- lobes (Balogh and Loksa, 1968, fig. 5) parts dark brown. Abdomen dark brown with ...... brasiliana scattered white markings. Legs light brown, dark- 7. Spermathecae widely separated; duct making est distally. Carapace with three widely spaced complete coil (fig. 14) . . . goodnightorum bristles in transverse row between anterior lateral Spermathecae approximate; duct making in- eyes and two lateral bristles at posterior ridge of complete coil (fig. 73) ...... gertschi pars cephalica. Clypeus produced forward slightly at bottom, height at middle equal to al- Symphytognatha globosa Hickman most twice the anterior lateral eye diameter. Figures 2-12, 30 Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: posterior lateral: 4:5:5. median eyes Symphytognatha globosa Hickman, 1931, p. posterior median, Posterior 1322, figs. 1-6, pl. 1 (holotype male and allo- separated by one-fifth their long diameter, by al- type female from Punch Bowl, Launceston, most twice their diameter from posterior laterals; Tasmania, in Queen Victoria Museum, Laun- anterior laterals separated by six times their ceston, not examined). Roewer, 1942, p. diameter; lateral eyes of each side contiguous. 1015, Bonnet, 1958, p. 4201. Chelicerae projecting forward distance equal to 8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
FIGS. 8-11. Symphytognatha globosa Hickman, male palp. 8. Retrolateral view, 280X. 9. Terminal elements, retrolateral view, 1375x. 10. Ventral view, 260X. 11. Cymbium, ventral view, 675X. one-sixth of caratpace length, bearing distal lobe bolus tip protrudes (fig. 28); embolus subtegular, with one short aind two long teeth (fig. 25). Legs making single incomplete coil. clothed with finte setae and long bristles, with Female. As in male, except for the following: one spine under:metatarsus I. Leg formula 4123. total length, not including chelicerae, 1.11. Cara- pace 0.36 long, 0.40 wide, 0.40 high. Abdomen I II III IV 0.85 long, 0.86 wide, 0.91 high. Mouthparts light Femur 01.29 0.25 0.22 0.28 brown. Carapace with bristles behind posterior Patella 0'.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 lateral eyes and paired at middle of cephalic Tibia 0'.16 0.15 0.14 0.16 ridge. Legs without spines. Metatarsus 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.14 I II III IV Tarsus 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.21 Femur 0.27 0.24 0.20 0.26 Total 0.88 0.84 0.77 0.93 Patella 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 Cymbium with dorsal notch (as in figs. 8, 10, Tibia 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.18 Metatarsus 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.13 11). Median lobe of conductor with straight ven- 0.15 0.17 0.20 tral edge (fig. 27), overlapping finger-like second Tarsus 0.15 and broad third lobes (fig. 29) over which em- Total 0.82 0.78 0.73 0.90 1 977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 9
1A 13 IG. C 14' 15
16 17 18
19 FIGS. 12-22. 12-21. Cleared female epigyna, ventral views. 12. Symphytognatha globosa Hickman. 13. S. blesti, new species. 14. S. goodnightorum, new species. 15. Globignatha sedgwicki, new species. 16. Patu eberhardi, new species. 17. P. digua, new species. 18. P. saladito, new species. 19. Anapistula secreta Gertsch. 20. Curimagua chapmani, new species. 21. C. bayano, new species. 22. C. chapmani, tracheal system, ventral view, diagrammatic. Palp completely absent (figs. 23, 24). Epigynum somatic characters with S. goodnightorum except with spermathecal bulbs relatively widely sep- for details of the chelicerae. Balogh and Loksa arated (fig. 13). described only the two long cheliceral teeth, pre- Material Examined. One male and 13 females sumably overlooking the small tooth and un- taken with the paratype (OM, AMNH) and three sclerotized lateral lobe because of their small females taken at the same locality on February 7 size. and 8, 1976 (OM). Material Examined. None; repeated requests Distribution. Known only from New South to both authors of the species and to authorities Wales, Australia. The specimens recorded by at the Hungarian Natural History Museum have Wunderlich (1976) from the Sydney area as S. been unanswered. globosa probably belong to this species. Distribution. Known only from Para, Brazil.
Symphytognatha brasiliana Balogh and Loksa Symphytognatha goodnightorum, new species Symphytognatha brasiliana Balogh and Loksa, Figures 14, 31-34 1968, p. 287, figs. 1-6 (female holotype from Tyvpe. Female holotype from Rio Frio, near Fazenda Agua Azul, Para, Brazil, may be in Augustine, Cayo, Belize C. and the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Buda- (July 20, 1972; pest, unavailable). M. Goodnight), deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym Diagnosis. Symphytognatha brasiliana seems in honor of the collectors of the holotype. closest to S. goodnightorum and S. gertschi but Diagnosis. Symphytognatha goodnightorum may be distinguished by the medially approxi- seems closest to S. gertschi but may be dis- mate spermathecae with distinct posteromedian tinguished by the relatively wide median sep- lobes (Balogh and Loksa, 1968, fig. 5). aration of the spermathecae and their lack of dis- Male. Unknown. tinct posteromedian lobes (fig. 14). Female. Described by Balogh and Loksa Male. Unknown. (1968). The published description agrees well in Female. Total length, not including chelicerae, 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
FIGS. 23-26. Symphytognatha blesti, new species. 23. Carapace of female, lateral view, 210X. 24. Palpal area of female endite, lateral view, 2100X. 25. Chelicerae of male, anterior view, 100OX. 26. Sternum and labium of male, ventral view, 200x. 0.78. Carapace 0.27 long, 0.32 wide, 0.30 high. separated by four times their diameter; lateral Abdomen 0.57 long, 0.62 wide, 0.67 high. Cara- eyes of each side contiguous. Stemum with sides pace light brown with scattered dark markings. slightly invaginated at each coxa. Chelicerae (fig. Sternum light brown with darkened margins; 31) projecting forward distance equal to one- mouthparts yellow. Abdomen pale beige with fifth of carapace length, with distal lobe bearing dark brown markings in large circle on each side. one short and two long teeth, situated beside Legs yellow, darkest proximally. Carapace with elongate, unsclerotized lateral lobe (fig. 32). Legs bristles between posterior median eyes and lat- clothed with setae and bristles, without spines. eral eyes of each side and paired median and lat- Leg formula 1423. eral bristles at rear of pars cephalica. Clypeus al- most horizontal, height at middle equal to long I II III IV diameter of posterior median eye, with fine bris- Femur 0.28 0.23 0.16 0.23 tles at margin. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: Patella 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.10 posterior lateral: posterior median, 5:4:6. Poste- Tibia 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.16 rior median eyes separated by two-thirds their Metatarsus 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.11 long diameter, by one and one-half times their Tarsus 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.16 diameter from posterior laterals; anterior laterals Total 0.87 0.73 0.59 0.76 1977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE I1I {
FIGS. 27-30. 27-29. Symphytognatha blesti, new species, male palp. 27. Retrolateral view, 250X. 28. Terminal elements, retrolateral view, IO0Ox. 29. Conductor, retrolateral view, 1OOOX. 30. S. globosa Hickman, embolus tip, retrolateral view, 2500X.
Palp completely absent. Epigynum with oval closest to S. goodnightorum but may be dis- spermathecae surrounded by thin coiling duct tinguished by the approximate spermathecae (fig. 14). lacking posteromedian lobes (fig. 73). Material Examined. Only the holotype Male. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from Belize. Female. Total length, not including chelicerae, 0.79. Carapace 0.29 long, 0.30 wide, 0.23 high. Symphytognatha gertschi, new species Abdomen 0.61 long, 0.54 wide, 0.61 high. Cara- pace light brown, lightest medially. Sternum yel- Figure 73 lowish brown with slightly darkened margins; Type. Female holotype from 12 miles east of mouthparts yellow. Abdomen pale beige with Manzanillo, latitude 190 01' N, longitude 1040 scattered brown markings. Legs yellow, darkest 10' W, Colima, Mexico (May 11, 1963; W. J. distally. Carapace with bristles in two pairs at Gertsch and W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH. rear of pars cephalica and singly between pos- Etymology. The specific name is a patronym terior median and between lateral eyes. Clypeus in honor of one of the collectors of the holotype. inclined forward ventrally, height at middle equal Diagnosis. Symphytognatha gertschi seems to long diameter of posterior median eyes, with 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
32 A.
FIGS. 31-34. Symphytognatha goodnightorum, new species, female. 31. Chelicerae, anterior view, 260X. 32. Cheliceral teeth, anterior view, 1300X. 33. Superior claw of leg I, oblique ventral view, 2600X. 34. Claws of leg IV, distal view, 6500x. strong marginal bristles laterally. Ratio of eyes, I II III IV anterior lateral: posterior lateral: posterior me- dian, 6:4:4. Posterior median eyes separated by Femur 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.22 half their long diameter, by their diameter from Patella 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.12 posterior Tibia 0.22 0.14 0.13 0.18 laterals; anterior laterals separated by Metatarsus 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.12 five times their diameter; lateral eyes of each side Tarsus 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.18 contiguous. Sternum with slight invaginations at each coxa. Chelicerae projecting forward distance Total 0.93 0.79 0.67 0.82 equal to one-fourth of carapace length, ap- parently (under compound microscopy) with dis- tal lobe bearing one slightly shortened and two Palp completely absent. Epigynum with oval, al- long teeth, situated beside short, unsclerotized most contiguous spermathecae, with ducts not lateral lobe. Legs clothed with setae and bristles, surrounding spermathecae (fig. 73). without spines. Leg formula 1423. Material Examined. Only the holotype. 1977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 13
Distribution. Known only from Colima, Mex- Male. Total length, not including chelicerae, ico. 0.76. Carapace 0.35 long, 0.34 wide, 0.28 high. Abdomen 0.47 long, 0.50 wide, 0.73 high. Cara- Symphytognatha chickeringi, new species pace light brown with scattered dark markings. Figures 35-39 Sternum dark brown, mouthparts light brown. Type. Male holotype from Hardwar Gap, Port- Abdomen brownish gray with scattered pale land Parish, Jamaica (June 27, 1954; A. M. spots most numerous toward venter. Legs light Chickering), deposited in MCZ. brown, darkest ventrodistally. Carapace with Etymology. The specific name is a patronym bristles missing but paired median and lateral in honor of the collector of the holotype. sockets visible at posterior ridge of pars cephal- Diagnosis. Symphytognatha chickeringi is a ica. Clypeus concave, height at middle equal to distinctive species easily recognized by the pres- twice the anterior lateral eye diameter, with ex- ence of a conical dorsal protuberance on the ab- tremely long median bristle. Ratio of eyes, an- domen (fig. 39). terior lateral: posterior lateral: posterior median,
I1
FIGS. 35-38. Symphytognatha chickeringi, new species, male. 35. Chelicerae, anterior view, 260X. 36. Cheliceral teeth, anterior view, 1300X. 37. Palp, retrolateral view, 650X. 38. Terminal elements of palp, retrolateral view, 2600X. 14 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
10:11:13. Posterior median eyes separated by GLOBIGNATHA BALOGH AND LOKSA, one-third their long diameter, by their diameter new rank from posterior laterals; anterior laterals separated Globignatha Balogh and Loksa, 1968, p. 289 by four and one-half times their diameter; lateral [type species by original designation Sym- eyes of each side contiguous. Sternum with sides phytognatha (Globignatha) rohri Balogh and slightly invaginated at each coxa. Chelicerae (fig. Loksa]. Described as a subgenus of Sym- 35) projecting forward distance equal to one- phytognatha. third of caraoace length. with distal lobe bearin- one short and t'wo long teeth, situated beside Lnagnosis. Globignatha may be easily recog- elongate, unscler(otized lateral lobe (fig. 36). Legs mzed by the nearly complete fusion of the clothed with set;ae and bristles, without spines. chelicerae into a huge hemisphere (fig. 41) with Leg formula 12423s no suture line visible. Description. Carapace widest between coxae I II III IV II and III, rounded anteriorly, highest at rear of Femur 0..33 0.30 0.21 0.27 ocular area; pars cephalica greatly elevated, verti- Patella 0..14 0.12 0.12 0.11 cal posteriorly, pars thoracica steeply sloping. Six Tibia 0..19 0.18 0.13 0.17 eyes in three diads. From above, posterior eye Metatarsus 0..14 0.13 0.12 0.12 row recurved. Sternum convex, globose, wider Tarsus 0..22 0.21 0.19 0.15 than long, fourth coxae separated by more than Total 1..02 0.94 0.77 0.82 twice their width. Labial suture line slightly re- curved. Endites wider than long, strongly con- Palpal tegulum chelate terminally (figs. 37, 38). vergent, rounded into semicircle anteriorly. Embolus subtegialar, making single incomplete Chelicerae fused for about six-sevenths of their coil. length, with no suture line visible, with medial Female. Unkn(own. long distal tooth and lateral distal lobe bearing Material Exammined. Only the holotype. one short and two long teeth. Superior claws of Distribution. IKInown only from Jamaica. anterior legs not enlarged or multidentate. Fe- )I/11
40
39
FIGS. 39, 40. 39. Symphytognatha chickeringi, new species, lateral view. 40. Curimagua chapmani, new species, dorsal view of carapace. 1 977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 15 male palp absent. Without posterior spiracles. No terior surface of chelicerae dark brown, endites colulus. and posterior surface of chelicerae grayish. Ab- Ranking. We agree with Balogh and Loksa domen almost completely covered with purple that Globignatha is the sister group of the true maculations, with dorsal pair of brown circular Symphytognatha. The non-multidentate superior muscle impressions. Legs brown, darkest prox- claws, the lack of a cheliceral suture line, and the imally and ventrally. Carapace with bristles at presence of a stout median tooth on the chelic- each lateral eye and along midline behind and in eral margin support the recognition of this sister front of posterior median eyes. Clypeus sloping group relationship at the generic level. at 40 degree angle, height at middle equal to twice the anterior lateral eye diameter. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: posterior lateral: posterior Globignatha rohri Balogh and Loksa median, 8:9:10. Posterior median eyes separated Symphytognatha (Globignatha) rohri Balogh and by one-third their long diameter, by one and Loksa, 1968, p. 289, figs. 7-1 0 (female holo- one-half times their diameter from posterior lat- type from Fazenda Agua Azul, Para, Brazil, erals; anterior laterals separated by four and one- may be in the Hungarian Natural History Mu- half times their diameter; lateral eyes of each side seum, Budapest, unavailable). contiguous. Chelicerae massive (fig. 41), ex- Diagnosis. Globignatha rohri can be dis- tending forward distance equal to more than half tinguished from G. sedguwcki by the contiguous of carapace length, with median long tooth and spermathecae (Balogh and Loksa, 1968, fig. 8). lateral lobe bearing one short and two long teeth Male. Unknown. (figs. 42, 43). Legs clothed with setae and bris- Female. Described by Balogh and Loksa tles, without spines. Leg formula 4312. (1968). The published description agrees well in somatic characters with G. sedgwicki except for I II III IV details of the chelicerae. Balogh and Loksa de- Femur 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.40 scribed only two long cheliceral teeth; probably Patella 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.23 the tripartite nature of the more laterally situ- Tibia 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.27 ated "tooth" was not resolvable by light miscros- Metatarsus 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.25 copy. Tarsus 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.35 Material Examined. None; see comments un- Total 1.00 0.98 1.04 1.50 der Symphytognatha brasiliana. Distribution. Known only from Para, Brazil. Palp completely absent. Epigynum with sepa- rated, anteriorly twisted spermathecae (fig. 15). Material Examined Only the holotype. Globignatha sedgwicki, new species Distribution. Known only from Belize. Figures 15, 41-44 Type. Female holotype from area between PATU MARPLES Belmopan and Stann Creek, Belize (July 1, 1975; W. Sedgwick), deposited in MCZ. Patu Marples, 1951, p. 47 (type species by origi- Etymology. The specific name is a patronym nal designation Patu vitiensis Marples). in honor of the collector of the holotype. Diagnosis. Patu may be recognized by the Diagnosis. Globignatha sedgwicki can be easily combined presence of chelicerae fused only near distinguished from G. rohri by the separated their base, six eyes in diads, and an elevated pars (rather than contiguous) spermathecae (fig. 15). cephalica. Male. Unknown. Description. Carapace widest between coxae Female. Total length, not including chelicerae, II and III, truncate anteriorly, highest at rear of 1.35'. Carapace 0.40 long, 0.53 wide, 0.56 high. ocular area; pars cephalica greatly elevated, verti- Abdomen 0.96 long, 1.05 wide, 1.00 high. Cara- cal posteriorly, pars thoracica steeply sloping. Six pace light brown with marginal pale white band eyes in three diads. From above, posterior eye and dark ocular area. Sternum, labium, and an- row slightly recurved. Sternum elevated, globose, 16 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
I* X
FIGS. 41-44. Globignatha sedgwicki, new species, female. 41. Chelicerae, anterior view, 65X. 42. Cheliceral teeth, anterior view, 650X. 43. Cheliceral teeth, anterior view, 2600X. 44. Claws of leg I, oblique ventral view, 2600X. length and width subequal, fourth coxae sepa- 3. Cymbium with long distal process (figs. 51, rated by almost three times their width. Labial 52) ...... eberhardi suture line straight. Endites wider than long, con- Cymbium without long distal process (figs. vergent, not rounded anteriorly. Chelicerae fused 53, 54) ...... digua for less than half their length, with two or more 4. Embolus elevated, twisted (figs. 47, 48). . 5 sharply pointed teeth. Superior claws of anterior Embolus not elevated, twisted (Forster, legs not enlarged or multidentate. Female palp 1959, figs. 121, 126). 6 5. Palpal conductor relatively narrow . absent. Without posterior spiracles. Colulus may (fig. 47) be ...... vitiensis sometimes present. Palpal conductor relatively wide (fig. 48)...... samoensis KEY TO SPECIES OF PATU 6. Cymbium relatively large (Forster, 1959, figs. 120, 121) .woodwardi 1. Males ...... 2 Cymbium relatively small (Forster, 1959, Females...... 7 figs. 126, 127) .marplesi 2. Embolus with several coils (figs. 5 1, 53). 3 7. Abdomen greatly prolonged behind spin- Embolus with a single coil (figs. 47, 48). 4 nerets (Marples, 195 1, figs. 1, 2)..... 8 1977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 17
Abdomen not greatly prolonged behind Marples, AMNH), 1d, 49; (MCZ), 2c, 59; (OM), spinnerets. 9 1d,39. 8. Abdomen with lateral protuberances (Marples, Distribution. Known only from Samoa. 19 51, fig. 2). samoensis Abdomen without lateral protuberances Patu woodwardi Forster (Marples, 1951, fig. 1) ...... vitiensis 9. Lateral epigynal ducts relatively short Figure 72 (fig. 18). saladito Patu woodwardi Forster, 1959, p. 318, figs. Lateral epigynal ducts relatively long (figs. 118-123 (female holotype from Lae, New 16, 17) .10 Guinea and male allotype from Benage, New 10. Lateral epigynal ducts twisted (Forster, Guinea, in Queensland Museum, not reex- 1959, fig. 123) ...... woodwardi amined). Lateral epigynal ducts not twisted (figs. 16, Diagnosis. The incompletely coiled embolus 17)...... 11 11. Lateral epigynal ducts widened basally (fig. and large cymbium of the male palp (Forster, 16) . eberhardi 1959, fig. 121) and twisted lateral epigynal ducts Lateral epigynal ducts not widened basally (Forster, 1959, fig. 123) are diagnostic. (fig. 17) ...... digua Male. Described by Forster (1959). Female. Described by Forster (1959). The chelicerae actually have two large teeth (fig. 72) Patu vitiensis Marples and are fused at their base. Figures 45-47 Material Examined. A female paratype taken Patu vitiensis Marples, 1951, p. 47, figs. la-If with the holotype (OM). (one male and three female syntypes from Distribution. Known only from New Guinea. Suva, Fiji, may be in the B. P. Bishop Museum, not examined). Forster, 1959, fig. Patu marplesi Forster 146. Patu marplesi Forster, 1959, p. 320, figs. Diagnosis. Patu vitiensis resembles P. samoen- 124-127 (male holotype from Malolelei, sis in having the abdomen greatly prolonged be- Upolu, Western Samoa, in Queensland hind the spinnerets, but lacks the lateral abdomi- Museum, not reexamined). nal protuberances found in that species. Diagnosis. The incompletely coiled embolus Male. Described by Marples (1951). and small cymbium of the male palp (Forster, Female. Described by Marples (1951). 1959, figs. 126, 127) are diagnostic. Material Examined. Fiji: Sawani, near Suva, Male. Described by Forster (1959). The July 19, 1956 (R. R. Forster, OM), Id, 69. chelicerae probably have two teeth and are pre- Distribution. Known only from Fiji. sumably fused at their base. Female. Unknown. Patu samoensis Marples Material Examined. None. Figure 48 Distribution. Known only from Samoa. Patu samoensis Marples, 1951, p. 49, figs. 2a-2f (eight female syntypes from Apia, Upolu, Western Samoa, may be in the B. P. Bishop Patu eberhardi, new species Museum, not examined); 1955, p. 475, pl. 56, Figures 16, 49-52 fig. 19. Types. Male holotype and female paratype Diagnosis. Patu samoensis may be easily recog- from Rio Digua, near Queremal, Valle del Cauca, nized by the lateral protuberances on the poste- Colombia (June 19, 1970; W. G. Eberhard), de- riorly prolonged abdomen (Marples, 1951, fig. posited in MCZ. 2a). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym Male. Described by Marples (1955). in honor of the collector of the type specimens. Female. Described by Marples (1951). Diagnosis. Patu eberhardi seems closest to P. Material Examined. Samoa: Upolu (B. J. digua; the embolus has several coils in both 18 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
FIGS. 45-48. 45-47. Patu vitiensis Marples, male. 45. Chelicerae, posterior view, 260X. 46. Che- liceral teeth, posterior view, 2600X. 47. Palp, retrolateral view, 260x. 48. P. samoensis Marples, male palp, retrolateral view, 260X.
species. Males of the former species can be dis- produced lobes. Carapace with weak bristles be- tinguished by the long distal process on the tween posterior median eyes and paired laterally cymbium (figs. 51, 52), females by their basally at rear of pars cephalica. Clypeus vertical, height widened lateral epigynal ducts (fig. 16). at middle equal to four times the anterior lateral Male. Total length, not including chelicerae, eye diameter. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: 0.44. Carapace 0.20 long, 0.23 wide, 0.24 high. posterior lateral: posterior median, 4:6:6. Poste- Abdomen 0.32 long, 0.27 wide, 0.33 high. Cara- rior median eyes separated by their long diam- pace light brown with pars cephalica darkened. eter, by their diameter from posterior laterals; Sternum light brown with darkened margins; anterior laterals separated by five times their di- labium dark brown, endites and chelicerae light ameter; lateral eyes of each side contiguous. brown. Abdomen uniformly gray. Legs light Sternum invaginated at each coxa. Chelicerae brown, darkest distally. Pars cephalica tremen- with at least three teeth (fig. 49). Legs clothed dously elevated, with median eyes situated con- with setae and bristles; metatarsus I with ventro- siderably above laterals, which are on slightly distal spine. Leg formula 1423. 1 977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 19
I II III IV at 30 degree angle. Ratio of eyes, 4:5:5. Anterior
Femur 0 .15 0.12 0.09 0.17 lateral eyes separated by four times their diam- Patella v. fl09W./ 0.09 o 05 0.05 eter. Chelicerae apparently with four teeth (fig. Tibia 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.12 50). Metatarsus 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 Tarsus 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 I II III IV Total 0.55 0.49 0.37 0.52 Femur 0.21 0.18 0.14 0.18 Patella 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.06 Cymbium with elongate and hooklike distal proc- Tibia 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.14 esses (fig. 52). Embolus with four coils (fig. 51). Metatarsus 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 Female. As in male except for the following: Tarsus 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 total length, not including chelicerae, 0.67. Cara- Total 0.67 0.56 0.48 0.58 pace 0.23 long, 0.25 wide, 0.23 high. Abdomen 0.47 long, 0.44 wide, 0.55 high. Clypeus inclined Palp completely absent. Epigynum with basally
50
FIGS. 49-52. Patu eberhardi, new species. 49. Cheliceral teeth of female, anterior view, 2600X. 50. Cheliceral teeth of male, anterior view, 2600X. 51. Male palp, retrolateral view, 260X. 52. Cymbium, retrolateral view, 1300X. 20 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619 widened lateral ducts leading to spermathecae Female. As in male except for the following: (fig. 16). total length, not including cheLicerae, 0.59. Cara- Material Examined One male taken with the pace 0.29 long, 0.28 wide, 0.24 high. Abdomen types (MCZ). 0.43 long, 0.49 wide, 0.56 high. Mouthparts Distribution. Known only from Valle, Co- yellow. Ratio of eyes, 5:6:6. lombia. I II III IV Patu digua, new species Femur 0.28 0.22 0.14 0.23 Figures 17, 53-55 Patella 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.09 Types Male holotype and female paratype Tibia 0.18 0.14 0.10 0.14 from Rio Digua, near Queremal, Valle del Cauca, Metatarsus 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.11 Colombia (June 19, 1970; W. G. Eberhard), de- Tarsus 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.15 posited in MCZ. Total 0.86 0.72 0.52 0.72 Etymology, The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Palp completely absent. Epigynum with long, un- Diagnosis. Patu digua seems closest to the twisted, uniformly narrow lateral ducts (fig. 17). sympatric P. eberhardi but may be distinguished Material Examined. Two females taken with by the shorter distal processes of the cymbium the types (MCZ). (figs. 53, 54) and the uniformly narrow lateral Distribution. Known only from Valle, Co- epigynal ducts (fig. 17). lombia. Male. Total length, not including chelicerae, 0.37. Carapace 0.15 long, 0.18 wide, 0.13 high. Patu saladito, new species Abdomen 0.25 long, 0.29 wide, 0.31 high. Cara- 56 pace yellow with ocular area slightly darkened. Figures 1, 18, Sternum yellow, mouthparts dark brown. Abdo- Type. Female holotype from an elevation of men gray, darkcest ventrally. Legs yellow prox- 1800 m. near Saladito, Valle del Cauca, Colom- imally, brown dlistally. Pars cephalica moderately bia (October, 1975; W. G. Eberhard), deposited elevated, lateralLeyes on slightly produced lobes. in MCZ. No bristles or ;sockets visible. Clypeus concave, Etymology. The specific name is a noun in height at middlie equal to twice the anterior apposition taken from the type locality. lateral eye diaLmeter. Ratio of eyes, anterior Diagnosi& Patu saladito is a distinctive species lateral: posterioir lateral: posterior median, 5:7:6. easily recognized by the rectangular spermathe- Posterior medihan eyes separated by half their cae (fig. 18). long diameter, by their diameter from posterior Male. Unknown. laterals; anterioir laterals separated by almost four Female. Total length, not including chelicerae, times their diaimeter; lateral eyes of each side 0.67. Carapace 0.31 long, 0.30 wide, 0.23 high. contiguous. Stermum not invaginated at coxae. Abdomen 0.48 long, 0.46 wide, 0.51 high. Cara- Chelicerae apparently with only two teeth (as in pace light brown with scattered dark markings. fig. 55). Legs clothed with setae and bristles, Stemum dark brown, mouthparts grayish brown. without spines. Leg formula 1423. Abdomen uniformly gray, iridescent. Legs yel- low proximally, brown distally. Pars cephalica I II III IV moderately elevated, lateral eyes flush with cara- Femur 0.17 0.14 0.10 0.14 pace. No bristles or sockets visible. Clypeus in- Patella 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.06 clined at 10 degree angle, height at middle equal Tibia 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.09 to three times the anterior lateral eye diameter. Metatarsus 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: posterior lateral: Tarsus 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.12 posterior median, 4:4:5. Posterior median eyes Total 0.54 0.45 0.38 0.47 separated by almost their long diameter, by their diameter from posterior laterals; anterior lateral Cymbium with short distal processes (fig. 54). eyes separated by four times their diameter; Embolus with t]hree coils (fig. 53). lateral eyes of each side contiguous. Sternum not 1977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 21
Fr x _~~~~~~~~~~
FIGS. 53-56. 53-55. Patu digua, new species. 53. Male palp, retrolateral view, 625X . 54. Cymbium, retrolateral view, 2600X. 55. Cheliceral teeth of female, anterior view, 2500X. 56. P. saladito, new species, cheliceral teeth of female, median view, 2500X. invaginated at coxae. Chelicerae with at least web (fig. 1) at the type locality and probably eight teeth (fig. 56). Legs clothed with setae and belonging to this species (MCZ). bristles, without spines. Leg formula 4123. Distribution. Known only from Valle, Co- lombia. I II III IV ANAPISTULA GERTSCH Femur 0.24 0.21 0.13 0.22 Patella 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.08 Anapistula Gertsch, 1941, p. 2 (type species by Tibia 0.14 0.10 0.08 0.13 original designation A napistula secreta Metatarsus 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.10 Gertsch). Tarsus 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.17 Diagnosis. Anapistula may be recognized by Total 0.75 0.64 0.50 0.70 the combined presence of eyes in diads and an only slightly elevated pars cephalica. Palp completely absent. Epigynum with long, Description. Carapace widest opposite coxae rectangular spermathecae bearing twisted tips II, truncate anteriorly, highest at rear of pars (fig. 18). cephalica; pars cephalica only slightly elevated, Material Examined One juvenile taken from a pars thoracica smoothly sloping. Four or six eyes 22 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619 in diads. If median eyes present, posterior eye coxae. Chelicerae with two sharp teeth (fig. 61). row slightly recurved. Stemum elevated, globose, Legs clothed with setae and bristles, without length and width subequal, fourth coxae sepa- spines. Leg formula 1243. rated by almost three times their width. Labial suture line slightly procurved. Endites wider than long, convergent, rounded anteromedially. Che- I II III IV licerae fused for less than half their length, with Femur 0.29 0.23 0.16 0.20 two sharply pointed teeth. Superior claws of an- Patella 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.08 terior legs not enlarged or multidentate. Female Tibia 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.14 palp absent. With posterior spiracles and tra- Metatarsus 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.10 cheae. Colulus may sometimes be present. Tarsus 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.19 Total 0.87 0.74 0.59 0.71 KEY TO SPECIES OF ANAPISTULA Palp with long conductor covering curved em- 1. Males ...... 2 bolus (figs. 57-60). Females...... 3 Female. Described by Gertsch (1941). 2. Four eyes...... secreta Material Examined. Bahama Islands: South Six eyes ...... boneti Bimini, Aug., 1951 (C. and P. Vaurie, AMNH), 3. Median epigynal duct reaching anterior tip of 19; Mar. 22-28, 1953 (A. M. Nadler, AMNH), 19. spermathecal bulb (fig. 19) ...... 4 Colombia: Amazonas: 7 km. N Leticia, Feb. Median epigynal duct not reaching anterior tip 20-25, 1972, Berlese sample of forest litter (S. of spermathecal bulb (fig. 74) . . . benoiti and J. Peck, FMNH), 16, 19. Meta: Villavicencio, 4. Median epigynal duct relatively narrow (fig. Mar. 1-4, 1972, elevation 500 m., Berlese sample 19); America ...... secreta Median epigynal duct relatively wide (Forster, of forest litter (S. and J. Peck, FMNH), 19; 23 1959, fig. 132); Australia ...... australia km. NW Villavicencio, Mar. 5, 1972, elevation 1000 m., Berlese sample of forest litter (S. and J. Anapistula secreta Gertsch Peck, FMNH), 16, 19. Costa Rica: Puntarenas: Figures 19, 57-61 San Vito, Las Cruces, Mar. 16, 1973, elevation 4000 ft., Berlese sample of banana root litter (J. Anapistula secreta Gertsch, 1941, p. 2, figs. Wagner and J. Kethley, FMNH), 19; Mar. 19, 14-17 (female holotype from Barro Colorado 1973, Berlese sample of epiphytic humus (J. Island, Panama Canal Zone, in AMNH, ex- Wagner and J. Kethley, FMNH), 16, 19. Jamaica: amined). Forster, 1958, p. 13. Mason River, Aug. 18, 1974, elevation 2300 ft., Diagnosis. Anapistula secreta seems closest to Berlese sample of sifted sphagnum (S. Peck, A. australia Males of the latter species are un- FMNH), 29. Mexico: Chiapas: Ocosingo, June known; females of the former may be distin- 25, 1950 (C. and M. Goodnight and C. J. Stan- guished by the much narrower median epigynal nard, AMNH), 19. Colima: Miramar, Jan. 15, duct (fig. 19). 1943 (F. Bonet, AMNH), 19. Panama: Canal Male. Total length, not including chelicerae, Zone: Barro Colorado Island, July, 1943-Mar., 0.59. Carapace 0.23 long, 0.22 wide, 0.11 high. 1944, Berlese sample (J. Zetek, MCZ), 19. Abdomen 0.31 long, 0.24 wide, 0.27 high. Cara- United States: Florida: Highlands Co.: Archbold pace uniformly pale yellow. Sternum pale yel- Biological Station, Apr., 1956, deep moist litter low, mouthparts slightly darker. Abdomen pale under myrtles (C. C. Hoff, AMNH), 19; 8 mi. S white with long gray setae. Legs pale yellow, Lake Placid, Feb. 2-15, 1970, turkey oak and darkest distally. No bristles or sockets visible on slash pine litter (V. Roth, AMNH), 46, 129. Mon- carapace. Clypeus vertical, height at middle equal roe Co.: N end, Key Largo, Mar. 10, 1968, to twice the anterior lateral eye diameter. Four Berlese sample of forest litter (S. Peck, FMNH), eyes in two diads. Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: 1d, 19. posterior lateral, 3:2. Posterior lateral eyes sepa- Distribution. Florida, the Bahamas, Jamaica, rated by four times their diameter, lateral eyes of and Mexico, south to southern Colombia. each side contiguous. Sternum not invaginated at Note. Specimens with depigmented and pos- 1 977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 23
4~~~ -. .S...4.tow~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'K' ..
FIGS. 5 7-62. 57-6 1. Anapistula secreta Gertsch. 57. Male paip (Florida), ventral view, I1 OOX. 58. Male palp (Colombia), ventral view, 1 250X. 59. Male palp (Colombia), retrolateral view, 1 200X. 60. Male palp (Costa Rica) with conductor removed, retrolateral view, 1 200x. 61. Cheliceral teeth of male, anterior view, 2500X. 62. A., boneti Forster, cheliceral teeth of penultimate male, anterior view, 2500X. 24 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619 sibly non-functional eyes are sometimes found two sharp teeth. Legs clothed with setae and bris- together with fully pigmented specimens. tles, without spines. Leg formula 1243. Anapistula australia Forster I II III IV Anapistula australia Forster, 1959, p. 321, figs. Femur 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.24 128-132, 158 (female holotype from Camp Patella 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.11 Mountain, Queensland, Australia, in the Tibia 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.16 Queensland Museum, not reexanined). Metatarsus 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 Tarsus 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.14 Diagnosis. Anapistula australia seems closest to A. secreta but may be distinguished by the Total 0.82 0.76 0.65 0.76 much wider median epigynal duct (Forster, 1959, fig. 132). Palp completely absent. Epigynum with paired Male. Unknown. spermathecae connected by lateral branches to Female. Described by Forster (1959). short median duct (fig. 74). Material Examined. None. Material Examined. Only the holotype. Distribution. Known only from Queensland, Distribution. Known only from Kivu, Zaire. Australia. Anapistula boneti Forster Figure 62 Anapistula benoiti, new species Anapistula boneti Forster, 1958, p. 13, figs. 15, Figure 74 16, 18, 19, 21 (male holotype from Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico, in AMNH, examined). Type. Female holotype from Vukaika Valley, Iardinus boneti: Gertsch, 1960, p. 9. Kambaila, Kivu, Zaire (June, 1973; M. Lejeune), deposited in MRAC. Diagnosis. Anapistula boneti is a distinctive Etymology. The specific name is a patronym species easily recognized by the presence of pos- in honor of Dr. P. L. G. Benoit, who made the terior median eyes (Forster, 1958, figs. 15, 16). holotype available for study. Male. Described by Forster (1958). Diagnosis. Anapistula benoiti differs from A. Female. Unknown. secreta and A. australia in that the median Material Examined. Two damaged penulti- epigynal duct does not reach to the tip of the mate males listed by Forster (1958). spermathecal bulbs (fig. 74). Distribution. Known only from Veracruz, Male. Unknown. Mexico. Female. Total length, not including chelicerae, 0.61. Carapace 0.18 long, 0.22 wide, 0.16 high. CURIMAGUA, NEW GENUS Abdomen 0.39 long, 0.42 wide, 0.49 high. Cara- Type Species. Curimagua chapmani, new pace pale brown, lightest medially. Sternum, species. labium, and endites pale brown, chelicerae Etymology. The generic name is a Venezuelan slightly darker. Abdomen pale white with long place name considered feminine in gender. gray setae. Legs pale brown, darkest distally. No Diagnosis. Curimagua may be easily recog- bristles or sockets visible on carapace. Clypeus nized by the arrangement of the eyes in triads inclined forward at base, height at middle equal rather than diads (fig. 40). The presence of a to one and one-half times the anterior lateral eye remnant of the female pedipalp and the lack of diameter. Four eyes in two diads. Ratio of eyes, cheliceral teeth are also diagnostic. anterior lateral: posterior lateral, 7:5. Posterior Description. Carapace widest opposite coxae lateral eyes separated by three times their diam- III, rounded anteriorly, highest behind ocular eter, lateral eyes of each side contiguous. area; pars cephalica moderately elevated, pars Sternum not invaginated at coxae. Chelicerae thoracica abruptly sloping. Six eyes in two triads. apparently (under compound microscopy) with Posterior eye row slightly recurved. Sternum con- 1 976 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 25 vex, globose, wider than long, fourth coxae sepa- lobes (fig. 64). Legs clothed with setae and rated by more than twice their width. Labial strong bristles, without spines. Leg formula suture line procurved. Endites wider than long, 4123. convergent, with anterior serrulae. Chelicerae fused for one-fifth of their length, reduced in I II III IV size, surrounded ventrally and laterally by endites (fig. 63), margins without teeth, with Femur 0.29 0.27 0.21 0.26 short lobes only (fig. 64). Superior claws of Patella 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.13 Tibia 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.21 anterior legs not enlarged or multidentate. Fe- Metatarsus 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14 male palp present, represented by short, rounded Tarsus 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 stub (fig. 63). Without posterior spiracles, with anterior tracheae penetrating cephalothorax (fig. Total 0.89 0.89 0.82 0.96 22). No colulus detected. Palpal cymbium with denticles (fig. 66). Em- bolus, except for tip, subtegular, making almost Curimagua chapmani, new species complete single coil; tip relatively short, not ex- Figures 20, 22, 40, 63-68 panded distally (figs. 67, 68). Female. As in male except for the following: Types. Male holotype and female paratype total length 1.16. Carapace 0.41 long, 0.47 wide, from roost of guacharo birds in entrance cham- 0.20 high. Abdomen 0.84 long, 0.76 wide, 0.75 ber of Coy-Coy Cave, 16 km. ESE of Curimagua, high. Clypeal height equal to one and one-half Serrania de San Luis, Falcon, Venezuela (April times the anterior lateral eye diameter. Ratio of 19, 1973; P. Chapman), deposited in MCZ. eyes, 5:5:7. Posterior median eyes separated by Etymology. The specific name is a patronym almost their diameter; anterior laterals separated in honor of the collector of the type specimens. by less than two and one-half times their diam- Diagnosix Curimagua chapmani may be dis- eter. Leg formula 4132. tinguished from C. bayano by the shorter and distally unexpanded embolus tip (figs. 67, 68) and the larger, more closely spaced spermathecae I II III IV (fig. 20). Femur 0.28 0.25 0.24 0.32 Male. Total length, not including chelicerae, Patella 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.80. Carapace 0.34 long, 0.36 wide, 0.16 high. Tibia 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.25 Abdomen 0.51 long, 0.41 wide, 0.44 high. Cara- Metatarsus 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.18 pace light brown with pars cephalica darkest. Tarsus 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.27 Sternum dark brown, mouthparts lighter. Ab- Total 0.96 0.91 0.93 1.19 domen light gray with median longitudinal and median transverse rows of large light spots. Legs Palp present, represented by unisegmented lobe pale yellow proximally, grading to light brown (fig. 63). Spermathecae relatively large, closely distally. Carapace with two stiff bristles between spaced (fig. 20). anterior lateral eyes and one bristle between Material Examined. One male and two juven- posterior median eyes. Clypeus projecting for- iles taken with the types (MCZ). ward slightly at tip, height at middle equal to Vene- almost twice the anterior lateral eye diameter. Distribution. Known only from Falc6n, Ratio of eyes, anterior lateral: posterior lateral: zuela. posterior median, 5:6:6. Posterior median eyes separated by two-thirds of their diameter, con- Curimagua bayano, new species tiguous with posterior laterals; anterior laterals Figures 21, 69-71 separated by almost three times their diameter, lateral eyes of each side contiguous. Sternum not Types. Male holotype and female paratype invaginated at coxae. Chelicerae with two low from a diplurid web at Bayano, Rio Maje, Panama, 26 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
I ' p ' ' Zffr f't>Itt
44 _rAtXCI
-_ic _.Mlis.
J_eA t_£__=- 9_!w
.,., _u_ Q_
FIGS. 63-68. Curimagua chapmani, new species. 63. Chelicerae, endite, and palp of juvenile female, anterior view, 650x. 64. Chelicera of male, anterior view, 1300X. 65. Claws of leg I of male, lateral view, 2600x. 66. Cymbium, retrolateral view, 1OQOx. 67. Male palp, ventral view, 500X. 68. Terminal elements of male palp, ventral view, 2000X. 1977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 27
,, ,
o .
6-
FIGS. 69-72. 69-71. Curimagua bayano, new species. 69. Terminal elements of male palp, ventral view, 1250X. 70. Same, 2500X. 71. Cymbium, oblique ventral view, 1250X. 72. Patu woodwardi Forster, cheliceral teeth of female, posterior view, 2500X. Panama (June 2, 1976; F. Vollrath), deposited in band. Legs light brown, darkest distally. Cara- MCZ. pace with two stiff bristles between anterior Etymology. The specific name is a noun in lateral eyes. Clypeus almost vertical, height at apposition taken from the type locality. middle equal to one and one-half times the an- Diagnosis. Curimagua bayano may be distin- terior lateral eye diameter. Ratio of eyes, ante- guished from C. chapmani by the longer and dis- rior lateral: posterior lateral: posterior median, tally expanded embolus tip (figs. 69, 70) and the 4:5:6. Posterior median eyes separated by two- smaller, more widely separated spermathecae thirds of their diameter, contiguous with poste- (fig. 21). rior laterals; anterior laterals separated by three Male. Total length, not including chelicerae, times their diameter, lateral eyes of each side 0.99. Carapace 0.44 long, 0.39 wide, 0.19 high. contiguous. Stemum not invaginated at coxae. Abdomen 0.75 long, 0.61 wide, 0.39 high. Cara- Chelicerae with two or three low lobes. Legs pace light brown with pars cephalica darkest. clothed with setae and long bristles, without Sternum light brown, mouthparts lighter. Abdo- spines. Leg formula 4123. men light gray with lighter median longitudinal 28 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2619
I II III IV LITERATURE CITED Femur 0..28 0.26 0.23 0.29 Balogh, Jainos I., and I. Loksa Patella 0..14 0.14 0.11 0.14 1968. The scientific results of the Hungarian Tibia 0..18 0.17 0.18 0.23 soil zoological expeditions to South Metatarsus 0..14 0.14 0.14 0.16 America. 7. Arachnoidea. Description Tarsus 0..21 0.20 0.22 0.25 of Brasilian spiders of the family Total 0..95 0.91 0.88 1.07 Symphytognathidae. Acta Zool., vol. 14, pp. 287-294, figs. 1-17. Bonnet, Pierre Palpal cymbium withwithdentcles(figdenticles (fig. 71)71). Em- 1958. Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse, bolus, except foir tip, subtegular, making almost vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 3027-4230. complete single coil; tip relatively long, expanded Brignoli, Paolo M. distally (Figs. 69, 70). 1970. Contribution a la connaissance des Female. As in male except for the following: Symphytognathidae Palearctiques (Ar- total length 1.29 Carapace 0.50 long, 0.43 wide, achnida, Araneae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. 0.22 high. Abdo: men 0.98 long, 0.74 wide, 0.71 Nat., ser. 2, vol. 41, pp. 1403-1420, high, with paired lateral as well as median longi- Fage, Louis tudinal rows of light spots. Carapace with bristles 1937. A propos de quelques nouvelles between posteric )r median and posterior lateral Araignees apneumones. Bull. Soc. Zool. eyes. Clypeus pIroduced forward ventrally. Leg France, vol. 62, pp. 93-106, figs. 1-5. formula 4132. Forster, Raymond R. 1958. Spiders of the family Symphyto- I II III IV gnathidae from North and South America. Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. Femur 0 .30000.29 0.27 0.29 1885, pp. 1-14, figs. 1-27. Patella 0 0.29 0.27 0.29 Tibia ).21 0.20 0.22 0.31 1959. The spiders of the family Symphyto- Metatarsus .18 0.15 0.16 0.20 gnathidae. Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zea- Tarsus ).23-0.22- 0.23- 0..L....30 ~~~Gertsch, Willisland, J.vol. 86, pp. 269-329, figs. 1-158. Total .07 1.01 1.03 1.28 1941. Report on some arachnids from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. Amer. Palp present, repiresented by unisegmented lobe. Mus. Novitates, no. 1146, pp. 1-14, Spermathecae relatively small, widely separated figs. 1-33. 1960. of American of the (fig. 21). Descriptions spiders Material Examzined. Only the types. family1981, pp.Symphytognathidae.1-40, figs. 1-72. Ibid., no. Distribution. inowKnownonlyonly fromfrmPnPanama,a' Hennig, Willi Panama. 1965. Phylogenetic systematics. Ann. Rev. Ent., vol. 10, pp. 97-116, figs. 1-4. Hickman, Vernon V. 73 1931. A new family of spiders. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ser. B, pp. 1321-1328, figs. 1-6, pl. 1. t1/ 74 1944. On some new Australian Apneumono- morphae with notes on their respira- tory systems. Papers Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, pp. 179-195, pls. 1-5. FIGS. 73, 74. Cleared female epigyna, ventral 1945. A new group of apneumone spiders. views. 73. Symph!ytognatha gertschi, new species. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 74. Anapistula be noiti, new species. 36, pp. 135-148, pls. 1-4. 1977 FORSTER AND PLATNICK: SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE 29
Lehtinen, Pekka T. Petrunkevitch, Alexander 1975. Notes on the phylogenetic classification 1928. Systema aranearum. Trans. Connecticut of Araneae. Proc. Sixth Internatl. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 29, pp. 1-270. Arachnol. Congr., pp. 26-29, figs. 1-24. Roewer, Carl F. Levi, Herbert W., and Lorna R. Levi 1942. Katalog der Araneae. Bremen, vol. 1, 1962. The genera of the spider family Theridi- 1040 pp. idae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 127, Simon, Eugene pp. 1-71, figs. 1-334. 1895. Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Paris, Levi, Herbert W., and Diane E. Randolph vol. 1, pt. 4, pp. 761-1084, figs. 1975. A key and checklist of American 838-1096. spiders of the family Theridiidae north 1899. Arachnides recueillis par M. J.-L. of Mexico (Araneae). Jour. Arachnol., Weyers, a Sumatra. Ann. Soc. Ent. vol. 3, pp. 31-51, figs. 1-80. Belgique, vol. 43, pp. 78-125. Marples, B. J. Wunderlich, Jorg 1951. Pacific symphytognathid spiders. Pa- 1976. Spinnen aus Australien. 1. Uloboridae, cific Sci., vol. 5, pp. 47-51, figs. 1, 2. Theridiosomatidae und Symphytogna- 1955. Spiders from Western Samoa. Jour. Lin- thidae (Arachnida: Araneida). Sencken- nean Soc., Zool., vol. 42, pp. 453-504, bergiana Biol., vol. 57, pp. 113-124, pls. 56-59. figs. 1-42.
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