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Kings Without a Throne the Carlist Pretenders from 1833 to 1936 (3Rd April- 9Th December 2012)

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Kings Without a Throne the Carlist Pretenders from 1833 to 1936 (3Rd April- 9Th December 2012) Visit to the Temporary Exhibition at the Museum of Carlism (Ground floor) Texts on the display panels Museum of Carlism information sheets available for loan. Property of the Museum of Carlism. Please return this material to the reception desk at the end of your visit. Thank you for your cooperation. Authors: Museo del Carlismo Beatriz Marcotegui Barber Olaia Nagore Santos Servicio de Museos Susana Irigaray Soto Carmen Valdés Sagüés Translation into English : Mª Rosa Pan Sánchez (Servicio de Museos) Kings without a Throne The Carlist Pretenders from 1833 to 1936 (3rd April- 9th December 2012) Carlism is a complex historical movement wherein political and dynastic issues come together. The succession question, which set the supporters of Carlos María Isidro against those in favour of Isabel II, cannot, on its own, account for its origin and development. Nevertheless, the dynasty and its successive pretenders constituted from its beginnings one of the cornerstones of Carlism. Following a continuous line of dynastic succession from Carlos V to Alfonso Carlos I, the exhibition presents biographical information about the successive Carlist claimants to the Spanish Throne between 1833 and 1936. In a necessarily abbreviated form, it provides biographical data regarding the pretenders’ births, education, interests, marriages and issue, exiles, illnesses and deaths. The exhibition concludes in 1936, with the outline of the challenge brought about by Alfonso Carlos I’s death without issue and the need to find a new dynastic line of succession. Both branches are represented, together with the reigning line, in the family tree. Europe, a Century of Changes The exhibition covers a chronological span which goes from 1833 to 1936, a period in which Europe underwent great political changes. After the Vienna Congress of 1815, a new map of Europe was redrawn, where five great powers (Russia, Austria, Prussia, France and Great Britain) stood out, together with small states ruled by absolutist dynasties, such as Modena and Piedmont-Sardinia, among others. Between 1820 and 1848, various revolutionary movements with unequal outcomes broke out throughout Europe. Some of them had a marked nationalistic component which, later on, would lead to the unification processes that took place in Italy (1870) and Germany (1871). As the rest of the Spanish royal family, the Carlist branch had blood ties with many of the reigning royal houses of Europe and those bonds of kinship were kept through marriages. In some cases, ideological affinity propitiated the good political relationships and even military collaboration of some Carlist pretenders in the conflicts of other states. Thanks to these political and family connections, the Carlist family was able to settle during their exile in one state or another, while Europe was shaken by violent liberal revolutions which forced them to flee their current place of residence in search of more secure havens. On other occasions, however, their relationships with other ruling families were adversely affected by those very kinship ties. Carlos V Carlos María Isidro of Bourbon 1788 - 1855 1. Caption: The Family of Charles IV, Francisco de Goya, 1800, © Museo Nacional del Prado. From left to right, the infante Carlos Mª Isidro, the Infante Fernando (future king) and the future Princess of Asturias, the Infanta Mª Isabel, the Queen Mª Luisa, the Infante Francisco de Paula, the King Carlos IV, Luis of Bourbon, Prince of Parma and his wife the Infanta Mª Luisa, who’s holding her son Carlos Luis in her arms. In the background, from left to right, Francisco de Goya painting the portrait and the king’s brother and sister, the Infante Antonio Pascual and the Infanta Mª Josefa, and Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal and eldest daughter of the Monarchs (?). Carlos María Isidro of Bourbon was born at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez on 29 th , March 1788. He was the second surviving son of King Carlos IV of Spain and of his wife Mª Luisa of Bourbon, Princess of Parma, who had fourteen children, of whom only seven, four sons and three daughters, reached adulthood. The Infantes Fernando (born in 1784), Carlos María Isidro, and Francisco de Paula (born in 1794) received the same education by the best preceptors, such as the brothers Felipe and Fernando Scio, and also Antonio Carnicero, Cristobal Bencomo and Vicente Maturana. Throughout his life, the Infante Carlos Mª Isidro remained very close to his brother Fernando. Together, under pressure from Napoleon, they signed a waiver to their dynastic rights in Bayonne; they also stayed in Valençay (France) during the War of Independence, thereafter they returned to Spain and swore the Constitution in 1820. Don Carlos played an active role in the country’s political life; he attended the sessions of the Council of State and acted as the Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies, Deputy President of the Supreme War Council, and President of the Supreme Junta of Cavalry. Don Carlos married Mª Francisca de Asís of Braganza, daughter of King John VI of Portugal, in 1816. They had three sons: Carlos Luis, born in 1818, Juan, in 1822, and Fernando, in 1824. They were all born at court during the reign of their uncle Fernando VII. In 1821, the Infanta Mª Teresa of Braganza, Princess of Beira, widow of the Infante Pedro Carlos of Bourbon, moved, together with her son the Infante Sebastian Gabriel, into the Royal Palace of Madrid. From them on, the two Braganza sisters, Mª Francisca and Mª Teresa, came to be two female figures with a great prominence at court. 2. Caption: Disembarkation of Ferdinand VII in el Puerto de Santa María, José Aparicio, 1823, National Museum of Romanticism. In the centre of the painting Ferdinand VII and the Duke of Angoulême shake hands. On the left side of the king, Queen María Josefa Amalia of Saxony; Princess Luisa Carlotta leading her eldest daughter by the hand, her husband Infante Francisco de Paula, the Princess of de Beira, Mª Teresa of Braganza and, before her, her son the Infante Sebastian Gabriel. The Infanta Mª Francisca de Asís and the Infante Carlos María Isidro alongside his son, the Infante Carlos Luis, stand on the right side of the Duke of Angoulême. In 1830, Fernando VII promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction, annulling the preference for males in the succession to the throne, which removed Don Carlos as the next in the line of succession. This issue of dynastic legitimacy ignited an already simmering ideological and political conflict. This conflict is more fully developed and explained in the permanent exhibition. In March, 1833, the Infante Carlos, together with his family, set out in exile to Portugal, where he publically refused to recognize his niece Isabel, then a two year old infant, as heiress to the Spanish throne. On the 29 th of September, 1833 Fernando VII died. Don Carlos claimed the throne for himself and started acting as if he were a reigning king. War broke out shortly, the First Carlist War. Don Carlos failed in his attempt to cross the Portuguese border and enter in Spain. In 1834, the whole family moved to England from where the pretender went back to Spain. Doña Mª Francisca and her sister, the Princess of Beira, settled in Alverstoke rectory, in Gosport, near Portsmouth. At the time, the Infantes Carlos Luis, Juan and Fernando were 15, 13 and 11, respectively. In August, 1834, the Infanta María Francisca, aged thirty-four, became ill and died on the fourth of September, while her husband was in Spain. As their possessions in Spain had been seized and their reserves had been running down, the family found itself in a strained economic situation. They had to rely on personal loans and even the Princess of Beira had to pawn her jewels. The exhibition displays some written records reflecting these difficulties. In June, 1836, the family moved to the Continent where after a temporary stay in Turin, at the Castle of Cataio near Padua, and in Ljubljana, current territory of Slovenia, they finally settled in Salzburg which proved to be less expensive. On February 2 nd , 1838, Don Carlos, still at war in Spain, married by proxy his sister in law, Mª Teresa of Braganza, Princess of Beira, who, a few months later, entered Spain clandestinely. On October 20th the marriage was canonically ratified in Azcoitia. The wedding banquet was held in Loyola. Several documents on display refer to this event. In 1839, in the wake of the Convention of Vergara, Don Carlos had to leave Spain, and, together with his family, settled in Bourges, France, at l’Hôtel Panette, an old refurbished large house. There, they were kept under close surveillance by the Spanish Embassy in France, and by the French police. 3. Caption: Hôtel Panette, Bourges (France). Photo: Bruno Lageline. In the forties, there were unsuccessful attempts to effect a dynastic reconciliation through a marriage between Isabel II and Don Carlos’s heir, the Infante Carlos Luis. To ease the situation, on May 18 th , 1845, Carlos V, then 57, abdicated in favour of his first-born son. In the Declaration of Abdication Act, Carlos V assumed the title of Count of Molina and Carlos Luis took the title Count of Montemolin. However, as indicated above, the wedding plans failed. Following the abdication, the Count and Countess of Molina moved to Genoa, in the kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, were they rented Salicetti palace. Early in 1848, at the outbreak of a new revolutionary cycle in Europe, Don Carlos and his wife felt threatened and ran away to Trieste. There they lived modestly in a wing of a neoclassical palace property of the Duchess of Berry, located at number 24 of Via del Lazzaretto Vecchio. From 1852 onwards, when the palace was sold, Don Carlos rented the main floor.
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