Journal of Hymenoptera Research
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Digger Wasps of Saudi Arabia: New Records and Distribution, with a Checklist of Species (Hym.: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae)
NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 9 (2): 345-364 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2013 Article No.: 131206 http://biozoojournals.3x.ro/nwjz/index.html The digger wasps of Saudi Arabia: New records and distribution, with a checklist of species (Hym.: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae) Neveen S. GADALLAH1,*, Hathal M. AL DHAFER2, Yousif N. ALDRYHIM2, Hassan H. FADL2 and Ali A. ELGHARBAWY2 1. Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2. Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, King Saud Museum of Arthropod (KSMA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. *Corresponing author, N.S. Gadalah, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 24. September 2012 / Accepted: 13. January 2013 / Available online: 02. June 2013 / Printed: December 2013 Abstract. The “sphecid’ fauna of Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) is listed. A total of 207 species in 42 genera are recorded including previous and new species records. Most Saudi Arabian species recorded up to now are more or less common and widespread mainly in the Afrotropical and Palaearctic zoogeographical zones, the exception being Bembix buettikeri Guichard, Bembix hofufensis Guichard, Bembix saudi Guichard, Cerceris constricta Guichard, Oxybelus lanceolatus Gerstaecker, Palarus arabicus Pulawski in Pulawski & Prentice, Tachytes arabicus Guichard and Tachytes fidelis Pulawski, which are presumed endemic to Saudi Arabia (3.9% of the total number of species). General distribution and ecozones, and Saudi Arabian localities are given for each species. In this study two genera (Diodontus Curtis and Dryudella Spinola) and 11 species are newly recorded from Saudi Arabia. Key words: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae, Sphecidae, faunistic list, new records, Saudi Arabia. Introduction tata boops (Schrank), Bembecinus meridionalis A.Costa, Diodontus sp. -
Qrno. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 CP 2903 77 100 0 Cfcl3
QRNo. General description of Type of Tariff line code(s) affected, based on Detailed Product Description WTO Justification (e.g. National legal basis and entry into Administration, modification of previously the restriction restriction HS(2012) Article XX(g) of the GATT, etc.) force (i.e. Law, regulation or notified measures, and other comments (Symbol in and Grounds for Restriction, administrative decision) Annex 2 of e.g., Other International the Decision) Commitments (e.g. Montreal Protocol, CITES, etc) 12 3 4 5 6 7 1 Prohibition to CP 2903 77 100 0 CFCl3 (CFC-11) Trichlorofluoromethane Article XX(h) GATT Board of Eurasian Economic Import/export of these ozone destroying import/export ozone CP-X Commission substances from/to the customs territory of the destroying substances 2903 77 200 0 CF2Cl2 (CFC-12) Dichlorodifluoromethane Article 46 of the EAEU Treaty DECISION on August 16, 2012 N Eurasian Economic Union is permitted only in (excluding goods in dated 29 may 2014 and paragraphs 134 the following cases: transit) (all EAEU 2903 77 300 0 C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113) 1,1,2- 4 and 37 of the Protocol on non- On legal acts in the field of non- _to be used solely as a raw material for the countries) Trichlorotrifluoroethane tariff regulation measures against tariff regulation (as last amended at 2 production of other chemicals; third countries Annex No. 7 to the June 2016) EAEU of 29 May 2014 Annex 1 to the Decision N 134 dated 16 August 2012 Unit list of goods subject to prohibitions or restrictions on import or export by countries- members of the -
Cesare Brizio, Guido Pagliano & Filippo Maria Buzzetti
ANNALI DEL MUSEO CIVICO DI ROVERETO 36 2020 Sezione: Archeologia•Storia•Scienze Naturali Sezione: Archeologia 36 Storia 2020 Scienze Naturali DIRETTORE RESPONSABILE Alessandra Cattoi Comitato di Redazione Claudia Beretta, Alessio Bertolli, Barbara Maurina, Filippo Prosser, Gionata Stancher, Fabiana Zandonai, Elena Zeni. Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto Borgo S. Caterina 41, 38068 Rovereto Tel. 0464 452800 - Fax 0464 439487 www.fondazionemcr.it [email protected] ISSN 1720-9161 In copertina: L’apparato per le registrazioni ultrasoniche, che include il microfono Ultramic 250 e il computer portatile Asus Netbook. Ann. Mus. civ. Rovereto Sez.: Arch., St., Sc. nat. Vol. 36 279-296 2020 CESARE BRIZIO, GUIDO PAGLIANO & FILIPPO MARIA BUZZETTI THE BURROWING BUZZ OF SPHEX SP. EXTENDS TO THE INAUDIBLE RANGE Abstract - Cesare Brizio, Guido Pagliano & Filippo Maria Buzzetti - Th e burrowing buzz of Sphex sp. extends to the inaudible range. In recent years, several species of Orthopterans were fi eld-recorded by authors 1 and 3 thanks to an innovative, low cost USB microphone with a sampling frequency of 250 kHz. In August 2019, during an acoustic exploration for Orthopterans, author 1 intercepted sounds from a burrow in the soil, from which a Sphecid wasp – here tentatively determined as Sphex funerarius (Gussakovskij, 1934) – emerged and was photographed in suboptimal conditions during the recording session. While the quality of the digital audio tracks was satisfactory, the collection of the buzzing specimen proved unfeasible. We provide a concise review of scientifi c literature about burrowing behaviour in Sphecidae, in particular covering those sources that describe the buzzing sound associated with the burrow excavation, and propose a comprehensive review of the audio samples obtained, including envelopes, spectrograms and frequency analyses, and revealing the previously unreported extension well into the ultrasonic domain, up to 70 kHz and above, of the buzzing sound emitted by burrowing Sphecoidea. -
The Introduction and Establishment of Sceliphron Caementarium (Drury
JHR 79: 163–168 (2020) doi: 10.3897/jhr.79.58659 SHORT COmmUNicatiON https://jhr.pensoft.net The introduction and establishment of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) in Malta (Central Mediterranean) Thomas Cassar1, David Mifsud2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta 2 Division of Rural Sciences and Food Systems, Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta Corresponding author: Thomas Cassar ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Ohl | Received 15 September 2020 | Accepted 23 September 2020 | Published 30 October 2020 http://zoobank.org/D1800467-4008-4902-9E99-05672C5F52E0 Citation: Cassar T, Mifsud D (2020) The introduction and establishment of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) in Malta (Central Mediterranean). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 163–168. https:// doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.58659 Abstract The introduction and establishment of the North American mud-dauber wasp Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) is reported for the first time from the Maltese Islands. A check-list of the Maltese Sphecidae is provided. Keywords alien, invasive species, Maltese Islands, mud-dauber Introduction Almost 300 species of Hymenoptera are recorded as alien in Europe (Rasplus et al. 2010). Most of these represent either parasitoid taxa (including several aphelinids, eu- lophids and braconids) of which the majority were deliberately introduced for the bio- logical control of agricultural pests, or invasive ants which were accidentally introduced. Copyright Thomas Cassar, David Mifsud. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
Checklist of the Spheciform Wasps (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae & Sphecidae) of British Columbia
Checklist of the Spheciform Wasps (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae & Sphecidae) of British Columbia Chris Ratzlaff Spencer Entomological Collection, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, UBC, Vancouver, BC This checklist is a modified version of: Ratzlaff, C.R. 2015. Checklist of the spheciform wasps (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae & Sphecidae) of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 112:19-46 (available at http://journal.entsocbc.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/894/951). Photographs for almost all species are online in the Spencer Entomological Collection gallery (http://www.biodiversity.ubc.ca/entomology/). There are nine subfamilies of spheciform wasps in recorded from British Columbia, represented by 64 genera and 280 species. The majority of these are Crabronidae, with 241 species in 55 genera and five subfamilies. Sphecidae is represented by four subfamilies, with 39 species in nine genera. The following descriptions are general summaries for each of the subfamilies and include nesting habits and provisioning information. The Subfamilies of Crabronidae Astatinae !Three genera and 16 species of astatine wasps are found in British Columbia. All species of Astata, Diploplectron, and Dryudella are groundnesting and provision their nests with heteropterans (Bohart and Menke 1976). Males of Astata and Dryudella possess holoptic eyes and are often seen perching on sticks or rocks. Bembicinae Nineteen genera and 47 species of bembicine wasps are found in British Columbia. All species are groundnesting and most prefer habitats with sand or sandy soil, hence the common name of “sand wasps”. Four genera, Bembix, Microbembex, Steniolia and Stictiella, have been recorded nesting in aggregations (Bohart and Horning, Jr. 1971; Bohart and Gillaspy 1985). -
Journal of Threatened Taxa
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Journal of Threatened Taxa 15 February 2019 (Online & Print) Vol. 11 | No. 2 | 13195–13250 PLATINUM 10.11609/jott.2019.11.2.13195-13250 OPEN www.threatenedtaxa.org ACCESS Building evidence for conservation globally MONOGRAPH J TT ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Publisher Host Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society Zoo Outreach Organization www.wild.zooreach.org www.zooreach.org No. 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Ph: +91 9385339863 | www.threatenedtaxa.org Email: [email protected] EDITORS Typesetting Founder & Chief Editor Mr. Arul Jagadish, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Dr. Sanjay Molur Mrs. Radhika, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society & Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), Mrs. Geetha, ZOO, Coimbatore India 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Mr. Ravindran, ZOO, Coimbatore India Deputy Chief Editor Fundraising/Communications Dr. Neelesh Dahanukar Mrs. Payal B. Molur, Coimbatore, India Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra, India Editors/Reviewers Managing Editor Subject Editors 2016-2018 Mr. B. Ravichandran, WILD, Coimbatore, India Fungi Associate Editors Dr. B.A. Daniel, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Dr. B. Shivaraju, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Ms. Priyanka Iyer, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Prof. Richard Kiprono Mibey, Vice Chancellor, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya Dr. Mandar Paingankar, Department of Zoology, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Dr. R.K. Verma, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, India Chamorshi Road, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra 442605, India Dr. V.B. Hosagoudar, Bilagi, Bagalkot, India Dr. Ulrike Streicher, Wildlife Veterinarian, Eugene, Oregon, USA Dr. -
Sandwespe Sphex Funerarius (Gussakovskij 1934) Auf Den Binnendünen Bei Sandhausen Und Walldorf (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Weiser: Beobachtungen zu Vorkommen und Biologie der Heuschrecken-Sandwespe Sphex funerarius 157 Mitt. POLLICHIA 100 157 – 169 14 Abb. Bad Dürkheim 2020 ISSN 0641-9665 (Druckausgabe) ISSN 2367-3168 (Download-Veröffentlichung) Peter WEISER Beobachtungen zu Vorkommen und Biologie der Heuschrecken- Sandwespe Sphex funerarius (GUSSAKOVSKIJ 1934) auf den Binnendünen bei Sandhausen und Walldorf (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Kurzfassung Abstract Beobachtungen zu Vorkommen und Biologie der Heu- Notices on Occurence and Biology of the Golden Dig- schrecken-Sandwespe Sphex funerarius (Gussakovskij ger Wasp Sphex funerarius (Gussakovskij 1934) on Inland 1934) auf den Binnendünen bei Sandhausen und Walldorf Dunes Near Sandhausen and Walldorf in Baden-Wuert- (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). –– Mitt. POLLICHIA 100: temberg, Germany (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). –– Mitt. 157 – 169, Bad Dürkheim. POLLICHIA 100: 157 – 169, Bad Dürkheim. Die Heuschrecken-Sandwepse (Sphex funerarius) ist die The Golden Digger Wasp (Sphex funerarius) is the big- größte einheimische Grabwespe. Als mediterrane Art gilt gest native digger wasp in Germany. As a Mediterranean sie bei uns als ausgesprochen selten. Sie ist sehr wärmebe- species it is considered rare in our territory. The wasp dürftig und bevorzugt trockene Habitate (xerothermophil), requires warmth and prefers dry habitats (xerothermophi- weshalb sie nur lokal und zeitweilig auftritt. In der Mono- lic). For these reasons it only appears locally and tempora- graphie über die Sandhausener Dünen von 1994 wird als rily. In the monograph about the Sandhausen dunes, 1965 letzte Beobachtung das Jahr 1965 genannt (Krüss 1994). is mentioned as the year of the last observation (Krüss Seit 2016 zählte die Heuschrecken-Sandwespe zu den 1994). Since 2016, the Golden Digger Wasp is among häufigsten Grabwespen um Sandhausen. -
Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Bayerns
Rote Liste gefährdeter Grabwespen (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Bayerns Bearbeitet von Karl-Heinz Wickl, Johannes Voith, Klaus Mandery, Klaus Weber und Manfred Kraus unter Mitarbeit von Dieter Bausenwein und Manfred Blösch. Neben den Bienen sind die Grabwespen (Spheci- des offenen Landes. Dabei kommen Binnendü- dae) in Bayern die artenreichste Stechimmengrup- nen, Sandflächen, Abbaugebieten, Magerrasen, pe. Die Imagines der Grabwespen leben überwie- sonnigen Waldrändern, trockenwarmen ruderalen gend von Blütenpollen und Nektar, die Nahrung Flächen in der Agrarlandschaft und im Siedlungs- der Larven besteht jedoch aus Spinnen und In- raum besondere Bedeutung als Lebensraum zu, sekten (Blattläuse, Fliegen, Bienen, Wanzen, Zika- die aber auch verstärkter Gefährdung unterliegen den, Käfer, Schmetterlinge, Heuschrecken), wobei (direkte Flächenverluste, Nutzungsintensivierung, einzelne Grabwespenarten streng an bestimmte Eutrophierung, Verbuschung). Beutegruppen gebunden sind. Auch bei der Nist- Von den 218 Grabwespenarten Bayerns wurden platzwahl weisen fast alle Grabwespen eine enge 105 (48 %) in die Gefährdungskategorien der Rote Spezialisierung auf. Die endogäisch nistenden Ar- Liste aufgenommen, wobei 20 Arten als „aus- ten legen ihre Nester im Boden an, wobei artspe- gestorben oder verschollen“ eingestuft sind. Von zifische Ansprüche bei der Bodenart (Sand, Löß, den 86 endogäisch nistenden Rote Liste-Arten Erde) und Exposition (Steilwände, horizontale Flä- besiedeln 70 % „anspruchsvolle“ trockene Bioto- chen) bestehen. Andere Arten nisten oberirdisch pe, 35 Arten sind fast ausschließlich Sandbewoh- (hypergäisch) in Holz, in hohlen oder markhaltigen ner. Somit kommt auch die Hälfte aller gefähr- Pflanzenstängeln und anderen Hohlräumen. deten Grabwespenarten nur im nordwestbayeri- schen Schichtstufenland vor, mit Schwerpunkt in Während für Deutschland 250 Arten der Spheci- den fränkischen, z. T. auch oberpfälzischen, Tro- dae angegeben werden (SCHMIDT & SCHMID-EGGER ckengebieten. -
The Sphex Story Keijzer, Fred
University of Groningen The Sphex story Keijzer, Fred Published in: Philosophical Psychology DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2012.690177 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Keijzer, F. (2013). The Sphex story: How the cognitive sciences kept repeating an old and questionable anecdote. Philosophical Psychology, 26(4), 502-519. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2012.690177 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 02-10-2021 The Sphex story: How the cognitive sciences kept repeating an old and questionable anecdote Fred Keijzer Faculty of Philosophy University of Groningen [email protected] The Sphex story is an anecdote about a female digger wasp that at first sight seems to act quite intelligently, but subsequently is shown to be a mere automaton that can be made to repeat herself endlessly. -
Naturschutz Und Landschaftspflege in Brandenburg Heft
Heft 1, 2 2017 Ergebnisse aus EU LIFE-Projekten in Brandenburg Einzelverkaufspreis: 7,- € NATURSCHUTZ UND LANDSCHAFTSPFLEGE IN BRANDENBURG BEITRÄGE ZU ÖKOLOGIE UND NATURSCHUTZ 2 NATURSCHUTZ UND LANDSCHAFTSPFLEGE IN BRANDENBURG 26 (1, 2) 2017 Natur des Jahres 2017 Titel Art Info und Kontakt Vogel des Jahres Waldkauz Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU) 10108 Berlin, (Strix aluco) Tel. 030-284984-0, Fax -2000, [email protected] Wildtier des Jahres Haselmaus Schutzgemeinschaft Deutsches Wild (SDWi), PF 12 03 71, 53045 Bonn, (Muscardinus avellanarius) Tel. 0228-2692217, [email protected] Reptil des Jahres Blindschleiche Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DHGT), (Anguis fragilis) Postfach 120433, 68055 Mannheim, Tel. 0621-86256490, [email protected] Insekt des Jahres Gottesanbeterin BFA Entomologie im NABU, c/o Werner Schulze, Samlandweg 15a, (Mantes religiosa) 33719 Bielefeld, Tel. 0521-336443, [email protected] Schmetterling des Jahres Goldene Acht BUND NRW Naturschutzstiftung, Merowingerstraße 88, 40225 (Colias hyale) Düsseldorf, Tel. 0211-302005-14 [email protected] Libelle des Jahres Gemeine Keiljungfer Gesellschaft deutschsprachiger Odonatologen und Bund für Umwelt und (Gomphus vulgatissimus) Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND), Am Köllnischen Park 1, 10179 Berlin, Tel. 030-2758640, [email protected] Wildbiene des Jahres Knautien-Sandbiene Arbeitskreis Wildbienen-Kataster, c/o Hans Richard Schwenninger, (Andrena hattorfi ana) Goslarer Straße 53, 70499 Stuttgart, [email protected] Spinne des Jahres Spaltenkreuzspinne Arachnologische Gesellschaft, c/o Christoph Hörweg, Naturhistorisches (Nuctenea umbratica) Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, Tel. +43-1-52177-515, [email protected] Weichtier des Jahres Schöne Landdeckelschnecke Kuratorium „Weichtier des Jahres“, Deutsche Malakozoologische (Pomatias elegans) Gesellschaft, c/o Dr. Vollrath Wiese, Bäderstraße 26, 23743 Cismar, Tel. -
Monographia Apum Angliж
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY K 63w I/./ MONOGRAPHIA APUM ANGLIJE, IN TWO VOLUMES. Vol. I. MONOGRAPHIA APUM ANGLIJE; OB, AN ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE INTO THEIR NATURAL GENERA AND FAMILIES^ - SUCH SPECIES OF THE LINNEAN GENUS AS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN ENGLAND: WITH Descriptions and Observations. To which are prefixed ^OME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS UPON THE CLASS !|)gmcnoptera> AND A Synoptical Table of the Nomenclature of the external Parts of these Insects. WITH PLATES. VOL. I. By WILLIAM KIRBY, B. A. F. L. S. Rector ofBarham in Suffolk. Ecclus. XI. 3. IPSWICH : Printedfor the Author ly J. Raw, AND SOLD BY J, WHITE, FLEET-STREET. LONDON, e 1802. ; V THOMAS MARSHAM, ESQ. T. L. S. P. R. I. DEAR SIR, To whom can I Inscribe this little work, such as it is, with more propriety, than to him whose partiality first urged me to undertake it and whose kind assistance and liberal communica- tions have contributed so largely to bring it to a concUision. Accept it, therefore, my dear Sir, as a small token of esteem for many virtues, and of grati- tude for many favors, conferred upon YOUR OBLIGED AND AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, THE AUTHOR. -^ Barham. May \, 1802, '3XiM'Kt Magna opera Jehov^, explorata omnibus volentibus ea. Fs. cxi. 2. Additional note to the history of Ap's Manicata p. 172-6. Since this work was printed off, the author met with the following passage in the Rev. Gilbert White's Naturalist's Calendar (p. IO9); which confinns what he has observed upon the history of that insect: "There is a sort of wild bee frequent- ing the garden campion for the sake of its tomentum, which probably it turns to some purpose in the business of nidifica- tion. -
Tachysphex Kohl, 1883, with Notes on Other Oriental Species (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae)
Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XX: A Revision of Tackysphex Kohl, 1883, with Notes on Other Oriental Species (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae) KARL V. KROMBEIN and 'WOJCIECH J. PULAWSKI m i •£. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 552 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs'submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review.