Biodiversity of the Phytoconstituents in the Some Plant Species Potentially

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e Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered B

p Butnariu, J Biodivers Endanger Species 2017, 5:1

ISSN:n 2332-2543

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e u DOI: 10.4172/2332-2543.1000e127

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Editorial Open Access Biodiversity of the Phytoconstituents in the Some Plant Species Potentially Toxic Butnariu M * Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului, Timis, Romania *Corresponding author: Monica Butnariu, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “Regele Mihai I al Romanei” Timisoara, Romania-300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania, Tel: +40-0-256-277-464; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: February 20, 2017; Accepted date: February 25, 2017; Published date: March 03, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Butnariu M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Editorial List of the toxic plants, contains plants in which all of the plant or only certain parts of it are toxic. In general, poisoning occurs on the digestive system, but some plants, even by touch, may cause poisoning. Factors influencing the seriousness of intoxication are: Individual constitution, age, Characters inherited (hereditary inclination). At some plants, which contain a toxic labile, by boiling toxicity becomes inactive, it decomposes. Toxic plants in fairly high proportion negatively influence the quality. The species characterized from the viewpoint of chemical composition belong to classes such as the following. Jesaconitine: C35H49NO12; CAS: 16298-90-1

Aconitum Species

Phytoconstituents Aconitine, mesaconitine, lycoctonine and other alkaloids (2% in tubers). Aconitum roots contain catecholamine alkaloids, quaternary ammonium compounds, isoquinolines and different biocompounds.

Lappaconitine: C32H44N2O8; CAS: 32854-75-4

Toxicity

Mesaconitine: R1-CH3; R2-OH; C33H45NO11; CAS: 2752-64-9 Main toxins, like aconitine, mesaconitine, jesaconitine and Hypaconitine: R1-CH3; R2-H; C33H45NO10; CAS: 6900-87-4 hypaconitine. The active principles are aconitine (a fast-acting toxin) and related alkaloids. Aconite extracts have been used homeopathically. Use is not recommended because of its toxicity. Aconitine and related alkaloids found in the Aconitum species are highly toxic, especially cardiotoxins or neurotoxins. The wild plant (roots or root tubers) is extremely toxic [1].

Actaea spicata

Phytoconstituents Actaea spicata Linn. (Ranunculaceae) contents the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (magnoflorine and corytuberine).

Aconitine: R1-C2H5; R2-OH; C33H47NO11; CAS: 302-27-2

J Biodivers Endanger Species, an open access journal Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000e127 ISSN:2332-2543 Citation: Butnariu M (2017) Biodiversity of the Phytoconstituents in the Some Plant Species Potentially Toxic. J Biodivers Endanger Species 5: e127. doi:10.4172/2332-2543.1000e127

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Magnoflorine: C20H24NO4; CAS: 2141-09-5 Cymarin: C30H44O9; CAS: 508-77-0

Corytuberine: C19H21NO4; CAS: 517-56-6

Toxicity Adonitoxine: C29H42O10; CAS: 17651-61-5 All parts, especially roots and berries, are toxic. As few as six berries have been reported to causesevere symptoms. Actaea species are closely related to plants in the genus Aconitum, a highly toxic plant Toxicity genus which contains wolf bane and several varieties of monkshood. In some parts of Europe the powdered leaves, stems and flowers are used This very toxic plant contains more than 10 cardiac glycosides. Its as an insecticide. Foliage and fruit are moderately toxic. Formerly epigeous parts contain toxic cardiac glycosides; its roots are also protoanemonin was said to be found in fresh herb, but this couldn't be poisonous, still being researched. Adonis first excites the inhibitory confirmed [2]. nerves in the heart at the central end, increasing arterial tension, and later paralyzes the peripheral end of the vagus. It also excites the Adonis vernalis, Adonis volgensis, Adonis aestivalis accelerating nerves, so that there occurs an interference between the two systems of cardiac innervation, resulting in a feeble and irregular heart action and finally in a total paralysis of the motor nerve supply of Phytoconstituents the heart. It also causes diuresis. The action is rapid and not cumulative Digitalis glycosides like adonidosid, adonivernosid, adonitoxine, [3]. cymarine, strophantidine, cardenolide glycosides; convallatoxin, glycosides-cymarine, adonitoxine; saponin phytosterine, adonite, Aethusa cynapium adonitoxin and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) similar to those of digitalis. Phytoconstituents Toxic concentrations of polynes also occur in Aethusa cynapium (fool’s parsley) are also said to contain ‘coniine-like volatile alkaloids’. Active ingredients: Online and cynopine, aethitsine, ethusanol; toxicity due to organic compounds polyines or polyacetylenes. Polyacetylens (aethusin, aethusanol A, B) and are known to contain several bioactive bisacetylenic alcohols.

Strophantidine: C25H34O7; CAS: 66-28-4

Aethusin: C13H14, CAS: 463-34-3

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Panaxacol: C16H23O2, CAS: 106828-96-0 Allantoic acid: C4H8N4O4; CAS: 99-16-1

Toxicity Aethusin, related to cicutoxin.Although fairly toxic, fool's parsley has occasionally been used in folk medicine. The herb is sedative and stomachic. It has been used in the treatment of gastro-intestinal problems, especially in children, and also to treat convulsions and summer diarrhoea. Extreme caution in the use of this herb is advised; Allantoin: C4H6N4O3; CAS: 97-59-6 see the notes above on toxicity. Excitement on ingestion, then depression, paralysis of skeletal muscles, vomiting, diarrhoea, pupils dilated, death by suffocation, does not affect the heart. The roots Seeds consumed at a concentration of 0.2-0.5% of body weight are mistaken for radish, leaves for Parsley. Aethusa chiefly affects nervous lethal to young poultry; older birds are less susceptible. The toxic system/gastrointestinal system. It is used to treat violent vomiting, response includes severe gastroenteritis, acute stomach pain, vomiting, pains, convulsions, and even delirium, which all lead to exhaustion and diarrhea, dizziness, listlessness, weakness, and slows breathing [5]. sleepiness. This remedy is also used to strengthen the mind when it is weak and when concentration is difficult [4]. Ailanthus altissima

Agrostemma githago Phytoconstituents The root bark and stem bark contain quassinoids: ailanthone, Phytoconstituents ailanthinone, chaparrin, glaucarubol, glaucarubin, glaucarubinone, The toxin is primarily sapogenin githagenin (may be 5-7% of the shinjudilactone, quassine, neoquassine, shinjulactones, ailantinols, weight of seeds). Sapogenin githagenin (agrostemmasaponins) is quassinoid I, shinjuglycosides 1α,11α-epoxy-2β,11β,12β,20- contained in seeds and amounts to 5-7% of their weight. Agrostin tetrahydroxypicrasa-3,13-(21)-dien-16-one,1α,11α-epoxy-2β,11β,12α, (lectin) and triterpenic saponins: githagenin (7%); agrostemmic acid 20-tetrahydroxypicrasa-3,13-(21)-dien-16-one; alkaloids: canthin-6- (diureidoacetate or diureidoacetate). one, 1-methoxycanthin-6-one, 1-hydroxycanthin-6-one, canthin-6- one-3N-oxide, 5-hydroxymethylcanthin-6-one, 1-(1,2- Toxicity dihydroxyethyl)-4-methoxy-β-carboline, β-carboline-1- propionic acid, 1-carbamoyl-β-carboline, 1-carbomethoxy-β- carboline; coumarins: scopoletin, isofraxidin, altissimacoumarins A, B. Githagenin is toxic (destroyed at 50°C). This plant contains colloidal The wood contains alkaloids: canthin-6-one, 1-methoxycanthin-6-one, glycosides which contain the properties of saponin. Saponin- canthin-6-one-3N-oxide. containing plants have a bitter taste and are not often eaten, but there have been reports of poisoning in horses. 3 g [of seeds] are considered toxic. The seeds are primarily responsible for poisonings from corncockle, however, all parts are suspected to be toxic.

Githagenin: C30H46O4; CAS: 639-14-5

Upunaphenol A (Dipterocarpaceae): C56H42O13 (Resveratrol Oligomer)

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Scopoletin: C10H8O4, CAS 92-61-5

Undecaprenol: C55H90O, CAS: 15575-14-1

Canthin-6-one: C14H8N2O2, CAS: 75969-83-4

Ailanthinone: C13H11NO4; CAS: 423729-45-7

Isofraxidin: C11H10O5, CAS: 486-21-5

Quassine: C22H28O6, CAS: 76-78-8

Seed contains quassinoids: shinjuglycosides A, B, C, D; sterols: ailanthusterols A and B. Leaf contains alkaloids: canthin-6-one, 1- Ailanthone: C20H24O7; CAS: 981-15-7 methoxycanthin-6-one, 4-methoxy-1-vinyl-β-carboline, 1- methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline; flavonoids: apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, isoquercetin, rutin, luteolin 7-O-β-(6’’-galloyl glucopyranoside) or 12% tannin, quercetin, as well as isoquercetin, and alkaloid linuthine. Leaves/wood are high in cellulose and are used in paper-making. The crushed leaves and flowers are insect-repellent. The parts, when steeped in water, are said to yield an insecticidal solution. An aqueous extract of leaves contains a substance that is toxic to other tree seedlings.

Toxicity Leaves are toxic to domestic animals. Gardeners who fell the tree Chaparrin: C H O ; CAS: 4616-50-6 20 28 7 may suffer rashes. Observations are more violent than my own to sniffing the leaves, "The odour of the foliage is intensely disagreeable and can cause headache and nausea rhinitis and conjunctivitis. The pollen can cause hay fever" The sap is a skin and eye irritant. Pollen can cause allergic reactions. A yellow dye is obtained from the leaves.

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Male flowers are conspicuous and ill smelling, attracting many insects. Female flowers are less odorous and less conspicuous [6].

Allium Species

Phytoconstituents The bulb contains sulfur compounds: alliin, cycloalliin, isoalliin, allicin, dipropenyl disulfide, methylpropenyl disulfide, dipropyl Spiraeoside: C21H20O12, CAS: 20229-56-5 trisulfide, dimethyl thiophene, L-γ-glutamyl-S-(1E)-1-propenyl-L- cysteine, propanethiol, 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol; S-propenyl- L-cysteine sulfoxide, anthocyanins: peonidin-3,5- diglucoside, cyaniding-3,5-diglucoside, cyaniding-3-glucoside; Se- “alliins”: selenomethionine, selenocysteine, Se-methylselenocysteine; flavonoids: spiraeoside, quercetin, quercetin-3,4’-diglucoside, isorhamnetin-4’-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3,4’-diglucoside, kaempferol-4’-glucoside, quercetin-3,7,4’-triglucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-glucuronide, quercetin-3-sophoroside-7- glucuronide. The bulb also contains allicepin and protocatechuic acid. Protocatechuic acid: C7H6O4, CAS: 99-50-3

Toxicity Calcium oxalate and possibly irritant proteins. Nevertheless, ingestion of onion and other Allium sp. are known to be toxic to many animal species, including dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep and goats. The signs pain and swelling of oral cavity, acute inflammation of Alliin: C6H11NO3S; CAS: 556-27-4 oropharynx accompanied by salivation, pawing at the mouth, and drooling. Edema of the lips, tongue, and throat may be seen. Allium sp. contain organosulfoxides, particularly alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides, are responsible for their characteristic odor. Plants trauma, like chewing or cutting, converts the organosulfoxides to a complex mixture of sulfur- containing organic compounds that are responsible for the flavor and effects of these plants on animals. Allium organosulfur compounds appear to be readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and are metabolized to highly reactive oxidants, have been implicated in onion-induced hemolytic anemia [7].

Cycloalliin: C6H11NO3S, CAS: 455-41-4 Ambrosia Species

Phytoconstituents The main components in the total extract are phenolcarboxylic acids (ferulic, isoferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic acids and caffeic acid glycoside) coumarins (scopoletin, scopolin, esculetin, esculin, umbelliferone, Dipropenyl disulfide, C6H10S2; CAS: 2179-57-9. skimmin), and flavonoids (jaceidin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, quercimeritrin, isoquercitrin, and glycosides of xanthomicrol and 4′, 5-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8- tetramethoxyflavone). Pseudoguaianolides also have skeleton of bicycle decane to which is associated a g-lactonic ring, have a b-methyl group at C-5 position and are classified as ambrosanolides and helenanolides according to stereochemistry of methyl group at C10; in other words, ambrosanolides have b-methyl and helenanolides an a- methyl in this position. Polymethoxylated flavonoids have been ′ ′ Selenomethionine: C5H11NO2Se; CAS: 1464-42-2 identified in ambrosia: jaceidin (5,7,4 -trihydroxi-3,6,3 - trimethoxyflavone), xanthomicrol (4′,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8- trimethoxyflavone), 4′,5-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, and their glycosides. Sesquiterpene: chloroambrosin, ambrosin, damsin, neoambrosin, farnserin, hymenolin, hymenin, stamonin-b, anhydrofarnserin; triterpenes: s-amyrin; flavonoids: apigenin;

Page 6 of 9 coumarins; sterols: ß-sitosterol; tannin; and volatile oil: carvone, camphor, caryophyllene, cineole.

Skimmin: C15H16O8, CAS: 93-39-0 Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside: C22H22O12, CAS: 5041-82-7

Esculin: C15H16O9, CAS: 531-75-9

S-amyrin: C30H50O, CAS: 559-70-6

Scopoletin: C10H8O4, CAS: 92-61-5

Damsin (ambrosin): C15H20O3, CAS: 1216-42-8

Scopolin: C16H18O9, CAS: 531-44-2

Hymenin: C11H11Br2N5, CAS: 105748-62-7

4,5-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, C19H18O8, CAS: 28914-17-2 Carpesiolin: C15H20O4, CAS: 2004-10-25

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Jaceidin: C18H16O8, CAS: 10173-01-0

Guajavarin: C20H18O11, CAS: 22255-13-6

Xanthomicrol: C18H16O7, CAS: 16545-23-6

Avicularin: C20H18O11, CAS: 572-30-5

Umbelliferone: C9H6O3, CAS: 93-35-6

Grayanotoxin: C20H34O6, CAS: 4678-45-9 Esculetin: C9H6O4, CAS: 305-01-1

Toxicity

Ambrosia sp., both in their native range and in invaded areas, are of public health concern due to the allergenic properties of their pollen. The NDA panel concluded that inhalation of plant pollen causes rhino- conjunctivitis and asthma, with skin allergies and food allergy playing minor roles. Ambrosia may cross-sensitize patients to other allergens, Andromedotoxin: C20H34O6, CAS: 4720-09-6 including food allergens [8].

Andromeda polifolia Toxicity These toxins occur throughout the plant, including the nectar, and Phytoconstituents can be found in honey. The leaves of most of these species are leathery Gardenoside, guaijaverine and avicularine, a new flavonol- or bitter, so their palatability is rather low. No specific antidote is dipentoside named polifolioside, neurotoxic diterpenoids: known but subcutaneous injection of morphine has been used andromedotoxin and grayanotoxin. successfully in goats. A toxin, called 'andromedotoxin' can be released from the plant if it is infused in boiling water. See notes below regarding use of the plant for tea [9].

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Phytoconstituents Ranunculin is converted enzymatically to protoanemonin. The rhizome contains triterpenoid saponins: raddeanins A, B, C, D, E, F, raddeanosides R0, R2…R18, hederasaponin B, eleutheroside K, Ranunculin: C11H16O8, CAS: 89412-79-3 hederacholichiside F, leontoside D; triterpenoids: oleanolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid, betulin, betulic acid, lupeol; lactone: ranunculin. The aerial part also contains raddeanin A.

Protoanemonin: C5H4O2, CAS: 108-28-1

Oleanolic acid: C30H48O3, CAS: 508-02-1

Raddeanin A: C47H76O16, CAS: 89412-79-3

Acetyloleanolic acid: C32H50O4, CAS: 4339-72-4

Betulin: C30H50O2, CAS: 473-98-3

Hederasaponin B: C59H96O26, CAS: 14216-03-6

Toxicity The toxin (protoanemonin) is quite irritating to mucous membranes. Blisters are commonly seen after the plant is chewed. Ingestion is rare. If ingested, signs of severe, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis are seen and may lead to shock [10]. Chemical structure diversity and their biodiversity some the plants Lupeol: C H O , CAS: 1617-68-1 in overview of the extremely various. Plants are a rich source of 32 52 2 bioactive phytochemicals or bio nutrients and on toxicity of active plant principles, which must be known, to determine their safety use.

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Additionally many others, this list do not exhaust all toxic plants (Only 5. Al Nimer MS, Al Deen SM, Lateef AZW, Al Kayar IT (2011) Magnetized some of species beginning with the letter A). water induces changes in the antioxidant properties of some medicinal plants extracts. Int J Green Pharm 5: 145-148. 6. Schall MJ, Davis DD (2009) Ailanthus altissima Wilt and Mortality: References Etiology. Plant Dis pp: 747-751. 1. Turabekova MA, Rasulev BF (2005) QSAR analysis of the structure-toxicity 7. Zhang Y (2006) Onion, a vegetable as well as a medicine. Health Preserving relationship of aconitum and delphinium diterpene alkaloids. Chemistry of 27: p 635. Natural Compounds, Springer 41: 213-219. 8. Vitalos M, Karrer G (2009) Dispersal of Ambrosia artemisiifolia seeds along 2. Ikezawa NI, Sato KF (2008) Molecular Cloning and Characterization of roads: the contribution of traffic and mowing machines. In: Biological CYP80G2, a Cytochrome P450 That Catalyzes an Intramolecular C-C Invasions: Towards a Synthesis. J Neobiota 8: 53-60. Phenol Coupling of (S)-Reticuline in Magnoflorine Biosynthesis, from 9. Pojar J, MacKinnon A (2004) Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Cultured Coptis japonica Cells. J Biol Chem 283: 8810-8821. Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing p: 53. 3. Woods LW, George LW, Anderson ML, Woods DM, Filigenzi MS, et al. 10. Xia ZT, Liu DY, Wang XY, Liu KF, Zhang PC (2004) Studies on the (2007) Evaluation of the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis in calves. J Vet Diagn chemical constituents of Anemone raddeana Regel. Acta Chimica Sinica 62: Invest 19: 581-585. 1935-1940. 4. Madaan R, Kumar S, Bansal G, Sharma A (2011) Plant Drugs Used to Combat Menace of Anxiety Disorders. Pharmacogn Commun 1: 1-51.

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