Journal of Hymenoptera Research

J. HYM. RES. Vol. 9(2), 2000, pp. 324-346

A Review of the Sphex flavipennis Species Group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae: Sphecini)

1 A. S. Menke and W. J. Pulawski

(ASM) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, USDA, National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. 20560-0168, USA; (WJP) Dept. of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118-4599, USA, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract.—The Sphex flavipennis species group, a Palearctic assemblage formerly called the maxillosus species group, is characterized, its species are diagnosed, keyed, their distributions sum- marized, and male antennae illustrated. The large Eurasian wasp formerly known as maxillosns Fabricius or rufocinctus Brulle must now be called fnnerarius Gussakovskij. Similarly, the species formerly known as afer Lepeletier must now be called leuconotus Brulle. The following species are included (new synonyms are listed in parentheses): atropilosns Kohl, 1885; flavipennis Fabricius 1793 (rufocinctus Brulle 1833); fnnerarius Gussakovskij 1934 (maxillosus Fabricius 1793, a junior homonym of Sphex maxillosus Poiret 1787; obscurus Fischer de Waldheim 1843; and mavromoustakisi de Beaumont 1947); leuconotus Brulle 1833 (triangulum Brulle 1833, a junior homonym of Sphex triangulum Villers 1789; afer Lepeletier 1845; sordidus Dahlbom 1845; tristis Kohl 1885; pluniipes Radoszkowski 1886, a junior homonym of Sphex plumipes Drury 1773; and pachysoma Kohl 1890); libycus de Beaumont 1956; melas Gussakovskij 1930; and oxianus Gussakovskij 1928 (nubilis de Beaumont 1968). A lectotype is designated for Sphex funerarius Gussakovskij 1930, and a neotype is designated for Sphex leuconotus Brulle 1833. Descriptive notes are provided for the type material of Sphex atropilosns Kohl, fitnerarius Gussakovskij, leuconotus Brulle, rufocinctus Brulle, and triangulum Brulle.

It is rather ironic, after all these years, In 1994 both of us restudied the types and that the proper scientific names have not confirmed our prior assessments of them. been established for Sphex maxillosus Fa- These were important findings because bricius 1793 and afer Lepeletier 1845, since van der Vecht (1959) noted that maxillosus these two of the Palearc- represent largest Fabricius was a junior homonym and the tic This is cor- sphecid wasps. problem species needed a replacement name. Van rected here. Initially our study was der Vecht believed that leuconotus Brulle Menke's examination in prompted by was the oldest available replacement for 1964 of Brulle's type specimens at the Mu- maxillosus. However, we are certain that seum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, leuconotus is a senior synonym of afer Le- which suggested that two taxa recognized peletier. In this paper we establish that fu- Kohl (1890) as of maxillosus by synonyms nerarius Gussakovskij is the proper name Brulle and (rufocinctus triangulum Brulle) for maxillosus Fabricius and leuconotus were not conspecific with that species. Brulle the proper name for afer Lepeletier. This was corroborated by Pulawski in Our study has enabled us to construct 1975, who re-examined the same material. an identification key to the Palearctic species of the flavipennis group. This key should be regarded as provisional because 'Mailing address: Ammophila Research Institute, these are difficult, 1429 Franklin St., Bisbee, AZ 85603-6211, USA, wasps taxonomically e-mail: [email protected] and we have not made an exhaustive Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 325 study of the species. Too little is known sian Academy of Sciences, St. Peters- about geographic variation in the flavipen- burg, Russia nis group, particularly the color of the USNM: United States National Museum wings, setation, legs, and gaster. These of Natural History, Washington D.C., may prove to be variable within some spe- U.S.A. cies, but a very large specimen database Wien: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, would be required to resolve species lim- Austria its and the significance of geographic var- Zurich: Entomologisches Institut, Eidge- iation. The apparent variation in male nossische Technische Hochschule, Zur- placoid distribution on the antenna also ich, Switzerland needs to be carefully analyzed, as well as METHODS possible variation in the male genitalia. terms used here follow Currently the male genitalia seem identi- Morphological Bohart and Menke that we cal or nearly so in the taxa we discuss (1976) except here. follow Salmon (1929) for the name of the cord-like "tendon" at the base of The family group names used in the ti- curved, the called this the tle are based on Melo (1999). petiole. Salmon funicle, and we adopt his term because it is not a SOURCES OF MATERIAL tendon in the true sense of the word. Measurements of the abdominal petiole Abbreviations used to indicate location are made as follows: the width is mea- of specimens are listed below with corre- sured at the base of tergum I, the length institutions. sponding is measured from the base of the funicle CAS: California of Sciences, San Academy (on the petiole) to the base of tergum I. Francisco, California, U.S.A. When describing color we use the term Copenhagen: Zoologisk Museum, Copen- "red" to indicate non-black areas of the Denmark hagen, legs. In reality, the true color more closely Dresden: Staatliches Museum fur Tierkun- approximates amber, or reddish brown in de, Dresden, Germany many instances. Setal color is described as Genova: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale pale or white vs. dark brown or black. In "Giacomo Doria", Genova, Italy some cases, pale or white setae are really Krakow: Instytut Systematyki i Ewolucji silver. Zwierzat, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kra- For the uncommonly collected species kow, Poland we have listed locality records known to Lausanne: Musee Cantonal de Zoologie, us. Lausanne, Switzerland The fourth edition of the International Lund: of Sweden University Lund, Lund, Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN Menke: A. S. Menke Collection, Ammo- 1999) stipulates in Article 74.7.3 that "to Research Arizo- phila Institute, Bisbee, be valid, a lectotype designation made af- U.S.A. na, ter 1999 must contain an express state- Moscow: Zoological Museum, Moscow ment of the taxonomic purpose of the des- State Russia University, Moscow, ignation". These statements must accom- Palermo: Istituto di Zoologia, Universita pany each designation (Article 74.3). Tra- di Palermo, Palermo, Italy ditionally lectotype designations have Paris: Museum National d'Histoire Natu- been indicated by the words "present des- relle, Paris, France ignation" and the purpose is clear to all, Stockholm: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, namely to fix the identify of the name in- Stockholm, Sweden volved. To add a statement after each des- St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Rus- ignation seems redundant and repetitive 326 Journal of Hymenoptera Research

to us, but to satisfy the Code, we have fol- gellomeres are more elongate than in lowed "present designation" with the fol- those two species. The female mid and lowing statement "in order to ensure the hindlegs are black, but the foretibia and name's proper and consistent use". tarsus are reddish. Species discrimination in the flavipennis The flavipennis Species Group grQup ig ^^ espedally in females The species discussed here belong to a Previous authors have used wing color, lineage that de Beaumont (1960) called the setal color, presence or absence of long se- maxillosus group. Because maxillosus is a tae on the femora, and proportions of the we have renamed it the junior homonym, petiole and /or comparisons of its length the oldest valid flavipennis group, using w i tn the length of one of the hindtarso- name. species meres to separate females of some species. Females of the share flavipennis group However, the separation of females of /la- the characters: following defining clypeal vipennis, /unerarius, and oxianus is partic- disk convex, but conspicuously abruptly ularly vexing, and association with males near free a depressed margin, delimiting may often be the only reliable way to narrow, flat rim; labral with inverted apex identify these species. The most useful Y- or carina whose arms V-shaped project male character is the number and width as small lobes; base of Y or V often ex- of placoids on the flagellum (although tending as a median carina toward labral they are variable in /umrarius especially; base. In addition to these apparently de- see that spedes bdow for details) . other rived characters, the lack certain species male features that have been used by pre. specializations of other Sphex: the metan- vious WQrkers are ^ ]ength rf tRe lateml otum is simple (not bituberculate); the ^ bmshes of sternum VII, the form of lacks 1 • rpropodeal r dorsum coarse, widelyJ .11 c j 1 u. the clypeal tree margin, and color pattern. transverse carinae or spaced,r wrinkles; ^ n i_ ,.i_ u . these characters are , / ,,,,, , Generally, however, , ,. , ,. ,, and the propodeal side lacks a vertical „ , , ,, .. ., . , . reliable. „. . , not wholly Male genitalia lack the anterior to the . • swelling spiracular groove. 1,1 . e j . , unusual elaborations found in some sec- , .1 1 i r . t Males lack features of . , . apparentlyr J speciesr , ...... ,. tions of the °genus and appearrr identical in . _ .. _- group significance. . , Ti .u r 11 n 1 species of the flavivennis group. The penis the contains the Pale- r J r ° r group following , ,, t \ ., , . is in lateral ... 1 r, 1, 100c a valve head arcuate profiler and arctic species: atropilosus Kohl 1885, /lain- is a med ventrallY with a row of teeth. pennis Fabricius 1793, /unerarius Gussa- y The authors provide keys, re- kovskij 1934 (= maxillosus Fabricius 1793, lowing cords' and other valuable information on nec Poiret 1787; ru/ocinctus of authors after sPecies in the flavipennis group: Kohl 1975), leuconotus Brulle 1833 (= a/er Lepe- 1890 revision of Dus- ( )' worldwide genus; letier 1845), libycus de Beaumont 1956, me- met and Mercet las Gussakovskij 1930, and oxianus Gus- (1906), Spanish species; Roth North African Ber- sakovskij 1928. (1925), species; land and Bernard French In addition to the seven species listed (1949), species; above we have studied three males and de Beaumont (1951), Moroccan species, one female from Morocco collected at Ait- and (1960), placoids of male antenna; Sco- Saouin (between Ouarzazate and Agdz) biola (1960), Romanian species; Kazenas southwest of the Jbel Sarhro Mts. (CAS) (1978), Kazakh species; Pulawski (1978), of former that may be a new species or an extreme species of the European part form of one of the currently known spe- USSR; Mingo and Gayubo (1984), Spanish cies. They resemble flavipennis and funer- species; Hamon, Fonfria, and Tussac arius, but the male antenna has broad pla- (1991), French species; and Bitsch et al. coids on flagellomeres IV-VI, and the fla- (1997), western European species. Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 327

KEY TO SPECIES OF THE SPHEX FLAVIPENNIS GROUP Females

1. Erect setae of head and thorax dark brown or black 2 - Erect setae of head and thorax white or pale yellow 4 2. Gaster red and black (at least tergum II partly red); foretibia(at least partly) and tarsus amber, midtibia partly amber; wings yellow tinted with dark apical band, veins brown; Iberian Peninsula to Greece, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Kazakhstan; Algeria(?) atropilosus Kohl - Body all black; wings darkly infumate, with no apical band 3 3. Appressed setae of face brown; hindfemur asetose; Iran, Turkmenistan melas Gussakovskij - Appressed setae of face silver; hindfemur with erect setae; northeastern Libya, northwestern Egypt libycus de Beaumont 4. Petiole wider than long (as measured dorsally from base of funicle to base of tergum I) or at least not longer than wide; Mediterranean region to central Asia leuconotus Brulle - Petiole longer than wide 5 5. Legs black (including tarsi); gaster usually all red (sometimes bicolored or all black); eastern Mediterranean region to Afghanistan and Tajikistan oxianus Gussakovskij - Some or all legs partly to entirely red (at least foretibia with some red apically); gaster bicolored (all black in some areas of Kazakhstan, Siberia, China); widespread in Palearctic Region 6 6. Pronotal collar and scutum with appressed white setae (best seen from in front); length 24-32 mm flavipennis Fabricius - Pronotal collar and scutum without appressed white setae (scutum sometimes with narrow, median stripe of white setae or traces of white setae posterolaterally); length 16-26 mm funerarius Gussakovskij

Males

1. Flagellomere III with placoid 2 - Flagellomere III without placoid 4 2. Erect setae of head and thorax dark brown or black; flagellomeres III-VII with placoids; at least tergum II partly red; Iberian Peninsula to Greece, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Ka- zakhstan; Algeria(?) atropilosus Kohl - Erect setae of head and thorax white or pale yellow; placoid distribution and gaster color variable 3

3. Gaster red basally, black distally (western Palearctic; Sichuan, China), or all black (e. Ka- zakhstan, Siberia; Gansu, China); placoids usually present on flagellomeres III-VIII (Fig. 2), but sometimes on II-VIII, II-IX, III-VI (Fig. 1), III-IX (or IV-VI in Corsica) funerarius Gussakovskij - Gaster all black; placoids present on flagellomeres III-VI (Fig. 3); eastern Mediterranean region to Tajikistan and Afghanistan oxianus Gussakovskij 4. Wings nearly uniformly darkly infumate, with no apical dark band; remaining body black; erect setae of head and thorax dark brown or black 5 - Wings nearly hyaline or yellowish to slightly infumate, with darker apical band; gaster at least partly red; legs black or partly red; erect setae of head and thorax dark brown to pale yellow or white 6 5. Iran, Turkmenistan melas Gussakovskij - Northeastern Libya, northwestern Egypt libycus de Beaumont 6. Flagellomeres V-VI (Figs. 6-7) or only VI with placoids; gaster color variable flavipennis Fabricius - Flagellomeres IV-VI with placoids (Figs. 4-5) (Corsican funerarius will key here, but gaster is red and black); gaster black leuconotus Brulle 328 Journal of Hymenoptera Research Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 329

4-9. Figs. Scanning electron photographs of male antenna showing placoids on flagellomeres (= F). 4-5, Sphex leuamotus, 4 is specimen from Cherkes, Cvprus with placoids on F IY-YI; 5 is specimen from Zaragoza, rV-VI. Spain with placoids on F 6-7, Sphex flauipennis, 6 is specimen from Carpentras, France with placoids on F Y-VI; 7 is specimen from Zaragoza, Spain with placoids on F V-VL 8, Sphex melas from Repetek, Turk- menistan with placoids on F V-VI. 9, Sphex libycus from Marsa Matruh, Egypt with placoids on F V-YI.

DISCUSSION OF SPECIES (Africa); Chaudoir 1947:142 (France); Zavalil and Snoflak 1948:168 (Czechoslovakia); de Sphex atropilosus Kohl Andrade 1949:8 (Portugal); Berland and Ber- Sphex maxUlosus var. atropilosus Kohl 1885:202. nard 1949:4 (France); Hamon 1950:29 Holotype: female, "Tultscha" [= Tulcea, Ro- (France); Benedek 1968:70 (Hungary); Bal- mania] (VVien), examined. thasar 1972:421 (Czechoslovakia); Kazenas 1978:40 Dollfuss 15 Sphex. atrohirtus Kohl 1890:437 (lapsus for and (Kazakhstan); 1989:12, Padr 1989:166 redescription of atropilosus, raised to species.) (type material); (in Sedivy) (Slovakia). Subsequent records as atropilosus: Berland 1952: 88 (France); Leclercq 1955:19 (Africa); Le- Recognition. —The dark erect setae of the clercq 1956:324 (Greece); Bajari 1957:79 (Hun- head and thorax distinguish atropilosus gary); de Beaumont 1962:19 (Spain); de Beau- from other species in the fUwipennis group mont 1965:14 (Greece); Pulawski 1978:183 (s. with red and black and The Russia, Caucasus); Mingo and Gayubo 1984: legs gaster. short female petiole (at most minimallv 145 (Spain); lozan 1986:367 (Hungary); Ga- than is similar to that of leu- yubo 1987:106 (Spain); Hamon, Fonfria, and longer wide) but the erect setae are in that Tussac 1991:131 (France); Bitsch et al., 1997: amotus, pale

69 (s. France); Shkuratov 1998:97 (Rostov Ob- species. The female mid- and hindfemora last', Russia). have erect setae but thev are shorter on Subsequent records as atrohirtus: Roth 1925:397 the dorsum than in leuamotus. The broad

1-3. electron of male Figs. Scanning photographs antenna showing placoids on flagellomeres ( F). 1-2, 1 is from 2 Sphex funerarius, specimen Tanger, Morocco with placoids on F III-Y1 is specimen from Italy with F III-YII1. placoids on 3. Sphex oxianus from Kondara Canyon, Tadjikistan with placoids on h III-YI 330 Journal of Hymenoptera Research placoids on male flagellomeres III-VII dif- 1.1 X its apical width, but it is usually ferentiate atropilosus from leuconotus which slightly more than the distal width (ex- has narrower ones on IV-VI (Figs. 4-5). ample ratios are 18:17, 19.5:17, 21:20). The size range of female atropilosus is 18- Sometimes the dimensions are equal. In 27 mm which is somewhat less than the the largest female studied, a specimen 27 common parameters for females of leucon- mm long labeled Oran, the petiole is otus (22-33 mm). slightly shorter than its width (ratio 21:24). examined. —Kohl's Material holotype In smaller specimens from Oran the peti- "atrohirtus bears his handwritten label ole is as long as wide. Increasing body size he intended Kohl Type", and obviously thus may be correlated with a shortening the name to be but it species atrohirtus, of the petiole. The male petiole is longer as second fe- was published atropilosus. A than wide (20.5:17.5, Oran; 20:14, Greece). male from "Transcauc." also has Kohl's Gaster color in the female from Cher- label "atrohirtus Kohl but type" (Vienna), nozemel'sk is similar to the holotype, but it was not mentioned in the de- original the red is limited to tergum I apically and and cannot be a It was list- scription type. laterally and tergum III basolaterally. Red ed Kohl who also had material by (1890) is reduced in the Spanish females: narrow from (= Russia). Sarepta Volgograd, strip along distal margin of tergum I, ter- Other material examined: SPAIN: Vil- gum II laterally, and most of sternum II. larina, Salamanca, 21, 1995 July (female, The Spanish male is similar, but addition- Menke), Valdepenas, June 21, 1983 (male, ally has red laterally at the extreme base Menke), Madrid (female, CAS); FRANCE: of tergum III (M. Ohl in litt. to Menke says Canet, June 14, 1948 (female, Menke), St. tergum III is all black in Spanish males he Nazaire, June 14, 1948 (male, Menke); has studied). A female and male from GREECE: Kalamata (one of a series stud- France are similar, but the red is more ex- ied by de Beaumont 1965) (male, CAS); tensive in the female: tergum II all red, RUSSIA, Kalmyk Republic: 10 km NW of and III red basolaterally. In the Greek Chernozemel'sk (female, CAS); and AL- male red covers the sides of tergum I, all GERIA: "Oran, 1895", collected by of II, tergum III basolaterally, all of ster- Schmiedeknecht (three females, one male, num II, and the basal half or so of sternum Vienna) and identified by Kohl as "atro- III. hirtus" (i.e., atropilosus). However, these Legs are bicolored in females, but the Algerian specimens may have incorrect amount of black and red varies. The fe- provenance labels (see Distribution be- male from Russia is similar to the holo- low). — type, but the posterior surface of the for- Holoh/pe features. Kohl's holotype has etibia is black. The of one female yellow tinted wings. The legs are largely midleg from Oran is black for a small, cir- black but the following are reddish: ante- except cular amber at the femoral and rior face of forefemur, and all of foretibia spot apex, the hind surfaces of the are dark. and tarsus; distal fourth of anterior face of foreleg midfemur, and anterior face of midtibia. In the Spanish females red is limited to the of the fore- and mid femora anteri- Tergum I is red but there is a large, cir- apex and to the anterior surfaces of the cular black spot on the anterior face. Ter- orly, fore- and midtibiae. The are all black gum II is entirely red, and III is red lat- legs in the French and Greek males. erally. Sterna I-III are red (except petiole are 18-27 males are is black). The specimen is 21 mm long. Females mm, and Variation. —Petiole and color of 17-22 mm length long.— the gaster and legs vary in atropilosus. Fe- Distribution. Northern Mediterranean male petiole length varies from 0.9 X to region (except Italy) eastward to Kazakhs- Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 331 tan. The species is uncommonly collected, worn away. In such cases association with although locally abundant at times. males may offer the only reliable means of Specimens mentioned above labeled identification (note however, that if long, Oran, Algeria, may have been mislabeled erect setae are present but appressed setae since the species has not been collected in are absent, it is likely that a specimen is that country by modern workers (e.g., de not flavipennis). Females of flavipennis tend Beaumont, Guichard, Roth); nor did col- to be larger than those oifunerarius (24—32 lectors of the 1890's find it (Saunders 1910, mm long versus 16-26 mm). Some females Morice 1911). The only other record from of Sphex leuconotus have appressed white Algeria is by Roth (1925) who saw a fe- setae on the thoracic dorsum but the pet- male from Orleansville (now El Asnama) iole is shorter than wide or at most as long dated 1867 in the Sichel Collection (Paris), as wide. Females of flavipennis have a petiole that is longer than wide. Fabricius Sphex flavipennis The appressed pale setae are less devel _ 6-/) (rigs. oped in males, but placoids are found on V-VI on Sphex flavipennis Fabricius 1793:201. Lectotype: only flagellomeres (rarely only female, "Italia" (Copenhagen), designated by VI), and they are narrow (Figs. 6-7). Infu- van der Vecht 1961:31, not examined. nerarius, placoids are broad (Figs. 1-2) and Sphex rufocinctus Brulle 1833:367. Holotype (or usually present on flagellomeres III-VIII syntype): male, "Petalidi, Moree" [= Korone (but see that species for placoid variation). or ex- Koroni, Peloponnesus, Greece] (Paris), Males of leuconotus have placoids on fla- amined. New synonym. gellomeres IV-VI (Figs. 4-5). Sphex bicolor Dahlbom 1845:437. Holotype: Females are 24-32 mm, and males are male, "Dalmatia" [= coastal Croatia and 17_26 mm lone horn- • MonteneerolJ (Berlin?),' (juniorv Kprimary- r> i u j a. u . . ,~ , , , .. ,„„ r., Previous workers have used other char- of bicolor Fabricius not ex- onvm Sphex 1775), ,.< n i i , c . ix ui -loo-. ->r> i. acters to identifv flavipennis, but we have amined. Svnonvmv bv Kohl 1881:39 who saw found them unreliable:,,, Dahlbom's material (with maxillosus), and yellow-tinted win s and erect setae on the face. Kohl 1890:236 (with flavipennis). g golden The erect facial setae are sometimes silver Sphex cinereorufocinctus Dahlbom 1845:437. Svn- in and this color types: male, "Rhodus" [= Rhodes, Greece] flavipennis, nearly always (Lund), not examined. Synonymy by de in funerarius. The yellow tinted wings, Beaumont 1949:127 who saw Dahlbom's ma- from which the species derives it name, is terial. not a reliable recognition character for fla- Sphex sellae Gribodo 1873:86. Holotype: female, vipennis because some funerarius also have "Sicilia" not ex- [= Sicily, Italy] (Genova?), yellowish wings, although typically they amined. Kohl 1890:236. Synonymy by are hghtlv brown stained. Several authors Sphex var. De-Stefani flavipennis rufodorsatus have usecj comparative lengths of the pet- 1887:88, 2, 8. female, "Sici- pi. fig. Holotype: iole and hindtarsomere I or III to distin- lia" [= Sicily, Italy] (Palermo?, Geneva? de- . jsh females of flavi ms from finwrar

• • stroyed?), not examined. Svnonvmv by Kohl T . i i .• i i '.i lus' 1S unc ^ ear h° was 1890-716 w petiole length measured by these workers, but we have Recognition. —The presence in most fe- been unable to find any useful differences, males of appressed white setae on the Comparisons of the length and width of pronotal collar and scutum identifies fla- the female petiole itself show nearlv the vipennis and separates the species from the same parameters in both species (15 spec- similar funerarius which lacks such pubes- imens of each species measured): flavipen- cence. Unfortunately the appressed setae nis—petiole length is 1.1 to 1.4 X width; fu- are poorly developed in some popula- nerarius—petiole length is 1.1 to 1.6X tions, and in older material they are often length. 332 Journal of Hymenoptera Research

Hamon, Fonfria, and Tussac (1991) il- colored gaster indicates that rufocinctus is lustrated two male characters that earlier not conspecific with leuconotus. authors had used to separate flavipennis We have been unsuccessful in locating and fun erarius: the form of the clypeal free the type material of bicolor Dahlbom, sellae margin and the length of the lateral setal Gribodo, and rufodorsatus De-Stefani, and brushes of sternum VII. These characters have relied on Kohl (1890) for their syn- are useful, but they are not always reli- onymy. Variation. — the able. The clypeal free margin in flavipennis Occasionally thoracic of female is usually a simple arc, but sometimes dorsum flavipennis has reddish there is a shallow emargination that may areas, a trait that immediately identifies Mediterranean as this be broad or narrow. In funerarius the clyp- specimens species reddish areas are found on eal free margin usually has a pronounced (similar some central Asian of De emargination (see Fig. 10 in Hamon et al. specimens funerarius). Beaumont and 1991). The lateral setal brushes of male Bytinski-Salz (1955) noted that occasional Israeli females have an en- sternum VII are shorter in flavipennis in red thorax, but occur with nor- comparison to funerarius (see figs. 11-12 in tirely they colored The thorax of Hamon et al. 1991), but the reliability of mally specimens. some females in Iran is also this character remains to be proven. extensively red Beaumont De Beaumont Type material. —Brulle's holotype (or (de 1957). (1960) noted a male from with a sole surviving syntype) of rufocinctus, a Cyprus on VI. male, has been studied by each of us on placoid only flagellomere In a male of from the Mashad two occasions. The specimen is poorly flavipennis area, Iran (CAS), the lateral setal brushes preserved, very dirty, and badly worn. of SVII are than a midocellus di- The mandibles are truncated from consid- longer ameter. Four other males from Mashad erable use, and the setation of the clypeal have typically short brushes. disk is worn away. The type has lost most Distribution. —Mediterranean region in- of its antennae; the scapes and pedicels re- cluding islands of Mallorca, Sardinia, Si- main, and the right antenna still has fla- cily, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus; eastward gellomeres I-II. Although the pronotum is to Hungary, Bulgaria, and south-central dirty, some silver appressed setae (one of Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, the characteristics of flavipennis) are faintly Turkmenistan); Arabia: United Arab Emir- visible. Traces of appressed silver setae ates; Iran, Afghanistan. are also visible in the scutal furrows and on the hindmargin of the scutellum. The Sphex funerarius Gussakovskij is not clypeal margin emarginate although (= Sphex maxillosus of authors before it is at the middle. The lateral setal straight 1976, or rufocinctus of authors after 1975) brushes on sternum VII are but the dirty, (Figs. 1-2) setae are as short as in flavipennis (shorter Sphex maxillosus Fabricius 1793:208. Lectotype: than in funerarius). The body length of 25 female, "Barbaria" [= northwest Africa] (Co- mm is also typical of male flavipennis. The penhagen), designated by van der Vecht gaster is mostly black, but tergum II is red 1961:30, (junior primary homonym of Sphex maxillosus Poiret except for a narrow, transverse dark band 1787). Sphex obscurus Fischer de Waldheim 1843:122. along the distal margin, and tergum III is Syntypes: male, "in Rossia australi" (Mos- red laterally. This color pattern is typical cow, St. Petersburg, Dresden?), (junior pri- of flavipennis. These characters convince us mary homonym of Sphex obscurus Schrank that the of is not type rufocinctus conspe- 1802, and Sphex obscurus Fabricius 1804). Syn- cific with funerarius (maxillosus of authors), onymy with maxillosus by Kohl 1895:69. New but instead is flavipennis Fabricius. The bi- synonym. Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 333

Sphex maxillosus var. pedibus nigris Zanon 1925: noptera Lists); Dollfuss 1991:27 (in revision of 90. Holotype: female, Fueihat, Libya (Geno- Austrian Sphecidae); Gayubo, Borsato, and

. not see Art. 11.4 va?) Polynomial, available, Osella 1991:392 (Italy); Gayubo and Torres

of the Code. I 1991:Table and p. 81 (Spain: effects of urban Sphex funerarius Gussakovskij 1934:3. Lectotype: pressure); Hamon, Fonfria, and Tussac 1991: male, [Bei-lung-shui,] S. Kansu [= Gansu], 128, 131 (in key to French Sphecini), 132 China (Stockholm), here designated in order (France); Jozan 1991:602 (Hungary); Kazenas to ensure the name's proper and consistent and Nasyrova 1991:38 (Kazakhstan); Negri- solo application, examined. New synonym. 1991:316 (Italy); Schembri 1991:177 (previous records from Sphex maxillosus ssp. mavromoustakisi de Beau- Malta); Gayubo, Borsato, and Osella 1992:275 mont 1947:383. Holotype: female, Polemidia (Greece, Turkey); Jozan 1992:171 Hills, Cyprus (Lausanne), examined. New (Hungary); Kazenas and Tobias synonym. 1992:29 (sleeping aggregations); Gayubo, Tormos, and Asis 1993:308 Sphex rufocinctus (misinterpretations since (teratological Tormos, and 1975): Lomholdt 1975:68 (Gotland I., Swe- specimen); Torregrosa, Gayubo, Asis 1993:11 Luchetti 1993:10 den); Bohart and Menke 1976:116 (listed, no- (Spain); (Italy: Dollfuss 1994:98 in menclature problems); Guichard 1978:270 Sardegna); (endangered and Borsato 1994:199 (Greece); Richards 1979:400 (British Channel Austria); Gayubo (Ita- Tormos, Asis, and 1994:187 Is.); Pagliano 1980:110 (Italy); Dollfuss 1983:2 ly); Gayubo 1995:104 Krasno- (Austria); Mingo and Gayubo 1984:146 (Spain); Jozan (Hungary); et al. 1995:139 Samara Ob- (Spain); Schmidt and Westrich 1983:120 bayev (Russia: 1995:18, 22 (Greece); Gayubo 1984:356 (Portugal); Gayu- last'); Negrisolo (floral records); and Pesarini 1995:83 bo and Tormos 1984:8 (Spain); Pagliano 1984: Pagliano (Italy); Pagli- ano and Scaramozzino 1995:731 367 (Italy); Chevin and Chevin 1985:38 (Italy); Risch and Niehuis 1995:208 (France); Eiroa and Novoa 1985:23 (Spain); Schmid-Egger, Vernier 1995:176 Gus- Jozan 1985:55 (Hungary), 76 (floral records), (Germany); (in key); enleitner 1996a:809 1996b:818 83 (ecological and zoogeographic character- (Austria), (Cro- and Shkuratov 1996:81 istics); Pagliano 1985:12 (Italy); Tormos and atia); Minoranskiy Jimenez 1985:32 (Spain); Westrich and (Russia: Rostov Oblast'); Schmid-Egger 1996: Schmidt 1985b:112 (Germany: endangered in 19 (Germany); Schmid-Egger, Schmidt, and Baden-Wurttemberg); Gayubo 1986a:35 Doczkal 1996:374, 378 (Germany: endan- (Spain), 1986b:30 (Spain); Gayubo and Heras gered); Voblenko, Gorobchishin and Nester- 1986:26 (Spain); Gayubo and Sanza 1986:27 ov 1996:14 (Ukraine); Bitsch et al. 1997:71 (in (Spain); Gayubo and Tormos 1986a:8 (Spain), sphecid fauna of western Europe); Schmidt 1986b:4 (Spain); Islamov 1986:515 (Uzbeki- and Schmid-Egger 1997:27 (in checklist of stan); Asis and Jimenez 1987:23 (Spain); Ga- German Sphecidae); Dollfuss, Gusenleitner, yubo 1987:106 (Spain); Tormos and Jimenez and Bregant 1998:509 (Austria); Gonzalez, 1987a:122 (Spain), 1987b:316 (Spain); Anders- Gayubo, and Torres 1998:72, 73 (Spain); son et al. 1987:72 (endangered in Sweden); Zehnder and Zettel 1999:13 (Switzerland); Dollfuss 1987:18 (latest Austrian specimens Gonzalez, Gayubo, and Torres 1999:334. collected in 1952 and 1953); Schmidt and Westrich 1987:358 (Germany); Chevin 1988: Recognition. —Sphex funerarius varies 14 Dollfuss 1988:20 (France); (Austria); Jan- over its extensive range, both in female zon 1988:1 (Sweden); Karsai 1988:99 (Hun- and male color and number of male an- gary); Islamov 1989:49 (Uzbekistan: nest and tennal placoids. Some females especiallv prey); Jacobs 1989:3 (Germany); Jozan 1989: can be difficult to separate from oxianus 100 (Hungary); Asis, Gayubo, and Tormos and flavipennis. Males are easiest to iden- 1990:240 (mature larva); Gayubo, Asis, and tify because most have broad Tormos 1990:9 (Spain); Jacobs and Oehlke specimens on III-VIII 2) 1990:122, 132 (German Democratic Republic: placoids flagellomeres (Fig. not from Corsica are the more collected after 1960); Pagliano 1990:60 (in (males — among catalogue of Italian Sphecidae); Day 1991 :xix notable exceptions see Variation below). (summary of European Endangered Hyme- Only two other species have a placoid on 334 Journal of Hymenoptera Research — III: atropilosus and oxianus. However, the Nomenclatural history. This relatively erect setae on the head and thorax are common Palearctic species was known as white or pale yellow in male fiinerarius, Sphex maxillosus Fabricius 1793, for more while they are dark brown or black in atro- than 170 years. Then van der Vecht (1959: pilosus. Most commonly males of fiinerar- 214) pointed out that Fabricius' name was ius have a bicolored gaster in contrast to a junior homonym of Sphex maxillosus the all black gaster of oxianus. Males of fii- Poiret 1787, currently assigned to the ge- nerarius from China can have a black gas- nus Chlorion. He noted that unless Poiret's ter, but the presence of placoids on flagel- name was suppressed, maxillosus Fabricius lomeres III- VIII will separate them from would have to be replaced by the next oxianus which has placoids only on III-VI available synonym. Van der Vecht be- (Fig. 3) and is unknown from China. lieved that to be leuconotus Brulle based The following are variable in the species, upon Dalla Torre's (1897) catalog, but that but may aid in identification. The male is not true. Bohart and Menke (1976:116) clypeal free margin usually has a pro- called the species rufocinctus Brulle 1833, nounced broad emargination in fiinerarius, adopting the first of several synonyms of and is arcuate or shallowly emarginate in maxillosus recognized by Kohl (1890:433), flavipennis. However, exceptions in both even though Menke pointed out (footnote species weaken the usefulness of this dif- 23) that the type of rufocinctus appeared to ference. The lateral setal brushess on male be a synonym of a different species, flavi- sternum VII are longer than a midocellus pennis Fabricius. Menke urged European diameter in fiinerarius, while in other spe- workers to study the problem and clarify cies the these are usually shorter than, or the identity of Brulle's species. That action about equal to a midocellus diameter. has not been forthcoming, and, unfortu- However, there are also exceptions to this nately, nearly all contemporary authors character (see Variation under flavipennis). since 1976 have used rufocinctus as the The absence of appressed pale setae on proper name for the invalid maxillosus Fa- the pronotal collar and scutum separates bricius. Our studies of the Brulle types es- females of fiinerarius from flavipennis. Fe- tablishes that none of his names, rufocinc- males of flavipennis typically have ap- tus, leuconotus, or triangulum, are available pressed silver setae on the thorax, but this for maxillosus Fabricius. Instead, the oldest pubescence is often sparse or worn away. available name is fiinerarius Gussakovskij Thus, association with males is often the 1934. best way to identify females of both spe- Type material. —Gussakovskij (1934) list- cies. As noted under flavipennis, female ed 15 males and 3 females of fiinerarius petiole length is essentially identical be- from Bei-lung-shi, S. Kansu, China, 15-VI- tween the two species. Females of fiiner- 30, and 2 males from N. O. Szechuan, Chi- arius usually have bicolored fore- and na, 20-V-30, all collected by Dr. Hummel, midlegs, and the hindleg, except for the and also 3 males and a female from south- tarsus, is usually black. However, red is ern Altai (Karasengir) [= Siberia], and one limited to the foretibial apex in some me- male from Saissan [= Lake Zaisan, Ka- lanic Chinese specimens. A similar leg zakhstan]. We have examined three male pattern is present in one Iranian female and six female syntypes (Stockholm). All seen by us, but, unlike the black Chinese but one male are labeled Kina [= China], specimens, the gaster is bicolored. Females S. Kansu, Sven Hedins Exp. Ctr. Asien, Dr. of oxianus have entirely black legs, includ- Hummel, and one male and one female ing the tarsi. from Kansu have Gussakovskij's species Females are 16-26 mm, and males are labels with the word "typus". One male 17-20 mm long. is labeled Kina, N. O. Szechuan, etc., and Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 335 it also has a Gussakovskij label. We have ical color pattern of the species. Interme- selected and labeled as lectotype the male diate leg color patterns are seen in four from S. Kansu with Gussakovskij's "ty- females from Iran (CAS): the foretibia is pus" label. We have also put paralectoty- black and red, and the midleg is all black pe labels on the male and female that have except for an inner distal red spot on the Gussakovskij labels. The three males have femur, and the tarsi are sometimes brown- placoids on flagellomeres III-VIII and are ish (Elburz Mts.); or the foretibia is black entirely black. The females are black ex- and red and the midtibia is reddish on its cept the apical half of the foretibia which anterior surface only, and the midtarsus is is brownish red. In one female the whole brownish (Khorasan). Another Iranian fe- outer side of the foretibia is reddish. In male from Tilabad (USNM) has entirely two females the inner apex of the forefe- black legs except for red on the anterior mur is also reddish. — surface of the foretibia. Variation in placoid distribution. In a se- In females of most populations of funer- ries of papers de Beaumont (1960:229; arius, the gaster is red with a black apex 1961a:272; 1961b:45; 1967:276; 1970b:4) (segments IV-VI or V-VI typically). How- studied variation in the number of pla- ever, the gaster may be all black in females coids in western Palearctic males. He re- from eastern Kazakhstan, southern Sibe- corded their distribution as follows: on ria, and the provinces of Sichuan and Gan- flagellomeres III-VIII (most European su in China (sternum II pale laterally in specimens, Fig. 2), but occasionally II-VIII some specimens from Gansu). The gaster or III-VII; II-VIII or II-IX (Turkey); II-VIII is also all black in males from Siberia and (Crete, Iran); II-IX (Afghanistan); II-VIII or Gansu, China. In females from Cyprus, II-IX (Cyprus); and III-VI (Fig. 1), III-VII, the gaster (except the black petiole), fem- or III-VIII (north Africa). Males from the ora and tibiae are red. This insular popu- island of Corsica are exceptional in lacking lation was described as maxillosus mavrotn- placoids on flagellomeres II and III (de oustakisi by de Beaumont (1947). We have Beaumont 1960:229, also one male in examined the type series of mavromoustak- CAS). On this island placoids are only isi (2 females, 3 males, from Cyprus), and found on flagellomeres IV-VI, and we sus- do not feel that recognizing the subspecies pect this to be the typical condition on that is warranted. The Corsican population, for island. — example, is as distinct based upon male Color variation and subspecies. Female antennal placoid distribution, and yet we legs are bicolored throughout the range of also feel it needs no name. funerarius, although the hindleg is often The thorax is typically all black in fu- largely black. The following are common- nerarius, but it is partly red in a female ly red: tibiae and tarsi of the fore- and from the Kopet-Dagh Mountains south of midlegs and the hindtarsi (the midtibia Askhabad, Turkmenistan (CAS). The fol- varies from all red to partially or wholly lowing are red in this specimen: pronotum black). Sometimes the fore- and mid-fern- apicomesally and laterally, most of scu- ora have red areas distally. However, the turn, scutellum, postscutellum and part of legs are almost wholly black in females propodeal dorsum. Additionally only the from Gansu, China (type series of funer- last gastral segment (VI) is black in this arius) except for some reddish brown on specimen, and the inner side of the hind- the forefemoral apex and inner side of the tibia is reddish. foretibia. In one specimen of this series red Larva. —The mature larva of funerarius occurs only on the inner apical half of the was described by Asis, Gayubo, and Tor- foretibia. Specimens that we have seen mos (1990). — from other parts of China display the typ- Conservation. Sphex funerarius was list- 336 Journal of Hymenoptera Research ed as endangered in Austria, Germany, is, now lost). Neotype: holotype of Sphex and Sweden (summary in Day 1991, also triangulum Brulle, present designation in order to ensure the name's and consis- Andersson et al. 1987, and Janzon 1988). proper tent use (Paris), examined. Dollfuss (1987) reported that the last Aus- Sphex triangulum Brulle 1833:365, pi. 50, fig. 6. trian specimens were collected in 1952 and Holotype: female, "Petalidi, Moree" [= Ko- 1953, and Jacobs and Oehlke (1990) noted rone or Koroni, Peloponnesus], "a la fin de that no specimens were collected in the Mai", Greece (Paris), (junior primary hom- former German Democratic after Republic onym of Sphex triangulum Villers 1789), ex- 1960. One was found in female, however, amined. New synonym. Austria in 1996 1996a). (Gusenleitner Sphex afer Lepeletier 1845:350. Lectotype: fe- and Niehuis Schmid-Egger, Risch, (1995) male, Oran, Algeria, designated by Menke in reported that the species was relatively Bohart and Menke 1976:114 (Paris). New syn- common in the upper Rhine area of Ger- onym. many in the 1950's and early 1960's, but Sphex sordidus Dahlbom 1845:436. Syntypes: sex "Rhodus" disappeared subsequently. However, unknown, [= Rhodes, Greece] (Stockholm?). as of sightings of fiinerarius increased in the Regarded subspecies afer de Beaumont 1953:195. New states of Hessen, Baden-Wurttemberg, and by synonym. tristis Kohl 1885:200. male, Rheinland-Palatinate. M. Ohl in lift, to Sphex Syntypes: Spain (Wien). Synonymy with afer ssp. sordi- Menke says the species has also been dus by de Beaumont 1953:105. New syno- found recently in Bavaria. Janzon (1988) nym. noted that on the Swedish island of Got- Sphex plumipes Radoszkowski 1886:25, figs. 18a- land funerarius occurs in open sandy areas, i. Holotype: male, Askhabad [Turkmenistan] often the shore. Habitat along overgrowth (Krakow), (junior primary homonym of is the main to of danger populations fu- Sphex plumipes Drury 1773), examined. New nerarius on this—Baltic island. synonym. Distribution. Mediterranean Basin in- Sphex pachysoma Kohl 1890:436. Syntypes: fe- cluding North Africa from Morocco to male, "Kilasi" and "Kuba Breku" [= Kilyazi and = Egypt. The Balearic Islands (Compte Sart Kuba, Azerbaijan?]; Cyprus; "Syra" [ with tris- 1959), as well as the islands of Corsica, Syros I., Greece] (Wien). Synonymy tis by Dusmet and Mercet 1906:516, with afer Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Crete, and Cyprus. by Schulz 1911:68 and with afer ssp. sordidus Recorded from Jersey in the Channel Is. by de Beaumont 1953:195. New synonym. (Richards 1979), but the species does not occur on the British Isles proper. Most of Recognition. —The female and most Europe north to Gotland I. and Faro I. in males of leuconotus can be recognized by the Baltic Sea but not in Sweden proper an unusually short petiole whose distal (Andersson et al. 1987) and Poland; east- width is usually greater than the length. ward to Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, s. In occasional specimens the measure- Russia, Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), and south- ments are equal. In 12 females measured, central Asia: Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbeki- the petiole width varied from 1.0X to 1.5X stan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikis- its length, with the average being 1.2 X. tan; n. China (Gansu, Sichuan, Nei Mon- Some females have appressed white setae gol, Shandong, Liaoning). on top of the pronotal collar. Traces of appressed white setae can also sometimes be leuconotus new status Sphex Brulle, seen on the scutum. In the male, narrow of authors) (Sphex afer placoids are present on flagellomeres IV- (Figs. 4-5) VI (Figs. 4-5). Females are 25-34 and males are Sphex leuconotus Brulle 1833:366. Holotype: fe- mm, Moree" Korone or Ko- 17-23 mm male, "Petalidi, [= long. — roni, Peloponnesus}, Greece, (originally Par- Type material and synonymy. Kohl Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 337

(1890:433) synonymized triangulum Brulle dicate that his leuconotus was similar to Sa- with Sphex maxillosus Fabricius, and Bo- vigny's figure. In any case, his description hart and Menke (1976) listed it as a syno- of leuconotus agrees with afer sordidus. nym of rufocinctus Brulle. The holotype (or Since the differences between leuconotus the only surviving syntype) is actually and triangulum appear to represent age identical with Sphex afer sordidus Dahlbom. differences of the specimens, and Brulle's The specimen has the typical short petiole own feeling was that he would otherwise of afer (ratio 24:19). The mid and hindfe- regard them as identical, we are certain mora have long, erect setae on the upper, that leuconotus is conspecific with triangul- outer, and lower surfaces. Tergum I of the um. Accordingly we have made the type type is mostly black (apex red), and terga of triangulum the neotype of leuconotus IV-VI are also black. Terga II-III are red. and have so labeled it. The legs are black and the wings are yel- A result of the foregoing is that Sphex lowish. The name triangulum Brulle is a ju- afer sordidus must now be called leuconotus nior homonym. Brulle. According to de Beaumont (1953: The next available name for this species 195), tristis Kohl and pachysoma Kohl are is leuconotus Brulle which was collected at synonyms of sordidus. Thus they are new the same locality as triangulum. We were synonyms of leuconotus Brulle s.s. unable to find a type of leuconotus in Paris, We have also studied the male type of and apparently it has been destroyed, plumipes Radoszkowski. It is labeled "plu- Brulle stated that leuconotus and triangul- mosus" in Radoszkowski's handwriting, um were very similar, differing primarily and agrees with his description, but the in the form of the mandible and the seta- type lacks its antennae and the gastral tion of the clypeus. His description of the apex, presumably lost when he extracted mandible of triangulum suggests that he the genitalia (which are glued to a piece had a female with mandibular wear com- of card mounted on the pin with the spec- mon to old specimens, the result of much imen). Sphex plumipes was tentatively syn- nest excavation, and this is confirmed by onymized with pachysoma (i.e., leuconotus) examination of the holotype. The mandi- by Kohl (1890:436), whose interpretation is bles are badly worn. Concurrent with such most likely correct. The type is all black wear is the loss of clypeal setation, and with some appressed white setae on the Brulle described the clypeus of triangulum collar, almost silvery scutal setae, and as being largely devoid of setae. Brulle's slightly yellowish wings with a darker specimen of leuconotus, on the other hand, apical band. This color combination is must have been a fresh one, judging from found only in leuconotus and oxianus, but his description. The mandible was long, the holotype's relatively short gastral pet- and the clypeus was mostly covered with iole (length equal to 1.25X apical width) setae. In his description of leuconotus, Brul- suggests leuconotus. In any case, Radosz- le refered to in kowski's name is a plate 14, fig. 1, Savigny's junior homonym.— (1809-1829) Description de I'Egypte. The fig- Color variation and subspecies. Gaster ures on the plates from this work are re- color varies in females. Sometimes it is en- markable for their time, but they were tirely red (Cyprus, Uzbekistan), or tergum based on material from Egypt, and Sphex I may be black basally and IV-VI entirely afer is not known from that country. The so (Cyprus, Spain, n.w. Africa). In Roma- wasp shown in figure 1 has a short petiole nia the gaster may be all black (Scobiola although it is longer than wide. The ac- 1960), and de Beaumont (1960:227) stud- companying figure of the mandible shows ied a single female with a black gaster an unworn one with a long, acuminate from eastern Libya and four females with apex. Perhaps Brulle simply wanted to in- bicolored gasters from western Libya. 338 Journal of Hymenoptera Research — Males of leuconotus from northwest Af- Taxonomic history. Spkex libycus was rica have darker erect body setae than first described in detail by Roth (in Schul- specimens from the northern Mediterra- thess 1926:210) who studied one female nean and eastward, and the wings are from Agedabia in Cyrenaica, Libya, call- smoky. The wings are clear in the eastern ing it "Sphex maxillosus var. tota nigra, alis Libyan female mentioned above, and valde infumatis." He noted the all black those from western Libya are less smoky body (except for partly dark red mandi- than females from northwest Africa, bles), the dark body setation, and intense- Those who would like to treat the north- ly infumate wings. De Beaumont (1956) west African population as a subspecies recognized that Roth's wasp was a differ- action we do not will have to ent and it the name (an endorse) species gave— libycus. call it leuconotus ssp. afer. Material examined. We have seen three Distribution. —Mediterranean region (ex- females and four males collected 64 km W cept Egypt and known only from the Pyr- of Marsa Matruh, EGYPT, by Pulawski on enees-Orientales Departement in France) 28-29 May 1993 (CAS, USNM). including islands of Sardinia, Rhodes, and Distribution. —Known only from the Cyprus; eastward to Bulgaria, Greece, northeast coast of Africa: northeastern Turkey, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Libya and northwestern Egypt, the central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. sPhex melas Gussakovskij (Fig. 8) Sphex libycus de Beaumont Sphex melas Gussakovskij 1930:207. Syntypes: Turkmenistan Pe- (Fig. 9) male, female, Repetek, (St. tersburg), not examined.

de 1956:182. ... . , Sphexr libycus Beaumont Holotype: „ n ,, — is , , „ r, j- tl /^- \^ i Recognition. Sphex melas nearly female, Porto Bardia, not ex- • • Libya (Zurich), ..,„.. , ,, in the in all amined. Subsequent record: de Beaumont unique /7ni;/^nms group being black the and all 1960:227 (Libya, Egypt). ' including wings, legs, erect setae. Appressed silver setae are Recognition and status. —This species is found only on the face of the male. Sphex wholly black except for appressed silver libycus is the only similar species, but the facial setae in both sexes. The wings are brown appressed facial setae of female me- darkly infumate. The female hindfemur las separate it from libycus which has silver has erect setae, and the male has placoids facial setae. Males of the two species can- on flagellomeres V-VI (Fig. 9). Sphex liby- not presently be separated morphological- cus is almost identical to melas Gussakov- ly. Other characters of melas include: no skij, another all black species, and certain- silvery setae on pronotum, male with ly the males cannot presently be separat- broad placoids on flagellomeres V-VI (Fig. ed. The only difference in the females is 8, placoids narrower in flavipennis Figs. 6- the color of the appressed facial setae: sil- 7), and lateral setal brushes of sternum VII very in libycus and brown in melas. Erect markedly shorter than in funerarius. hindfemoral setae are present on the pos- Females are 22-28 mm, and males are teroventral edge in libycus, but in melas 15.5-17 mm long. they may be present (Iranian female) or Some male specimens of Sphex funerar- absent (Turkmen female). Much more ma- ius from the eastern part of its range (e. terial of both species is needed to deter- Kazakhstan, s. Siberia, China) are all mine if libycus is a valid species or merely black, as are males of oxianus and some a geographic color form of melas. males of leuconotus. However, the erect Females are 24-28 mm, and males are body setae are pale in these species, and 20-22 mm long. the wings are only slightly infumate. Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 339

Material examined. —We have examined Mediterranean with an all black gaster can topotypic material of melas (2 females, 4 be distinguished from the similarly col- males) determined by Gussakovskij (Mos- ored melas by the pale erect body setae. cow, CAS, USNM), and also a female from Most females of oxianus have virtually no Hamadan, IRAN (CAS) and a female from erect setae on the mid- and hindfemora, Imam Baba, TURKMENISTAN (USNM). or setation is very sparse. In contrast, fe- Distribution. —Turkmenistan and Iran. males of flavipennis and funerarius usuallv have some erect setae on the mid- and Sphex oxianns Gussakovskij hindfemora, especially on the lower sur- (Fig- 3) face. The femora of female leuconotus have erect setae. Sphex oxianus Gussakovskij 1928:3. Syntypes: considerable male, "Kara-tau mountains, right shore of Diagnostic characters given by Gussa- Amu-Darya, below Khiva" [Uzbekistan] (St. kovskij (1928, 1930) are of little value be- not examined. re- Petersburg), Subseqent cause he compared the species to Sphex cords: 1930:208 of Gussakovskij (description pruinosus Germar rather than to a species female; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan); Gussa- in the flavipennis group. De Beaumont kovskij 1933:273 (Iran); Gussakovskij 1935: (1968) thought that oxianus differed from 413 (Tadjikistan); de Beaumont 1960:170 (Af- flavipennis and funerarius (as maxillosus) in ghanistan); de Beaumont 1967:276 (Turkey); being slenderer, in having a slightly lon- de Beaumont 1968:156 (redescription); de female finer Beaumont 1969:81 (Turkey); de Beaumont ger petiole, body sculpture, and a female that is smooth and 1970a:393 (Afghanistan); de Beaumont 1970b: clypeus line 4 (Iran). shiny along the median and next to the the female Sphex oxianus form nubilus de Beaumont 1968: clypeal lip. However, only 156. Holotype: female, Ein Gedi, Israel (W. petiole length is useful. Schlaffle Collection, Kaiseraugst, Switzer- Females are 19-29 mm and males are not examined. Bohart and Menke land), 14.5-22 mm long. (1976:116) listed nubilus as a subspecies of ox- Material examined. —We have seen a ianus thus de Beaumont's name— validating male and female identified by Gussakov- Article 45.6.4.1 of the Code, 4th edition skij as oxianus from TADJIKISTAN: Chan- (ICZN, 1999). New synonym. — ghir and Kabadian (Menke, USNM), and Recognition. The entirely black legs, in- one female identified by Gussakovskij cluding the tarsi, separates oxianus from from TURKMENISTAN: Krasnovodsk other species in the flavipennis group ex- (Menke). The following have also been cept melas and libycus which are similarly studied, all in the CAS: TURKEY: Urfa colored. However, oxianus has pale erect (male, female); TURMENISTAN: Bahar- setae on the head and thorax, unlike the den (3 females); TADJIKISTAN: Ramit, dark setation of melas and libycus. The fe- Dushanbe, Khodzha, and Kondara Can- male petiole is longer (length 1.6-2.0 X yon (3 males, 4 females). width) than in the other species of the Variation. —Both Gussakovskij and de group. For example: 0.6-l.Ox apical width Beaumont thought the female was char- in leuconotus, 0.9-1.1 X apical width in atro- acterized by an entirely red gaster (exclud- pilosus, 1.1-1.4X apical width in flavipen- ing the petiole), although de Beaumont nis, and 1.1-1.6X apical width in funerar- saw an all black specimen from Israel (his ius. In the male, broad placoids are present nubilus). De Beaumont (1969:81) noted a on flagellomeres III-VI (Fig. 3), the gaster female from Turkey in which gastral seg- is all black, and the lateral setal brushes of ments V-VI were black, the remainder red. sternum VII are inconspicuous (shorter We have seen similar females from Urfa, than in funerarius). Turkey, and Baharden, Turkmenistan (all Females of oxianus from the eastern CAS). The gaster and petiole are all red in 340 Journal of Hymenoptera Research

S. F. and 1990 a female from Dushanbe, Tajikistan (CAS). Asis, J. D., Gayubo, J. Tormos, (1989). From this we conclude that the female Preimaginal stages of Iberian Sphecidae V. Sphex rufocinctus Brulle and Ammophila laevicollis Ed. gaster varies from all red to all black in Andre (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Annates His- oxianus. torico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 81: Distribution. —Israel, Turkey, Iran, Af- 239-244. and R. 1987. Contribucion al ghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Asis, J. D., Jimenez, conocimiento de la esfecidofauna de la de Tajikistan. provincia Castellon. I. Sphecinae, Pemphredoninae, Asta- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS tinae y Crabroninae (Hym. Sphecidae). Boleti'n de la Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia 11:19-29. Bajari, E., 1957. Magyarorszagi uj kaparodarzsak We thank the following people for lending speci- (Hym. Sphecidae). Rovartani Kbzlemenyek 10:133- mens for our study: Michel Sartori, Musee Cantonal 144. de Zoologie, Lausanne, Switzerland, who lent the Balthasar, V., 1972. Grabwespen Sphecoidea. Fauna type series of Sphex maxillosus mavromoustakisi de CSSR 20, 471 p. Beaumont and helped us locate the holotype of nu- Benedek, P., 1968. A hazai kaparodarazsak (Hym., bilis; Max Fischer, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Sphecoidea) elohelyi viszonyai es viraglatogatasa— Austria, who lent the type material of Sphex atrohirtus The and the of the Hun- Kohl; Lars-Ake Janzon, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, biotopes flower-visiting garian Sphecoidea. Rovartani Kdzlentinyek (New Stockholm, Sweden, who lent syntypes of Sphex fu- Series) 21:65-88. nerarius Gussakovskij and translated an essential part Berland, L., 1952. Sur quelques Hymenopteres des of his 1988 paper from Swedish into English; Wal- Pyrenees-Orientales dont un Sphex nouveau demar Celary, Instytut Systematyki i Ewolucji pour la Fance. Vie et Milieu 3:87-89. Zwierzat, Krakow, Poland, who lent the type of Sphex Berland, L. and F. Bernard, 1949 Les de plumipes Radoszkowski; and Janine Casevitz-Weu- (1947). Sphex France. Annates de la Societe de lersse, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Entomologique France 116:1-16. France, who lent the type material of Sphex triangul- Bitsch, J., Y. Barbier, S. F. K. Schmidt, and um Brulle and rufocintus Brulle. Guido Pagliano, Mu- Gayubo, di M. Ohl, 1997. seo Regionale Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy, at- Hymenopteres Sphecidae d'Europe Occidentale, Volume 2. Faune de France 82:1^29. tempted to locate the type material of Sphex sellae Gri- Bohart, R. M., and A. S. Menke, 1976. bodo and Sphex flavipennis var. rufodorsatus De-Ste- Sphecid Wasps the World. fani. He was unsuccessful, but we thank him for his of A generic revision. University of Cal- efforts. ifornia Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 1 color ix + 695 Alexander Antropov, Zoological Museum of the plate, p. Brulle, 1832-1833. de Moree. Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, provided A., Expedition scientifique Section des sciences Tome III. us with material of Sphex melas Gussakovskij. Sever- physiques. Ire partie. Deuxieme section. — Des animaux articules. iano Gayubo, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain, Zoologie. F.G. Paris. 400 = 289- Maximilian Schwarz, Ansfelden, Austria, and Jacques Levrault, p. (1-288 1832; 400 = after Sherborn and Hamon, Gaillard, France sent material of SpJiex atro- 1833). Dating Wood- pilosus Kohl. ward (1901:336). Darrell Ubick, California Academy of Sciences, San Chaudoir, G., 1947. Captures d'Hymenopteres. Francisco, California, assisted with scanning electron L'Entomologiste 3:142. photographs of the antennae. Vincent Lee California Chevin, H., 1988. Les Hymenopteres Sphecides du Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California; Mi- department de la Manche. Memoires de la Societe chael Prentice, Albany, California; and Michael Ohl, Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathematiques Zoologisches Museum der Humbolt Universitat, Ber- de Cherbourg 59 (1981-1985):13-19. lin, Germany, reviewed the manuscript for which we Chevin, H., and S. Chevin, 1985. Les Hymenopteres extend our deepest appreciation. Sphecides et Pompilides du Massif de la Clape (Aude). Bulletin de la Societe Versaillaise des Sci- LITERATURE CITED ences Naturelles (4) 2:34-43. Compte Sart, A., 1959. Sobre los esfecidos de Mallor- in ca. (Dates parentheses represent incorrect dates print- Graellsia 17:129-140. ed on original publications) Dahlbom, A. G., 1843-1845. Hymenoptera Europaea

Andersson, H., C.-C. Coulianos, B. Ehnstrom, O. praecipue borealia; formis typicis nonnullis Sped Hammarstedt, L. Imby, L.-A. Janzon, A. Linde- erum Generumve Exoticorum nut Extraneorum prop- low, and H.W. Walden, 1987. Hotade evertebra- ter nexum systematica-^ associatis; per Familias, Gen ter in — in Sverige Threatened invertebrates Swe- era, Species et Varietates disposita atque descripta. den. Entomologisk Tidskrift 108:65-75. Tomus: Sphex in scnsu Linneano. Officina Lund- Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 341

bergiana, Lund, xliv + 528 p. (fasc. 1:1-172, 1843; Britsh Museum (Natural History) Entomology 19(5): fasc. 2:173-352, 1844, fasc. 3:353-528, i-xliv, ta- 253-382.

bles, 1845). Dating after Menke (1974). de Beaumont, J., 1968. Sphecidae palearctiques nou- Dalla Torre, C. G. de, 1897. Catalogus Hymenopterorum veaux ou peu connus (Hym.). Mitteilungen der hucusquc descriptorum systematica et synonymicus, Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 41: Volumen VIII: Fossores (Sphegidae). Guilelmi En- 145-168. 1969. gelmann, Lipsiae. 749 p. de Beaumont, J., Sphecidae de Turquie (Hym.). Day, M. C, 1991. Towards the conservation of acu- Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen leate Hymenoptera in Europe. Convention on the Gesellschaft 42:79-95.

Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Hab- de Beaumont, J., 1970a (1969). Beitrage zur Kenntnis itats, Nature and Environment Series 51:1-44, i- der Fauna Afghanistans. (Sammelergebnisse von xxxiii. O. Jakes 1963-1964, D. Povolny 1965, D. Povolny 1949. Fr. de Andrade, N. F., Esfecidos de Portugal (Hym. & Tenora 1966, J. Simek 1965-66, D. Povolny, Fr. Sphecidae). Memdrias e Estudos do Museu Zoolo- J. Gaisler, Z. Sebek & Tenora 1967). Spheci- gico da Universidade de Coimbra (194):l-27. dae, Hym. Acta Musei Moraviae 54 (Supplemen- 1947. 1'ile de Beaumont, J., Sphecidae (Hym.) de de tum):385-406. der l'lran Chypre. Mitteilungen Schweizerischen Entomo- de Beaumont, J., 1970b. Sphecidae de (Hym.). logischen Geselhchaft 20:381-402. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde aus dem Staa- 1949. tlichen in de Beaumont, J., Synonymie de quelques espe- Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart (220): ces de Sphecidae (Hym.). Mitteilungen der 1-18. 22: Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft de Beaumont, J., and H. Bytinski-Salz, 1955. The 127-128. Sphecidae (Hymen.) of Erez Israel. I. (Subfam.: 1951 recoltes Trib.: de Beaumont, J., (1949). Hymenopteres Sphecinae, Nyssoninae; Bembecini, Sti/mi). par une mission Suisse au Maroc (1947) Spheci- The Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, Section dae 1. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles B: Zoology 5:32-60. du Maroc 29:259-284. De-Stefani, T., 1887. Un nuovo genere di Crabronidi et altri imenotteri de Beaumont, J., 1953. Notes sur quelques types de nuovi o poco cogniti raccolti Sphecidae decrits par A. G. Dahlbom (Hym.). in Sicilia. // Naturalista Siciliano 6:59-62, 85-90,

Opuscula Entomologica 18:193-198. 110-114, 143-147, pi. II [incorrectly referred to as

I in de Beaumont, J., 1956. Sphecidae (Hym.) recoltes en pi. text).

Libye et au Tibesti par M. Kenneth M. Guichard. Dollfuss, H., 1983. Catalogus Faunae Austriae. Ein sys- Bulletin of the Britsh Museum (Natural History) En- tematischer Verzeichnis oiler auf bsterreichischem Ge-

tomology 4(5):167-215. biete festgestellten Tierarten. Teil XVII: Fam.: Sphe-

de Beaumont, J., 1957. Sphecidae du nord de l'lran cidae. Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der

(Hym.). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomo- Wissenschaften, Wien. 32 p. logischen Geselhchaft 30:127-139. Dollfuss, H., 1987. Neue und bemerkenswerte Funde de 1960. in Beaumont, J., Sphecidae (Hym.) recoltes en von Grabwespen (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) Tripolitaine et en Cyrenai'que par M. Kenneth M. Osterreich. Linzer Biologische Beitrdge 19:17-25. Guichard. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural Dollfuss, H., 1988. Faunistische Untersuchungen uber History) Entomology 9:219-251. die Brauchbarkeit von Grabwespen (Hymenop- de 1961a. Af- Beaumont, ]., Ergebnisse der Deutschen tera, Sphecidae) als Umweltindikatoren durch ghanistan-Expedition 1956 der Landessammlun- Vergleich neuer und alterer Aufnahmen von aus- gen fur Naturkunde Karlsruhe. Sphecidae (Hy- gewashlten Lokalfaunen im ostlichen Osterreich. menoptera). Beitrdge zur Naturkundlichen For- Linzer Biologische Beitrage 20:3-36. schung in Siidwestdeutschland 19:271-276. Dollfuss, H., 1989. Verzeichnis der Grabwespentypen de 1961b. 1'ile Beaumont, J., Sphecidae de de Crete am Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien (Hyme- (Hym.). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomo noptera/ Sphecidae). Kataloge der wissenschaftlich- logischen Gesellschaft 34:43-52. en Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in de 1962. 1-26. Beaumont, J., Contribution a l'etude des Wien, Entomologie 7(4): Sphecidae d'Espagne (Hymenoptera). Eos, Revis Dollfuss, H., 1WI. Bestimmungsschlussel der Grab- ta Espaiiola de Entomologia 38:17-40. wespen Nord- und Zentraleuropa^ (llvmenop- de 1965. la mil /ur Beaumont, J., Les Sphecidae de Grece tera, Sphecidae) spe/iellen Angaben

1 24:1-247. (Hym.). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen ntomo Grabwespenfauna Osterreichs. Stapfia logischen Gesellschaft 38:1-65. Dollfuss, H., 1994. Rote Liste gefardeter Grabwespen de 1967. in Beaumont, J., Hymenoptera from Turkey. (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae), p. 95-104 J. Gepp Sphecidae, I. With appendix. Sphex Linne, sub- (editor): Rote Listen gefahrdeter Tiere Osterreichs. genus Palmodes Kohl par P. Roth. Bulletin of the Gnine Reihe des Bundesministeriums tur I m- of Hymenoptera Research 342 Journal

2. Me- Valladolid). Sphecidae. welt, Jugend und Familie, volume Styria govia y Hymenoptera: Acta Salamanticensia 78:1-105. dien Service, Graz. 355 p. 1986. Esfecidofauna de and E. 1998. S. F., and F. Sanza, Dollfuss, H., J. Gusenleitner, Bregant, Gayubo, la derecha de la cuenca alta del Duero Grabwespen in Burgenland (Hymenoptera: margen Acta Salamanticensia, 55:507-552. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Sphecidae). Stapfia Vana 74:1-115. R. 1906. Los de Serie Dusmet, J. M., and G. Mercet, Sphex and 1984. Nuevas de His- Gayubo, S. F., J. Tormos, aportaciones Espana. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola al conocimiento de la esfecidofauna valenciana (Hytn., toria Natural 6:500-517. Publica Fundacion de Sphecidae). Entomologica "Juan Eiroa, M. E., and F. Novoa, 1985. La entomofauna Cuaderno 1. Ponte- de Torres Sala", Serie Hymenoptera, las dunas de la playa de Barra (Cangas, Valencia, title 35 unnumbered Boletin de la page, p. vedra), I: Hymenoptera, Aculeata. 1986a. Notas sobre la Gayubo, S. F., and J. Tormos, Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia 9:15-30. de Castellan de la Plana emendata esfecidofauna (Hytn., Sphe- Fabricius, J. C, 1793. Entomologia systematiea cidae). Publica Fundacion Entomologica "Juan de et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species Torres Sala", Valencia, Serie Hymenoptera, observationibus, adjectis synonymis, locis, descrip- Cuaderno 3. Valencia. 22 p. Vol. 2. Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae. VIII tionibus. 1986b. Nuevas Gayubo, S. F., and J. Tormos, aporta- + 519 p. ciones al conociemiento de la esfecidofauna valenciana 1843. Observata Fischer de Waldheim, G., quaedam Fundacion Ento- {ID (Hym., Sphecidae). Publica de Hymenopteris Rossicis. Magazin de Zoologie (2) mologica "Juan de Torres Sala", Serie Hymenop- 5:1-4, pi. 122. tera, Cuaderno 2. Valencia. 9 p. S. 1984. al conocimiento de Gayubo, F., Aportacion and D. Asis, 1993. Tera- Gayubo, S. F., J. Tormos, J. los esfecidos de El Algarve (Portugal) (Hym v tologias in esfecidos ibericos Boletim da Sociedad Portuguesa de En- Sphecidae). (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Fragmenta Entomologica 2:349-387. tomologia 24:307-311. sobre la esfecidofauna an- S. F., 1986a. Notas 1991. Efecto de la Gayubo, Gayubo, S. F., and Torres, F., pre- daluza Trabajos y (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). sion urbana sobre abejas y avispas (Hymenop- del de Zoologia, Univer- Monografias Departamento tera, Aculeata). IV. Sphecidae. Boletin de la Socie- sidad de Granada (N.S.) 8:31-44. dad Espanola de Historia Natural (Seccion Biologia) de la Prov- Gayubo, S. F., 1986b. Fauna esfecidologica 87:73-92.

incia de Zamora. I. Sphecinae, Pemphredoninae, S. F. and F. Torres, 1998. Gonzalez, J. A., Gayubo, Astatinae Larrinae y (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Diversidad y abundancia de esfecidos (Hyme- Anales de Universidad de Murcia 7:27-35. sector arenoso de la Biologia, noptera, Sphecidae) en un 1987 Fauna de la So- Gayubo, S. F., (1986). esfecidologica Submeseta Norte (Espana). Boletin de la Real Provincia de Ciudad Real. I. Pem- Natural 94:71-85. Sphecinae, ciedad Espanola de Historia 42: Astatinae Larrinae. Graellsia S. F. and F. Torres, 1999. phredoninae, y Gonzalez, J. A., Gayubo, de es- 103-119. Estudio comparativo de la biodiversidad D. and 1990 en Gayubo, S. F., J. Asis, J. Tormos, (1989). fecidos colectados mediante trampa Malaise Nuevos datos sobre la esfecidofauna iberica II un sector arenoso de la cuenca de Duero (Es- Revista Nouvelle Revue (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Eos, Espanola pana) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). 65:7-21. 15:351-370. de Entomologia d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 1994 Contri- imenot- Gayubo, S. F., and W. Borsato, (1991). Gribodo, G., 1873. Contribuzioni alia fauna al conocimiento de la esfecidofauna ital- delta Societa Entomo- bucion terologica italiana. Bollettino iana Bollettino del (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). logica Italiana 5:73-87. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 18:195— Guichard, K. M., 1978. Additions to the Greek wasp 225. fauna (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Annates Musei G. 1991 Gayubo, S. F., V. Borsato, and Osella, (1988). Goulandris 4:267-272. Italianos de la Coleccion del Museo 1996a. Noti- Esfecidos Gusenleitner, J., Hymenopterologische - Civico de Historia Natural de Verona (Italia). Bol- zen aus Osterreich 6 (Insecta: Hymenoptera 28:809-816. lettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona aculeata). Linzer Biologische Beitrage iiber in 15:383^24. Gusenleitner, J., 1996b. Kurzbericht Sphecinae G. 19^2 Lin- Gayubo, S. F., V. Borsato, and Osella, (1989). Istrien (Croatia) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). del Museo 28:817-819. Esfecidos palearticos de la collection zer Biologische Beitrage iz Civico de Historia Natural de Verona (Italia) Gussakovskij, V. V., 1928. Novyie vidy Sphecidae novae. Museo i (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Bollettino del Zakaspiya Khivy—Sphecidarum species Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 16:269-294. Izvestii/a kursov Prikladnoy Zoologii I Fitopatologii 1986. Esfecidofauna de Bulletin de I'Institut de Zoologie Appliquee et de Gayubo, S. F., and C. Heras, (= 4:3-19. las areas de Cuellar y Segovia (Provincias de Se- Phytopathologie) Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 343

i H. 1990. Gussakovskij, V. V., 1930. Novyie malo izvestnyie Jacobs, J., and J. Oehlke, Beitrage zur Insek- vidy rodov Ammophila Kby. I Sphex L. (Hyme- tenfauna der DDR: Hymenoptera: Sphecidae. 1. noptera, Sphecidae)—Species novae vel parum Nachtrag. Beitrage zur Entomologie 40:121-229. cognitae generum Ammophila Kby. et Sphex L. Janzon, L.-A., 1988. Status och skydd av rovstekeln (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Russkoye Entomologi- Sphex rufocinctus. Inventeringar 1987. Lansstyrel- cheskoye Obozreniye 24:199-211. sen i Gotlands Lan, Naturvdrdsfunktionen 1988:1-6. Gussakovskij, V. V., 1933 (1932). Sphecidae i Psam- Jozan, Z., 1985. Del-Dunatul kaparodarazs (Hyme- mocharidae (Hymenoptera), sobrannyie N. Za- noptera, Sphecoidea) faunajanak alapvetese— rudnym v vostochnoy Persii—Sphecidae et Grundriss der Sphecoidea-Fauna (Hymenoptera) Psammocharidae (Hymenoptera), a cl. N. Zarud- des Siid-Transdanubiens, Ungarn. A Janus Pan nyi in Persia orientali collectae. Trudy Zoologis- nonius Mtizeum Evkonyve 29:53-86. cheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR (= Travaux Jozan, Z., 1986. The Scolioidea and Sphecoidea Fauna de I'Institut Zoologique de I'Academie des Sciences de of the Kiskunzag National Park. The Fauna of the I'URSS) 1:369-404 (misprinted as 269-304). Kiskunsdg National Park, p. 365-381. V. 1934. Schwedisch-Chinesische 1989. A Korzet fullan- Gussakovskij, V., Jozan, Z., Tihanyi Tajvedelmi — Wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwes- kos faunaja (Hymenoptera, Aculeata), I Aculea- tlichen Provinzen Chinas unter Leitung von Dr. ta-Fauna (Hymenoptera) des Landschaftschutz- Sven Hedin und Prof. Sii Ping-Chang. Insekten gebietes von Tihany, Ungarn, I. Folia Musei His- gesammelt vom Schwedischen Arzt der Expedi- torico-Naturalis Bakonyiensis 8:79-110. tion Dr. David Hummel 1927-1930. 41. Hyme- Jozan, Z., 1991. The Scolioidea, Sphecoidea and Apoidea noptera. 6. Sphegidae. Arkiv for Zoologi 27A(21): fauna of the Bdtorliget Nature Reserves (Hymenop- 1-15. tera: Aculeata), p. 601-621 in S. Mahunka (editor): V. 1935. K faune os Nature Reserves—after Gussakovskij, V., (Hymenoptera,— The Batorliget forty Sphecodea et Vespodea) Tadzhikistana Sphe- years. Vol. 2. Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Mu- codea und Vespodea von Tadjikistan. Trudy Tad- zeum, Budapest, p. 499-848 zhikskoy Bazy Akademii Nauk SSSR (= Travaux de Jozan, Z., 1992. A Boronka-melleki Tajvedelmi Korzet la Filiate de I'Academie des Sciences de I'URSS au fullankos hartyasszarnyu (Hymenoptera,— Acu- Tadjikistan) 5:409-467. leata) faunajanak alapvetese Grundriss der

Hamon, J., 1950. Quelques Hymenopteres vespifor- Aculeaten-Fauna (Hymenoptera) des Land- mes rares pris dans le Pyrenees-Orientales. schaftschutzgebietes Boronka-melleki, Ungarn. L'Entomologiste 6:28-29. Dundntuli Dolgozatok Termeszettudomanyi Sorozat R. Hamon, J., Fonfria, and M. Tussac, 1991. Les Sphe- 7:163-210. cini de France continentale et de Corse (Hyme- Jozan, Z., 1995. Adatok a tervezett Duna-Drava Ne- noptera: Sphecidae). Especes presentes et cles mzeti Park fullankos hartyasszarnyu (Hymenop- d'identification. Bulletin de la Societe Entomolo- tera, Aculeata) faunajanak ismeretehez—Beitrage gique de France 96:125-134. zur Kenntnis der Aculeatenfauna (Hymenoptera) Internationa] Commission on Zoological Nomencla- des Nationalparkes Duna-Drava (Ungarn, Siid- ture, 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomen- Transdanubien). Dundntuli Dolgozatok Termeszet- clature. Fourth Edition adopted by the International tudomanyi Sorozat 8:99-115. Union Sciences. International of of Biological The Karsai, I., 1988. Ecofaunistical investigations sphe- Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. roid fauna on a sandy grassland. Acta Biologica XXIX + 306 p. (Szeged) 34:97-106. Islamov, Sh. D., 1986. Royushchiye osy (Hymenop-— Kazenas, V. L., 1978. Royushchiye osy Kazakhstana i Sred tera, Sphecidae) gornykh rayonov Uzbekistana ney Azii (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Opredelitel'—The Digger-wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) in the digger zoasps of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia (Hyme- mountainous regions of Uzbekistan. Entomologi noptera, Sphecidae). The determinant. Izdatektvo 65:513-534. cheskoye Obozreniye [English transla- Nauka Kazakhskoy SSR, Alma Ata. 172 p. tion: 1987. Digger-wasps (Hymenoptera, Spheci- Kazenas, V. L., and S. R. Nasyrova, 1991. Royushchi- dae) of the mountainous regions of Uzbekistan. ye osy (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)—vragi pry- Entomological Review 66:35-59.) amokrylykh (Orthoptera) v pustvnnov zone Ka- Islamov, Sh. D., 1989. zakhstana Royushchiye osy (Hymenop- [ Digger wasps (Hymenoptera, tera, Sphecidae) okhotyashchyesya za pryamok- Sphecidae) as predators of Orthoptera in the de- rylymi nasekomymi v zapadnom Tian-Shane. sert zone of Kazakhstan]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Uzbekskiy Biologicheskiy Zhurnal 5:49-50. Kazakhskoy SSR. Seriya Biologicheskaya 6:37-40.

H. 1989. I .. I Jacobs, J., Ein Verzeichnis der bisher in Kazenas, V. and V. robias, L992 Nochevochnyie Mecklenburg nachgewiesenen Grabwespenarten skopleniya royushchikh os (Hymenoptera,—Sphe- (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Natur und Natur- cidae) v yugo-vostochnom Kazakhstane Night schutz in Mecklenburg-Vorpommem 28:2-36. sleeping aggregations oi digger wasps (Hvme 344 Journal of Hymenoptera Research

noptera, Sphecidae) in southeastern Kazakhstan. F. R. S., in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1901, p. 515.). Trans- Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye 71:28-31. actions of the Entomological Society of London 1911: Kohl, F. F., 1881. Sphegidologische Studien. Ueber ei- 62-135. nige Dahlbom'sche Sphexarten. Entomologische Negrisolo, E., 1991 (1990). Hymenoptera Sphecidae e Nachrichten 7:27-31, 37-40, 53-56, 90-94, 239-244. Scoliidae raccolti nel Friuli-Venezia Giulia e nel Kohl, F. F., 1885. Die Gattungen der Sphecinen und Veneto orientale. Gortania, Atti del Museo Friulano die palaarktische S/?/;ex-Arten. Termeszetrajzi Fiiz- di Storia Naturale 12:313-327.

etek 9:154-207, pi. VII-VIII. Negrisolo, E., 1995. The aculeate communities (Hy- Kohl, F. F., 1890. Die Hymenopterengruppe der Sphe- menoptera Aculeata) of two coastal areas of the cinen. I. Monographie der naturlichen Gattung Veneto region (northeastern Italy). Lavori, cieta k. k. di Scienze Sphex Linne (sens. lat.). Annalen des Natur- Veneziana Naturali 20:15-25. 1989. 165-171 in historischen Hofmuseums 5:77-194, 317-462., pi. Padr, Z., Sphecoidea, p. J. Sedivy VIII-XII, (editor): Enumeratio Insectorum Bohemoslovak- Kohl, F. F., 1895. Zur Monographie der naturlichen iae. Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Natiorudis Gattung Sphex Linne. Annalen des k. k. Naturhis- Pragae. 194 p. torischen Ho/museums 10:42-74, pi. IV-V. Pagliano, G., 1980. Fauna imenotterologica delle Krasnobayev, Y., P., A. V. Antropov, I. V. Lyubvina, Langhe. (Nota faunistica II —Sphecidae). Rivista and S. I. Zabelin, 1995. Fauna bespozvonochnykh Piemontese di Storia Naturale 1:105-135. Zhiguley [= Invertebrates of Zhiguli Hills, Eu- Pagliano, G., 1984. Sphecinae italiani (Hymenoptera: ropean Russia]. V. Otryad Hymenoptera (Insec- Sphecidae). Parte I. Bollettino, Museo Regionale di ta). Samarskaya Luka 6:123-144. Scienze Naturali, Torino 2:359-370.

I. 1985. italiani Leclercq, J., 1955. Hymenoptera Sphecoidea (Sphecidae Pagliano, G., Sphecinae (Hymenoptera: Subfam. Sphecinae). Exploration du Pare National Sphecidae). Parte II. Bollettino, Museo Regionale di de I'Upemba, fasc. 34. 137 p. Scienze Naturali, Torino 3:5-27. E. R. Leclercq, J., 1956. Mission Janssens et Toilet en Pagliano, G., 1990. Catalogo degli Imenotteri italiani. e — Grece— (Juillet-aout 1953). 14 Note. Hymenop- II. Sphecidae. Bollettino, Museo Regionale di tera Sphecidae et Vespidae. Bulletin & Annates Scienze Naturali, Torino 8 (1): 53-141. de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 92:324-326. Pagliano, G., and F. Pesarini, 1995. Nota preliminare Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, A., 1845. Histoire naturelle sugli imetotteri sfecidi della provincia di Ferrara des Insectes. Hymenopteres, Vol. 3. Librairie Ency- (Hymenoptera Sphecidae). Quaderno della Stazio-

clopedique de Robert, Paris. 646 p., pi. 25-36. ne Ecologica del Museo Civico de Storia Naturale di Lomholdt, O., 1975. The Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) of Ferrara 8:81-95. Fennoscandia and Denmark. Faufia Entomologica Pagliano, G., and P. Scaramozzino, 1995. Hymenop- Scandinavica 4(l):l-224. tera Gasteruptiidae, Ichneumonidae e Aculeata Luchetti, D., 1993. Lista preliminaria degli Imenotteri (esclusi Chrysidoidea, Mutillidae e Formicidae),

dell'arcipelago della Maddalena (Sardegna). Bol- p. 723-738 in B. Massa (editor): Arthropoda di lettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 125:103- Lampedusa, Linosa e Pantelleria (Canale di Si- 108. cilia, Mar Mediterraneo). // Naturalista Siciliano 19 Melo, G. A. R., 1999. Phylogenetic relationships and (Supplement). classification of the 1978. major lineages of Apoidea Pulawski, W. }., Nadsem. Sphecoidea, p. 173-279 (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on the crabronid in G. S. Medvedev (editor): Opredelitel' naseko- wasps. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, mykh evropeyskoy chasti SSSR, Tom III. Perepon- The University of Kansas (14):l-55. chatokrylyye, Pervaya chast' [= Keys to the iden- Menke, A. S., 1974. The dates of publication of A.G. tification of insects of the European USSR, Vol. Dahlbom's Hymenoptera Europaea, vol. 1. Pol- 3, part 1]. Nauka, Leningrad. 584 p. skie Pismo Entomologiczne 44:315-317. Radoszkowski, O., 1886. Faune Hymenopterologique Mingo, E., and S. F. Gayubo, 1984 (1983). Sphecidae Transcaspienne. Horae Societatis Entomologicae

de Espaha. I. Ampulicinae y Sphecinae (Hym.). Rossicae 20:3-56, pi. I-XI. Eos, Revista Espafwla de Entomologia 59:137-164. Richards, O. W., 1979 (1978). The Hymenoptera Acu- Minoranskiy, V. A., and A. V. Shkuratov, 1996. K fau- leata of the Channel Islands. Report ami Transac- ne royushshikh os (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) tions, La Societe Guernesiaise 1978:389^124. Rostovskoy oblasti. [= On the sphecid fauna of Roth, P., 1925. Les Sphex del'Afrique du Nord. An- Rostov Oblast', Russia]. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uch- nates de la Societe Lutomologique de France 94:365- ebnykh Zavedeniy. Severo-Kavkazskiy Regyon. 404. Estestvennyie nauki 1996(4):80-83. Salmon, K. A., 1929. The external morphology of Pep- Morice, F. D., 1911. Hymenoptera Aculeata collected sis elegans Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Psammo- in Algeria. The Sphegidae. (Being Part V of the charidae). Transactions of The American Entomo- late work commenced by the Edward Saunders, logical Society 55:119-153. Volume 9, Number 2, 2000 345 — Saunders, E., 1910. Hymenoptera Aculeata collected tions of some French voyages. Part II. Ferret in Algeria by the Rev. Alfred Edwin Eaton, M. and Galinier's 'Voyage en Abyssinie'; 'Lefebvre's A., F. E. S., and the Rev. Francis David Morice, 'Voyage en Abyssinie'; 'Exploration scientifique M. A., F. E. S. Part IV. Descriptions of new de l'Algerie'; Castelnau's 'Amerique du Sud'; Sphegidae. Transactions of the Entomological Soci- Dumont d'Urville's 'Voyage de 1' Astrolabe'; La- ety of London 1910:517-531. place's 'Voyage sur la Favorite'; Jacquemont's L. 1809-1829. de dans Trehouart's 'Commission Savigny, M. J. C. de, Description 'Voyage I'lnde'; I'Egypte, on recueil des observations et des recherches scientifique d'lslande'; Cailliaud, 'Voyage a Mer- qui ont ete fades en Egypte pendant I'expedition de oe'; 'Expedition scientifique de Moree'; Fabre, Varmee francaise, public par les ordres de sa Majeste 'Commission scientifique du Nord'; Du IVtit I 'Empereur Napoleon le Grand. Vol. 1, Part 4, Ex- Thouars, 'Voyage de la Venus'; and on the dates

plication sommaire des Planches. Insectes [by J- V. of the 'Faune Francaise.' Annals and Magazine of

Audouin], p. 187-202 [1826]. See Tollitt (1986) for Natural History (7) 8:161-164, 333-336, 491-194. details about this work. Shkuratov, A. V., 1998. Dopolneniya k faune royush- Schembri, S., 1991. Sphecids [sic] wasps of the Mal- chikh os (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) Rostovskoy tese Islands. A review (Hymenoptera Sphecidae). oblasti. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 122: Sevew-Kavkazskiy Regyon. Estestvennyie Nauki 3: 175-184. 97-99. Schmid-Egger, C, 1996. Neue oder bemerkenswerte Tollitt, M. E., 1986. Dates and authorship of the text siidwestdeutsche Stechimmenfunde. BeinbiX 7: volumes of the Histoire Naturelle section of Sa-

18-21. vigny's Description de I'Egypte. A. N.(S.) 2515. Schmid-Egger, C, S. Risch, and O. Niehuis, 1995. Die The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 43:107-111. in D. S. F. 1994. Wildbienen und Wespen Rheinland-Pfalz (Hy- Tormos, J., J. Asfs, and Gayubo, Espe- menoptera, Aculeata). Verbreitung, Okologie cidofauna [sic] de la Provincia de Albacete (Hy- und Gefahrdungsituation. Fauna und Flora in menoptera: Sphecidae). Al-Basit. Revista de E^tu Rheinland-Pfalz Beiheft 16:1-296. dios Albacetenses 20:183-246. K. 1996. R. 1985. al con- Schmid-Egger, C, Schmidt, and D. Doczkal, Tormos, J., and Jimenez, Contribucion Rote Liste der Grabwespen Baden-Wiirttembergs ocimiento de la esfecidofauna de la Provincia de (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Natur und Laudschaft Alicante (Hym. Sphecidae). Mediterranea (Serie de 71:371-380. Estudios Biologicos) 8:29-15. R. 1987a. Esfecidos la Schmidt, K., and Ch. Schmidt-Egger, 1997. Kritisches Tormos, J., and Jimenez, de Verzeichnis der deutschen Grabwespen (Hyme- Provincia de Valencia (Hym., Sphecidae). Gracll- noptera, Sphecidae). Mitteilungen der Arbeitsge- sia 42:121-130. R. 1987b. Estudio meinschaft Ostivestfdlisch-Lippischer Entomologen Tormos, J., and Jimenez, compara- 13, Beiheft 3:1-35. tive de la esfecidofauna de la Dehesa de El Saler Schmidt, K., and P. Westrich, 1983. Beitrag zur Kennt- (Hymenoptera, Sphecoidea). Eos, Revista Espanola nis der Grabwespenfauna Nord-Griechenlands de Entomologia 62:315-318. F. D. (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Nachrichtenblatt der Torregrosa, S. G., S. Gayubo, J. Tormos, and J. Bayerischen Entomologen 32:118-126. Asfs, 1993. Esfecidos de la provincia de Alicante Schmidt, K., and P. Westrich, 1987. Stechimmen (Hy- (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Boletin de la Asocia- menoptera: Aculeata) des Mainzer Sandes und cion Espanola de Entomologia 17:9-25. aculeate des Gonsenheimer Waldes. Mainzer Naturwissen van der Vecht, J., 1959. Notes on Hymenop- Part III. schaftliches Archiv 25:351-107. tera described in the period 1758-1810. Schulthess, A., 1926. Contribution a la connaissance Entomologische Berichten 19:211-215. de la faune des de du van der 1961. Fa- Hymenopteres— l'Afrique Vecht, J., Hymenoptera Sphecoidea Nord. Deuxieme Partie Fossores (en collabora- briciana. Zoologische Verhandelingen 4S:l-85. tion avec P. Roth). Bulletin de la Sociite d'Histoire Vernier, R., 1995. Isodontia mcxicana (Sauss.), un Sphe-

Nat ii relic de l'Afrique du Nord 17:206-220. cini americain naturalise en Suisse (Hymenop- Schulz, W. A., 1911. Grabwespen-Tvpen Tourniers, tera, Sphecidae). Mitteilungen do Schweizerischen Brulles, Lepeletiers und Schencks. Societu> I ///<> Entomologischen Gesellschafi 68 169 177. mologica 26:57-59, 63-64, 67-68. Voblenko, A. S., V. A. Gorobchishin, and M. A. Nes- Scobiola, X., 1960. Les especes de Sphex l.inne et Am- terov, 1996. Digger wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphe- mophila Kirby (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) de la cidae) of Ukrainian Polesye. Sphecos 30:14-15. faune de la Republique Populaire Roumaine. Westrich, P., and K. Schmidt, 1985. Role Liste der Ste- Travuiix du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore chimmen Baden-Wiirttembergs (I [ymenoptera Antipa 2:229-239. Aculeata ausser Chrysididae) (Stand 1. 1. 1985). Sherborn, C. D., and B. B. Woodward, 1901. Dates of Verqffentlichungen fur Naturschutz und land 59-60:93- 120. publication of the zoological and botanical por- schaftspflege in Baden-Wurttemberg 346 Journal of Hymenoptera Research

Zanon, V., 1925. Contribute) alia conescenza della fau- Zehnder, G., and J. Zettel, 1999. Auensukzession un na entomologicha di Bengasi. Memorie della Pout. Zonation im Rottensand (Pfynwald, Kt. VS). I. Accademia delle Science Nuovi Lincei (2) 8:61-100. Wiederbesiedlung einer Uberschwemmungsfla- che Zavadil, V., and ]. Snoflak, 1948. Kutilky (Sphecidae) durch Grabwespen (Hymenoptera, Spheci- Ceskoslovenske Republiky. Entomolgicke Prirucky dae). Mitteihtiigen der Schweizerichen Entomolo- Entomologickych Listit (13):1-179. gischen Gesellschaft 72:123-137.