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This Analysis of the Evolution and Failure of the Image of Philip V

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This Analysis of the Evolution and Failure of the Image of Philip V Representing the French King of Spain: Philip V and Questions of Gender, National, and Cultural Identity Thuvia Martin College of Fine Arts, University of Florida Through a study of representations of King Philip V, 1701–1723, this paper explores how politics and social anxieties contributed to a crisis of Spanish masculinity in the early 18th century. Accustomed to the French courtly fashions and artistic styles of Versailles, Philip V broke with the austere traditions of previous Spanish kings and instead favored forms of dress and art that were criticized as effeminate by Spaniards. In their eyes, Phillip V was unduly influenced by his grandfather, Louis XIV, and, together with his preferences for French art, his reign signaled the defeat of Spain’s traditionally sober, aesthetically masculine, cultural identity. “Be a good Spaniard, that is now your first duty, but re- While Spain’s image as a defeated and feminized nation member that you were born a Frenchman.”1 These were circulated throughout Europe, Spaniards were themselves the words that Louis XIV of France spoke to his grandson fearful about their perceived emasculation.7 In a time when Philip, the Duke of Anjou, when he presented him to the military and political might were directly associated with court of Versailles, shortly after it was decided that he the king, and father of the nation, every action of the mon- would become the next king of Spain.2 On November 1st, arch carried serious implications for the image of the 1700, the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, died country. Their new French king aggravated concerns of without a natural heir. Louis XIV moved quickly to secure feminization not only in his political maneuvering, but also Philip’s place on the Spanish throne, arguing that, as Philip through the cultural changes he brought with him. Having possessed one quarter Spanish blood through his grand- lost influence in the political sphere, many Spanish tradi- mother, Maria Teresa, the daughter of Philip IV of Spain, tionalists within the court of Madrid struggled to prevent he was next in line for the succession. Left with few alter- the undermining of Spanish traditions as well.8 They were natives and acknowledging Philip’s lineage, the Spanish determined to ensure the survival of a purely Spanish na- court accepted their new sovereign. Thus, at the age of sev- tional identity, which was seen as emphatically masculine, enteen, Philip the Duke of Anjou, who despite his Spanish by resisting the new foreign styles of art and fashion that descent was undeniably a Frenchman, became King Philip flooded in and by criticizing the new system of royal repre- V of Spain.3 The Spanish kingdom, which had maintained sentations. secure cultural and political borders for centuries, was now This paper analyzes the impact that visual representa- forced to accept a foreign Bourbon prince as its new sover- tions of Philip V had on the national identity of Spain in eign.4 the early 18th century, and how the identity crisis that al- By the time that Philip became king, the Spanish empire ready began before his succession affected the reception of was already plagued by political and social problems. Once artistic styles that inundated Spain upon his arrival. I will the virile empire that had ousted the Moors from Western argue that by importing styles that were closely related to Europe, conquered the Americas, and defended the Catho- the court of Louis XIV and Versailles, Philip marginalized lic Church, Spain was now in the throws of military, eco- well established artistic and courtly Spanish traditions of nomic, and political crises. Consumed by war for decades monarchical representation. By considering two portraits when Philip took the throne, Spain had over the past cen- created during his reign, one can trace the gradual disinte- tury lost control over a number of its territorial possessions gration of the traditional Spanish culture of appearances in including the Low Countries and Portugal. Due to its wan- favor of one more closely associated with the court of ing grip on the empire, Spain began to be seen as emascu- Louis XIV. This marginalization of and infiltration by for- lated by foreign enemies and internal political critics.5 The eign styles of art, fashion, and manners exacerbated the Spanish court had lost control over its own destiny, and existing concerns about the weakening and emasculation of political decisions about the future where now being made the Spanish kingdom because of the implications that for- outside of its borders. With the appointment of a Bourbon eign domination evoked by such changes. By opting in fa- to the throne, Spain, the proud nation of conquistadors, vor of foreign styles, particularly French styles, which were became itself a “conquered” nation.6 believed by the Spanish to be frivolous, excessive, and de- ceitful, Philip alienated his primary audience. He rejected University of Florida | Journal of Undergraduate Research | Volume 9, Issue 4 | Summer 2008 1 THUVIA MARTIN Figure 1. Rigaud, Hyacinthe. Philip V , King of Spain, 1701, oil on canvas, National Museum of Versailles and the Trianon, Versailles Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Felipe_V%3B_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg Figure 2. Velázquez, Diego. Philip IV, 1624, oil on canvas, Prado Museum, Madrid Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Philip_IV_by_Velazquez.jpg University of Florida | Journal of Undergraduate Research | Volume 9, Issue 4 | Summer 2008 2 PHILIP V AND GENDER, NATIONAL, AND CULTURAL IDENTITY the customary Spanish style that was perceived by tradi- themselves from the Moors, who were known for adorning tionalists as honest, straightforward, and masculine. The themselves in colorful and extravagant clothes and jewels. style of Philip V and his court soon became the embodi- Over time this criticism of the [Muslim] other evolved into ment of Spain’s worst fears about national, cultural, and a rejection of any cultural “other.” For previous Spanish gender identity. kings the wearing of black, the golilla in particular, repre- sented their condemnation of external extravagance and Philip’s Problematic Franco-Spanish Identity instead a cultivation of personal restraint; thus “by utilizing black as the ‘noncolor’ a narcissistic obsession with the Once in Spain, Philip V was met by an atmosphere that body was displaced onto others.”14 The moderation and left much to be desired by the new king. This was as true of restraint of the black suit reinforced the ideal of the mascu- the arts as it was of court culture and politics in general.9 line Spanish figurehead, which Rebecca Haidt notes was Philip took on the challenge of restructuring the outdated “defined in relation to its opposite, immoderation, concep- system of pictorial representation established under the tualized as essentially feminine.”15 Spanish Habsburgs and instituting a new rhetoric of ideals In Spain excesses in fashion and courtly materials were more in line with his “modern” French sensibilities.10 suspect and mistrusted because of their implications of Raised in the grandeur of Versailles, Philip sought to emu- feminine-like vanity. They were specifically associated late the successful representational campaign of his grand- with the “exhibitionist masculinity of the French [which] father Louis XIV, with the expectation of its similar became a frequent object of Spanish ridicule.”16 The Span- success in fashioning an image of himself as the king of ish court interpreted such excesses as tools to conceal the Spain. To the Spanish elite, however, this maneuver dwindling power of the monarchy, and a form of compen- usurped Spanish culture by dismantling established artistic satory power.17 Now there was a Frenchman in the role of and fashion traditions and openly replacing them with dis- king and French excesses abounded in court. Because there tinctly foreign ones, both French and Italian.11 were already anxieties about the loss of their traditional The tension in Philip’s own identity is reflected in por- austere identity, Spanish traditionalists exhibited hostility traits as he attempted to negotiate his French identity with toward the wave of material and visual luxuries cultivated his newly acquired Spanish one. Given that traditional by Philip’s reign.18 Spanish court portraiture already had a preconceived for- Even though Philip appears in a Spanish costume, it is mula for representing the political body of the king, a por- clear that the traditional imagery of Spanish style has been trait of Philip V in traditional Spanish attire was overwhelmed by French aesthetic preferences, as a com- commissioned. However, the first mistake in this enterprise parison between the portrait of Charles II by Juan Carreño was made when a French artist, and not a Spanish one, was de Miranda and the Rigaud portrait makes clear. The at- commissioned to undertake the portrait. The French artist, mosphere of the Rigaud portrait emphasizes the importance Hyacinthe Rigaud, a court painter at Versailles who was of luxury to the Bourbons. Philip is presented in full figure responsible for several state portraits of Louis XIV, was pose surrounded by sumptuous textiles decorated with gold called upon to portray Philip V as a Spanish king. Equally embroidery, furniture, and elaborate detail, all meant to important is the fact that it was Louis XIV who commis- convey his preeminent position. The colors of the Rigaud sioned the portrait.12 portrait are comprised of deep, rich hues of red, yellows, Several versions of the portrait were completed. The and ambers, which work quite well at establishing a con- original portrait completed in 1701 and entitled Philip V, trast between subject and background.19 Just as in the fa- King of Spain was intended for the court of Madrid, but mous portrait of Louis XIV, done by Rigaud in 1701, every actually never arrived there and remained instead at Ver- inch of the picture plane contains elements of luxury and sailles.13 Though the specific reason for this change is un- wealth.
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