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HOUSEHOLD RESEARCH at the LATE MISSISSIPPIAN LITTLE EGYPT SITE (9MU102) by RAMIE ALPHONSE GOUGEON (Under the Direction of Dr. Da

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HOUSEHOLD RESEARCH at the LATE MISSISSIPPIAN LITTLE EGYPT SITE (9MU102) by RAMIE ALPHONSE GOUGEON (Under the Direction of Dr. Da HOUSEHOLD RESEARCH AT THE LATE MISSISSIPPIAN LITTLE EGYPT SITE (9MU102) by RAMIE ALPHONSE GOUGEON (Under the direction of Dr. David Hally) ABSTRACT This dissertation explores activities related to everyday production at the household level at the Late Mississippian Little Egypt site (9MU102) in northwest Georgia. Exploratory statistics are combined with the mapping features of a geographic information system and intuitive pattern recognition techniques to identify areas within three domestic structures where production activities occurred. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric studies are used to determine the gender of the individual(s) who used each activity area. In general, each household had separate activity areas for males and females, in addition to an area shared in common. Female activities appear to utilize the most space within a structure, suggesting female activities are the most important for understanding production at the household level within domestic structures. Lastly, these findings are used to develop a model of Barnett phase household activity structuring. This model is very similar to the model of the Dallas phase household unit developed by Richard Polhemus (1998), and suggests broader patterns of household activity structuring may be present across the Late Mississippian Southeast. INDEX WORDS: Households, Activity Areas, Gender, Domestic production, Little Egypt, Late Mississippian, Barnett phase HOUSEHOLD RESEARCH AT THE LATE MISSISSIPPIAN LITTLE EGYPT SITE (9MU102) by RAMIE ALPHONSE GOUGEON B.A., The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 1994 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2002 8 2002 Ramie Alphonse Gougeon All Rights Reserved HOUSEHOLD RESEARCH AT THE LATE MISSISSIPPIAN LITTLE EGYPT SITE (9MU102) by RAMIE ALPHONSE GOUGEON Approved: Major Professor: David J.Hally Committee: Stephen Kowalewski Charles Hudson Ervan Garrison J. Mark Williams Electronic Version Approved: Gordhan L. Patel Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2002 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. David Hally, excavator of Little Egypt, has devoted countless hours to this project. His memories of the excavations, analysis, and the collections themselves rival any written record. His commitment to the archaeology of northwest Georgia, and household archaeology of the Late Mississippian in particular, has produced many valuable insights without which this dissertation could not have been completed. As my major professor he has proved to be an invaluable teacher, mentor, scholar, and friend. While we did not always agree over the years what the best course of action should be for me, I can only thank him for his persistence and patience while I muddled my way through. The professors on my committee (past and present) are hereby acknowledged for their valuable contributions to my dissertation in particular and my graduate career in general. Drs. Stephen Kowalewski, Charles Hudson, and Ervan Garrison have been most patient over the years. Dr. Mark Williams is recognized for stepping-in at the last minute, and for providing technical support, lab space, employment, and friendship. Dr. Betsy Reitz served on the committee for years and provided valuable guidance. My professors at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and associates from the Schiele Museum of Gastonia are acknowledged for their support and guidance. In particular, Drs. Janet Levy and Alan May taught me the ropes and continue to provide encouragement, in addition to being most excellent colleagues and friends. My graduate career would have been intolerable without the assistance and support of the Department of Anthropology Office Staff (past and present). Among them are Charlotte Blume and Dana Gray, who deserve countless thanks for the laughs. iv v I would be in sorry shape if not for: Cameron Adams, Barney and Mitch Pavao- Zuckerman, Anna Waldstein, Becky Bundy, John Guy, Rob Cooley, Ryan Ross, Jenn (Dodd) Bedell, Christina Snyder, Maureen Meyers, John Chamblee, Dave Wolfe, and Merrill Dicks. Physical activity/abuse was provided by The Chupacabras!!! (always the bridesmaids, never the bride), and The Flying Rats Toli Team. Evan Williams and the Choctaw of Conehatta, Mississippi have been wonderful friends and competitors. The MaleMen and Stench of Monkeys will be playing soon in a seedy bar near you. To the employees of Brockington and Associates, thanks for the opportunity to work before the degree was in hand, and for reminding me once again of the importance of cultural resource management. Thanks to David Diener for assistance with computer woes and some of the graphics. Thanks also to Justin Williams for the editorial assistance. The following individuals are acknowledged for their contributions to my life: Maralon Haviland, Justin and Lisa Gehtland, Kristin Post, Jennifer (Wood) Everhart, Ashley Barfield, and especially Amanda Edge for the generous gifts of hope, optimism, and love. Most Important: My own household(s) - Mom and Dad (Teresa and Rick Gougeon), Kyle, Kim and Alec, Moira, Ben and Brenna, my grandparents (Joe and Norma Gougeon, Dan and Ann O’Neill) and supportive droves of aunts, uncles, and cousins. You bring the abstract concept of “household” to life and are the templates to which I compare all other households - past, present, and future. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................. viii CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 2 HOUSEHOLD ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE SOUTHEAST .......... 5 3 ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE ................. 15 4 LITTLE EGYPT ......................................... 20 5 THE SAMPLE ........................................... 27 6 METHODOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS . 69 7 ARTIFACT CATEGORIES ................................. 81 8 DISTRIBUTIONS OF ARTIFACTS .......................... 94 9 RESULTS ............................................. 145 10 DISCUSSION .......................................... 173 REFERENCES CITED ............................................... 198 APPENDICES A SPECIES LISTS ........................................ 213 B DATA BY STRUCTURE ................................. 215 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 6.1 - Definitions of terms in ArcView ..................................... 75 6.2 - Other factors influencing use and form of space .......................... 77 6.3 - Southeastern Indian technological activities by gender ..................... 80 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 4.1 Physiographic regions of northwest Georgia ........................... 21 4.2 Location of Little Egypt (9MU102) ................................. 23 5.1 Excavations at Little Egypt, 1969 - 1972 ............................. 29 5.2 XU 1, plan view of posts, hearth, and proposed walls ................... 33 5.3 Structure 1, remains of superstructure ............................... 35 5.4 XU 4, plan view of posts and hearths ................................ 39 5.5 Structure 2, posts, hearth, and proposed walls ......................... 41 5.6 a. XU 5, plan view of posts and hearths; b. Structure 3, posts, hearth, and proposed walls ........................................................ 47 5.7 Structure 3, distribution of historic beads ............................. 53 5.8 Structure 2, burials .............................................. 56 5.9 Hally’s artifact concentrations, Structure 1 ............................ 61 5.10 Hally’s artifact concentrations, Structure 2 ............................ 64 5.11 Smith’s artifact concentrations, Structure 2 ........................... 66 7.1 Barnett phase vessel forms ........................................ 82 8.1 Structure 1, ceramic distributions; a. sherds; b. vessels ................... 96 8.2 Structure 1, lithic distributions; a. debitage; b. pp/k and other flaked tools .... 97 8.3 Structure 1; a. groundstone tools; b. percussion tools ................... 100 8.4 Structure 1, pigment minerals ..................................... 102 8.5 Structure 1, maize distribution; a. kernels; b. cob fragments .............. 103 8.6 Structure 1, hickory; a. > 11.5 mm; b. 11.4 - 5.5 mm ................... 104 8.7 Structure 1, hickory; a. 5.4 - 2.5 mm; b. < 2.5 mm ..................... 106 viii 8.8 Structure 1; a. acorn; b. walnut and butternut; c. seeds .................. 107 8.9 Structure 1; a. deer; b. bear ...................................... 108 8.10 Structure 1; a. identifiable mammal; b. unidentifiable mammal ............ 110 8.11 Structure 1; a. turtle; b. bird; c. fish; d. snake ......................... 111 8.12 Structure 1; a. shell; b. unidentifiable bone ........................... 112 8.13 Structure 1, worked bone ........................................ 114 8.14 Structure 2, ceramic distributions; a. sherds; b. vessels .................. 115 8.15 Structure 2, lithic distributions; a. debitage; b. pp/k and other flaked tools ... 117 8.16 Structure 2; a. groundstone tools; b. percussion tools ................... 119 8.17 Structure 2, maize distribution; a. kernels; b. cob fragments .............. 121 8.18 Structure 2, hickory; a. 11.4 - 5.5 mm; b. 5.4 - 2.5 mm; c. < 2.5 mm ....... 122 8.19 Structure 2; a. acorn; b. walnut and butternut; c. seeds; d. unidentifiable ..... 123 8.20 Structure 2; a. deer;
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