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Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Bayerns Rote Liste gefährdeter Grabwespen (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Bayerns Bearbeitet von Karl-Heinz Wickl, Johannes Voith, Klaus Mandery, Klaus Weber und Manfred Kraus unter Mitarbeit von Dieter Bausenwein und Manfred Blösch. Neben den Bienen sind die Grabwespen (Spheci- des offenen Landes. Dabei kommen Binnendü- dae) in Bayern die artenreichste Stechimmengrup- nen, Sandflächen, Abbaugebieten, Magerrasen, pe. Die Imagines der Grabwespen leben überwie- sonnigen Waldrändern, trockenwarmen ruderalen gend von Blütenpollen und Nektar, die Nahrung Flächen in der Agrarlandschaft und im Siedlungs- der Larven besteht jedoch aus Spinnen und In- raum besondere Bedeutung als Lebensraum zu, sekten (Blattläuse, Fliegen, Bienen, Wanzen, Zika- die aber auch verstärkter Gefährdung unterliegen den, Käfer, Schmetterlinge, Heuschrecken), wobei (direkte Flächenverluste, Nutzungsintensivierung, einzelne Grabwespenarten streng an bestimmte Eutrophierung, Verbuschung). Beutegruppen gebunden sind. Auch bei der Nist- Von den 218 Grabwespenarten Bayerns wurden platzwahl weisen fast alle Grabwespen eine enge 105 (48 %) in die Gefährdungskategorien der Rote Spezialisierung auf. Die endogäisch nistenden Ar- Liste aufgenommen, wobei 20 Arten als „aus- ten legen ihre Nester im Boden an, wobei artspe- gestorben oder verschollen“ eingestuft sind. Von zifische Ansprüche bei der Bodenart (Sand, Löß, den 86 endogäisch nistenden Rote Liste-Arten Erde) und Exposition (Steilwände, horizontale Flä- besiedeln 70 % „anspruchsvolle“ trockene Bioto- chen) bestehen. Andere Arten nisten oberirdisch pe, 35 Arten sind fast ausschließlich Sandbewoh- (hypergäisch) in Holz, in hohlen oder markhaltigen ner. Somit kommt auch die Hälfte aller gefähr- Pflanzenstängeln und anderen Hohlräumen. deten Grabwespenarten nur im nordwestbayeri- schen Schichtstufenland vor, mit Schwerpunkt in Während für Deutschland 250 Arten der Spheci- den fränkischen, z. T. auch oberpfälzischen, Tro- dae angegeben werden (SCHMIDT & SCHMID-EGGER ckengebieten. Ähnlich der Region „Alpenvorland 1997), konnten in Bayern bisher 218 Grabwespen- und Alpen“ weist auch die Region „Ostbayeri- arten nachgewiesen werden (MANDERY 2003, sche Grundgebirge“ ein viel geringeres Arten- MANDERY et al. 2003). Der höhere Artenbestand spektrum auf, deren Vertreter im montanen Be- gegenüber der ersten Rote Liste-Bearbeitung reich einem zumeist kleineren Gefährdungsrisiko (WICKL 1992) basiert auf weiteren Aufsammlun- unterliegen (KUHLMANN 1998). Die Region „Tertiär- gen der o.g. Mitarbeiter und anderen Erhebun- Hügelland und Schotterplatten“ zeichnet sich gen. Zudem wurden alte und neueste Daten aus zwar durch eine größere Artenvielfalt aus, den- Bayern in herausragenden Werken dargestellt noch fehlen einige wärmeliebende Grabwespen- (BLÖSCH 2000, MANDERY 2001). arten, da die Region außer den hochwertigen Einige Arten konnten seit der letzten Bearbeitung Sandgebieten im Lkr. Kelheim und den Niederter- der Grabwespen Bayerns neu für das Bundesland rassenschotter-Heiden im Raum München, über nachgewiesen werden, so Ammoplanus pragen- wenig großflächige Trockenbiotope verfügt. Zu- sis, Passaloecus clypealis, Passaloecus pictus, dem muss in der Nordhälfte Südbayerns aufgrund Passaloecus vandeli, Solierella compedita sowie der Biotopsituation eine ganze Reihe von Arten die vermutlich eingeschleppte Sceliphron curva- gegenüber der landesweiten Einstufung als stär- tum. Andere Arten, wie Nysson distinguendus, ker bedroht beurteilt werden. Nysson hrubanti, Pemphredon austriaca, Psenu- lus brevitarsis, Trypoxylon beaumonti und Tr yp- oxylon deceptorium waren z. T. in Sammlungen Einzelbeispiele aus den Gefährdungs- vorhanden und mit anderen Grabwespenarten kategorien vermengt oder wurden erst in neuerer Zeit be- schrieben (z. B. ANTROPOV 1991). Auch aus der von 0 Ausgestorben oder verschollen WEBER (1998) revidierten Schneid-Sammlung Oxybelus latro konnten Ergänzungen gewonnen werden (Auf- Der stenöke Flugsandbewohner wurde von 1933 nahme von Podalonia luffii ). Einige weitere zur bis 1948 von SCHNEID an einigen Fundorten im bayerischen Grabwespenfauna zählende Arten Lkr. Bamberg nachgewiesen (WEBER 1998). Seit- mit z. T. sehr alten Nachweisen wie Crabro ingri- dem wurde die Fliegenspießwespe an den gut cus, Crabro loewi, Nysson quadriguttatus waren untersuchten oberfränkischen Sandstandorten bei der letzten Erhebung nicht berücksichtigt und anderswo in Bayern nicht mehr gefunden. worden. 1 Vom Aussterben bedroht Nomenklatur und taxonomische Auffassung der Tachysphex fulvitarsis Grabwespen erfolgt nach SCHMIDT & SCHMID- Die xerotherme Grabwespe gilt als Charaktertier EGGER (1997). in Dünengebieten und Silbergrasfluren. Praktisch alle der in früheren Jahrzehnten bekannten Vor- Viele Grabwespen bewohnen als stark thermophi- kommen in Mainfranken und den Abensberger le Insektenarten vor allem trockenwarme Biotope Sandgebieten waren erloschen. In jüngster Zeit BayLfU/166/2003 194 Rote Liste gefährdeter Grabwespen (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Bayerns gelangen Nachweise aus Sandstandorten im Lkr. franken bekannt, wobei sie auch in der angren- Bamberg (MANDERY 2001). Wegen des sehr iso- zenden hessischen Rhön vorkommt (nach MAN- lierten Vorkommens auf beeinträchtigten Habitat- DERY 2001). Die winzige Art, die vermutlich in flächen ist die heuschreckenjagende Grabwespe Steinspalten und sonstigen vertikalen Strukturen vom Aussterben bedroht. nistet, dürfte durch ihre Bindung an trockenwar- me Sonderstandorte wahrscheinlich gefährdet 2 Stark gefährdet sein. Für eine Einstufung in die Gefährdungskate- Bembix rostrata gorien 1–3 ist jedoch der Wissensstand über die Die Kreiselwespe ist in ihrer Verbreitung auf die Art zu gering. fränkischen und oberpfälzischen Sandgebiete be- schränkt, da die Art ihre Nester nur in offene Lo- Ein Vergleich mit der früheren Roten Liste der ckersande gräbt. Die in Aggregationen nistende Grabwespen Bayerns (WICKL 1992) ist wenig Grabwespe kann zwar auch in Sandgruben an- sinnvoll, da sich die Einstufungskriterien teilweise getroffen werden (WICKL 1999), ist hier aber be- verändert haben. Erfreulich ist, dass einige der da- sonders anthropogenen Einwirkungen und suk- mals als „ausgestorben oder verschollen“ gelten- zessiven Veränderungen unterworfen. Obwohl den Arten in der Zwischenzeit wiedergefunden aus mehreren Landkreisen Frankens Standorte wurden und in eine andere Gefährdungskategorie gemeldet werden (MANDERY 2001), muss die Art gesetzt werden konnten (Cerceris interrupta, Cer- als stark gefährdet angesehen werden (Tendenz ceris quadricincta, Cerceris sabulosa, Crabro lap- der Abnahme der Aggregationsstärke, direkte ponicus, Ectemnius nigritarsus, Harpactus formo- Nesterzerstörung). sus, Lindenius subaeneus, Oxybelus variegatus, Philanthus coronatus, Sphex funerarius, Tachy- Crossocerus walkeri sphex fulvitarsis, Tachysphex panzeri ). Die Art besiedelt Auwaldgebiete und Altholz an sauberen Bächen, wo sie Eintagsfliegen und Alle gefährdeten Grabwespenarten sind in Bayern Steinfliegen jagt. Neuere Nachweise liegen nur gleichermaßen zu schützen. Einer besonderen von ganz wenigen Standorten Frankens und Süd- Schutzverantwortung unterliegen Arten, die aus bayerns vor. Wegen Verschmutzung der Gewäs- Deutschland nur im bayerischen und süddeut- ser und Beseitigung von Altholz (Nistgelegenheit) schen Raum bekannnt sind, wie Cerceris sabu- an den Ufern ist von einer starken und zunehmen- losa, Gorytes planifrons, Philanthus coronatus, den Gefährdung der Grabwespe auszugehen. Sphex funerarius, welche die Wertigkeit der Sand- lebensräume Mainfrankens herausragend reprä- 3 Gefährdet sentieren. Dryudella stigma Die zwar nur an wenigen Orten nachgewiesenen Die Raubwanzen jagende Grabwespe Dryudella Grabwespen Ammoplanus pragensis, Psen exara- stigma kommt in Bayern nur an wärmebegünstig- tus und die mehr im montanen Bereich der Mittel- ten Sandstandorten vor. Nachgewiesen ist sie in gebirge und Alpen lebenden Crabro alpinus, Cra- mehreren Landkreisen Frankens, den Neumarkter bro lapponicus, Crabro peltatus und Dryudella Sandgebieten und den Abensberger Dünen. Die femoralis lassen durch ihre Biotopbindung auf nur in kleinen Beständen auftretende Art ist ne- eine weniger angespannte Gefährdungslage und ben der eingeschränkten Verbreitung vor allem weitere Verbreitung hoffen. durch die Beeinträchtigung der Sandhabitate ge- fährdet. Literatur Rhopalum gracile Rhopalum gracile lebt in Schilfgebieten und legt ANTROPOV, A.V. (1991): On the taxonomic rank of die Nester in Schilfstängeln an. Die in weiten Tei- Trypoxylon attenuatum SMITH, 1851 len Bayerns fehlende Art ist nur an wenigen Or- (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). – Entomo- ten im Lkr. Haßberge nachgewiesen (MANDERY logical Review (Washington, DC) 1992: 2001). Die Gefährdungseinstufung ist vor allem in 48–61. der speziellen Biotopbindung begründet. BLÖSCH, M. (2000): Die Grabwespen Deutsch- lands. Lebensweise, Verhalten, Verbrei- V Arten der Vorwarnliste tung. – Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, 71. Teil. Oxybelus argentatus – Goecke & Evers, Keltern. 480 S. Grabwespen der Vorwarnliste gelten als (noch) KUHLMANN, M. (1998): Besiedlung von Windwür- nicht gefährdet, tendieren aber zu einer Vermin- fen und abgestorbenen Waldflächen im derung des Bestands. Die Fliegenspießwespe Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald durch Wild- Oxybelus argentatus ist zwar noch an vielen bienen und aculeate Wespen (Hymeno- Sandstandorten in Nordbayern anzutreffen, einige ptera Aculeata). – LXXIII Bericht Natur- individuenreiche Vorkommen in Franken und der forsch. Ges. Bamberg: 65–94. Oberpfalz ließen jedoch in den vergangenen
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