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T.C. Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlik Bilimleri Enstitüsü T.C. GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı Fitoterapi Yüksek Lisans Programı çerçevesinde yürütülmüş olan bu çalışma aşağıdaki jüri tarafından Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tez Savunma Tarihi: 30 / 12 / 2013 I İÇİNDEKİLER Kabul ve Onay…………………………………………………………...….......I İçindekiler………………………………………………………………...........II Şekiller, Grafikler………….…..…………………...……………………...…..V Resimler.……………………………………………..…………………….......VI Tablolar.……………………………….……………………….......................VII Semboller, Kısaltmalar ………………………………………………….....VIII 1. GİRİŞ VE AMAÇ……….………………….……………………...………….1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER…….………………………………..…………..…….....3 2.1.Tarihçe.…….……………………………………………………….............4 2.2.Glycyrrhiza glabra L.’nin Taksonomideki Yeri……….….…...................6 2.3. Leguminosae (baklagiller) Familyasının Genel Özellikleri……………..7 2.4. Papilionaceae (Fabaceae) Alt Familyası…………………………..........9 2.5. Glycyrrhiza Cinsinin Genel Özellikleri …………………….....………...10 2.6. Glycyrrhiza glabra Türünün Genel Özellikleri…………….……………11 2.6.1. Radix liquiritiae………………………..………………………………...11 2.6.2. Succus Liquiritiae…………………………………………………….…12 2.6.3. Glycyrrhiza glabra’nın Kayıtlı Olduğu farmakopeler……………….12 2.7. Halk İlacı Olarak Kullanılışı……………………………………..……….14 2.8. Kimyasal Yapısı……………………………………………………….....14 2.8.1. Saponinler…………………………………………………………........14 2.8.2 Flavonoitler ve Kalkonlar…………………………….…………………15 2.8.3. İzoflavonlar......................................................................................17 2.8.4. Kumarinler……….……………………………………………………...18 2.8.5. Diğer Aktif Bileşenler…………………………………………………...18 2.9. Biyolojik Aktivite Çalışmaları……………….……………………………19 2.9.1. Antienflamatuvar Etki…………………………………………………..19 2.9.2. Antimikrobiyal ve Antiviral Etki…………….……………………….....20 2.9.3. Antiprotozoal Etki…………………………………………….…….…...21 2.9.4. Antioksidan Etki…………………………………………………………22 II 2.9.5. Hepatoprotektif Etki……………………………………...………….….23 2.9.6. Antitümor Etki…………………………………………………………...23 2.9.7. Sinir Sistemi Üzerine Etki………………………………………..........24 2.9.8. Kardiyovasküler Sistem Üzerine Etki…………………………...........25 2.9.9. İmmunolojik Etki…………………………………………………..........26 2.9.10. Renal Sistem Etki……………………………………………………..27 2.10. Klinik Çalışmalar……………………………..……………….….……...28 2.10.1. Gastrointestinal Etki……………………………………………….….28 2.10.2. Antikanser Etki………………………………………………………..29 2.10.3. Antiviral ve Hepatoprotektif Etki……………………………….….....29 2.10.4. Dermatolojik Etki………………………………………………….…...29 2.10.5. Endokrinolojik Etki……………………………………………...…..…31 2.10.6. Solunum Rahatsızlıkları…………………...…..……………………..32 2.10.7. Diğer Etkiler……………………………………………………...…….32 2.11. Endüstriyel Kullanımı……………………………...…………………....33 2.12. Yan etkiler ve Toksisite…………………………...…………………….33 2.13. Famakokinetik…………………………………..……………………….35 2.14. İlaç Etkileşimleri………..………………………..………………..38 2.15. Avrupa Farmakopesi 6.0 Monograf Çevirisi………….…………..…..40 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM………………………………………………………44 3.1. Bitkisel Materyal……………………………………………………..……44 3.2. Gereçler……………………………………………………………….…...45 3.3. Yöntem……………………………………………………………….…….46 3.3.1. Farmakope Analizleri……………………………………………..........46 3.3.1.1. Makroskobik Analiz…………………………………………………..46 3.3.1.2. Mikroskobik Analiz……………………………………………...........46 3.3.1.3. İTK Çalışmaları……………………………………………………….46 3.3.1.4. Kurutmada Kayıp…………………………………………………….47 3.3.1.5. Kül Miktar Tayini………………………………………………..........48 3.3.1.6. Hidroklorik Asitte Çözünmeyen Kül Miktar Tayini………………...49 III 3.3.1.7. Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografisi ile Glisirizik Asit Miktar Tayini…………………………………………………………………50 4. BULGULAR…………………………………………………………...........52 4.1. Farmakope Analizleri……………………………..……………………...52 4.1.1. Makroskobik Analiz………………………………………………….....52 4.1.2. Mikroskobik Analiz………………………………………………..........53 4.1.3. İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi…………………………………………...58 4.1.4. Kurutmada Kayıp……………………………………………………….59 4.1.5. Kül Miktar Tayini………………………………………………………..60 4.1.6. Hidroklorik Asitte Çözünmeyen Kül Miktar Tayini…………………...61 4.1.1.7.Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografisi ile Glisirizik Asit Miktar Tayini…………………………………………………………………62 4.1.8.Tayin Edilebilir En Düşük Limit Teşhis Sınırı………………………...63 4.1.9. Hesaplanabilir En Düşük Limit …………………………….………....63 5. SONUÇ VE TARTIŞMA………………………………………….………...64 6. ÖZET……………………………………………………………………...….68 7. SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………..67 8. KAYNAKLAR……………………………………………………………….68 9. TEŞEKKÜR………………………………………………………………….88 10. ÖZGEÇMİŞ………………………………………………………………...89 IV ŞEKİLLER SAYFA NO Şekil 1: Glisirizin ve glisiretinik asitin yapısı ………………………………..15 Şekil 2: Glycyrrhiza radix’de bulunan bazı kalkonlar Flavonoitler……….16 Şekil 3: Glycyrrhiza radix’in yapısında yer alan İzoflavonlar …………….17 Şekil 4: Karbenoksolon ve Enoksolon’nun formülü………..……………….28 Şekil 5: Glisirizinin Karaciğerdeki metabolizasyonu…....................36 Şekil 6.1: G1 numunesinde sklerenkima demeti…………..…………….....53 Şekil 6.2: G1 numunesinde mantar doku………………….….…………….54 Şekil 6.3: G1 numunesinde trake ve trakeoit..………….………………..…54 Şekil 6.4: G1 numunesinde radyal özkolu…………………………….…….55 Şekil 6.5: G1 numunesinde öz kollar arasında parankima hücreleri……..55 Şekil 6.6: G1 numunesin dizili geçitler taşıyan trakeitler……………..……56 Şekil 6.7:G1 numunesinde sklerenkima liflerinde basit billur dizisi..……..56 Şekil 6.8:G1 numunesi nişasta taneleri……….………………………….....57 Şekil 7: İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi Plakları……………………………….58 Şekil 8: Mono amonyum glisirizat’ın HPLC kromatogramı………..………62 Şekil 9: G1 numunesinin HPLC kromatogramı…………………………….62 V RESİMLER SAYFA NO Resim 1:Glycyrrhiza glabra toprak üstü kısmı…………………...………....13 Resim 2: Glycyrrhiza glabra kökleri……………………………………….…13 Resim 3: G1 numunesinde makroskobik inceleme……….…………….....53 : VI TABLOLAR SAYFA NO Tablo 1 İnvitro çalışmalarda glisirizinin Antiviral etkisi…….……….….…..21 Tablo 2 Glycyrrhiza glabra’nın Dermatolojik Etkileri…………….…...…….30 Tablo 3 G. glabra’nın Aşırı Dozda Kullanıldığındaki Toksisitesi……..…..34 Tablo 4 Glycyrrhiza glabra’nın bazı ilaçların geçimsizlikleri…………..…..39 Tablo 5 Güneydoğu Anadolu’dan temin edilen meyan kökü örnekleri…..44 Tablo 6 Örneklerin makroskobik analizi………………………..……….…..52 Tablo 7 Glycyrrhiza radix ile yapılan kurutmada kayıp analizi……….…...59 Tablo 8 Glycyrrhiza radix ile yapılan kül miktar analizi ………..……….....60 Tablo 9 Glycyrrhiza radix ile yapılan HCI de çözünmeyen kül analizi……61 Tablo 10:Glycyrrhiza radix Örneklerinde Glisirizik Asit Miktarı ……….….63 VII KISALTMALAR M.Ö. : Milattan Önce M.S. : Milattan Sonra T.K. : Türk Kodeksi ADP: Adenozin Difosfat NADPH: Nikotinamid Adenin Dinükleotit IC50: Maksimum inhibisyonun %50'sini oluşturan ilaç Konsantrasyonu RAW 264.7: Fare lösemik monosit makrofaj hücre kuşağı COX-2: Siklooksijenaz-2 LDL: Düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein MCF-7: İnsan Göğüs Adenokarsinoma hücre hattı MAO: Mono amino oksidaz NO: Nitrik oksit IL-8: İnterlökin-8 TNF-α : Tümör nekrozu faktörü alfa HPLC: Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografisi ALT: Alanin Aminotransferaz HCI: Hidroklorik asit U.V. : Ultraviyole İTK: İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi DNA: Deoksiribonükleik asit bcl-2: B-hücre lenfoması-2 NADPH: Nikotinamid adenin dinükleotit fosfat HIV: İnsan Bağışıklık Yetmezlik Virüsü Escop: Avrupa Bilimsel Fitoterapi İşbirliği G. glabra: Glycyrrhiza glabra HCV: Hepatit C Virüsü VIII 1.GİRİŞ VE AMAÇ Glycyrrhiza L.cinsi Leguminosae familyasından olup dünya üzerinde geniş yayılış alanlarına sahip çok yıllık bir bitkidir. Akdeniz, Ön Asya, İran, Rusya, Avrupa ve Ortadoğu’da doğal olarak yetişmektedir.1 M.Ö. 500 lü yıllardan beri tıbbi amaçlarla kullanılmakta ve bitkilerin büyük babası olarak tarif edilmiştir.2 Ülkemizde tamamen doğal yayılışlı olan Glycyrrhiza cinsine ait 6 tür ve bu türlerin birine ait 2 varyete yetişmektedir.3 Dünya tıbbi ve endüstriyel bitkileri arasında oldukça önemli bir yeri vardır. Glycyrrhiza bitkisinin kök ve rizom ekstreleri eskiden olduğu gibi günümüzde de gerek halk arasında ve gerekse tıbbi tedavi alanında değişik amaçlarla birçok hastalığa karşı kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle ekspektoran, antispazmotik, antienflamatuar, antiasit ve antiülserojenik etkilerinden dolayı preparatların bileşimine girmektedir.4 Ülkemizden ve özellikle de Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde en çok ihracatı yapılan bitkilerin başında gelmektedir. Ülkemizde ve Dünyada oldukça geniş bir kullanım alanına sahip olan bitkinin köklerinin piyasada çok farklı kalitelerde satıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma ülkemizde doğal olarak yetişen ve toplayıcılar tarafından toplanarak aktarlara satılan köklerin kalitesinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bitkiye ait literatür çalışmalarının güncel bilgilerin ışığında yeniden derlenmesi, çalışmamızın birinci amacını oluşturmuştur. Ardından özellikle yaygın olarak kullanıldığı Güneydoğu bölgesindeki 1 aktarlardan toplanan örneklerin Avrupa Farmakopesinde bulunan Radix Liquiritiae monografına uygunluğunun araştırılması çalışmamızın pratik kısmını teşkil etmiştir. Bu sayede ülkemizde yaygın bir kullanıma sahip meyan bitkisinin kökleri hakkında güncel bilgilerin derlenmesi ve hemen hemen her aktardan satılan örneklerin kalitesi hakkında fikir sahibi olunması amaçlanmıştır. 2 2.GENEL BİLGİLER Bu bölümde öncelikle Glycyrrhiza bitkisinin tarihçesi ve bağlı bulunduğu familyanın botanik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Daha sonra bitkinin çeşitli kısımları üzerinde yapılmış kimyasal ve biyolojik aktivite çalışmaları başlıklar halinde tasnif edilerek verilmiştir. Radix Liquiritiae (Licorice) monografının Türkçe çevirisi bu bölümün sonuna eklenmiştir. 3
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