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Manual for the Collection, Study, Ex Situ Processing and Conservation of Germplasm

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Manual for the Collection, Study, Ex Situ Processing and Conservation of Germplasm Manual for the collection, study, ex situ processing and conservation of germplasm _____________________________ Manuals and Guidelines 37/2006 Legal Information 1 The Agency for the protection of the environment and technical services or the persons who act on behalf of the same Agency cannot be held responsible for the use of information that is contained in this manual. APAT - Agenzia per la protezione dell’ambiente e per i servizi tecnici Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma Via Curtatone, 3 - 00144 Roma www.apat.it ©APAT, Dipartimento Difesa della Natura, Servizio Parchi e risorse naturali Manuali e Linee Guida 37/2006 ISBN 88-448-0179-5 Riproduzione autorizzata citando la fonte Elaborazione grafica APAT Grafica di copertina : Franco Iozzoli Foto di copertina : Apat e Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (Univ. Cagliari) Coordinamento tipografico e distribuzione Olimpia Girolamo - Michela Porcarelli - Simonetta Turco APAT - Servizio Stampa ed Editoria Ufficio Pubblicazioni Impaginazione e stampa I.G.E.R. srl - Viale C. T. Odescalchi, 67/A - 00147 Roma Stampato su carta TCF Finito di stampare nel mese di novembre 2006 Edited by Gianluigi Bacchetta, Giuseppe Fenu, Efisio Mattana, Beti Piotto e Myriam Virevaire con la collaborazione dei partecipanti al Progetto Interreg IIIB Genmedoc Authors Gianluigi Bacchetta 1, Piero Belletti 2, Salvatore Brullo 3, Luisa Cagelli 4, Valentina Carasso 5, Josè Luis Casas 6, Claudio Cervelli 7, M. Carmen Escribà 8, Giuseppe Fenu 1, Fabio Gorian 9, 2 Jaime Güemes 10 , Efisio Mattana 1, Massimo Nepi 11 , Ettore Pacini 11 , Pietro Pavone 3, Beti Piotto 12 , Cristiano Pontecorvo 1, Aranxta Prada 8,Gianfranco Venora 13 , Lorenzo Vietto 14 , Myriam Virevaire 15 Acknowledgments Amparo Alonso Chicano, Rosanna Augello, Edoardo Biondi, Carlo Blasi, François Boillot, Alvaro Bueno Sanchez, Monica Casanovas, Massimo Cason, Donato Chiatante, Rosaria Congiu, Roberto Crosti, Pep Lluis Gradaille, Anna Guglielmo, Raquel Herreros, Borja Jimenez Alfaro, Simon Linington, Antoni Marzo, Nuria Membrives, Marian Morcillo Benlloch, Paolo Mulè, Carlo Murgia, Pietro Perrino, Francesco Maria Raimondo, Marco Rossetto, Cristina Salmeri, Mathilde Steffann, Costas Thanos, Pilar Ventimilla, Christophe Zreik. Translations Joseph A Buhagiar 16, Malcolm Buhagiar 1 Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB) – Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, v.le Sant’Ignazio da Laconi, 13 – 09123 Cagliari (Italia) 2 DIVAPRA Genetica Agraria, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci, 44 - 10095 Grugliasco, Torino (Italia) 3 Dipartimento di Botanica, Università degli Studi di Catania, via A. Longo, 25 – 95123 Catania (Italia) 4 Regione Lombardia, Direzione Generale Agricoltura, Unità Organizzativa Sviluppo e Tutela del Territorio Rurale e Montano, via Pola, 12/14 - 20124 Milano (Italia) 5 Via Madonna dei boschi, 88 - 12016 Peveragno, Cuneo (Italia) 6 Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n - E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante (España) 7 CRA– Istituto Sperimentale per la Floricoltura, corso Inglesi, 508 - 18038 Sanremo, Imperia (Italia) 8 CIEF – Banc de Llavors Forestals, Conselleria de Territori i Habitatge, Generalitat Valenciana, Avda. Comarques del Pais Valencià, 114 - 46930 Quart de Poblet (España) 9 Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, via del Ponte, 256 – 37020 Peri (Italia) 10 Jardín Botánico, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Quart, 80 – 46008 Valencia (España) 11 Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Laboratorio di Ecofisiologia della Riproduzione, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Pier Andrea Mattioli, 4 – 53100 Siena (Italia) 12 Dipartimento Difesa della Natura dell’Agenzia per la protezione dell’ambiente e per i servizi tecnici (APAT), Sezione Parchi e Risorse Naturali, via Curtatone, 3 – 00185 Roma (Italia) 13 Stazione Sperimentale di Granicoltura per la Sicilia, via Bouganvillea, 20 – 95041 Caltagirone (Italia) 14 CRA– Istituto di Sperimentazione per la Pioppicoltura, strada Frassineto, 35 - 15033 Casale Monferrato, Alessandria (Italia) 15 Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles, Le Castel Sainte Claire, rue Sainte Claire – 83418 Hyères (France) 16 University Herbarium & Botanic Gardens, Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta MSD 06 3 SPONSORS 4 5 6 PRESENTATION In 2001 the Governments of the European Union pledged to reach an ambitious objective: to arrest the loss of biodiversity in Europe by 2010. This goal appears in the EU Strategy sustainable development as well as in the Sixth Action Program for the Environment (2002 - 2012) and, in the course of the meeting of the 9 th March 2006 of the European Council, this commitment was again unanimously confirmed. The biological resources are fundamental for our survival and their loss jeopardizes the existence of individual species, habitats and whole ecosystems. The loss of biological diversity though variable in different locations, is estimated to be taking place at a rate of between 50 and 1,000 times the natural extinction rate. APAT is engaged on many fronts in the struggle to defend biodiversity. This document discusses conservation aspects , particularly the conservation of germplasm outside the natural environment ( ex situ ), that is the material capable of transmitting the hereditary characters, that allows us to protect in a direct manner the biodiversity of species at the genetic level, while indirectly contributing to the variety of ecosystems. The term germplasm was often limited only to seeds but today, thanks to effective modern technologies, is frequent applied to preserve other entities capable of transmitting the hereditary material such as pollen, explants, cuttings and spore. For cultivated plants, ex situ conservation has been relentlessly practiced on a scientific bases for almost a century, even at the level of highly organized global networks. For instance, in these very days, the Norwegian Government has just given the go ahead for the construction of the largest World Bank for the conservation of seeds of agricultural plants, and will eventually contain the cumulative result of 10,000 years of plant domestication. In the past, the necessity to preserve plants for alimentary and industrial uses was given priority over wild and non domesticated species, but today there exists sufficient scientific reason for very obvious reasons to conserve even these wild species and their ecosystems, since these translate in benefit for all living things included man. Recently RIBES – the Italian Network of germplasm banks, formed from around twenty public and private foundations as well as non profit organisations, was constituted for the ex situ preservation of indigenous wild flora, and is actively associated with analogous European networks. The task of undertaking the ex situ conservation of all the genetic resources that we currently possess and which we will need in the future, must be undertaken in the best possible manner. It is important to understand the entire cycle involved in preserving the material entrusted for safekeeping, from beginning to the end. And precisely for this reason we are proposing the present manual that undertakes to describe all that we know about the collection, preservation and ex situ management of the germplasm derived from taxonomic units of the native flora of the Mediterranean lands. Being aware that the work is far from finished, APAT will work to collect more information and suggestions and to maintain a constant updating of this manual. Giancarlo Viglione Commissario straordinario 7 PRESENTATION As an institution, APAT is responsible for technical-scientific activities for the protection of nature and the environmental and more specifically ones related to the protection of the natural resources, all of which are of national interest. These responsibilities result from the objectives outlined in the three-year activity plan of the Department for Conservation of Nature. By virtue of its different institutional tasks, several manuals on the protection of nature have been compiled over the past years; in particular, those dealing with the ex situ conservation of plant biodiversity. For this reason, APAT decided to compile a manual that was useful to technical persons operating in the specific area of the germplasm conservation and management. To execute this task, the Department for the Conservation of Nature, in collaboration with the Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB) of the University of Calgiari, has compiled this manual using easy to understand language and terminology whilst maintaining the level of scientific rigor that is expected from such a manual. Throughout its preparation, the subjects have been treated with the highest possible detail as merits the high level of specialization that has been reached in the field of germplasm conservation. The main objective was that of uniting authors with different areas of specialisation (21 authors from 15 institutions) present in various countries (Italy, Spain and France), with the purpose of creating a useful tool to on how to operate in institutional and academic fields, as well as in technical areas like germplasm banks or in a productive area such as in the flower
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