PRG. 178a2S (N) 1000
CENSUS OF INDIA 1961
VOLUME II
ANDHRA ~ PRADESH
PART VI-VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPl-:Is SERIAL No. 23
A MONOGRAPH ON YELIiMANCH l'PtADU
(KOVUR TALUK. NELLORE DISTRICT)
EDITOR
A. C HAN D R A S ~ K H A k
OF THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE
SUpfTintfndfrit of Census OperQtions, Andhra Pradesh, H,Ydtra6ad
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Name of S1. ~------~------~ District Talu!. No Name Dfvillage Brief details of wbat th" village represents (I) \2) (3) (4) (5)
Sri~akulam P"th"patnam J Kallata Kapu Savaras-A Scbedlll~d Tribe Parvathipuram 2 Kalliti:j:: Savaras-A Scheduled Tribe 3 Lakkaguda:j: Jat;lpus-A Scheduled Tribe 4 'Karmap"xjoravalasa:j: A village in jute growing area 5 Gada uavalasa, ham- Gadabas-A Scheduled Tribe let Df GU'lIma:j: Bobbi)i 6 Karada:j: A Bobbili Samasthanam village Srikakulam 7 Mofusbandarj: A fishermen's village
Visakhapatnam Sr ungavarapukota 8 Kondiba:J: Dornbs-A Sdledilled Caste Paderu 9 Gaudha:j: Kanda Dhoras-A Scheduled Tribe 10 Lamthampadu:J: Kondhs-A Scheduled Tribe Chintapalle II Annavaram:j: Samanthus-A Tribe 12 I\Iakavara m Kammaras alias Ojas-A Scheclultd Tribe B Jerrela:t: Sagatas-A Scheduled Tribe
East Gorlavari Yellavaram 14 KondapaJJe Koya Dora,-A Trihe 15 Kov iJapalem Konda Reddis-A Scheduled Tribe Razole J6 Pasarlapud ilanka:!: A typical East Godavari Ilelta village
West Godavari Kowur 17 Unagatla·:): A dry agricultural village surveyed in 1917 & J 936 by the Department of Economics, University of .l\iacira •. A stud y of the progress made in the Iii" of the people during 1936-62 is done
PoJavaram 18 Puliramudugudem:j: Kayas-A. Scheduled Tribe Bluru 19 Gudivakalanka A ."ttled vllbge in Kolleru lake bed area
Krishna Vijayawada 2() ~1aredumaka+ r\ settled Krishna delta village
Guntur Guntnr 21 Malkapluam A typical tobacco growing village
Nellore Kandukur 22 Ayyavadpa lie A .neep and cattle rearing vi lIage Kovul 23 Yelamanchipadu** A settled wet, agricultural village Rapul 24 Devar-a.vemuJ'u Several worker. in mica industry reside in this village SullUlpet 25 Rettamalaj: Noted fOT boat building industry. It also lepr~sents Yenadis, a Scheduled Tribe Cbittoor Punganur 26 Palyampallet Lambarlis-A Scheduled Trihe 27 Thettupalle, ham let A village snrveyed in 1916 by the Department of Eco of Nellimanda !lomie" University of Madras. A study of the pro gress made in tbe life of the people during 1916-62 is done. Madallapall~ 18 Panchalamarri A village depending on tank and well irrigation 29 Gangireddipalle A sheep and c.ttle rearing village Cuddapah Jammalamad ugu 30 P. Sugatnan ,"'nan tapur Kalyandrug 31 Bhairavaoitippa:t: A dry village ebanging to wet culti"ation under the BhairaV'anilippa project Kurn.ol Adoni n Manlsal,,:): A place of religious importance (Mantralayam) Atlllakur (Indepen- 33 Byrl" tigudem 1: Chenchus-A Scheduled Tribe dent Sub-Talulq Hyderabad Chevella 34 Peddamangalaram Eeonomy deptmdent on the supply of vegetables to Hyderabad city Mcrlak Narasapur 35 S;"anagar:j: Tal1Jling indust!)' Siddipel 36 H .. b,hipur Handloom industry Nizamabad Rallsw.. da 37 Balljcpalle An agricultural village on the bank of Nizam Sagar lake Bodhan 3& Po .:j:Suyve)'ed by the Indian 1l1stitute of Economic" Hyderabad-A_ p, "*Present Monograph (30t):,) tr--ronograpbs so far publishrd 1961 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, ANDHRA PRADESH (All the Census Publications of this State bear Vol. No. II) PART I-A (i) General Report (Chapters I to V) PART I-A (ii) General Report (Chapters VI to IX) PART I-A (iii) General Report (Chapters X to XII) PART I-B Report on Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey PART I-C Subsidiary Tables PART II-A General Population Tableil PART II-B (i) Economic Tahles [B-1 to B-IV] PART U-B (ii) Economic Tables [B-V to B-IX] PART 11-0 Cultural and Migration Tables PART III Household Economic Tables PART IV-A Report on Housing and Establishments (with Subsidiary Tables) PART IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables PART V-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PART V-B Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ..- PART VI Village Survey Monographs (46) PART VII-A (1) i PART VII-A (2) r Handicrafts Survey Reports (Selected Crafts) I PART VII-A (3) j PART VII-B (1 to 20) Fairs and Festivals (Separate Bookfor each Distriet) PART VIII-A Administration Report-Enumeration 1 ~ Not for Jai, PART VIII-B Administration Report-Ta bulation j PART IX State Atlas PART X Special Report on Hyderabad City District Census Handbooks (Separate Volume for each District) SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE Sri K. NARASIMHA RAO, B. A., LL.B., Deputy Superintendent of Census 0 perafi01ls First Draft Sri V. D. CHARY, B. A., Economic Investigator Field· Investigation Scrutiny and Tabulation 1. Sri V. D. CHARY, B.A., 1. Sri P. PATTAYYA, B. SC., Economic Investigator Head AssiJtant 2. Sri A. CHANDRASEKHARA REDDY, M.A., 2. Sri V. RADHAKRISHNA, B.A., B.COM... Statistical Assistant Research Assistant 3. Sri G. P. REDDY, M.A., 3. Sri P. SIMHACHALAM, B A., Statistical Assistant & 4. Sri L. BALAKRISHN A RAO 4. Sri A.R.K. MURTY, M.A., Assistant CompIlers ECOfUnnic lnuesti:ator Photographlil Maps & Drawings Sri V. D. CHARY, B.A;, 1. Sri M. KRISHNASWAMY, Economic InDestigator Artist-Draftsman 2. Sri SYED AHMED, Computor FOREWORD Apart from laying the foundation·s of demography in this subcontinent, a hundred years of tht: Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no statistics attached, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to their conclusions.' In a country, largely illiterate, where statistical or numerical comprehension of even such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, an understanding of the social structure was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad understanding of what was hap .. pening around oneself than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical manipulation.' This explains \\ hy the Indian Census came to be interested in 'many by paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from anthropology and sociology to geogra ph y and re ligion' . In the last few. decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to the presen tation of village statistics. This suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a great deal of centralisation on the one hand and-decentralisation on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome continua tion of the Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of village statistics with flesh and-blood accounts of social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages in every State for special study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how,fast the winds of change were blowing and from where. Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no intention to build up a picture for the whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of villages selec ted !'tatistically at random. The selection was avowedly purposive; the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more 'normal' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type studies which, by virtue of their number and distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going on and some kind of a map of the country. A brief account of the tests qf selection will help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately geographical, occupationa 1 and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum o(thirty-five, the distribution was to be as follows: (a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would cor,tain one dominant ccmmunity with one predcminating occupation, e. g., fishermen, fcrest workers,jj,um cultivators, potters, weavers, salt·makns, quarry \\orkers, etc. A village Should have a minimum population of 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700. IV (b) At least seven villages were to be of numerically prominent Sched:uled Tribes of the State. Each village could represent a particular tribe. The minimum popula tion should be 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700. ' (c) The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and settled -character and contain variegated occupations and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in ·composition. By fair size was meant a population of 500-700 persons or more. The village should mainly depend on agriculture and be sufficiently away from the major 'Sources of modern communication such as the district administrative headquarters and business centres. It should be roughly a day's journey from the above places. The villages were to be selected with an eye to variation in terms of size, proximity to city and other means of modern communication, nearness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to be a regional distribution throughout the State of this, category of villages. If, however. a particular district contained significant ecological variation, within its area, more than Qne village in the district might be selected to study the .special adjustments to them. It is a unique feature of these village surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorbing voyage of discovery and their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the inquiry's scope again and again. It was just as well as cautiously to feel one's way about at first and then venture further afield. and although it accounts to some extent for a certain unevenness in the quality and coverage of the monographs, it served to compensate the purely honorary and extra-mural rigours of the task. For. the Survey, along with its many ancillaries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and others, was an 'extra' over and a bove the crushing load of the 1961 Census. It might be of interest to recount briefly the stages by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first Census Conference in September 1959 the Survey set itself the task of what might be called a record in situ of material traits, like settlement patterns of the village; house types; diet; dress, ornaments and foot-wear; furniture and storing vessels; ~common means of transport of goods and passengers; domestication of animals and birds. markets attended; worship of deities, festivals and fairs. There were to be recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occupational mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each household, the otherJor the village as a whole, which, apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry ·suggested in the September 1959 conference, introduced groups of questions aimed as sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheritance. -movable and immovable property, industry, indebtedness, education, community life and collective activity, social disabilities, forums of appeal over disputes. village leader ship, and organisation of cultural life. It was now plainly the intention to provide adequate statistical support to empirical 'feel', to approach qualitative change through :statistical quantities. It had been difficult to give thought to the importance of 'just ,enough statistics ·to gIve empirical underpinning to conclusions', at a time when my colleagues were straining themselves to the utmost for the success of the main Census operations, but once the Census count itself was left behind in March 1961, a series of three Tegional seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961 ), Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) restored their attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change through a number of well-devised statistical tables was once again recognised. This itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages already done, but it was worth the trouble in view of the possibilitiesthat a close analysis of statistics offered} and also because the 'consanguinity' schedule remained to be canvassed. By November 1961, however, more was expected of these surveys than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand with too many general statements and a growing de sire on the other to draw conclusions from statistics, to regard social and economic data as interrelated processes, and finally to examine the social and economic processes set in motion through land reforms and other laws, legislative and administrative measures, technological and cultural change. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of December 1961, when the whole field was carefully gone through over again and a programme worked out closely knitting the various aims of the Survey together. The Social Studjes Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance to State Superinten dents by way of scrutiny and technical comment on the frame of Survey and presentation of results. This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting as many villages as they had originally intended to. But I believe that what may have been lost in quantity has been more than made up for in qualit y. This is, per haps, for the first time that such a Survey has been conducted in any country, and that purely as a labour of love. It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to achieve, to construct a map of village India's social structure· One hopes that the volumes of this Survey will help to retain for the Indian Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source of information about the country'. Apart from other features, it will perhaps be conce ded that the Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial and graphic documen tation. The schedules finally adopted for this m'lnograph have been printed in Appen dix III to Kotha Armur Village Monograph (S1. No. 39). NEW DELHI ASOK MITRA July 30, 1964 Registrar General, India PREFACE In the Foreword, the Registrar General, India, has kindly explained the scope and philosophy of -.the Village Surveys taken up as one of the important ancillary studies of the 1961 Census. In this State 46 villages were selected for the survey, of which 9 villages fell under the category of villages each with one dominant community with one predominant occupation, 21 villages representing Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes (17 villages with Scheduled Tribes, 3 villages with Tribes not Scheduled, viz., Samanthus, Koya Doras and Mathuras, and I village with a Scheduled Caste, Dombs) and 16 villages were villages each affair size, of an old and well settled character containing variegated occupations and multi-ethnic in composition. The village Yelamanchipadu (No. 23 in the State Map before the inner title page gives the location of the village) covered by the present monograph falls .under the third category. The selection of villages of the optimum population size of 500 and also satisfying all other criteria IlUch as to be at a distance of a day's travel from the taluk headquarters and so on, was none too easy. Several villages selected had to be of a much large size than prescribed as otherwise it waS difficult to ch<}ose a vi llage to satisfy the main purpose for which the village was selected for survey. Similarly, some interior tribal villages tha t were selected were necessarily smaller than the optimum population size prescribed. The villages were selected carefully having an eye on regional distribution and ecological variation, but it has not always been possible to select villages so remote as to be a day's journey from important centres of communication or administrative headquarters of a district. With the developed ,communications and the fast means of transport it was somewhat difficult to locate all villages uninfluenced by developmental activities. There were, of course, some villages, particularly in the Agency tract which took not one day but several days to reach from the district headquarters. All the same, it is expected that the villages now selected truly represent a cross-section of the rural population ,of the State. In this State, we started off with our Village Surveys according to the original scheme of things, under which it was expected that one Investigator should be able to cover a village in about a week or 10 days time. Naturally a very simple skeleton schedule was adopted under which mainly the social and religious customs and habits were studied in a general sort of way. We covered quite a few villages under this old scheme and the present village of Yelamanchipadu covered by this monograph waS one tiuch village surveyed in 1950 itself canvassing the old skeleton schedules, a set of which is given al Appendix II to the Monograph No. 45. Mattewada Village. As explained in the Foreword, the scope of the survey went on expanding and ultimately on the basis of the conclusions arrived at the Study Camp held in New Delhi in December, 1961, a very detailed set of Village Survey Schedules was drawn up. When we started canvassing this formidable set of schedules, we found that an Investigator was not able to cover more than one household per day. The progress was painfully slow. Even putting extra Investigators, it took several weeks to cover a village completely. As several villages had already been covered by the time the scope of Survey was enlarged, we were able to cover only a limited number of villages canvassing thi. set of larger schedules which is given as Appendix III to the Monograph No. 39 Kotha Armur Village. An attempt, however, was made to resurvey a few of the Villages already covered so as to bring them under the new method. Fortunately, Yelamanchipadu is one such resurveyed village. But the limitation of time made it difficult to resurvey all the relit as proposed. Therefore, the Village Survey Monographs presented for this State will show two distinct patterns-one as covered under the old method and the other under the new expanded method giving, '"Very much more detailed statistical information. VIll Certain limitations to our efforts to achieve this ambitious task may have to be recognised. While the Investigators who were put on the job of canvassing the schedules were not specialists in any- particular field, they were carefully chosen for their academic qualifications, experience in Community' Development Organisation or their ability and aptitude to move closely with the rural and tribal folk,_ to find out facts and record truthfully the first hand information. It is open to the specialists in a particular field to scan the materia_l presented here and formulate their own hypotheses for further refined_ investigation. The present monograph deah with Yelamanchipadu, a multi-ethnic village in Kovur Taluk or Nellore District. It is a settled wet agricultural village. With the availability of water for irrigating lands, most of the dry land in this village has been converted into wet land. Reddys numerically and economically dominate all other castes in the village. On the whole the economic pos ition of the village has become sound since the conversion of land from dry to wet. The agriculturists are quite en~husiastic to raise second crop also but water is being supplied to only 1/4-th of the cultivable land in the village. This may become one of the prosperous villages in the district if enough water is suppEed to the agriculturists for raising second crop and irrigating further land. This village was first surveyed by Sarvashri V. D. Chary and A. R. K. Murty, Economic Investi gators in December, 1960. Later in December, 1965, this village was resurveyed by canvassing the enlarged schedules by Sarvashri V. D. Chary, Economic Investigator, A. Chandrasekbara Reddy and. G. P. Reddy, Statistical Assistants. The first draft of the report was prepared by Sri V. D. Chary. Economic Investigator and was scrutinised by Sri V. Radhakrishna, Research Assistant. The tables and the report were finalised by Sri P. Pattayya, the then Tabulation Officer and the present Head Assistant under the supervision of Sri K. Narasimha Rao, Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations. The- credit for the preparation of maps goes to Sarvashri M. Krishnaswamy and Syed Ahmed. Sarval!lhri K. K. Sarma and S. Nageswara Rao, Computors and N. C. Hanumantha Reddy, Proof Reader, assisted. in reading the proofs. A. CHANDRA SEKHAR Superintendent of C(nsus Operations, Andhra Pradesh CONTENTS PalU Foreword iii-v Preface vii-viii Cbapter I THE VILLAGE 1-3 Introduction-Physical f"atures-Flora and F -Residential pat tern-Communications-Places of worship-Crema rorium-Post and Telegraph facilities-Schools-Source of water-Market- Settlement history-Immigra tion-H istory of the village. Chapter II THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENT 5-}0> Ethnic composition: Tadava; Rtddy; Aluslims; HariJan; Ch,illians; Chakali; [(amma; Other Castes-Fopulation by age, se-x and marital status- Literacy-House types-Dress-Ornaments-Household goods: Beddl7lg; Furniture-Consumer goods and services-Food. Chapter 111 SOCIAL CUSTOMS. 11-2() General-Pregnancy-Birth-Naming-Tomure - First feeding - Puberty Marriage: ExpendituTe-Marriage among Muslims-Consummation-Widow marriage- Divorce-Death : Death custom I among Hindus: Expmditure; Death customs among Muslims-Widowhood-Beliefs and practices: Evil eye; Evil spirits. Chapter IV ECOr\OMY 21-35 General- Land utilisation-Land holdings-Livestock-Factors influencing the economic lIfe of the village-Land reforms and their effect-La!1d impro vement-IndustrialiSation-Livelihood classes-Change in the land holdings Assessment of land revenue-Land Value-Occupational distribution-Tra ditIOnal occupation-Occupational mobility - Mutual help-Agricultural implements-Seeds and manures-Case studies on cost of agricultural production and value of produce-Other Occupations: StontCutling; Animal husband,y-Income and expenditure-Expenditure on education--Indebtedness: Causes-Cred it agency-Sale and purchase of assets-Ca.pital formation. Chapter V CULTURAL LIFE AND VILLAGE ORGANISATION 37-43 Religion-Language-Trends of changes in family type-Leisure and recrea tion--Hindu festival s--Ugadi; Toli Ekadasi; Nagulachavithi; Vinayaka Chavilhi; Dasaro; Deepavali; Sanl<.Tanthi; Sivaratri-Muslim fe~tivals-:.Christian festivals Schools-Village organisat ion- I nter-hamlet relationship-Inter-caste rela tionship-Village Panchayat-Activities of Panchayat. ' Chapter VI SOCIAL REFORMS-AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE 45-4& Socia I reforms-U ntouchabil ity-Inheritance· of property-Democratic de centralisation-Fami ly Planning-Public opinion about survey. x Pages Ch'ilpter VII CONCLUSION 47 Appendix TABLES [1]-[61] Glossary [63] MAPS Andhra Pradesh State Map showing the Location of villages surveyed Before inner title page Location Map of Yclamanchipadu Village xiii Map ofYelamanchipadu Village. xiv Layout Sketch of Households by Caste/Tribe/Community in Yelamancbipadu xv Village ILLUSTRATIONS Figure No. 1 Ploughing in progress xvii 2 Threshing operations in progress xvii 3 Threshing operations in progress xviii 4 Puri-A granary of paddy xviii 5 Agricul tural implements, bullocks and their master xix 6 Temple of Pochamma xx STATEMENTS :STATEMENT NO. I Particulars of Land Util isation 21 II Area under Cultivation . 21 III _Size of Holdings and Number of Pattadars 22 IV Particulars of Land Revenue 24- V Land Value 26 VI Cost of Cultivation 28 VII Expenditure on Levelling the Fields 28 VIII Cost of Cultivation 29 IX Cost of Cultivation 29-30 X Cost of Cultivation 30 XI Cost of Cultivation 30 XII Family Budget for the Year 1964-65 32 XIII Family Budget for the Year 1964-65 32-~J XIV Family Budget for the Year 1964-65 33 XV Family Budget for the Year 1964-65 33 XVI Family Budget for the Year 1964-65 • 33 XVII A Calendar of Hindu FestivalB 38 XVIII Budget Position of the Village Panchayat 42 Xl TABLES 'TABLE NO, Pages 1 Area, House!; and Population [1] 2 Size and Composition of Household s (I] 3 Households and Population by Religion: Sect and Caste/Tribe/Community [2] 4 Population by Caste/Tribe/Community, Age Group and Sex [3]-[4] 5 Population ,by Age Group and Marital Status [5] 6 Population by Caste/Tribe/Community, Education, Age Group and Sex [6]-[13] 7 PopUlation by Age Group, Sex and Education [14] 8 Household Heads by CastefTribefCommunity, Age Group, Sex and Literacy [15] 9 Deaths by Caste/Tribe/Community, Marital Status, Sex and Age Group during last Five Years, 1959 to 1964 [16] 10 Deaths by Caste/Tribe/Communi ty, Causes, Sex and Age Group during last Five Years, 1959 to 1964 [16] 11 Livelihood Classes [16]-[17] 12 1961 Primary Cens •.lS Abstract [18] 13 Workers and Non-workers by Age Group and Sex [19] 14 Workers by Occupation, Age Group and Sex [20] liS Workers engaged in [ndustry, Business and Cultivation belonging to the House hold by Age Group and Sex [21] 16 Non-workers by Age Group !lnd Nature of Activity (22] 17 Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry or Business belonging to the Household {22] 18 Traditional Occupation by Households [23] 19 Place of Occupation (23] -20 Occupational Mobility, Cause of Change and Contentment during 1959-60 by CastdTribe/Community [24] 21 Occupational Mobility -N:tture of Aspiration {24] -22 Distribution of Households by Main Occupation and Caste/Tribe/Community. [25] 23 Combination of Occupations (26] 24 Main Occupation, per capita Annual Household Income and Family Type [26] -25 Effect of L:wd Reforms by Caste/Tribe/Community and Households [27] "26 Livestock Statistics by Caste/Tribe/Community [28] "27 Traditional Industry by Households [28] 28 Material Culture-Possession of Bedding Material and Furniture by Caste/Tribe! Community and Households, ' , , " [29] "29 Material Culture-Possession and Use of Consumer Goods and Services' by CastefTrjbe/Community and Households [30] "30 Material Culture-Furniture and Con~umer Goods acquired in last Five Years (1960 to 1965) by Caste and HoulehOlds [31 ] 31 Budgetary Position of Villagers by Main Occupation [31]-[32] 32 Annual Expenditure on Education by Caste/Community and Households [32] 33 Indebtedness by Annual Household Income and Households [33] 34 Indebtedness by Cause, Amount and Households [33] .35 Number of Money Lenders and Debtors by Caste/Tribe/Community (34] 36 Credit Agency and Rate of Interest by Number of Householdli and Amount [35] 37 Sale and Purchase Value of Assets during lut Thirty Years, 1935-64 and 1964-65 [36] 3B Capital Formation by Cas te/Tribe/Community and Houleholdl [36]-[37] 39 Prosperity Index During the la.st Ten Years (1954-55 to 1965) [37] -40 Caste/Tribe/Community and Na ture of Family [38] 41 Mother Tongue and other Languages Spoken [38] -42 Association of Deity/Special Obje /Tribe and Households [39] Xll .... ABLE NO. Pages:- 43 Oultural Life of the Village [39] 44 Dietary Habits by Oaste/Tribe/Oommunity and Households (40) 45 Habit of taking Tea or Ooffee by Household Income and Caste/Tribe/ Community and Households. . [40] 46 Smoking and other Habits by Caste/Tribe/Community [41] 47 Attitude towards Marriage with Persons of different Caste/Tribe/Community but of the same socia-economic status [42] 48 Persons by Age at First Marriage and Oaste/Tribe/Community [42] 49 Marriage Payments [43] 50 Dowry Payments and Knowledge of Hindu Marriage Act by Caste/Community [44] 51 Inf?rmation and Attitude towards Family Planningby Caste/Tribe/Community. [44] 52 AttItude lowards Family Planning with reference to Age of Head of Household by Caste/Tribe/Community . . . [45] 53 Attitude towards Fami ly Plannincr with reference to Age of Child bearing women by Caste/Tribe/Community "'. . . . [45]-[46] 54 Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to Duration of Marriage by Caste/Tribe/Community . . . . [46] 55 Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to Annual Income by Caste! TribefCommunity. . . . . [47] 56 lnherit'loce of Property in Practice by Oaste/Tribe/Community . [47] 57 Share of Property for different Categories of Relatives-Sons by CastefTribef Community .' [481 58 Share of Property for different Categories of Relatives-Daughters by Ca.stel Tribe/Community. . . . [48] 59 Awareness of Ohanges in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption by Castel Community [49]_ 60 Attitude about Inheritance of Property by Daughters equally with Sons by Caste/Tribe/Community (49] 6l Medical Care (49) 62 General Knowledge of Household Heads by Caste/Tribe/Community [50] 63 Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act [50] 64 Attitude of Informants towards Survey • [51] 65 Period of Exi stence of Households immigrated during present Gen~rati()n by CastejTribe{Oommunity [51} 66 Settlement History of Households by Caste/Tribe/Community [52) 67 Place of Birth [52], 68 Immigrant Households by Place, Rea50ns and C&stejTribejCommunity [53] 69 Emigration by Number of Households, Place and Reasons . [54] 70 Houses bv Number of Rooms and Number of Persons occupying and Caste} Tri be/Oommunity [551 71 House Type by Roof Material and Castf/Trib{'/Commun~ty [55] 72 Houses by Wall Material and Caste/TflbeJOommunity [56] 73 Houses and Use [56] 74 Scheduled Oastes and Scheduled Tribes by Households and Population • £57] 75 Awareness about the Existence of Panchayat by Households and Caste/Tribel Community • .. • [57] 76 Awareness a bout the Functions of Gram Sevak by Households and CastefTrjbe} Community . . • . . [58], 77 Awareness about the dominant Parties in the Panchayat Caste/Tribe/Community and Number of Informants . • , (581 78 Opinion on the Functioning of Panchayat, Panchayat Samithi and Z iJla Par:ishad [591 7 Castf"/Tribal{Oommunity Panchayat-Existence and Attitude by Number of lnformants [591 80 Caste/Tribal/Community Panchayat-Functions. .. (60) 81 Co-nperative Society MemLershi p and Benefit by Caste/Tribe/CommuOlty [60] 82 Co-()perative Society Membership by Caw.. /Community and Literacy [61] 83 Co-operative Society Membership by Land Ownership [61} xiii 00 t: "30 E 8 CO E 8 30 E I ~--~~~~----~~N .&0 LOCATION MAP Of 00 00 YELAMANCHIPADU VILLAGE KURNOOL DISTRICT KOVUR TALUK NELLORE DISTRICT 16 o 16 tlilci N N o o 15 If> 0 16 IS , 3D DISTRICT 30 N N o o IS 15 00 00 CUODAPAH NIDIST~ICT 104 BAY OF BENGAL 30 .---.-- Stote 80u"4<1ry DistrICt 8cunddrr -.-.- Tald,8oultd"" N N o Hat/onal Highw"" I~ f4 5eclte J-fiehways DO 00' Railway Broad Gaup 1. J f I J I I II ~Dl1w")' Mwe Gaup ~ ~ ~ AIY~r and r o " 80 00 E 79 00 f 7~ 30 E MAP OF YELAMANCHIPADU VILLAGE KOVUR TAL-UK TURUMERLA VILLAGE NELLORE DISTRiCT .!!.. 0 10 20 30 40 Ch.ins eE" I I I =J ~ N PEDAPUTHEDU VILLAGE ,,\0 Village Bour:cfGr, •. .••. . . • . . ViI/age RQod ~ .. C."t ~ o fradc. ,..,po I- -0 HlJbo/latf4J1I heo !: V"VVERU VILLAGE ~ 'anI( ....o xv LAYOUT SKETCH OF HOUSEHOL.CS BY CASTE/TRIBE/COMMUNITY IN YELAMANCHIPADU VILLAGE NOT TO SCALE REOOYPALEM .. • II AGRICULTURAL FIELDS Uu in 1iI!S?c, ..... a. t= r"'l:t •• ===:;::1= r.=-== •• 1m ,:0 ni n /u NO. Of NAHf 0; $1'f180L HOUSE- CASU J tl\iaE/ COt\MUHIT't HOI.D$ a Ch.hll rr Pltchlgootl. (D.l.) Kunm ... n ...dey 10 H-- It;.;lmmarl 1!J Va1!,ya & KUMrtt'lrt ~ Yadava M.d;g>(S.C., E" Yt",~",,(s,'J H.I, (te.) , --1ft $ tr ('hrlll'" ~ H.",oIl fi H~.llm 10 1H Muth"dJa(D.T.) Tow xvii Fig. 1 Ploughing in progress (Chapter IV-para 34) "_ ~'---~ . ":-.. 1t • ' .. " : ' . . .. -':- .. .'... ". Fig. 2 Threshing operations lD progress (Chapter IV-para 37) XVlll Fig. 3 Threshing operations in progress (Chapter IV-jJlJTtJ 37) :~. ~'. ' .. ' '-. !;",.,t·""». . ,':" . ',::.. ,.,. Fig. 4 Puri-A granary of paddy (Chapter TV.-para 37) xix l' ::.<,'_ I, Fig. 5 Agricultural implements, bullocks and their master (Chapter IV-para 40) xx Fig. 6 Temple of Pochamma (Chnpter Y-para 5) Chapter l THE VILLAGE Introduction people often visit the town and purchase their requirements there only. There are no business Lying on 14°-36·-40' north latitude and establishments in the village except one or two petty 790-53'-30' east longitude, Yelamanchipadu is a kirana shops. Similarly, there are no industries in village in Kovur Taluk of Nellore District. It is a the village. There are no cultural organisations in settled wet agricultural village. the village. 2. About 80% of the population of the village 5. There are three settlements for this village eke out their livelihood either through cultivation which form a revenue village and is known as Yela or labour. The village having regular canal system manchipadu. Each settlement has got its own for purposes of irrigation got good potentialities for name. Pathavoor, Kothavoor and Reddypalem are further development in the years to come. The the names of these settlements. The original and special feature of this village is that a majprity of the oldest settlement is Pathavoor-means old the land owners are from Reddy,(Kapu) community village and this is actually known as Yelamanchi who except a few families have immigrated from padu. Another settle~ent known as Kothavoor is the various parts of Nellore District. They purcha a latter development and the distance between these sed the dry lands and converted them into wet two is about a furlong. The third one, i. e-., lands. The availability of permanent irrigational Reddipalem is a recent habitation which is about facilities have attracted them to settle down here. half a mile from the main village. The Pathavoor The entire economic activity of the village centres and Kothavoor are situated amidst wet lands while round agriculture. Reddipalem is a bit away from the fields. The surroundings. of the village give a good appearance 3. It is at a distance of 18 miles both from to the visitor with green fields and a sprinkling of taluk and district headquarters. There is no direct palmyra trees. While coming to Kothavoor, one bus route to this village. The visitor has to reach has to cross a small stream and a canal which are Buc-hireddipalem, a village on the road between at a distance of one furlong from the main village. Nellore and Cuddapah. From there, Yelamanchi Reddi palem can be reached by crossing the wet padu is about 5 miles connected by a kachcha road. lands by a'narrow and slippery footpath. This distance can be covered either by foot or bul lock cart. Another route is via Pedaputhedu Physical features a village at a distance of 3 miles in the same taluk which is connected by regular private 6. The village is surrounded by Turumerla in bus service. Now there is a road under const the north, Buchireddipalem in the south, Munula ruction connecting Buchireddipalem with Turu pudi in the- east and Pedaputhedu in the west merla which passes through Reddypalem aIle of the (Map II). hamlets of Yelamanchipad u village. After the com Flora and fauna pletion of this road, one can easily reach this village by bus or by car (Please see Map I). The nearest 7. There is no forest near or around the railway station is Nellore. This village comes under village. In the village also the trees are not many. the- Revenue Firka and also falls under the jurisdic tion of police station of Buchireddipalem. S. Bulls, buffaloes, cows are among the domesticated animals found in the village. Since 4. The nearest marketing centre is Nellore, there is no grazing land particularly set apart for though a few people purchase their requirements at the village, the people are feeling very difficult for Buchireddipalem also. Nellore, the district head grazing the cattle. Most of the migrant families quarters being nearer to this village, most of the graze their cattle in their fields. 2 CHAPTER I Size reach the village. Now a road is being laid by the Panchayat Samithi connecting Buchireddipalem and 9. The area of the village is 1.77 square miles Turumerla which touches the boundaries of Reddy and the density of popUlation is 663 persons per square palem, one of the hamlets of Yelamanchipadu. The mile. There are 273 households with a population roads within the habitation area of Patbavoor and of 1,174-580 males and 594 females. The average Kothavoor are haphazard (Map Ill) Since these size of the household is about 4'3 (*Table 1). two habitations are almost situated amidst wet Residential pattern fields, there is no scope for further extension in any direction. But in the case of Reddypalem it is not 10. As already mentioned the residential area so. It is well planned and every household has suffi is divided in three parts. Most of the Yadava com cient homestead area. munity people inhabit Pathavoor and Kothavoor though there are other castes' people whose number Places of worship is quite insignificant. Except the Malas and Madi gas all the other castes' people live in the neigh 12. Except one Mahalakshmi temple, tht"re bourhood of each other. The Muslim households are no other important places of worship in the are living in Pathavoor in a separate cluster. They village. do not have any dogma that a particular caste should live in a separate area. But generally a Crematorium particular caste man may prefer to live in the neigh bourhood of his own people. The Harijans are 13. Each hamlet has its own burial ground. There are no separate burial grounds for each livin~ in Pathavoor in a separate habitation. No other caste people live in their habitation area. caste. All the caste people either bury or cremate Again among the Scheduled Castes the Madigas in the same pla,ce. The Scheduled Caste people too and Malas live separately. There is a tank just use the same burial ground but a bit away from adjacent to the Pathavoor and a canal flows between other castes. The people of Pathavoor use the vacant place towards the southern side just adja Pathavoor and Kothavoor. The habitation area cent to the canal for their purpose. Similarly the will be slushy in the rainy season. The habitation people of Kothavoor bury or Cremate their dead area of Reddypalem is all right as it is situated on towards the southern side of the habitation. But the a slightly elevated place. It seems Government has people of Reddypalem hamlet bury their dead in allotted new house site for the people of Kothavoor the poramboke land of the neighbouring village of and Pathavoor 7 years back towards the southern Munulapudi towards the eastern side. side of the village which is on an elevated place. But the inhabitants have not yet shifted to the new Post and TeJegraph facmties site. Due to the stagnated water pits and manure pits around, there is a heavy breeding of mosqui 14. There is a branch post office in the village toes in the habitation area. There is no scope for managed by the school teacher. Tappals are recei further extension of the habitation area. The resi ved and sent daily from the village. Money orders dential houses are clustered together specially in Kothavoor. There is a heavy growth of palmyra are also accepted here. There are no telegraphic trees around Pathavoor. facilities in the village. The nearest telegraph office is at Buchireddipalem. Communications Schoo1s, II. The village is not properly connected with modern means of communications. As already 15. There are two Government schools in the stated one has either to go to Buchireddipalem or village, one at Kothavoor and tlJe other at' Reddy Pedaputhedu village to catch the bus. Only during palem. Each school is having two teachers and summer season one can reach the village by cart. ed ucation is imparted upto 4th standard. There is During the remaining seasons one has to walk to a village Panchayat Office under construction. • All the tables except Tables I and 12 in the Appendix give particulars of the 47 surveyed househ()lds THE VILLAGE 3 Source of water settled during the present generation. The Yadavas of this village claim to be the original settlers of 16. Thoug h t here are well s in th e vi llage this place anc1latter on other communities settled people suffer for drinking water. For most part of here. No one knows in the village as to how this the year the villagers' depend on canal water for name Yelamanchipadu has come. purpose of drinking since the water in the wells is brackish. There is no well in Reddypalem village. Immigration They depend upon canal water only. When the canal is closed they go to the Kaligiri reservoir 19. Table 68 gives the details of the immigrant about 3 furlongs to fetch water. households in the village. None has come to this village from outside the State. This village being Market blessed with permanent irrigational facilities has attracted good many ryots from the neighbouring 17. There is no market in the village. There dry parts, who came and purchased dry lands and are one or two petty grocery shops in the main converted them into wet. This is the main reason village and one grocery shop in Reddipalem for the bulk immigration to this village. Of the hamlet. For purchasing domegtic goods and any 47 surveyed households as many as 25 are immi other valuables like dress and ornaments most oC grant families. Of these 25 immigrant families the local people visit Nellore town. Generally, the only one Muslim household is from outside the agriculturists have contacts with the grain mer district and the remaining one from within the chants who purchase paddy from the village. They district only whose occupation before and after often visit Nellore for various purposes and they migration has been casual labour. There are IS purchase their required commodities at that time: households who have immigrated from outside the The poor people commonly buy their domestic taluk and of them 9 belong to Reddy caste and the good sat Buchireddipalem. The local practice is remaining belong to different castes. that most of the cultivators buy the commodities at Neflore in bulk quantity which m Chapter 'II THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENT Ethnic Composition 5. Before di scussing the demographic parti e ulars of the village it is considered essential to give The ethnic composition of the village repre a brief description of each ethnic group. ~entlJ three major religions, viz., Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. Particulars relating to the house radava hold and population by reI igion, community and caste/tribe are given in Table 3. 6. The Yadavas claim to be the original sett lers of the village. These people are also known as 2. The population of the village as per 1961 .Gollas. There are some sects among this caste. It Census is 1,174 comprising of 580 males and 594 is said that they belong to Pooja sect which is consi females as against the total population of 740 made dered to be the superior to other sects. Though up of 375 ma!les and 365 females in 1951. Thus a their traditional occupation is sheep and goat rear very big increase of 58.6% -in ten years ,,{as recorded. ing, they have left it some generations back and This increase in population ii mainly due to immi have taken up to agriculture. None in the village gration of some families mostly from villages within knows about the origin and history of this caste. the c':!.istrict. A significant feature of the present Being agriculturists, most of the households in this 'Census in respect of this .. mage is that unlike 1951 village are economically better. Majority of this Census, women outnumbered men. It may, how· caste people reside in Pathavoor. There are about -ever, be mentioned here tha t at the time of preli. 44 Yadava households in the village. minary surv:ey during December 1960 there were 1,151 persons comprising 583 males and 568 Reddy fema'les. 7. 'I here are 61 Reddy' households in the village and 99% of these households have immigra 3. Dur-ing December, 1965, fort~· seven house ted from various dry places of this taluk. All these bolds in the village were resurveyed by random Reddy households, who were not having irrigatio sampling method. Eight Hindu castes, two Sche .nal facilities in their places have purchased dry duled Castes, one Scheduled Tribe and two'Denoti lands in this village and converted them into wet fied T.ribes ,besides Christians. and Muslims in this lands since the irrigation facilities are provided by village were then covered. Reddys are numerically the Government. These immigrated families have nomina'nt followed by Muslims and Yadavas. their own settlement and named it as Reddypalem. Pedakanti, Gurati, Pakanati, Motati, etc., are the 4. Table 4 gives tae details of population of sub-sects among the Reddys. Though inter-dining the surveyed holiseho'jch accCirding to community is allowed, inter-marriages are prohibited. There and age group. There are 234 persons, i. e., 123 are instances where the marriages have taken males and 11l females in different age gr&Up5. 17 place outside one's sect. There is a common saying persons are there in the age group of 0-4 years who that it is very difficult to name the sub·sects among are mostly infants. There are 41 peJ'50ns in the age Reddys and the va.rieties of paddy. Locally it ill known as "0& 't~ OS'el't~ ;;3:l.,jtlo $"~o - Redia group of 5-9 years while 28 persons are theIe in the (Y) MMM e.J age group of 10-14 years. Similady. there are 27 perla tJadla perla cheppatam kastam". Even though the persons in the age group of 15-19 years w]w mostly economic condition of Redd ys is sound they do not belong to working group. There are 15 persons each command much respect in the village. This is be in the age groups of 20-24 and 23-29 years; 12, 17, cause they are all immigrant families and do not 14,9, 13,8 and 18 persons are there in the age evince much interest in the social and political1ife groups of 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 .. 50-59, and, of the village. Added to this their habitation area '60 and over respectively. is a bit away from the main village. Most of the 6 CHAPTER II families even after immigration have not comple Kamma tel y severed their connections with their original villages. A few families stay here only during the 12. There are 3 hous~holds of Kamma com~ sowing season and after that go back to their native munity in the village. In the social hierarchy theY"' villages leaving here some elderly members to look are equal. with Reddys. Theyare non-vegetarians. after the fields. by births. Agriculture is their main occupation. Muslims Other Castes 13. There is one household each of Mangali, 8. The economic condition of this community Brahmin, Pitchiguntla, V21.isya, Viswabrahmin and is very deteriorating. There are 62 households of Yanadi. Except Brahmin who is at the apex of this community. Except a few households all the Hindu social order all the other castes belong to· Muslim households are possessing lands but the lower social status. They attend to their respective holdings do not exceed more than one acre. The traditional occupations. life of these people is quite peculiar. They stay in the village only during the sowing season. Most of Population by age, sex and marital status them are stone cutters and a few go for begging while the others go about showing the feats of the 14. Table 5 gives the details of the population bears or monkeys. It is said they go to far of places, by age group and marital status o£ the surveyed. viz., Madras, Kerala, etc. All these people return households in the village .. Of the 234 persons, 123 to the village invariably at the time of Moharrum are males and III are females. There are 109 per festival. There are two sects among them, viz" sons who fall in the category of never married-66. Sunni and Shaik. are males and 43 are females. Most of the persons in this category belong to the young age. There are Harijan 3 males in the age group of 20-24 years who have not married and 2 in the age group of 25-29 years. 9. Next to Reddys, Harijans (Mala and The marriageable age seems to be 15 to 19 years in Madiga) stand numerically predominant. There the case of females and 20-24 years in the case of are 54 households in the village belonging to these males though there are a \ few cases of males who communities. They stand at the lowest position in are married and fall in the age group of 15-19 social hierarchy. Among them Mal:ls claim superio years. Child marriages are almost nil. This evi rity over Madigas. There is no inter-dining and dently shows the enlightenment of the parents and inter-marriage among these people. Most of them perhaps they may also know the evils of child mar are labourers. riages. There are equal number of married males. and females in the village. There are 27 widowe-d Christians persons in the surveyed households-8 males and 19 females. More number of women are widowed 10. There are 8 Christian households in the when compared to males. There is one widow in village who are all converts. Originally, they be the age group of 15-19 years. There are no divor long to Mala caste. Even though they have taken ced or separated persons in the village. up Christianity, they are still suffering with the same social taboos as that of Malas. Literacy Chakali 15. Tabl~ 6 gives the details of population by age, sex and education by caste among the surveyed 11. There are 5 Chakali households in the households. Of the 234 p~rsons, onl y 79 persons are vi llage. The traditional occupation of this caste is literates while the remaining 155 are illiterates; washing and still they are continuing in the same Among the 79 literates only 19 are females and the occupation. There are two sects among them, i. e., remaining are males. Similarly, of the 155 i Ilitera Tirumandar and Vibhudidar. They are non-vege tes, 63 are males and 92 are females. This evidently tarians and take food from all the castes except shows that the people do not evince much interest }4ala, Madiga and Muslims. in the education in general and women's education. PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ.UIPMENT 7 in particular. Five of the 10 personi1 a.mong Chakali 14 are males and 8 are females. Similarly, in the are. illitera tes. Of the 5 literates 4 are males a-nd age group of 10-14 years there are 161iterates while one is a female, who studied upto Junior Basic. there are 12 persons in the age group of 15-19 Similarly, of the 14 per SonS among Christians 5 are years. In the higher age groups the percentage of illiterates and 9 are literates who stu<;1:ied upto Pri literacy is very low. mary or Junior Basic. The one Kamma person covered by the survey is an illiterate. Among Kam 17. Table 8 shows the details of the house maris 3 are illiterates while 2 females studied upto hold heads by caste, age group, sex and literacy. Primary class. Of the 4- Kumm~ris 3 persons are Of the 47 household heads, only two are females of Primary standard while one female is illiterate. and the remaining 45 are males. Again of the 47 Except one literate among Madigas all are ill ite_ household heads 32 are illiterates and the remain rates. Similarly, only one literate is there among ing 15 are literates. Malas. Literacy among the females is almost nil. In the Mangali household, the husband studied House types upto Primary w'hi1e his wife is an illiterate. Mus lims who are numerically predominant are mostly 18. All the houses in the village except three illiterates. There are 0111y four Jiterate persons which are terraced, are narrow and ill-ventilated among this community and of them there are males and consist of mud walls and bamboo roofs, and one is a female. These literates studied upto thatched with palmyra leaves and straw. The primary class. The reason for the 1m,; percentage housing conditions of Malas, Madigas and Muslims of literacy among these people is nothing but eeono· are very miserable. The houses of these three com mic backwardness. [n addition to this, most of the munities are mostly circular in shape and a wall of ~fuslim families go away from the village for about 5' height with roof which can protect the inmates six months to earn their livelihood in other places neither from sun nor rain is the order of the day and and thus their children too follow them. Conse everything is dirty inside and around. The dwell quently they are deprived of their education. Not ing consists of one room which serves all purposes. even a single person is educated among the Muth Generally, the diameter of the house is 12 to 18 feet. racha caste and so is the case wi th the Pitchigutla The well-to-do agriculturists like Reddys, Yadavas, c3ste. There are 37 literates among Reddys. Of etc., have spacious thatched houses. Often they them only 6 are females and the remaining 31 are have one or two detached thatched huts, one of ITlales. Except 2 literates without any educational which serves as sleeping room, the second as standard. the remaining 35 have studied upto kitchen, etc. Generally, all the agriculturists have a Primary standard. Among Vaisyas there are three separate shed for their cattle. Of course, the poor literates. The Yadavas have 13 literates. Of these people due to their povertv could not construct 2 are without any educational standard, ten studied good dwellings but the Reddys and Yadavas who up to Junior Basic and one male upto P.D.C. The form the bulk of the agricultural class and who can only Yerukula woman covered by the survey is afford to have good houses do not have good houses. illiterate. The reason is they mostly invest the money for purchase of land. 16. Table 7 shows the details of population by age group, sex and education. There a·re 234 per 19. Of the 47 households surveyed, 46 have sons among the surveyed households and of this houses with thatched roof while only one is having 123 are males and III are females. Of the total middle type of roofing (Table 71). Again of these population, 155 persons are illiterates and 79 are 47 houses, 13 have mud walls while the remaining literates. Again of these 79 literates ollly 19 are 33 have stone walls (Table 72). There are 55 rooms females and the remaining are males. If this lite in 47 houses and 234 persons are living in them. Of rate population is divided further according to the the 47 houses, 39 are having single rooms, 8 are 'standards, it can be seen that only 4 persons are h,wing two rooms (Table 70). Except two houses without any standard and 74 have studied upto which are being used as residence-cum-shop and Primary or Junior Basic while onl y one person has residence-cum-workshop, all the remaining are qualified himself ujlto pre-university. III the age used for residential purpose, besides 26 of them group of 5-9 years there are 22 literates and of them being used as cattle sheds also (Table 73). 8 CHAP 'FER II Dress Buchireddipalem only. Gener",Jly the annual' requirements of the clothes are purchased at the 20. The dress of the people is simple. That time of festivals and they are used regularly. of men consists of a dhoti of 3t or 4 yards, a shirt - half or full sleeves and an upper cloth. Some people Ornaments also wear a turban. Labourers and poorer class people usually do not wear shirts, but cover their 23. Except gold rings for fingers men do nN bodies with an upper cloth. They put on gaudy wear any other ornament. By nature women are dress on festive occasions and when they visit very much fond of ornaments. Poor people gene relatives. Usually• labourers as well as farmers wear rally wear gold plated and silver ornaments. The dhoti above their knees during work. The elderly cumbersome ornaments which were worn by the people commonly use cotton dresses only. The women in olden days are not in use now-a-days. younger generation of the day are using slack shirts, Commonly used ornaments in the village by the pants, etc. A few well-to-do people are also using women-folk are kammalu-the ear ornaments, puda ...- terylene shirts. Shoes and chappals are also used by kalu-the nose ornaments, golusu-the chain worn in them. When working in the field, they do not wear the neck and waddanam-the waist belt made of silver shirts. or gold, bangles and kadiyalu-the silver leg orna~ ments. The nose and ear ornaments are prepared 21. The dress of the women consists of a saree with gold by the well-to-do people and the poor of6 or 7 yards and a blouse. The elderly women even people purchase ornaments of rolled gold or or now wear sarees of 8 yards. Petty coats and tight fit brass_ The gold ornaments are mostly prepared at bodices are also worn by the young ladies. Both Nellore and sometimes at Buchireddipalem also. cotton and silk clothes are in use. Young girls The gold ornaments are mostly found in Redd y and usually comb and oil their hair and make them Yadava households. The cost of the gold ornaments into plaits, but as they grow older they put their depend upon the quantity of gold used and design hair in a knot (koPpu) at the right side of the head opted. The making charges differ according to in the form of chignon. But, of late,' the dressing variety and the quantity of the gold. Moreover, pattern among the women folk has been very much the gold control order brought terrible effect on the changing with the availability of cheap and attrac well-to-do people. Though they certainly have gold tive silk sarees. ornaments, they did not disclose for the fear that the gold will be taken away from them. Another 22. The cost of dress for the males and females interesting factor that is found among the Reddys cannot specifically be calculated as it depends upon of the village is that they do not give much impor the taste and the economy of a particular family. tance for the purchase of gold as they always try to Generally well-to-do people purchase superior purchase one or two acres of land every year with cloth which invariably costs more while the poor the same money. In this way they try to increase people go in for a cheaper variety. There are a few the land holdings by investing the surplus money poor families specially among Muslims who pur for productive purpose. chase old clothes also. Now-a-days the younger people are very much fascinated to purchase silk Household goods clothes. Even the poor also are going in for them. 24. Articles of furniture are generall y confined They will forego a meal but purchase the clothes of to a few wooden cots, with bottoms, of course, of their taste. This is the modern trend in the posses string or tape, a few chairs, stools and boxes, etc. sion of the clothing. Similarly a well-to-do man A few well-to-do families are also possessing wooden even though he can purchase the best variety of almyrahs and tables locally known as 'peddapeeta'. cloth does not go in for the same for lack of taste. Cloth carpets and straw mats are commonly found The dress for a male costs a minimum of Rs. 12 in all the households. The vessels of culinary while that of a female Rs. 13 per annum. Nellore chiefly consists of earthenware of different sizes. Of being the nearest urban centre, most of the people late, light aluminium vessels are replacing the ear purchase their clothes, etc., from there only. Of then ones but a few well-to-do are now-a-da ys going course, a few families do purchase at Buchireddi in for stainless steel utensils. Muslims generally palem. Most of the people stitch their clothes at use enamel and aluminium plates for taking food. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENT Gunny bags and tiny wooden baskets are used for vicinity of the village. The poor people go a bit far ston'ng grains . Poor and labour class people pre- where there IS a small forest and collect fuel free lIerve the grains in big earthen pots locally known of charge. But majority of the households purchase as goonalu. fuel from Buchireddipalem once in three months or according to .their convenience. During the night Bedding they all use kerosene oil buddi for lighting purpose. households are possessing lanterns which they 25. In the possession of bedding materials the 23 use while going to their fields during the night or villagers are very poorly eq uipped. The corom_oIl whenever the need arises. bedding articles they have are wooden cots. A few households have cotton carpets, bed sheets and 28. Aluminium, bell metal and earthenware illows etc. But most of the villagers use their P , b . d' h are commonly used by the households. For cooking 5pare cloth~s fo~ the pu~pose of eddmg . urmg t e the poor people use earthen pots. Aluminium ves nights. None 10 the vlllage uses mosqUlto net or sels are used by some households for cooking. These w;oI1en blanket. All the 47 households are posses vessels are popularly known in the village as silver sing cots. Only five households, i.e., 4 Reddys and ginnelu. For eating both bell metal vessels which are one Yadava are having carpets. Twelve house known as ginnelu and aluminium plates known as holds are possessing mats. Beds are possessed only pallelu are used by all the households in the village. by 4 Yadava households, two Reddy an? one M~s Brass tumblers and glasses are used for drinking lim. Quilts locally known as b()rllha/u stItched With purposes. To fetch water, the brass vessel known rags are possessed by 19 households ",hich are used as binde is used by many while the poor people use both for the spreading as well as covering during only earthen pots. Every household ha ve a big size the winter season. Nineteen households have repor. 'gabu' prepared out of cement wherein the water is ted to have been in the possession of cotton stored in addition to the earthen pots. The food blankets. Bed sheets and pillows are owned by 27 grains and other commodities are preserved in and 10 households respectively. Table No. 28 gives small wooden boxes and earthenwares and gunny the details of the households possessing the bedding bags. There is no prohibition to use a vessel of any materials accordjng to caste. particular metal for any purpose, in any caste in Furniture the village. The stainless steel utensils are posses sed by 5 Reddy households, one Vaisya and 6 26. Furniture in the modern sen~e is alm"st Yadava caste households (Table 29). extinct in the ·village. 1t is not that they" do not like to possess them but their poverty always stands 29. Torchlights are possessed by 15 house in their way. The houses are very congested and holds. Of these 15 households 6 are of Reddy and 4 even if one desires to have some kind of furni t ure, of Yadava caste. One each of Reddy and Yadava they" lack space. Of the 47 surveyed bomeholds, households are having biCYcles. Only one Yadava only 8 hOUSE"holds, of them .) from Yadava caste is having a radio set. Twenty-seven households are possessing chairs while 3 homcholds are having reported to have been using toilet soap while only tables. Mirrors are possessed by 38 households two households are using washing soap. Of the 47 while only 16 households are having blwrkanams (big households 42 send their c lathes to local dhobi. wooden boxesJ. Benches, gaaarna7!€flir and stools The dhobi is paid one Ihoomu of paddy per family After washing, he delivers them. Barber's services between 7 and 8 p.m. Of the 47 households, 41 take are engaged by 34 households out of 47:households. three meals a day, i.e., breakfast, midday meal and The barber is also paid in kind by the agriculturists supper. Only 4 households-2 each of Yadava and at the time of harvest while the other non-agricul Reddy castes reported that they take bre akfast. turists pay cash whenever they engage him. He midday meal and supper with coffee or tea one time will not attend on Mala and Madiga castes in the morning. One household takes food two (Table 29). times only while the remaining one household did not respond to this query (Table 44). 30. One Chakali and two Reddy households reported that they are using torchlights since last 33. The habit of taking tea is not common five years. The radio set and bicycle were also among the inhabitants of the village. There are acquired by a Yadava household during the last good number of people who can afford to take five years (Table 30). coffee or tea daily but they do not take daily for varied reasons. There are 5 households in the Food income group ofRs. 1,201 and above, i.e., 3 from Reddy caste and 2 from Yadava caste who are in 31. The staple food of the people in this the habit of taking coffee or tea daily. Si milarly village is rice but at times the poorer class take there is one Vaisya household in the income group jowar also as a substitute. Since paddy is the main of Rs. 301-600 who is in the habit of taking coffee crop in this village, the people take rice only. All or tea daily. There is none in other income groups castes in the village except Vaisya are non-vegeta who take tea or coffee (Table 45). rians. The meat of goat, sheep, pig and chicken is commonly taken by those who are in the habit oftak 34. The habit of smoking is very much preva ing non-vegetarian food. The non-vegetarians do not lent in the village. There are 70 persons whQ _smoke take meat daily. Once in a week or once in a fort either cheroot or btedi and of them 46 are males night they take meat. Milk, ghee and other milk and 24 are females. Among the females, the habit products are also used by most of the people. The of smoking is not much but they chew tobacco 1iaily dishes prepared are dal, some vegetable curry either with or without betel leaves. The males and cham or sambar. Those who cannot afford to mostly smoke cheroot. Only young people smoke purchase vegetables take their food with dal or chil beedi or cigarettes. Due to the habit of smoking lies' chutney. There is also a practice of preparing cheroot and chewing of tobacco, they indiscrimina pickles of mango and lemon and preserving them tely spit irrespf'ctive of place and time (Table 46). in big jars or pots for the whole year. On festive occasions good dishes are prepared. 35. Almost all the people take bath daily in the evening. Because they will be working in the 32. People of this village take three meals a field from morning to even ing they take hot water day. The breakfast consisting of ligh t meal of cold bath in the evening before taking supper. They do rice, being part of the remaining previous night not have the regular habit of sleeping during the meal, is taken between 7 and 8 a.m. The lunch is afternoon. They do take rest for a while during taken between 12 noon and I p.m. and the dinner the summer season. Chapter III SOCIAL CUSTOMS Genera) Birth The social customs among different Hindu 4. When the labour pains start she is made to castes do not vary significantly. The Muslims follow lie down on a cot in a separate apartment. Im their own customs. In the bygone days people were mediatelY,the village dai known as manthrasani is very orthodox in following the religious rituals but summoned to attend on her. In this village, there today for various reasons, it is not so. In any social is one Yanadi woman who conducts deliveries function, a modern touch is given. Many of the among all castes except the Scheduled Castes who cumbersome procedures are being discarded slowly. have their own caste women to perform these To a great extent, the social awareness of the duties. Now there is a primary health centre at village folk and frequent urban contacts are the Turumerla, a village two miles away from the main causes for the radical changes that are taking village, but the people hardly avail of these facili place in the social set up of any Indian village. In ties. Twice a week the health visitor of the above discussing the social customs, the significant devia hospital visits the village and advises the pregnant tions in a particular caste in the village are specifi women and registers the cases. The complicated cally pointed out: Today wealth brings the social cases are taken to the doctor at Turumerla or to status of a person to a higher degree rather than Buchireddipalem. In the normal course no one in the caste itself. the villagetakes the assistance of the Government midwife a~ she will not be available at that parti Pregnancy cular time. 2. The common methods for ascertaining the 5. The village dai conducts the delivery and pregnancy a re stoppage of regular men sus, vomi tings cuts the umbilical cord with a knife. The placenta and the liking of sour eatables. Of course, a few apd the umbilical cord are kept in a small earthen households now-a-days are consulting the doctors pot and the same is buried in the . backyard of the also. ~o special food as such is given to the preg house or outside the village. Soon after the deli nant woman. But they generally avoid heat genera very, the baby and the mother are given hot water ting food lest it may cause abortion. Depending bath. Upto two days the mother does not give milk upon one's economy the coveted desires of 1 he to the baby. The delivered women will not be pregna nt woman are satisfied in each household. given food for 3 to 4 days. After bath a little quan tity of brandy is given to her in a few well-to-do 3. It is a common practice among all castes families and among the poor locally distilled liquor in the vil1age to take the woman in first pregnancy is only given. They prepare a few balls out of by their parents in 5th or 7th month. At this time pepper, dalcheeni, lavallg (cloves), vamu, pipli, etc., which are ground into powder and is then mixed her parents get some eatables according to status and with ghee. These balls are given daily three times afterwards take her to their house. Generally the for about a week or 11 days by those who can afford first delivery is conducted in her father's house. If and only for three days in case of poor. If the the father of the girl is not in a position to take her mother does not get milk, she is given dry fish curry to his house the delivery is conducted in the hus and small balls of garlic. The dai attends for three band's house only. Even today most of the people days and later on some elderly women give bath to the baby. Again on the final day the mantrasani are following the traditional custom. Those who attends to the bath. Till purudu (pollution) ends take their daughters in 5th or 7th month retain her there will not be any function. The pollution lasts till the delivery is over and send her back after 3 for 9 days among all the communities while there months. are a few people who observe up to 11 days. 12 CHAPTER III 6. On the final day," i.e., either on 9th or 11th tion. Many people have deviated from this old day locally called purudu, bath is given both to the norm. In the case of votive offering, no' such social mother and the baby and a few women in married formality is observed, Among the lower castes, no status are invited and fed with vegetarian meals. elaborate function as such is arranged. No feast is The mantrasani is paid Rs. 3 in case of female and arranged. Only a few well-to-do people invite their Rs. 5 in case of male issue on this day and is aho kith and kin for the function. given free meals. Of course the well-to-do people invite their relatives also on this occasion who get First feeding some presents to the new born. Among Kummari 9. After six months or so first feeding cere caste, it seems they do not observe any such func mony is observed. No elaborate function is arranged. tion. A few Reddy households have reported that The baby is also fed in the usual form. Similarly no the pollution will be up to 13 days. But in most of ceremony is observed at the time of initiating the the communities in the village final bath is given child to learning. on 9th day. On this day the house is cleaned and if possible whitewashed. All the clothes of the deli~ Puberty vered woman are sent to washerman. More or less it is the same practice among all the castes. 10. When the girl attains puberty, she is made to sit in a corner of the home. Among the Reddy, Naming Yadava, Kummari and Kamma castes the dhobi 7. The new born is named on the day of final comes and spreads a white doth. On four cornel'S bath, i. e., 9th or 11th day among all the castes in one cocoanut cup each are placed:. In other com the village except among Kummari and Muslim. It munities this ceremony is done by some elderly is said by the Kummari household that it is the members of the respective caste. But among Madi same practice among them abo but in this particu gas, it seems the maternal uncle does this item of lar household they name the child in the third work. This news is conveyed to all their caste women lllOl1th. Among Muslims the baby is named on 40th and also to other castes who visit the house and give day. The name is selected by the parents them her one or two cocoanuts or some eatables. She will selves and it is first announced by an elderly mem be kept under pollution for 9 days. The same proce ber of the family. But some people consult a dure is followed in the village by the Musli ms also. Brahmin who according to the birth star of the She is given bath daily. In case the girl is already baby selects a name. As already said there is no married the groom's people visit the village on the elaborate function on this occasion. Only those 9th day with some eatables. There will not be any who are economically sound invite their relatives function on the day of final bath. For the 2nd and and a_rrange a feast. The twenty-first day is not Srd mensus, she will be under pollution for 3 or ~ celebrated in any caste in the village. days as the case may be or till the menstrual dis charge stops whichever is earlier. None in the TODsure village observe.;; pollution for the regular monthly mensus. It seems previously for regular mensus al&() 8. Tonsure ceremony is observed by all the they use to observe S days pollution. Now-a~days communities in the village. Among Muslims it is the ladies only take bath on the day of mensus Yadavas the groom's house used to be the venue. both the bride and bridegroom are seated on the But now-a-days the bride's house has becom_e the pendliputa. Some people arrange only a wooden venue. Even among Reddys, the poor people per plank if they do not have pendliputa. There is no· form the marriage at the groom's residence only. particular dress fixed for this occasion except the· When this is settled, all relatives and friends are in new clothes. Then the officiating purohit ties the formed through letters or through special messen bashikalu (ledger) on the forehead of both the bride gers about the day and venue of the marriage. and the bridegroom while reciting the sacred mant-· Now-a-days a few well-to-do people are sending ras. In this connection alcshintaiu are distributed to· printed wedding cards also. all the persons present on the occassion. The bride- groom is customarily assisted by some of his near 18. The Christians in this village observe all relatives to keep his right foot over bride's right the traditional formalities of Hindus even though foot. Then the Brahmin purohit gives a mixture of they visit church where the marriage badge is tied jeelakarra (cumin), bellam (jaggery) to the bride and in the presence of Father. Brahmin does not officiate the groom who at the auspicious time, keep it on among Scheduled Castes, Yanadi and Muslims. The each other's head while the pri<:st recites the sacred marriages among Muslims are of nikha type and Kazi mantras. There is no custom among Mala, Madiga,. officiates among them. Among those communities Muthracha, Yerukula and Pitchiguntla, etc, castes. where Brahmin does not officiate, the heads of their This method is mostly followed by Reddy. Yadava,. respective castes perform the function. Vaisya, and Viswabrahmin castes. After this the bride's father washes the feet of the groom in a brass. 19. One or two days before the marriage day plate while the mother pours water. This water is two persons representing the bride's party go to the thrown in the corner of the marriage booth where groom's village and take along with them the groom no one walks. Then taltJmbtafu (rice mixed with. and his friends and relatives to the bride's village turmeric) are poured on the bride and the groom OIh on the appointed day. The information about their each other's head. Under the direction of Brahmin" arrival is sent in advance to the bride's party. The purohit, the bride is seated to the left of the groom groom's party is received either on the outskirts of and thus both the bride and groom face east. He the village or near the temple in the village, ifany. then distributes akshintalu (sacred rice) to all the They are greeted with all cordiality. Ladies ex assembled holding the marriage locket which is. change botlu. Necessary arrangements are made for touched by all men and women and then hand it their comfortable sitting. Tea is served to all the over to the groom who ties it to the neck of the· guest3 by the bride's party. After staying for a bride. Then the sacred rice are showered on the while both the parties together accompanied by couple as a token of blessings. Thus ends the main local musicians go to the "bride's house where a function of the marriage. But among Motati Reddys:. separate house is allotted to the groom's party. there is no custom of trying the marriage locket and Necessary arrangements for the comfortable stay are instead only 101 pogus of thread is tied in the place provided to the groom's party. The marriage booth of marriage locket on that occasion. This thread is. is erected a day earlier. The prospective groom is not retained for ever as in the case of marriage taken to the bride's house where the bride and the locket. This is removed after a couple of da ys. groom are given bath and new clothes are worn by them. 21. Soon after this is over, the chadivimpull& (offering gifts) ceremony is commenced. The officia 20. Arrangements for seating are made under ting purohit announces that those willing can offer the marriage booth. The groom and the bride are the presents to the newly wedded couple. The' made to sit facing east. The Brahmin purohit recites relatives and friends who attend the marriage give mantrams and the proceedings of marriage will start. presents to the couple according to their will and' No sacred fire is made among these castes. Among pleasure. Some people give cash and others stainless Kummaris, the Sathani Vaishnava officiates. When steel or silver articles, etc. In the well-to-do house the couple is brought to the marriage booth, the holds a list of presents is made on a separate paper Brahmin purohit or the Sathani as the case may be going to be offered to the couple. It is said that one bolds a cloth curtain and the bride and bridegroom may fail to attend the function physlcally. but are 'seated on either side of the curtain. Thus he/she should never fail to send the presents to the SOCIAL CUSTOMS ~couple. As already said a few castes in the village ing over the bride to the groom's party is in vogue keep arivenikundalu in God's corner of their house. in certain castes only. Next day the couple goes t() After the chadivimpulu ceremony is over, the new the groom's house and stay one or two days and .couple is then conducted to the, room where ariveni return home . . kundalu are kept to offer their respects to them. They also pay their respects to the parents, uncles Expenditure and other elderly kith and kin of the bride and -bridegroom. After this the entire party is treated to 24. It is difficult to calculate the marriage a vegetarian feast. Among the Scheduled Castes, expenses correctly as no household could supply the Pedda Madiga or the Pedda Mala conducts all actual figures. Actual marriage expenses excluding the marriage proceedings. No mantras are recited. the dowry vary not only from caste to caste but als() In other communities where Sathani Vaishnava from household to household depending on the 'Officiates, the marriage proceedings are not conduc socio-economic status of the particular household. ted so daborately. In the beginning he worships The normal expenditure among the poor vary from the Lord Rama or in some cases Lord Ganesh and Rs. 300 to Rs. 800 while it may go upto some thou -latter the bride and groom are conducted to the sands among the rich. marriage booth and the marriage locket is tied in 25. Now-a-days the payment of dowry is the presence of all the caste people. With this familiar among all the castes except Muslims: function the duties of the officiating purohit either Again the payment of dowry depends upon the the Brahmin or the Sathani, as the case may be, Bocio-economic status of each family. In a particu will be over. They are supplied with necessary lar caste one household may not pay dowry but in foodstuffs for the day and an amount of Rs. 5 is the same caste one may pay thousands to get rich paid as present. A few rich have paid even Rs. 25 and educated groom for his daughter. Once there to the purohit. The bhashikalu are untied after this was no custom of payment of dowry among the function. lower castes and instead they use to pay voli to get 22. In the afternoon on the day of marriage the:bride; but today it is quite reverse. The highly or on the morning of the following day, the nagavalli educated and well-to-do demand more dowry. function IS performed exclusively by womenfolk in almost all Hindu ca~tes. This function is intended Marriage among Muslims to get the newly wedded couple more closer to each other. It varies from house t) house. Some people 26. Among Muslims, unlike Hindus, the made the groom and the bride sit face to face and negotiations are always initiated by the groom's then a cloth cradle containing a wooden doll is party. Prior to this, the intention of the bride's hung in between them. A few women of both the parents is ascertained through the nearest relatives parties stand in opposite directions and cradle the and reliable friends. After knowing the willingness wooden doll singing a song appropriate to the occa of the bride's party, the groom's parents and a few -sian. In this connection women of either parties relatives including the elderly persons visit the praise the good nature of the bride or the bride bride's house on an appointed day to see the bride groom while mocking the either one. And in a few and discuss regarding ornaments and the mehar and ·caSes a doll which is either considered son or the clothes to be presented to the bride, etc. After -daughter is given to the groom by the bride saying agreeing upon the coriditions they prepare a siya. to lull it as she has to attend to kitchen duties nama which clearly states the names of the bride's while the groom returns it to her again saying that parents, the groom and the amJunt of mehar to be he has to go to office or to fields and asks her to look paid according to Muslim law to the bride. This after it. In this way the ladies gathered enjoy the siyanama is written by the Khazi or the Naib, the fun. In agricultural families while groom having traditional Muslim priest, who officiates over the a small plough goes to a bit far which is considered Muslim marriages just as Brahmin purohit in Hindu to be the field the bride is asked to take food to him marriages. and she also serves him in a small leaf plate. 27. Later, a convenient day is fixed for the 23. With this the main function of the wedding. On this day the groom's party visits the marriage comes to an end. Appagintalu, i.e., hand- house of the bride in a procession locally known as 16 CHAPTER III barath. The groom is usually taken on a horse back Widow marriage but poor people go by walk in this village accom panied by the local musicians. The party is recei 29. Except among Mala, Madiga, Christian: ved by the bride's parents at the main entrance of and Muslim communities, all the other caste people the home. Soon after the groom alights from the reported that the widow marriage is not permitted horse back, he is given dry date fruits or sugar as among them. Even Mangali, Chakali caste house- by giving them, it is belived that the married life holds have also reported that they do not allow would be happy and prosperous. Then he is con widow marriage.. But truly speaking among all ducted into the house and seated in a place which castes, it is being practised though it is prohibited is specially arranged for the occasion. The bride according to their traditional customs. Generally sits inside the room quite adjacent to the arranged widows with children do not remarry. But virgin hall. The Khazee also siu just beside the groom. widows and widows without children are generally When all are seated the Khazee reads out the writ married among all the communities during these ten document known as 7likhanama which is also days. The widow marriage is very simple. On the heard by the bride. He also ascertains about the appointed day the widow is brought to the house of' bride's willingness about the nikhanamo thrice. Three the man who desires to marry her. A community copies of this nikhanama are made. On this signatu dinner is given to all their caste people and new res of three or four elderly members present are clothes are worn by them, which signifies the mar obtained as witnesses. Of these three copies, one is riage. In most of the lower castes this is the method retained with Khazee and the other two-one each adopted. But the well~to-do people perform this by the parents of the bride and the groom respecti marriage in the same manner as in the case of regu- vely. The Khazee recites some verses from holy lar marriage. The incidence of the widow marriage Quran which is also repeated by a few elderly is very low in this village. Muslims present on the occasion. During this time Divorce a necklace of black bead, is tied to the neck of the bride either by the mother or her sister. Thet:l dry 30. Divorce, separation or desertion in these date fruits and arecanuts are .distributed to all the days are in vogue among all the castes for various persons. Thus the marriage is solemnised. Immedi reasons. It is reported by Reddy, Kamma, ately after this a non-vegetarian feast is arranged Kummari and Yadava households that divorce is to all. not permitted in their castes. Among the remain ing castes in the villages, it is allowed. The divorce Consummation cases among Hindus are settled by the respective 28. The consummation ceremony is known as caste elders. There are no cases of divorce in the garbhadanam among Hindus. As now-a-days the girls village in any community. Among Muslims the are married only after attaining puberty among all Khazee decides such cases. In that case the mehar amount is to be paid back by the husband. Now·a the castes, consummation ceremony is taking place days people are seeking divorce through the court on the 2nd or 3rd d_?y ofter the marriage in the oflaw. The separation is general]y caused due to bride's house. In some unavoidable circumstances, the ill-treatment by the husband or if the wife i. e., if the girl is in monthly course or so, it is post indulges in ad ultery. There are no restrictions on poned for some subsequent date. Generally such the divorced people and they can remarry if they like. instances will be very rare as they fix the marriage day keeping in view all these things. In such cases 31. None in the vill age prefers intercaste mar a separate date is fixed for consummation in consul riage. Almost all the households denounced the tation with the Brahmin purohit. But among Mus idea of marrying outl:ide their own caste irrespec lims it is celebrated on the same day of the marri tive of high or low socia-economic status. But a negligible number of the youngsters seem to be favou age. It seems among them a decade back it was rable for such type of marriages. In this village one' compulsory for the groom to spend three nights m Reddy youngman and one Yerukula man expressed' the bride's house but now-a-days he spends one or their willingness to marry from any (lther caste or two days only. tribe (Table 47) but thejr idea may not mater]alise~ SOCIAL CUSTOMS 17 The present day tendency on the contrary is that corpse is carried to the cremation or burial ground caste feeling is increasing day by day. as the case may be, the place where the deceased breathed his last is smeared with cowdung and an Death earthen lamp il lit. The bier is then carried by four persons in a procession led by dappulu (flat 32. Incidence of death in the village is very wide drums played by the Madigas) accompanied low. Only three deaths occured in the village since 5 by the chief mourner (son or the nearest relative) years. Of these three, two are children in the age with a potful of water in one hand and an group of 0-4 years who died due to fever and liver earthen lid known as chippa with cinders in the complaint respectively and remaining one aged bet other hand. While the corpse is carried a few ween 50-54 years died due to old age and liver people throw coins and also pelalu (fried jowar or complaint (Tables 9 and 10). padd y) over tne corpse till it reaches the burial Death customs among Hindus ground. These coins thus thrown are usually collected -by the Madigas and other low caste 33. The death customs among different Hindu people. castes are almost similar. Both burial and cre mation are in vogue among different castes except 34. When this procession reaches the out Muslims and Christians who invariably bury the skirts of the village the bier is lowered to the ground dead. Madiga aud Mala caste people usually bury Which is known as dimpudukallam and the costly the dead. Children below five years and persons ornaments, etc., are removed from the corpse, after dying of smallpox, cholera and delivery are buried. keeping sacred rice on all the four corners by the Death usually takes place on the paddy straw chief mourner. By the time the procession reaches spread on the floor as the dying person is removed to the burial ground, the local Madigas who specia to the ground before the death actually takes place. lly do this job prepare the pyre for cremation or W'hen the person struggles for breath, the kith and dug the pit for burial. The pyre is locally known kin and near relatives are informed through a mess as kalchuta or kashtam and the burial is known as enger or by post about the precarious condition of bonda. The corpse is kept on pyre or in the burial the dying person. As symptoms of death become pit, with its head pointing towards south among all m:mifest a little quantity of water containing tulasi Hindu castes and the Christians. The chief mourner (ocimum sanctum) leaves is poured in his/her mouth then makes three or five rounds according to the by the relatives and friends as a mark of respect. custom of the particular household around the pyre An oil lamp is lighted near the head of the deceas or the pit with fire in one hand and a potful of ed. All the rela tives and the people of other castes water in the other. While doing so, one among the also console the bereaved family. The corpse is relatives or the Chakali (washerman) makes a hole to then made to sit facing east and is then given hot the water pot. After completing three or five or cold water bath. Afterwards the corpse is dress rounds, the chief mourner throws the pot and chippa ed with a new or old dhoti depending upon one's towards the _direction of the head of corpse and economy. If it is a female in married status she goes to a distant place without looking back. The will be dressed and bottu is put on the forehead and washerman takes away the new clothes covered on turmeric is applied to the whole body. The local corpse. He will not attend for all the castes. Only Madigas play musical i,nstruments. All people do Reddy, Yadava, Vaisya and Kamma caste people in not engage them due to poverty, or traditional the village generally utilise the services of the custom prohibiting it. Mostly the local Madigas washerman. Then the pyre is first lit by the chief play dappulu. The Muslims do not engage any mourner and then the Madigas who were employed musIcians. Except among Kummari caste, the for this purpose finally lit in all the four corners. corpse in all other castes including Muslims is taken Similarly ip.- the case of burial also the chief mour on lying posture on a bier locally known as pade. ner puts his fist-ful of earth in it and later the The corpse is then placed on paddy straw andjowar remaining work is completed by the Madigas. This Uraw i£ spread over the bier and tied with ropes is over, all the people who followed the procession after covering the body with another cloth. Only return home after taking ba th in the nearby river Kummari and Viswabrahmin castes in the village or tank. Those who participated in the funeral carry the dead in a sitting posture. Before the procession before returning to their respective 18 CHAPTER III houses, pay their respects to the earthen lamp light Thus the duty of the Brahmin will be over. He ed in hONour of the departed soul in the house. will be given rice and other commodities and Rs. 5 Next day, the chief mourner'visits the burial ground or so according to the economic condition of the to collect and deposit the funeral ashes and bones particular household towards his dakshina (customary at one place in case of cremation. After collecting fee). Similarly in the case of other caste people the ashes they mix them up in the nearby river or where the Jangam and Sathani Vilishnava officiates, some people go and mix them in sacred rivers like they go to the burial place where the rice is cooked Godavari and Krishna. In the case of burial no and pindalu are offered. No sacred verses are reci such thing will be done. ted. After returning the Sathani Vaishnava or the Jangam sprinkles the water mixed wi th turmeric in Eapen dilure all the corners of the house and later offers water mixed with leaves of ocimum plant to all the family 35. The minimum expenditure for the disposal members of the deceased which marks the end of of the dead is roughly about Rs. 5 to Rs. 10 for a the obsequies. After this, the relatives and other poor family where it varies from Rs. 50 to Rs. 100 people who came to attend the obsequies are enter or even more depending on the economic reSOUrces tained at a non-vegetarian feast among Yadava, of the concerned household. Pitchiguntla, Madiga, Mala, Chakali and Mangali castes while vegetarian food is offered by the rem 36. The mourning period varies from caste to aining castes. A few Reddy households reported caste. In most of the castes the period of mourning that they offer non-vegetarian food. No monthly or is 11 days only. Reddy, Chakali and Kummari house annual sraddha is observed by any caste in the vill holds reported that they observe 13 days mourning age. But once in a year a t the time of Pitkramavasya, period. Among Muslims the mourning period is 40 they offer food to all the departed souls. days. Almost all the castes observe ceremonial im purity for five days in case of deat}:! of an unma rri 38. There is a custom among all the Hindu ed person.' There is no mourning period for t'he in castes to leave the home for some period if the death fants. In accordance with the age old customs, all occurred on an inauspicious day. Samarlhis (tombs) the Hindus perform the funeral rites for the deceas afe also constructed by those willing by all the castes ed. No obsequies are performed for the small and in the villa_ge. unmarried persons. Death customs among Muslims 37. Obsequies are performed among all the communities. On the 3rd day cooked food is 39. The deceased is invariably buried among offered near the burial place by all the Hind u the Muslims. Before the corpse is removed to the castes which is known as chinna divasam. The final burial ground in a procession without the accom obsequies known as pedda divasam is performed either paniment of any musical instruments, the corpse is on lIth, 13th or 15th day as the case may be by all given bath and dressed in new clothes. Afterwards the casteS. On this occasion relatives are invited. a few verses from Quran are read and then wa ter is Among Reddy, Yadava, Vaisya and Kamma Castes sprinkled on it. The corpse is then carried by four the obsequies are performed under the guidance of persons. If there is a mosque in the village, they a Brahmin purohit. Sathani Vaishnava and Jangam halt for a whil'e on the way to the crematorium for attends the obsequies ceremonies among Chakali, offering prayers; otherwise, they pra y after refurning Mangali, Kummari, Pitchiguntla castes depending from the burial ground. Before the deceased is lo upon the custom of their houses. If the household wered into the burial pit, they again read a few is a Saivite, the Jangam attends and in caSe of a verSes from holy Quran. The head of the corpse is Vaishnavite, Sathani attends. Where the Brahmin pointed towards the north and the corpse is covered purohit officiates, he recites a few sacred verses rela with earth. It is not customary to take bath among ting to the death ceremony for the peace of the these people in the nearby stream or well. They offer departed,soul. Afterwards the chief mourner pre~ parting prayers before they disperse. On the third pares three pindalu tballs of cooked rice) and vege day after death, a few flowers and sweets are kept tables and offers them to the deceased by dropping on the place where the corpse is buried by the (;hief them in a well or a tank or in the nearby stream. mourner after reading namaz and doing fatekll.. Thi s SOCIAL CUSTOMS 19 is called zinat. A gain on the 10th day friends and ning woman. She is given bath by one or two Mus relatives are treated to a feast. Special preparations lim women. Afterwards she is dressed in white are also offered to the dead. This function is locally clothes and made to sit tn a separate room and known as daswan. Poor people are fed' on the 20th no one.is permitted to enter the room till the Cere day if one can afford, in memory of the deceased monial impurity of 40 days ends. Children and un and cooked food-stuffs of the day are offered to the married gi.rls are never allowed to enter this room. departed soul. The 40 th day is the final day which After expiry of 40 days only she is allowed to re is generally performed on a large scale depending marry at her sweet will. upon the economic condition of the particular household. On this day special food-stuffs are off Beliefs and practices ered to the dead and then served to friends and 42. All the inhabitants of the village, irrespec relatives. The last function which ends the ceremo tive of the ethnic group hold various beliefs and nial impurity among Muslims is known as chahalum. superstitions. All the Hindus and Muslims in this A few well-to- do families distribute clothes to the village visit Buchireddipalem Jatara. God Hanuman poor on this occasion. A ritual known as shashmal. is worshiped by all the Hindu castes as preserver of is celebrated in the 7th month after the death of livestock and also as a protector from epidemics. the person. In this connection only the kith and A few people take a pledge to offer a goat or fowl kin and the nearest rdatives and a few poor people to the village deities, viz., Poleramma, Pothuraju, are served with meals. Barsce, the annual ceremony etc. A few others make votive offering of one's hair is not an elaborate ritual. A few flowers and sweets to Lord Venkateswara.of Tirumala. Even today, the prepared on this day are offered to the deceased by agriculturists, sacrifice a goat or a fowl and cooked placing them on the place where the dead was rice, mix the blood of the sacrificed animal and go buried. Fattha is also read on this occasion. A round all the agricultural fields of the village and few near relatives and poor are treated to a feast. sprinkle this to ward off the evil eye. This is called polio This is done for every crop during midnight. Widowhood 43. All the Caste Hindus consider the hearing 40. The day and the mode of performing this of mangalavadyam (musical instruments played on cernmony by w hi ch a woman is made a widow do not auspicious occasion) as auspicious. Lizard's voice, differ much among all the Hindu castes. This cere cry of the fox and palapitta (local. bird) is considered mony is observed on the final day of obsequies by lucky whereas hearing the cry of the pydipitta (local all the Hindu castes. The wife of the deceased is bird) and owl, the continuous barking of the dog taken by an old widow of the same caste followed by are considered unlucky. The voice of t~e pigeon is Chakali woman to the village tank or a nearby well considered lucky while the cries of the cow, and crow in the early hours on the 12 th or 13th day. The are taken as an indication of the visit of relatives. Chakali woman attends to Reddy, Yadava, Kamma, In the early hours of the day, it is considered as Vaisya and Viswabrahmin castes only. For other lucky to see the face of a woman in married status, castes only a widow of the respective castes accom fox, back of the cow and the vessels filled with water panies and removes the bangles and pustht, toe rings while it is considered unlucky to see a widow, cat, and other ornaments of the widow. Afterwards she snake, Chakali without soiled clothes, Kummari is given bath and dressed in new clothes presented by without pots and Mangali without shaving equipment. her brother or her parents. Generally she will be The sight of the flower trees and the green fields s90n dressed in white clothes. While returning home she after getting from bed is considered lucky. If one comes without being looked by anyone. After comes across while going out on some work, a single reaching home she is made to sit in a secluded part Brahmin, a Chakali with washed clothes, cat, widow, of the house and then the kith and kin and intimate potter without pots, women carrying firewood or friends pay a visit to her and console her. empty pots or a person with an axe, it is considered in auspicious. If a person comes across a Chakali with 41. No elaborate function as such is there soiled clothes, married women with or without pots among Muslims to make the woman a widow. Before full of water, cattle, barber with shaving equipments, the persons who carried the corpse return from the a person carrying milk or curd, success is surely in burial ground bangles are removed from the mour- dicated in the attempts made by the person or in 20 CHAPTER III the job undertaken by him. Sneezing once is bad of the affected person three times and finally throw omen but sneezing twic~ is considered to indicate in the fire. A few people also reported that now good luck and success. The breaking of a and then they consult the mantragadu and obtain pot or mirror indicl\tes ill-luck. Fridays and mascots to get good luck. Young people do not Sundays are generally considered auspicious believe in this. for haircut, etc, But now-a-days 'there is no such rigidity. Many people in the village reported that 45. The marriages among different castes are they have their hair cut at any time and day depen performed in the months of Pushya (December-Janu" ding upon their convenience. Thursday or Friday ary), Magha (January-February) and Jyeshta (May are considered good days for undertaking journey. June) as these months are considered auspicious. But young people do not follow all these things. There are no specific months considered to be lucky They go whenever they like. To a great extent or unlucky for the child birth but all t he villagers these superstitious beliefs are fading away from the consult a Brahmin or any other person who can social scene of the village. refer the almanac about the a 1.lspiciousness of the time of child birth. Evil eye Evil spirits 44. Even now people believe in evil eye and a 46. In general the villagers believe in evil few common methods of protecting against its eff~ spirits. It is a strong belief that these malevolent ects have been reported in this village. It is a spirits uSJally come out during nights and haunt belief among Scheduled Castes that a black mark both men and women. They are supposed to come on the forehead protects one from the evil eye. A in the shape of women dressed in white clothes and few households take a little salt and dried chillis are also supposed to assume the forms of a dog or and take it thrice around the head of the affected monkey. A few evil spirits are believed to make person and then throw them into the fire. In a loud cries while assuming any physical form. They few households jeedikaya(marking nut), a piece of usually protect themselves by offering pujas to old cloth and dried chillis are taken round the head Hanuman and also by tying mascoU. Chapter IV ECONOMY General village site. The three hamlets comprising Yelaman chipadu, viz., Kothavoor, Pathavoor and Reddypalem The economy of the village Yelamancbipadu occupied an area of 15 acres 66 cents, 6 acres 31 like an yother village in India, centres round agricul cents and II acres 78 cents respectively. The ture. In all 90% of the population in the village de land utilisation particulars for the year 1964-65 as pend upon agriculture. The bulk of the peasants are maintained by the Village Karnam are given belo~. actually occupied on the land either as owners or tenants. Most" of the people regardless of their Statement I traditional occupation are also engaged in agricul ture in one capacity or other. There are 321 PARTICULARS OF LAND UTILISATION pattadars in the village and most of them are of this Particulars Extent in acres vilhi.ge. A good number of pattadars are living in (1) (2) the neighbouring village though they have their (i) Wet patta land 379.88 interest in this village for various personal reasonS. (ii) Dry patta land 48l.00 Agricultural labour is the chief subsidiary occupa (iii) Poramboke 262.25 (iv) Anadunam nanja 0.01 tion for many households baving small holdings. (v) Anadeenam _punja 7.88 This being a rice growing area, provides plenty of Total 1,131.02 labour employment during the agricultural season. As a matter of fact many people from the surround Statement II ing dry areas of this district temporarily migrate to AREA UNDER CULTIVATION this area during the transplantation and harvesting Particulars Extent in acres seasons and earn their livelihood. A study of the (1) (2) occupational pattern reveals that agriculture is the First Crop main occupation with paddy cultivation as the main (i) Dry land source of income. The chief source for the econo 383.62 (ii) Wet land 379.88 mic growth of the village is the irrigational faci li- (iii) Poramboke 56.02 o ties provided by the Kaligiri reservoir. A decade (iv) Anadeellam punja 4.81 back another. new channel dire.ct from this reser Total 824.33 voir was also provided which added further econo Second Crop mic development of this village. Consequent upon the opening of this new channel lot of dry area was (i) Wet land 9.31 (ii) Dry land 46.54 converted into wet land. Many people from the (iii) A.ad,enam punjll 1.47 various dry areas of this district migrated to th is Total 57.32 village and purchased dry lands and broug ht it under wet cultivation. This irrigational facility and Originally it seems this village was an 'Agraharam'. the proximity of Nellore town has greatly influenced It was abolished under the Inam Abolition Act and the economic structure of the village. converted into ryotwari. As said earlier, this village attracted good number of peasants from the Land utilieation various dry parts of this area, especially from Rapur and Kanigiri ta:Iuks of the district, who 2. The total area of the village including purchased dry lands and converted them into wet Government waste land is 1,131.02 acres, aiz., 819.86 lands. There are about 80 families who migrated acres patta land, 44.58 acres of Government culti to this village and a majority' of them are Reddys. vable dry land, 2.50 acres In am land, 1.83 acres These migrated families in one way or other related Government waste land and 252.25 acres comprising to. each other and established a new habitation area, {}ovt. Poramboke including tanks, canals, roads and rJiz., Reddypalem. 22 CHAPTER IV 3. Before proceeding further about the econo Livestock mic condition of the village, it is considered essen tial to discuss in detail about the land of the village. 6. The total livestock position of the village Actually classified wet land in the village is only could not be obtained since the records maintained 379.88 acres. But after providing irrigationaI by the Village Munsiff were burnt during a fire' facilities an extent of 481 acres of dry land is accident. However, particulars were collected converted into wet but it is not yet classified as such. only from the surveyed households. Table 26 gives. Of this 481 acres of dry land 428.00 acres has been the particulaJ;s of the livestock of the surveyed converted into wet land and only 53.00 acres is households. The livestock position of this village is actually dry land. This newly converted wet land not quite encouraging. Most of the agriculturists. is still classified under dry. Only the water cess is do not maintain bullocks permanently. They collected. The wet land is called as nanja and the purchase them during the agricultural season and. dryas punja locally. when the work is over they sell them away. Most of the people possess milch cattle Of the 47" Land holdings households, 27 households are possess.jng 166 milch cattle and 24 are having 69 drought bullocks. Two 4. Regarding the size of holdings and the households of Yadava caste are possessing 130 goats. number of pattadars, the village records show that One Pitchiguntla household is rearing 20 pigs. there are 321 pattadars. A little less than Fourteen households are having poultry numbering- 50% or 151 households are from thi s village and the 51. In the poss,=ssion of drought bullocks Reddy and rest are from the neighbouring villages. The follow Yadava caste people top the list. Non-availability ing break up shows the size of holdings and num- of grazing facilities is the major cause for the poor' . ber of pattadars under each group. cattle wealth. Practically there is no grazing land in the yillage. They have to depend u[Jon the Statement III neighbouring villages_ A few households send their cattle for grazing during the non-agricultural season SIZE OF HOLDINGS AND NUMBER OF PATTADARS to other places; especially, the Reddis send their Size No. of pa ttadars cattle to their nat·ive villages where they got gra zing facili ties. (1) (2) F'actors influencing the. economic life of the· Below one acre 157 village 1 to 5 acres 131 7. The economic life of the village, Yelaman 6 to 10 acres 20 chipadu has been influenced by the paddy cultiva 11 to 20 acres 8 tion facilitated by the assured water supply provided' by the Kal'igiri reservoir. The extensive cultivation 21 to 30 acres 3 of paddy provided ample employment opportunities 31 to 40 acres for the casual labourers. Most of the Muslims and' 110 to 120 acres 1 Sched uled Caste families get employment during the agricultural season. Except agriculture, there are' Total 321 no other' occupations in the village. The salient 5. The above Statem'ent shows that nearly 50% features of the reservoir and its capacity, ayacut" of the land holders are having below one acre each. etc.,are given in the following sub-para. Roughly 40% of the pattadars are having 1 to 5 "The Kaligiri reservoir besides getting a supply acres each, Almost all the Reddy households are from the Pennar, has a direct supply from its own baving patta lands. Similarly the Gollas are also catchment area 0[700 sq. miles. The tank has a bund over 6 miles 2 furlongs long with a water spread of having patta lands. The biggest land holdings in 12,465 acres (nearly 20 sq miles) and capacity of this village are possessed 'by the Yadavas. Among 6.392 million cubic feet and the F. T. L. is 21.45 feet over the eill of the lowest sluice. The ayacut Muslims good number of households are possessing under the reservoiris mainlyby two daD-nels taking lands but the size of holdingo1l is very low. Most of of at the fifty miles second furl()ng alld at a p()int a mile lower down the land. The soutllern channel is 24 the Malas and Madigas are not possessing any land. miles long and irrigates about 20,000 acres of Kovur:- ECONOMY 23 taluk against the proposed ultimate ayacut of 21,600 9. A decade back a new channel locally called acres. The eastern channel is a little over 21 m!les 'new development channel' was dug and it provided in length and irrigates 35,487 acre~ at present aga.ms~ the proposed ayacut of62,300 acres. The channels also irrigational facilities for this village. As a result supply water to sundry tanks."1 much of the dry land of this village has been conver ted into wet Hmd which led to the economic growth 8. Tbere is a legend about the formation of of this village. This attracted more number of agri this tank. This reservoir is also known as Kanigiri culturists from the neighbouring dry areas of this and irrigates the entire Kovur tal uk. The present district. Due to the i'mprovement in ayacut, the ayacut area under this reservoir is 83,400 acreS. casual labourers and other poorer section of the The in igated area increased than the proposed acre community have ample employment opportunities age. This reservoir is only an improvemen t of old especialiy at the time of transplantation and harves Kaligiri tank which goes after the name of its 'foun ting. After transplantation most of the male mem .o.er, Kaligiri. bers who can afford to engage themsel ves in some ,sort of business, like selling of bullocks, petty cont "About three miles north-west of Buchireddipalem (Vaveru), there is aShotriam Village Munulapudi. This racts, etc., do so. village got its name because of the existence in the olden times of God devoted Munis (rishis or ascetics) Land reforms and their effect who were doing penance in.the village. In the foreshore of the present Kaligiri reservoir, there is now a large block 10. The various enactments relating to land of highly elevated land covered with thick growth of jungle trees and not effected by the submersion of the reforms are known only to a few enlightened mem reservoir and this locality is said to be the place where. bers of Reddy and Yadava communities. They too munis (ascetics) were doing penance. At that time there was a potter by birth named Kaligiri. He was a devotee have a vague knowledge of them. The abolition of God similarly doing peD-ance there. An idea struck of zamindaris is known to most 0 f the members be him one day that something must be left behind him so that his name might be well remembered after him. cause this village was also one of the affected. Most He thought that could be well done by the formation of the agriculturists are not aware of the Tenancy -of a tank, which he could not do unl~ss there was some divine help for it. He accordingly approached the Act and Andhra Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural munies and explaill.ed his idea to them and requested Holdings Act, 1961. None is benefited with these them to pray to God to grant him this boon They said that his will would be done and directed him to land reforms in the village, Ofcourse the abolition proceed in the way in which he liked to form the tank of zamindaris defiinitely brought a change in the -and that by God's will the tank bund would be formed. They gave him a strict direction, namely, that while ownership of land to many families. Majority of he proceeds he should not under peril of life. turn the households own less than five acres of land. back. He accordingly started with the idea of laying out the grandest tank by joining the hillocks in Kangalu Hence this Act little affected the Ian dlords in this -with the Narsimhalu hill in Nellore tal uk, south of village. Most of the villagers are illiterate and as the Pennar. While he was proceeding. the divine angels were throwing behind him huge rocks creating fearful such they do not evince any interest in the social noise like the fall of thunderbolt and forming the legislation unless they bring them immediate and tank bund. Wheh the man proceeded as far as the place where the present Vaveru village is, he could not direct social or economic benefit. -withstand the noise of the rocks and in violation of the command of munies, he turned back and instantly lost Land improvement one of his eyes. He then proceeded again with a strong will. The noi5e of the rocks he came very great as if they were falling upon him causing his destruction. 11. In this village there is a good lot of im With very great difficulty he lJroceeded as far as the place; provement in the land. Most of the agriculturists called MalIa kattala (i.e. the place where the present southern channel starts from the reservoir) and not are aware of the improved methods of agriculture. being able to withstand the noise of the rocks. he again Except one or two agriculturists who are having bigger 'turned back and perished there. Thus ended the bund of the huge tank which he thought of constructing and holdings and have adopted Japanes method of culti this tank was named Kaligiri after him. There are vation, all others are following the old methods only. two main distributaries of the reservoir, namely, the eastern channel and southern channel. The surplus Chemical fertilisers are also being used by some of of the reservoir is let Ollt into the sea by means of two the people. This village is also covered by the natural drains, the Maldevi and the Pyderu. The Pyderu forins also a supply channel to the Allur tank Community Development Progrmme and falls besides being a direct source of irrigation to several under the Buchireddipalem Panchayat Samithi. villages. This grand reservoir is over hanging the villa ge, whose safety depends upon that of the reservoir."2 The agriculturists are also availing the technical 1. District Gazetteer, Nellore, p.135 2. District Gazetter, Nellore, pp.344-345 24 CHAPTER IV help from the Agricultural Extension Officer of the supplied only whell they are not required for. block. Pesticides are also in use. The reason given by them for not using chemical fertilisers is that 12. There are two old channels known as; their regular usage will diminish the fertility of the Chenchaya Kalva (canal) and deforest canal provid-· land. They prefer the organic manure· but it is not ing water supply to 355 acreS of wet land. Besides available for them in required quantity and as such these two channels a tributory canal from the Chen they are forced to use the chemical fertilisers only. chaya Kalva locally called as IB. Channel feed the Even then chemical fertilisers are not being supplied local tank which is also used for irrigating wet in the required quantity by the Government. Con lands. sequently they are forced to purchase them in black market. Many agriculturists said that they can grow 13. Out of 481 acres of dry land excluding the more food grains if Government gives water for two Government poramboke lands as much as 383.62 crops and also supply in time the required chemical acres of land has already been brought under the ·fertilisers and other inproved seeds. Due to red tape plough for raising wet crops. The land revenue in the Government administrative machinery the figures for six years will give an idea of the land_ improved seeds as well as the manures are always improvement in the village. Statement IV PARTICULARS OF LAND REVENUE ( 1364 F 1365 F 1366 F 1367 F 1368 F 1369 F Year -{ ------'------L 1954-55 1955-56 1956-57 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 Rs. P. Rs. P. Rs. P. Rs. P. Rs. P. Rs. 1'. Land Revenue 3,457.10 404.14 5,879.08 6,889.13 12,841.41 13,419.20 14. Thus it is clear from the above that there bouring village. The agriculturists of the village has been a steady increase in the land revenue from depend upon the neighbouring village for carpenter 1954-55 up to 1959-60. The land revenue in and blacksmith. They pay them in cash whenever 1957-58 Was double to that of the year of 1954-55 they are engaged. The traditional custom of pay and it became nearly four times in half a decade's ment in kind almost disappeared in the village. time, i.e., 1959-60. This is a clear indication of Moreover the villagers do not regularly require the the growing prosperity of the village. The parti services of these artisans as entire land is under wet culars of land revenue from 1960 onwards could not cultivation. Other necessaries are met with Nellore be collected as all the records of Karnam were market. There are good number of Muslim house burnt in a fire accident .. holds in the village and a few of them are engaged in stone cutting. The grinding stones are manu Industrialisation factured by them and are sold in the surrounding villages. Even this also is not a flourishing indu 15. There are no ind ustries of any type in the stry. With the completion of agriculture season village worth mentioning except stone cutting. considerable number of Muslim families go out to Those castes which have their traditional occupation various places where they manufacture the grinding of blacksmithy and shoe-making had also given them stones: up and taken up to other occupations. The reason is that there is no patronage for these occupations. 16. Table 13 gives the details of the workers Almost all the people purchase their chappals from and non-workers by age group and sex pertaining to Nellore market and thus the traditional shoemaker, the surveyed households. There are 107 workers. Madiga, is completely eliminated. The Kammari and 127 non-workers. Of the 107 workers, 74 are of this village is doing goldsmith job in the neigh- males and 33 are females. Of the 127 non-workers.. ECONOMY 25 data according to the age group reveals that there are engaged in household duties. Forty persons are usually no workers in the age groups of 0-4 and who belong to tender age groups are all attending to 5-9 years. There are only 4 males in the age group school. The remaining 57 persons are dependants. of 10-14 years. There are 15 workers in the age In this category most of them are children and 6 group of 15-19 years and of them 1 I are males and are in the age group of 55-59 years and 8 in the age 4 are females. There are 13 workers in the age group of 60 years and over who cannot attend to any group of 20-24 years when compared to the age work due to their old age (Table 16). group of 25-29 years where there are I J workers. There are 9, 15, II, 8 and 10 workers in the age 20. Of the 47 households surveyed in the groups of 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 years village, 27 are engaged in cultivation, two in indus respectively. Only two workers are there in the try, one in business and the remaining 17 are en age group of 50-54 years while there are 9 workers gaged in other services. Nearly 58% of the house~ in the age group of 60 years and over. Among the holds are engaged in culti vation (Table 17). non-workers females are more and perhaps they Livelihood dallIeD might be attending to the household duties. Among the males the non-workers are in tht tender 21. Table 11 gives the details of the livelihood age groups and all are of school going age. The classes of the village Yelamanchipadu. Of the 273 two male non-workers in the age group of 55-59 total households in the village, 47 households have years are physically handicapped. been selected for the survey. In those 47 house holds, there are 234 persons (123 males and III 17. More than 50% of the workers are engaged females). Among them 60 males and 19 females in cultivation. The remaining workers are scattered are literates. There are173 males and 63 females as in various occupations. As already explained agri cultivators of land mainly owned and their depen culture is the mainstay of the population. Of the dants. There are 5 males and 2 females who are 107 workers, 55 are engaged in cultivation. Again classified as cultivator!! of land wholly or mainly of this 55 workers, 40 are males and only 15 are unowned and their dependants. Only one male and females. As this occupation requires more physical one female are cultivating labourers and their stamina there are more number of male workers. dependants. Fourteen persons are engaged in pro There are 20 workers followi'ng casual labour and duction other than cultivation. Three persons are among them females are more than males. Eleven engaged in commerce while 72 persons are engaged workers are engaged in stone cutting and all are in other miscellaneous services. Agriculture is the males who mostly belong to Muslim community. major source of livelihood to a majority of the There are six workers engaged in agricultural la people in the village. bour. Washing of clothes is the traditional occupa~ ChanQe in the land holdIngs tion for dhobis and 7 workers are engaged in it. There is only one worker in blacksmithy. One 22. Marked decline in the joint family system worker is engaged in shoe making. There is one is one of the potential causes for the periodical barber in the village and he is engaged in his tradi change in the land holdings. It is usual that Ions tional occupation. Three workers are engaged in invariably divide the land among themselves to petty 'business, viz, running of kirana store, etc. establish independent families soon after the death (Table 14). of their father. These resultant small land holdings are neither conducive to efficient farming nor suffici 18. Table 15 gives the :details of workers by ent enough to meet the needs of the family and age, sex, industry, business and cultivation belon thereby majority of them have to work a8 agricul ging to the household. Of the 107 workers, 13 males turallabourers or in any other occupation to supple are working in industry belonging to the households, ment their meagre income. In a few cases, the 3 are in business while there are 55 persons engaged land that was mortgaged to raise finance had to be in cultivation. The remaining 36 persons are sold as the loans could not be repaid. Many of the engaged in other services. farmers possessing small holdings pledged their lands to the well-to-do familiel to finance the ex 19. There are 127 non-workers in the surveyed penses on cultivation and social functions like households. Of them 30 persons_who are all females marriage. The possession of large extent of land 26 CHAPTER IV is a meaSure of the social status of a person in the Occupational distribution village. 26. Considering the household as unit of Assessment of land revenue enumeration, it is found that out of the 47 house holds 11 households are engaged in services which 23. There are two tarams of land in the include agricultural labour, rural labour and village. The rate of assessment is Rs. 1.96 per acre employment, 26 households in cultivation, one for one taram of land and Rs. 2.45 per acre for household in business, one ~n goat rearing, one in the other taram of land. The land which carries goldsmithy and the remaining 7 in stone-cutting. Rs. 1.96 rate of assessment has two types of water tax, i.e., Rs. 15.00 and Rs. 13.04 per acre. Similarly, Traditional occupation the land which carries Rs .. 2.45 rate of assessment has two types of water tax i. e., Rs. 17.55 and Rs.20.00 27. In all, II traditional occupations were per acre. In addition they levy land cess of 18 paise reported in Yelamanch ipadu village by the 47 sur per rupee. In this way Rs. 20.55 per acre has to be veyed households (Table 18). Agriculture is the paid. There is a considerable increase in the land traditional occupation for 26 out of 47 households. revenue during the last one decade since most of the dry lands have been brought under wet 28. Table 22 shows the castewise distribution cultivation. of households by main occupation. It may be stated here that in determining the main occupation, Land value income is taken into account. As many as 58% of 24. The value of one acre each of wet land households are continuing agriculture as their main and dry land for the last ten years was collected occupation, 14% of the households who almost be from local enquiries. The following land value long to Muslim community follow stone-cutting as particulars indicate the steady increase in the value main occupation; 8% are having casual labour as main occupation; 4% of the households have taken to of both dry and wet land as a con~equence of the increased irriga tional facilities. begging as their main occupation and 2% each are in other occupations. Statement V 29. Tab Ie 24 gives details of the main occupa LAND VALUE tion, per capita annual household income and family type. There are 20 households having an S. No. Year Wet land (rate Dry land (rate per acre) per acre) annual per capita household income of Rs.101-200. (1 ) (2) (3) (4} Of these 20 households, 8 are of simple type, 3 are of Rs. Rs. joint family type and the remaining 9 households 1951 4,500 to 5,000 100 are of other type of family. There are 9 households 2 1952 5,000 350 3 1953 5,000 500 having a per capita annual income of Rs. 201-300 4 1954 5,000 800 and of them, 7 are simple type of families while 5 1955 6,000 1,000 one each is joint and the other type offamilies. In 6 1956 6,000 1,200 the per capita annual income range of Rs. 30L-~00, 7 1957 6,000 ],500 there are It househJlds. Of them 5 are simple type 8 1958 6,000 1,500 and three each are joint and other type of families. 9 1959 6,000 2,000 10 1960 6,000 to 7,000 2,000 One simple, one joint and three other type of fami 11 1961 6,000 to 7,900 2,000 lies are thete in the per capita annual income range 12 1962 6,000 to 7,000 2,000 of Rs. 501 and above. Further analy sis of the data 13 1963 6,000 to 7,000 2,000 according to occupation will give interesting points. 14 1964 6,000 to 7.000 2,000 There are 27 h.JUst' h 1lds following agricul ture as 15 1965 6,000 to 7,000 2,000 to 2,500 main occupation. Of these 20 households as many 25. As a matter of fact now there is no dry as 5 are in the per capita incnme range of Rs 500, land as such. The rate of new wet land, i.e., newly and above, II are in the income range of Rs 301-500 converted is less than the old land. Land with 5 are in the p .. r capita income range of Rs. 201-300 irrigation facilities to raise two crops is costing and the rem lining 7 hOIl~eholds are in the income Rs. 10,000 per acre. range of Rs. 101-200. Of the 7 Muslim households ECONOMY 27 whose main occupation is stone cutting, 4 are hav most of the households is within the village only ing a per capita annual income of Rs.IOI-200, 2 are (Table 19). in the income range of Rs. 201-300 and the remain ing one is in the income range of Rs. 301-500. 32. Paddy is the only crop raised in the vill Four households reported casual labour as their age. The wet crops are raised twice in a year, viz., main occup~tion. And of them, 2 are in the modalikaTu (I st crop) and rtndokaru (2nd crop) where income range of Rs. 101-200 and the remaining 2 as the dry crop is raised only once. The seeds are are in the annual per capita income range of sown during March and August and harvested in Rs. 201· 300. One each is there having the main occu January and June, for the first and second crop pation of trading, agricultural labour, blacksmithy, respectively. The dry crops are generally sown In cobblery, barber, washing and begging and all of October and harvested in March. them are in the per capita annual income of Rs. 101-200. It is clear from the above analysis that 33. The type of padd y raised in this village is the people who are engaged in cultivation are hav known as Molakolukulu. But as regards the acre ing better living conditions when compared to other age under this crop, the first crop occupies more occupations in this vi llage. land than the second. When enough water is made available by the authorities the entire land will be Occupational mobility brought under plough during both the seasons. Usu ally 14 seers of paddy seed is required for an acre of 30. It is quite interesting to study the occu land which is poured in water and mixed with cow pational mobility of the people in this village. Of dung. The water is changed every day and after the 47 surveyed households, only 13 desired that four or five days when the seedlings sprout up, they their sons should stick up to their present oCcupa are planted in one .or two small fields known as tion; 4 wanted their sons to become engineers, 15 madulu prepared for this purpose. The madulu are aspired for Government service, one wants his son wa tered fully till the nurseries grow well when they to be a doctor, 2 opted for agriculture and one are transplanted in different fields. desired for casual labour while the remaining II had not expressed their aspirations. When gues 34. After the completion of harvest the fields tio"1ed they say, 'we have good many aspirations are kept vacant and before transplantation manure which can never be fulfilled. We lack opportuni mainly consisting of animal waste preserved through ties'. This is the main reason as to why most of out the year is disseminated. Then the fields are the people especially from poorer sections of the watered and ploughing is done for four times with a community do not generally give opinion on this nagali (plough) [Fig. 1]. The manure is spread outon issue (Table 21). the fields with the help of yarumu danthe, an implem en t of a long wooden teeth, each about 5 inches long 31. Table 20 gives details of occupational and half an inch thick. A straight pole is attached mobility, cause of change and contentment among to the log which is held by the farmer. After the tbe surveyed households. There are only II house field is ploughed another implement known as holds who have changed their traditionaloccupa_ pandla manu made of wood in ' L' shape with 20- tions. One Christian household whose traditional wooden teeth and a handle in the middle of the log occupation is casual labour changed to cultivation .which the driver holds is used for dismantling small voluntarily. Similarly one Kammara household mud balls, if any. with gold smithy as traditional occupation changed to blacksmithy voluntarily. One Kummari house 35. Having thus made the fields ready the hold whose traditional occupation is pottery took farmer takes up the transplantation which is mai up cultivation due to forced circumstances. It is nly done by hired women labour who pick up the quite clear from the Table that the change is not grown up plants from the nursery field and transp much in the village. Only three households whose lant them in the larger fields. Goruku, the seed drilJ traditional occupation is cultivation have taken to other occupations. In a word there is no great and xuntaka used in weeding operations are the twO' change among those households who had agriculture other agricultural implements popular in these as traditional occupation. Place of occupation for parts. 28 CHAPTER IV 36. After transplantation the fields are kept 38. Those who have bigger holdings only full with water throughout their growth and take engage hired labour. The expenditure is calcula necessary precautions to avoid any disease tha t ted considering the hired l/lbour engaged. But might destroy it and also engage Yanadis to kill the usually people who are hav~:ng small holdings do rats which uproot the entire crop. not engage hired labour for ploughing, etc. They engage hired labourers for transplantation and 37. Then comes the harvesting season. When harvesting operations onl~ So in that case the the crop is ripe, watering the fields is completely expenditure will be less. Tilt" process of converting stopped. Women are usually engaged for cutting the dry land into wet land i~ IItill going on. Ex.pen the crop. The cut plants are tied in bundles and ses for this vary dependin,. U"1)n the level of the are heaped in a dry place known as kallam. The land. In this village the levI" I of the land is two threshing of the paddy is done by striking the bun feet above canal level. SI) f'\ot5 have to level the dles on a wooden plank. Figs. 2 & 3 show the thre fields by digging 2 to 3 feet for bringing it to the shing operations. The dust is removed from the level of canal. Following is an approximate expen grain by winnowing-locally known as turparapattuta diture to be incurred per acre by the ryots in the and then the grain is stored in gunny bags. The village. paddy is stored in /Juri-a circular shaped litructure. erected on the ground with a thick rope of hay Statement VII (Fig. 4). The average cost for cultivating one acre of land is worked out as follows. EXPENDITURE ON LEVELLING THE FmLDS ItelD Amoul1t Statement VI (1 ) (2) Digging charges (depending upon the Rli. COST OF CULTIVATION diltllnce to which the clay that is dug is heaped) 1,190 Item Expenditure 2 100 cart load~ of manure @ R s 3.50 per cart 350 (I) (2) 3 20 cart loads of cattle manure @ Its. 5 Rs. P. per cart 100 1 10 cllrt loads of manure @ R •• S 50.00 4 Labour charges for spreadioJ'tbe manure in the field 10 2 Ploughing charges-4 ploughs @ Rs. 5 per plough 20.00 5 Ploughing the land (4 ploughs each. @ Rs 5) 20 3 Levelling the land with randlamtln. 3.00 6 Levelling the field with panrll... mallu 3 .. Levelling the bund. 2.00 7 Cutting the ,ides 2 5 Purchllse of naru (seedlings of paddy) 43.001 Total 1,46() 6 Transplantation (IS women labouren @. Rs. 1.50 eacb) 22.50 Mutual belp 7 .Kalll"" (weeding) charges - 10 labourers @ Re. 1 each 10.00 39 .. Lending agricul''':J,:'ll implements to each 8 Labour charges for watering 8.00 other is commO!l here. Simi'Hly, the people who 9 Watching the field 2.00 are having small holdings awst mutually at the time 10 Cutting the crop - 7 labourers @ RI. 2 per head 1400 of transplantation, weeding a'ld ha.rvesting; almost 11 Preparing bundles and heaping them in all the households reported th.lt they e:xtend help • kallam - 5 persons @ Rs. 2 per head 10.00 to each other. 12 Threshing - 5 labourers @ Rs. 2.50 per head (or 8 seers of paddy) 12.50 13 Transplantation charges 5.00 Agr:icultural implements 14 Water taX :sod the land revenue 2000 40. The mostcommrll '1~"Jcllltural implements, Total 222.00 used by the ryots are WOO&-,l plough and pandld Income manu. They are mad(' locally by a Kammari 30 bags of paddy valued at Rs. 20per bag (blacksmith). The agricul 'Iri~ts supply the required (subject to the marketing fluctuations) 600 iron and charcoal and al s· b r Ips the b]acksmith~ Net income Rs 60-02220= Rs. 378 cum-carpenter in lightin t, furnace while th ECONOMY 29 latter prepares implements. Besides these two ma family members in the agricultural operations at jor implements, the othersimple agricultural imple various stages. A few case studies of different ments owned by many ryots are crowbar, spade, categories illustrate variations in the cost of prod uc axe, sickle, etc. Even the agricultural labourers tion. Sri Kolluboyina Ramliah, don of Papaiah of possess these articles as they require them for work. Yadava caste is the head of the household. He The cost of the plough varies from Rs. 8 to Rs. lO. owns bullocks and agricultural implements. He The iron required to prepar~ a komI (ploughshare) owns a land of 2.50 acs. and also cultivates on lease costs R s. 2 or Rs. 3. The labour charges are paid l.50 acres. It is a joint type of family and all the in cash to the smith immediately. There is a sys members of the family participate in the agricultu tem of annual payments in this village to the car ral operations besides a few hired labourers engaged penter and the blacksmith. They either engage the exclusively for transplantation and harvesting ope -blacksmith ofPedaputhed u orfrom Buchiredd ipalem. rations during 1964-65. A few households are possessing iron ploughs also. In addition the village is supplied with 4 iron Statement VIII ploughs by the Panchayat Samithi for the common use of all the villagers. None in the village is COST OF CULTIVATION having a tractor. But there are tractors in the Sole proceeds Cost of production neighbouring village and one or two agriculturists (1) (2) in the village engage them on hire. Fig. 5 shows Rs. Rs. --the agricultural implements, bullocks and their 4! puttis of paddy 1 master. 4!x400) J 1.800 Cost of manure 110 2 Hired labour 120 ·-Seeds and manures 1 Payment of hire charges for I! 41. Locally available seeds are used by the ac res 0 f land 370 ryots. They preserve the required quantity of seeds 4 Land revenue 70 every year. None in the village is using improved Total 1800 640 ·seeds. Regarding the manures also the agricultu rists prefer organic manure only. Though most of Net income of the household : Rs.ll.800 - 640 .. Rs. 1.160 them are using the chemical. fertilisers, they are I 43. The following particulars explain the c.:>st not in favour of them. It is their belief that the of cultivation of Sri Allam Roshaiah, son of continuous usage of chemical fertilisers without Ramaiah, belonging to Yadava caste. He owns using the organic manure is harmful to the land and 22.50 acres of land. It is an intermediate type of thereby it loses the fertility. Most of the organic family. All the agricultural operations are carried manure is collected by the households in pits dug out by engaging hired labourers only. He owns in their backyards. The non-agriculturi~ts sell bullocks and other required argricultural imple dung to the agriculturists. They get the chemical ments also. fertilisers from the Block authorities in a limited quantity and remaining quantity is ·purchased in Statement IX black market. The farmers complained that the COST OF CULTIVATION Government is not providing necessary facilities to the cultivator to improve the food production. They Sal, proceeds Cost of production never get in time the required material from the (I) Rs. (2) Rs. Agricult:ure Department. Pesticides are also being 27 Puttis of paddy 10,800 1 Payment to two used. (27 s 400) attached labourers per annum 400 2 Payment to one 'Case Itudie~ on cos~ of a~rjcu]tural production attached labourer and value of produce I!putti annually 600 3 Payment to another 42. The cost of production invariably varies labourer daily @ Rs. 1.50 480 from peasant to peasant, depending upon the inte 4 Ploughing charges 90 rest evinced by each and actual participation of the 5 Seeds 33 30 CHAPTER IV Statement IX-Concld. Statement XI COST OF CUL TIV A TION COST OF CULTIVATION Sale proceeds Cost of production Sale proceeds Expenditure (I) (2) (1) (2) Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 6 Transplantation 12 putlis of paddy 4,800 1 Transplantation @ Rs. 50 per acre 1,100 (12 x 400) charges 16(}' 7 Inter-cultural ope· 2 Groundnuts 200 2 Intercultural rations 330 operations 60' 8 Superphospate 350 3 Ammonia 92 280 9 Sulphate 4 Sulphate 70 10 Harvesting 720 5 Cutting 28& 11 Heaping 220 6 Tractor charges for 12 Land revenue 616 harvesting (Rs 10 per acre) 80 Total 10,800 5,219 7 Land revenue 260 Net income of the household=Rs. IO,800-5,2I9=Rs. 5,581 Total 5,000 1,010 44. The particulars presented below give a brief account of Sri Konereddy Yerra Redd y, son Net income: Rs. 5,000 - Rs. I,OlO ~ Rl. 3,990. of Bodireddy belonging to simple type of family with 6 acres of wet land. 1 he famil y members 46. From the above case studies, it is clear also contribute their labour occasionally. that the net income is more if the family members participate in the agricultural operations. The Statement X cultivation of small holdings by engaging hired labour yield ill-proportionate returns. Generally COST OF CULTIVATION such cultivators do ploughing and other work with family labour and engage hired labour only for Sale proceeds Cost of production tran -cutting, there will be heavy demand of labour and mostly tied outside the cattleshed under shade bear~ -consequently the wage rate also increases. For ing trees in the day time. There are no proper graz -ploughing, preparing the land and thrashing pur- ing facilities in the village. They have to send their poses, onl y males are engaged. The wages are not cattle to the grazing fields of the neighbouring vil similar to all the operations. For ploughing the lage. Many a Reddy household who come from charges are Rs. 5 per da y if one comeS with his own other villages of the district, after the agricultural plough and bullocks and in case if <;lnly the man is work is over, send their cattle to their villages for engaged Rs. 2.50 is paid Rs. 1.50 is paid per day per grazing. Though the cattle are of local breed, they head for cutting the sides of the vQralu (bunds). are healthy and strong. This shows the ryot's inte During the period of transplantation each labourer rest in the welfare of the cattle. The cattle are fed gets Rs. 2 per day and Rs. 1.25 during weecJing. At at home with hay, oil cake, and green grass during the time of crop cutti.ng Rs. 2 per head is given the season. They are taken to the village pasture besides one time meals. The wages are mostly paid land for grazing purposes by the cowherd every day. in cash in this part. The working time for labourers The well-to-do ryots engage their attached agricul is from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. with a breakofone hour for turallabourers to look after the cattle. The cowherd lunch at 12 noon to I p.m. During the non-agricul jointly engaged by a number of households is paid tural season, they go for other labour and earn an agreed quantity of corn annually during the har Rs. 2 per male and Rs. 1.50 per female per day. vest season. No attempts have been made to im prove the breed of the local animals. The local stud St(m~ cutting bull crosses the cows of the village. The sheep and goats are also of local breed. Artificial insemination 48. Most of the local Muslims work as stone is not practised in this village. cutters. Among them there are workers who also do mortars going round the village. Half of the year 50. The milch cattle are mostly purchased by they go out of the village lea ving old people behind. well-to-do ryotl> and milk is entirely used for domes All of them invariably stay in the village in the tic purposes. The price of a milch animal varies beginning of agricultural season to earn their between Rs. 250 and Rs. 500 depending on the milk livelihood. They too have their pieces of land to yield. The cost of each bullock varies between look after besides earning by way of wages. Four Rs. 300 and Rs. 700 depending on the age and to five households who have no lands go for begg physique of the animal. A pair of weak bullocks can ing. The stone cutters move in batches of 6 to B be purchased even for R". 200. The cattle are usu persons each and sometimes go beyond Madras ally purchased in consultation with the commission even. Now-a-days they are also coming to Hydera~ agent, who is said to b~ good at observin.g the sudulu bad. Good number of 'these people have been of the animal. The goats and sheep are sold locally absorbed by the Nagarjunasagar Project in the to the merchants who come to the village occasion stone cutting work there. It is said that they earn ally. A goat or a sheep will cost roughly about a minimum of Rs. 5 daily. Similarly for manu Rs. 25 to 35. Local people also purchase goats or facture of a mortar they charge Rs. 5 or even more Sheep on festive occasions. Sometimes they are pur dependi ng upon the size. chased to make a votive offer or to arrange a feast in connection with social ceremonies. The ordinary Animal husbandry diseases of the cattle are;treated locally with indi genous medicines. They go to Pedaputhedu or 49. T he agriculturists of the village own the Buchireddipalem for the treatment of cattle only required cattle for culti vation and transport, besides when the indigenous medicines fail to cure them. a few milch cattle for domest ic use. They are mostly home-breed and brou~ht from neighbouring 51. When cattle are afHicted with such disea cattle fair. Almost every household that owns cattle ses as rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, they are has a cattle shed attached to the house or a separate usually taken to Veterinary dispensary situated at shed is constructed within the homestead area. The Buchireddipalem. Occasionally the Veterinary ca ttle are kept in the shed during the nigh ts and Extension Officer of the Panchayat Samithi visits are usually grazed in the fields during the greater the village. Majority of households possess a few part of the day. During summer season they are indigenous fowls which are used for domestic.. 32 CHAPTER IV consumption. Sometimes they also sell the fowls and Statement XIf this is mostly dont:: by the ladies. The income which they earn by selling eggs and fowls is retained by FAMILY BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1964-65 them. There is one Pitchiguntla household who Income Expenditure rears pigs. He had about 30 pigs. He sells them (I) (2) locally as well as to other merchants who come from Rs. Rs. Nellore. Each pig costs about Rs. 20. Agriculture 10,800 1 Food 6,60 2 Borrowing 4,053 2 Coffee & tea 30(t-> Income and expenditure 3 Fuel 200' 4 Lighting 36· 52. The total annual income of the surveyed 5 Clothing 1,000 households is Rs. 86,698.50 while the expenditure is 6 Travellin, and recreation Rs. 109,265;15 during 1964-65, thus resulting an 240 7 Smoking 84 overall deficit of Rs. 22,566.65. Hence the overall 8 Pan 24 financial position of the v.illage was not quite satis 9 Soaps 120 factory. The reason for this was that during 1964-65, 10 Dhobi 80 crops have failed. The ryots did not get the expec 11 Barber 40' ted yield due to lack of water. Of the 47 surveyed 12 Maintenance orcadio 30 13 Maintenance of two households, 45 reported their income and expendi Alsatian dogs 910 ture while the two have no income as they live on 14 Expenditure on a.gri- begging. Of these 45 households who gave their in culture 5,219 BOlSS. come and expenditure particulars, only 5 are having Total 14,853 a total surplus of Rs. 3,097. Again of these 5 house Deficit'" Rs. 30 holds, 4 have agriculture as their main occupation From the above it is clear that a major portion or and the average surplus is about Rs. 780. Only one the income is spent on food and on agricultural household wi th casual labour as main occupation is operations .. During the year, he did not get suffi having surplus budget of Rs. 8. Not even a single cie"nt yield due to failure of rains and hence he bor household is having balanced budget. rowed Rs. 4,083 to meet the deficit. Next to food he spends on clothing and maintenance of dogs. This 53. There are 40 households having a total household spends comiderable amount on recrea deficit of Rs. 25,663.65. If the data is further analy tion and travelling. Though he is n01 highly edu sed according to occupation it will give interesting cated he maintains all the modern amenities in his. results. Twenty-three households with agriculture house being a wealthy man. as main occupation are having a total deficit of Rs. 20,820.65, i.e., roughly an average of Rs.900 56. Family budget of Sri Kolluboyina per household. All the households having stone Ramaiah, Yadava by caste, is given below. He cutting as main occupation are having deficit bud owns a little land and cultivates other'. land on. gets. Among these households the average deficit tenancy basis. is about Rs. 340 per household. There are three households with casual labour as main occupation Statemellt XIII having a total deficit ofRs. 365. All the remaining households following different occupations are also FAMILY BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1964-65 having defici t budgets (Table 31). Income Expenditure 54. In order to present the expenditure pattern (I) (2) of different types of households a few cases of RI. R.s. family budget s are presented below. These case I Cultivation 1,800 1 Food 1,O10'l studies reveal as to how the income and expenditure 2 Wages 116 2 Fuel 24 differ from household to household. 3 Lighting 24· 4 Clothing 150' 55. The details of the family budget of a well 5 Smoking 40" to-do Yada,va Caste who depends upon agriculture 6 Pan 6- are given below: 7 Soa.p 6- ECONOMY 33 Statement XIII-Coneld. 58. The following is the family budget of Sri Jyoti Kondaiah. belonging to Mala caste depending FAMILY BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1964-65 on casual labour. ll1come Expenditure Statement XV (I) (2) lts. Rs. FAMILY BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1964--65 8 Dhobi 20 9 Barber 6 Income Expenditure 10 Cultivation 200 11 Payment of rent 370 (1 ) (2) 12 Land reven ue 70 Rs. Rs. Wages 600 1 Food Total 1,916 1,996 4S0 2 Lighting 12 Dellc:it _ Rs. 80 3 House repairs 20 4 Clothing 30 This household spends a major portion of the in 5 Travelling 10 come on food. The deficit of Rs. 80 is met from the 6 Dhobi 20 , Smoking last year's savings. 40 8 Festivals 10 57. Following is the family budget of Sri Total 600 592 Yerrareddy entirely depending on agriculture and Surplus: Rs. 8 owniIlg a land of 8 acres. He migrated to this place a decade back. He purchased dry land and conver Major portion of the household income goes to food. ted it into wet land. 59. Family budget of Sri Shaik Hussain with Statement XIV stone cutting as main occupation is given below. Occasionally other members of the family also go for FAMILY BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1964-65 agricultural labour. Income Expenditure Statement XVI Rs. Rs. (1) (2) FAMILY BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1964-65 1 Cultivation 2.800 1 Food 1,400 Expenditure 2 Livestock 180 2 Fuel 14 Income 3 Borrowing 2,550 3 Lighting 30 (1) (2) 4 House repairs 25 Rs. Ra. 5 Clothing 400 1 Stone cutting 450 1 Food 900 l.ighting 18 6 Recreation 30 2 Wages 315 2 3 Clothing 70 7 Education 100 4 Miscellaneous 12 ... 8 Miscellaneous 112 9 Agriculture 1,757 Total 765 1,112 10 Purchase of gold 700 Deficit.Rs. 347 11 Purchase of land 2,500 The expenditure pattern among these people is Total 5.530 7,068 quite simple. Major portion of their earnings go Deficit - Rs. 1,538 for food and clothing only. This household spent more amount on cultivation 60. The expenditure on food depends not only when compared to food. It is a common habit on the number of members in the household, but among all the Reddys to invest more money on land. also on the nature of work they are engaged in. The This is the reason why none have constructed a expenditure on dress is not much as it is normally pucca house even though they can afford to do it. sufficient to possess a few cotton clothes irrespective Every year they purchase a piece of land. He has of economic status of the individual. In a majority purchased two acres of land during the year in of the castes, there is no special dress for festive addition to gold. occasions. 34 CHAPTER IV Expenditure on education Credit agency 61. There are 13 households spending on edu 64. The credit agency for most of the people cation of their children. Of these 13 households, 6 is the private money lender. From 1961 onward~ are spending below Rs. 25 per annum, one each is Credit Co-operative Societies and .Land Mortgage IIpending between Rs. 25-50 and Rs. 51-100 per Banks started giving loans to the agriculturists. annum respectively. Two households are spending These institutions do not fulfil the demands of the between Rs. 101 to 200 while one household each of categories. Only the people who have land will Reddy and Yadava castes are spending Rs. 601 to get money from these institutions. Added to thil 700 per annum. Except Chakali, Christian, Kam the procedure to get loans from these societies ill mari, Reddy and YadJ.va caste people no other very cumbersome and time consuming. Hence caste people are spending any amount on education most of the agriculturists prefer to go to 'private (Table 32). money lender even though he charges more interest. Of these surveyed households one person took loan Indebtedoe8s from the Co.operative Society and another from the 62. Table 33 gives the details of the house Land Mortgage Bank. Almost all the households holds in debt. Of 45 surveyed households, 36 are took loans from the private money lenders -at an in debt. The total debt is Rs. 95,990. In the interest rate of Rs. 4% to 30%. As many as 41 income range of Rs. 301-600, 57.14% or 4 out households took loans on 9% to 12% while one of 7 households are in debt. The avera.ge indebted household took on 30% interest. 3 households each ness of these households is Rs. 550. 85.71 % of the have taken loans at the interest of 4% to 6% and households falling in the annual income group of 7% to 8%. There are no regular money lenders in Rs. 601-900 are in debt. The average debt of these the village. Majority of them get loans from households is Rs. 599.17. Similarly 80% of the Buchireddipalem or Nellore (Table 86). households in the annual income group of Rs. 901 to 1200 are in debt and their average debt is Sale and purchase of assets Rs. 1,050. In the annual income range of Rs. 1,20 I 65. Sale of assets are less when compared to and above, 84.21% of the households are in debt, purchase in this village. During the years of the average debt being Rs. 5,150. The indebtedness 1935-64,20 households sold assets worth Rs.44,530 is more among the higher income groups when and out of this, land alone amounted to Rs. 41,600. compared to low income groups. In 1964-65. only 5 households sold their assets worth Causes Rs. 10,160. Of these five households 4 sol d land and one sold livestock. As many as 42 households 63. Table 34 gives the details of causes for purchased aSsets during the years 1935 to 1964 worth indebtedness. 75.74% or an amount of Rs. 72,700 Rs. 1,61,778. Of these 42 households, 22 have pur was raised by IS households for purchase of land. chased land ('osting Rs. 1,56,330. Similarly during Rs. 800 or 0.83% of the total debt was raised by 3 the year of 1964-65, 10 households have purchased households for house construction. Seven house assets amounting to Rs. 29,080. From the above holds borrowed Rs. 7,800 (8.13%) for performing analysis it is quite clear that m)~t of the invested the marriage of their daughters while 3 households amount is only for land which is a sign of prog have raised a loan ofRs. 4,200 (4.38%) to clear off ressive economy (Table 37). the old debts. Only one household raised a loan of Rs. 300 to meet the expenses for medical treat Capital formation ment. 12 households have m3.de a total debt of Rs. 6,190 or 6.45% to meet their ordinary wants. 66. Table 38 gives thedetails of capital forma An amount of Rs. 3,700 or 3.8j% was borrowed by tion by different castes dllring the last 30 years. Of 3 households to meet the expenses on the cultiva the 47 households as many as 2f) households inves tion. To purchase livestock, only one hOl.lsehold ted money for purchase of land. Again, if it i& raised a loan of Rs. 300. On the whole the debt analysed according to cnmmurlity, it can be seen made by the villagers is more for productive purpo that, there are 10 Reddy h')usebolds whj invested ses. Particulars of the debtors accord ing to com Rs. 1,04,600 for purchase of Imd. Every year they munity and the period can be seen in Table 35. add somelhing to their alre",dy existing land· ECONOMY 35 Next to Reddis, Yadavas stand in the capital forma~ property during the last 10 years to the extent of tion. None in the surveyed households had Rs. 1,54,148, which indicates the growing prosperity purchased gold. Perhaps the villagers might have of t he village (Table 39). com,e to know that to invest money for the orna ments is non-productive. As a matter of fact 68. Paddy is the only major crop of the a few Reddy families disposed of their gold village. The agriculturists retain the required ornaments and purchased land. Only 7 households paddy for their dQJllestic consumption and sell the spent money for purchase of livestock while 4 house re_maining quantity. Roughly paddy worth more holds invested in tools and other equipment. than Rs. 4 lakhs is sold every year at Nellore mar Twelve households have invested money for cons~ ket. Except paddy all other required articles are tructing houses. imported to the village from Nellore and Buchi reddipalem. If the irrigational facilities are pro 67. Since the la st one decade the village has vided for two crops to the entire land of the been improving in ita economy_ Five households village, there will be more production of foodgrain, cleared debts which existed 10 years back to the and thereby ,the village will be much more pros -tune of Rs. 2,538. 35 households have acquired perous. Chapter-V CULTURAL LIFE AND VILLAGE ORGANISATION 'Religion is that soon after the marriage, the couple desire to be away from their joint family. The influence of All the three religions, namely, Hindu, Islam the wife prevails much over the husband. Quar and Christian have their adherents in this village. rels are created on some skirmish issues which con Hindus predominate the other two religious groups. sequently lead to the breaking up of the joint Most of the local Scheduled Castes converted into family. Christi"mity. Next to Hindus, Muslims are in more number in the village population. There are Leisure and recreation roughly about 60 Muslim households. Among the Muslims there are two sects, i.e" Shiya and Sunni. 4. Agriculture being the main occupation the The Hindus of this village have two major sub villagers do not usually find much leisure except an ·divisions, namely, Saivites and Vaishnavites. hour after lunch when they enjoy smoking a coun Except Muslims, all Hindus including converted try cigar and relax. And after dinner in the night Christians worship all the village tutelary dei ties they congregate under a tree or in a nearby temple and perform a.ll the Hindu festivals. The Christi to discuss all the day-to-day problems mostly rela ans of this village who odginally belong to Hindus, ting to agriculture and market price of the crop, etc. have not yet completely changed their customs. Most of the households have to work hard from dawn to dusk to earn their bread. It is only during Neither they are following the traditions of Christi the evening hours that most of the males spend their anity nor Hinduism. They observe Christian festi leisure in fondling their ch ildrcl1 or help the house vals as well as Hindu festivals. wife by supplying the fuel, etc. The younger gene Language ration of a few well-to-do families enjoy a little more leisure than the agriculturists and the agricul 2. Hindus including Christians have Telugu tural labourers. When they had leisure during as their mother tongue. Muslims talk in Urdu at summer, a few Reddy households collectively go for home. It is mostly mixed with Telugu words. selling or purchasing of cattle. When they converse with -other people, they talk in 5. Boys and girls have a number of games Telugu only. Almost all the Muslims know Telugu. which are more or less identical with those played As a matter of fact they have more fluency in Teiugu by the children of these parts. KabarJdi, golcelu, hide than in Urdu. Among the surveyed households and seek are the common games for boys and girls. 186 persons speak Telugu and 48 persons speak Bhajans or Harikathas and Puranakalakshepam (reading Urdu as their mother tongue (Table 41). out the epics to a gathering by a learned man) are also arranged occasionally by the villagers by invi Trends of chan~e8 in family type ting the scholars or pandits. The younger genera·· 3. Rapid spread of education, developmen t of tion of this village are very fond of pictures and individual outlook, etc., are bringing change in the they do not hesitate to go to Nellore to see a newly age old family system. Added to this the daugh re-leased picture. The villagers are not much intere- ters-in-Iaw lomehow are not in a mood to obey to 5ted in arranging kalakshepams. -One of the reasonB the authority of in-laws as in the case of olden days. for this is lack of co-operation among the people in All these things have brought about the changes in habiting in different hamlets and also due to longer joint type of family. G~Df.:rally the agriculturists dista.nce. For example, the inhabitants of Reddy used to prefer the joint family system but nowadays palem hamlet for any festival or function do not it is disappearing among them also. Of the 47 hou mingle with the people living in the main village seholds surveyed, 21 are of simple type families, B and other hamlets as it is roughly two miles are of joint type and the remaining 18 are of other away. Instead they go to the neighbouring village type of families (Table 24). The present day tendency for recreation. A few well-to-do households are 38 CHAPTER V having radios and transistors. There is a community Statement XVlI-Condd. radio set in the rna in village where people in the ~ evening times congregate and hear the news. There A CALENDAR OF HINDU FESTIVALS is no library in the village. A few households pur Name of festival Date in Telugu Correspondiflp:: chase a Telugu daily newspaper. The ryots uSua S. No. celebrated calendar English month;, lly attend to the repairs of the agricultural imple (I) (2) (3) (4) ments and of the cattle sheds, during the sea 2 Toli Ekadasi Jaishta Suudba son when there is no pressure of agricultural work. Ekadui June-July The multi-ethnic village community has various 3 Nagulachavithi Sravana Suddha beliefs and practices. There is only one Malakshmi Chavitbi July-Augusr temple in the village where there is no regular 4 Vinayaka Chavithi Bhadrapada Suddha daily worship. Whenever there are epidemics, Chavithi - do- the villagers worship this deity and bh.ajans are 5 Dasara Asviyuja Suddha September- also conducted. Some people, when sick, offer either Dasami October fruits or fowls or goats to the deity. The local 6 Deepavali Asviyuja Bahula October- Madigas worship Pochamma deity. Fig. 6 shows Amavasya November the temple of Pochamma. The Yadavas worship 7 Sankranti P\lshya Suddha Lord Krishna. Most bf the people of this commu- Navami January f nity are having the picture of Lord Krishna in their 8 Sivaratri Magha Bahula houses. No fairs are conducted in the village nOr in Triodasi February-~f.rcbr the nearby villages. Those who are not blessed with children visit 'Manthani' deity at Kasnoor of In this village all the Hindu festivals are observed Nellore taluk. Almost all the Hind.us in the vill by Hindus but festivals like Telugu New Year's, age are the devotees of Lord Venkateswara of Tiru day, i.e., Ugadi, Toli Ekadasi, Vinayaka Chavithi, mala Tirupati and there are a few households of Sivaratri and Nagula Chavithi are performed with Yadava and Reddy community who visit Tirupati great interest than the rest. I every year regularly. Ugadi Hindu festivals 7. The Telugu New Year's Day falls on the 6. Hind uism with diverse beliefs and 1st day in the bright fortnight of Chaitram (March- practices is a way of life. The Supreme Being is worshipped in various forms with innume April) every year. New Year's almanac is read out rable names. Hence the Hindu festivals are nume by a Brahmin to all the villagers. The harvest rous and feasts and fasts are quite common on these of each crop, auspicious days for marriage, constru festive occasions. These Hindu religious festivals ction of houses, eclipse, if any, are some of the are customarily observed by all Hindus irrespec important items tOllcbed upon. Sweetmeats are pre tive of caste and social status. The general featu pared in each house and people wear new clothe!!. res of most of the Hindu festivals are (1) to smear Then everyone is dressed for the occasion, all sit the floor of the house with cowdung or wash with water and draw rangavalli with lime flour, (2) to down for the tasting of the Ugadi pachadi, the new wear preferably new clothes or washed clothes and year's chutney. The Andhras are especially known (3) to prepare feasty dishes according to convenie for the pungent chutneys and the pickles they prepare nce and capacity. The various festivals, observed and consume throughout the year. It is no wonder, by all the castes other than Muslims and Christians therefore, that the Telugu New Year should start are described below. with the tasting of a chutney. But the chutney itself' is of special significance. A finely ground paste. of Statement XVII slightly bitter tender flowers of the neem tree, fresh A CALENDAR OF HINDU FESTIVALS tamarind, slices of raw mango, bits of sugarcane, jaggery and salt, it has flavour of all its own. The Name of festival Date in Telugu Corresponding S. No. celebrated calendar English month bitter ingredient of neem leaves is to make us aware (1) (2) (3) (4) that life is not all sweetness, bitter and sw'eet it is, as Ugadi Chaitra St:ddha the chutney. Ali the special dishes and cooked food~ Padyami March-April etc.,are first offered to the lares before being eated. CULTURAL LIFE AND VILLAGE OR.GANISATION 39 8. There is a belief that the day's happenings all the way. A special sweet d ish of rice and milk ,on Ugadi will reflect and colour the course of eve known as paramannam is prepared for the principal nts in the year ahead. People naturally like plea meal on this day. sant things to happen to them; to be happy through out the year. Hence they take special care to keep Vinayaka Chauithi themselves and others in a happy frame of mind on 12. A festival of Vinayaka, first Lord of the this day. New enterprises too are started on Ugadi Gods, is celebrated on the 4th day of the bright fort by Telugu people, but ever so often one realises night in Bhadrapadam (August-September). All clas that la unching a project on an auspicious day does ses of people offer prayers to Vinayaka to protect not by itself assure the success of an undertaking. them from all obstacles in their respective endea vours. The students worship Lord Ganesha keeping 9. The new year to the Andhras is never a their books by the side of the idol of V ighneswara. vague and nameless anticipation. Whatever be the Similarly some of the occupational castes worship indication t he year must be properly invited and their tools and implements, for example, the washer inaugurated. If the name indicates something un man applies vermilion and turmeric paste to the pleasant, the poet pleads 'don't be too harsh, head large earthen pot in which he boils the clothes and on us softly'; if it promises to_ be pleasant, he will be also to the stone on which he beats them clean. The exuberant in his words of welcome. The old year barber does the same to his razorS and scissors. _cannot be ignored since it will arrive on the scene Further it is believed that seeing the moon on the again. One has to recall its name again, even if it Chavithi day is inauspicious, for anyone who does be after sixty years and an appropriate send-off is so may be falsely implicated in some unpleasant therefore essential. experiences. If by chance, 'they see the moon, they listen to the legend of Sathraj it in which Lord Tali Ekadasi Krishna was su bjected of an accusation for having seen the reflection of the moon that day in the cup 10. Tali in Telugu means the first and Ekadasi of milk, He was taking. By so doing they _are sup means the 11 th day in the bright fortnight of Jaish posfd to be absolved of the evil consequences. ;rzm (June-July). Delicious vegetarian dishes are prepared and enjoyed. Those who can afford put on Dasara the new dresses. 13. Dasara or Navarathri is one of the most Nagu[achauil.hi colourful festivals of our country observed in Asui),u jam (September-October). The legends woven 11. This is the festival exclusively dominated round ~avarathri are many and as varied as the by women. Chauithi means the fourth day. This customs and mannerS of our people in the different festival is mostly observed by Reddy, Yadava, parts of our country. The nine day festival is mainly Kamma, Viswabrahmin, Kummari caste people in dedicated to the primordial energy, Sakti who is this village on Sravalla Suddha Chauithi (July known as Durga, the conscrt of Siva. In order to August). Women pour milk in an ant-hill for destroy evil forces and uphold the good, she is known Nagendra, the Snake God and offer cocoanuts and to have taken different forms as Mahankali, Durga, plantains and some observe fasting too. On this day Chamundi and Sakhambari, etc. These various all Hindus are expected to observe the taboo which manifestations of Sakti have been the focal point of forbids the use of an iron pan for making bread. Dasara celebrations throughout the country for coun Generally one adult member of the household fasts tless years. With the spread ofVaishnavism, legends until the completion of the worship. Cocoanut, puf pertaining to this cult also have become the part of fed rice, milk and a preparation of gram and jaggery the Dasara festivities. For instance, Rama's victory are all arranged on a plate and taken to an ant-hi 1l over Ravana in the epic battle of Lanka and by the person observing the fast. The ant-hill is Arjuna's victory in Mahabharata war are comme supposed to be the abode of the cobra. There women morated during Navarathri in the areas where only lit lamps and make offering of small quantities . Vaishnavism holds sway. Whatever the form of of food brought in the plate. While returning home worships may be, the central theme is one, i.e. the they keep on dropping a grain or two of puffed rice triumph of good over evil. 40 CHAPTER V 14. In this village, just as anywhere in the lighted and arranged in front of the hOl1se on both South, Navarathri is dedicated- to the worship of the pials and parapet walls. Some people worship three Goddesses, viz., Lakshmi, Saraswathi and Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth, on this night; Durga. Only in a few households worship is conduc others do so on the second day. The Vaisyas who-· ted on all the nine days. But on the last tbree days are a trading caste, regard this worship as the most almost all the Hindu households celebrate the festi important in the religious year. val without fail. On the 8th day all take bath in the early hours, put on new clothes. Vijaya Dasami 16. The second day is the day of Deepavali is regarded as a non-vegetarian festival. With itself. In the evening rows of lighted earthenware exception of Brahmins and Vaisyas, all other caste lamps are arranged in front of each house and people people in the village on this day take non-vegeta of all castes and all economic positions fire crackers· rian dishes. At midday people worship the Goddes of various types. Delicious non-vegetarian di shes" ses in their houses. In the afternoon all people go are prepared by those who ea t amI new clothes are in a procession accompanied by the local musicians also put on. to the shami tree. The Brahmin performs puja to the tree and an idol of Durga, keeping it at the base Sankranti of the trunk. When the worship is over people 17. The 13th, 14th and 15th of January of snatch the leaves and then follows the important every year are three days on which this festival is social act of exchange of these leaves and a friendly celebrated by all Hindu castes. All the crops being embrace. Between castes of equal social status and harvested by this time, houses whitewashed and between persons of equal kinship and age status decorated with colours, newly married sons-in-law within the caste itself, the exchange is on the basis of invited to their in-law's houses, people enjoy these equality. On the other hand people of high Ca~te three days with great pleasure. Tht; first day known will give some leaves to those of the low and un as Bhogi starts with oil bath and after dressing in touchable castes; and the latter will respond by bow new attire all people enjoy non-vegetarian food ing down to touch the feet of the former. In the except Brahmins. Pedda la Panduga, th(" second case of the untouchables this is a symbolic gesture, day is celebrated in memory of departed elders by for they touch the earth near the feet of their supe offering food and sweet dishes prepared for the pur~ riors and not the feet. Within the caste itself the pose and then the family enjoy the same. Free nature of this exchange is determined by the age meals are served, usually to all who visit the house and kinship status of the persons concerned. On without fail. The third day is called Kanapa this day people are expected to forget their quarrels Panduga or Yedla Panduga (festival of bullocks). of the last year and to meet one other in:1 spirit of All these three days the bullocks are not put to friendship. In fact, many petty differences are work. On the third day all the dung is heaped in a forgotten and several people who hitherto not on place and worshipp~d by keeping on it a lighted speaking terms resume normal friendly relations wick soaked in ghee, which is placed in an earthen again. plate. In the evening both the horns and forehead of all the bullocks or cows are decorated with ver Deepavali milion and turmeric and they (the animals) are fed with vegetarian food and sweet dishes. A fowl or 15. Deepavali or the festival of lights is obser goat is sacrificed and the blood mixed with cooked ved on the fourteenth and fifteenth days of the dark food is thrown in four corners of the fields which is fortnight of Asviyujam (September-October). On the known as polio first of these two days, known as Naraka Chaturdasi, Hindus get up very early in the morning and have Sivaratri their oil bath. Women in the higher castes especi ally take lighted candles on a plate and wave them 18. This festival falls on Magha Bahula Ttiodasi before their husbands. This has to be completed (February-March). The devotees fast the whole before day break. Latter in the day images of Gods day and night and pray God Siva even without sleep and dpities in the house are worshipped, and speci and on the next day in the early hours they break ally cooked dishes are offered to them. In the even their fast. Even the non-vegetarians ta.ke only ing a large number of little earthen lamps are vegetarian food on this day. CULTURAL LIFE AND VILLAGE ORGANISATION 41 Muslim festivals He being a Munsiff is also responsible for the maintenance of law and order. 19. Like Hindus, Muslims too have their own festivals. The Muslims of this village have reported Inter-hamlet relationship seven festivals but it is said all may not observe them regularly because of poverty or some other 23. As already said in the previous pages, reason. But Ramzan, Bakrid or Moharrum are there are three hamlets to the village Yelamanchi invariably performed. The functions they observe padu, viz., Palhavoor, Kothavoor and Reddy here are the same as ,recorded in other village sur pal em. The first two hamlets are there since long. vey monographs. For all the festivals they enjoy But the Reddypalem is a newly settled habitat. In non-vegetarian food. The peculiarity of the Mus this hamlet almost 99% of the people are Reddis who lims of this village is that they all come to the migrated to thi~ place from the various dry parts of village wherever they are, particularly at the time of this district. These people purchased lands here Ramzan festival. and settled and now their economic condition had also improved. In the remaining two hamlets ~ Christian festivals Yadavas dominate bOlh socially and economically and they consider themselves original settlers. 20, Similarly the Christians too have their Prior to the new settlement of Reddypalem, the festivals. It is said the Christians of this village Yadava community in the village was almost domi observe Good Friday and Christmas. On these two nating both politically and economicall y. After the occasions they visit church and recite a few verses Reddis settled here they are considering it below from Holy Bible. their dignity to accept the supremacy of Yadavas. Som.ehow, they started disliking the people of the Schoo1s other two hamlets though they have to depend for 21. There are two primary schools in this vil the agricultural labour on these hamlets. They lage, i.e., one at Kothavoor and the other at Reddy decided to attain political supremacy and tried to palem. The name of the school at Reddypalem is . create misunderstanding among them. Contrary "Mary Memorial Junior Aided Basic School". It to this, the' other pe0ple living in the remaining two was established on 5-10-1956. There are three hamlets are having good relations. For postal faci teachers in the school and the education is imparted lities, the Reddypalem people depend upon Yela upto 5th class. The total strength of the school is manchipadu. 123 and of them 71 are girls and 52 are boys. Out of 123 children 23 belong to Scheduled Castes. Inter-caste relationship Another school at Kothavoor is. being run by the 24. Caste largely determines the function, the Panchayat Samithi. There are 3 teachers in the status, the available opP?rtunities as well as school. There are 101 students in the school. Of handicaps for an individual. Caste differences the 101 students 53 are girls and the remaining are even determine the differences in modes of boys. There are 38 Scheduled Caste students. domestic and social life, types of houses and cul~ None of them is getting scholarship. In this school tural patterns of the various social groups and has also education is imparted upto 5th class only. No evolved such minutely graded levels of social dis extra curricular activities are conducted. tance and superior-inferior relationship that social Village organisation structure looks like a gigantic pyramid with a mass of untouchables like Mala, Madiga at its base or a 22. It was once an Agraharam village. With small stratum of elite, the Brahmins almost equally the abolition of J agirs it has been converted into unapproachable, at its apex. ryotwari village. But like the other revenue vil lages, there are no separat~ Karnam or Munsiff in 25. The increasing,spread of modern means of this village. The Karnam who is appointed communicatiQns, and the growth of modern capita by the Government discharges the duties of list competitive economy which shuttered the sub Karnam as well as Munsiff. He is responsible for sistence economy of the self-sufficient village the maintenance of land records and collection of community, undermined more and more the land revenue. He is assisted by two village servants. functional basis of caste. The transformation of 42 CHAPTER V self contained rigid caste into modern mobile classes 28. There is a close inter-household relation took place in a peculiar"manner. Certain casteS ship existing in the village. Taking handloans or have been monopolising the position of the privile any other articles of domestic use from other house ged upper classes of the modern society. Certain holds is common. Assisting each other in the social functions, viz., marriages. etc., is prevalent. castes have been losing previous status and function and slowly submerging into the lowest class groups Village Panchayat of modern society. Consequently the village Yela manchipadu, as in many other villages, is' becom 29. In this village the Panchayat was consti ing a venue for trial of strength among numerically tuted in the year 1959. For both elections secret larger castes. ballot system was adopted in conducting the election. During the first election, there waS a great fight between twO parties in the village and the leaders of 26. Certain ideas regarding pollution and both the parties are the cousin brothers of Yadava purity are cardinal to Hinduism. Inter-caste re caste. Both of them are equally wealthy. It seems lations are governed at many points by ideas of each party has spent roughly Rs.lO,OOO in the pollution. Normally, each caste is endogamous and elctions. They paid heavy cash doles to the voters complete commem,ality prevails only withm it. to purchase votes. One of the party won the elec~ tions and the leader of the party became the Presi 27. People of all castes call on one other and dent of the Panchayat. During his tenure nothing there are no restrictions on members of one com was done in the village. The second elections were munity entering the streets in which other com conducted in 1964. The same feuds continued. But munities live, though there are separate habitations this time they did not spend much. At last leaders for each caste. They mix freely in the common of the two parties came to the conference table and religious functions associated with the village dei decided to completely wi thdraw from the village ties, The traditional caste hierarchy is very rigid politics. Taking this advantage, the migrant ly followed. Accepting food from the low caste Reddis took active part and consequently they cap people is still prevaili~g. Most of them have re tured the Village Panchayat. Now a Reddy is the ported that they do not observe all this when they President of the Panchayat. go out but when they are in the village they follow them to some extent. To-day there is a lot of flexi 30. Income and expenditure of the Panchayat bility in this respect. for the financial year 1964-65, is given below: Statement XVIII BUDGET POSITION OF THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT Income ,.... ______Expenditure-L ______... ______r------'------Item Amount ..... Item Amount -. (1) (2) (1) (2) Rs. P. Rs P. 1 Previous year's balance 1,104.84 1 Office establishment 240.00 2 Surcharge 2,000.00 2 Sanitary staff 360 00 3 Grant 200.00 3 Street lighting 300.00 Miscelh;neous expenditure 400.00 4 House tax 350.00 4 5 Daily allowance 150 00 5 Profession talC 6.00 6 Roads 3,000.00 6 M isce Ila neo us ]00.00 7 Labour 150.00 7 Auction of pasture land ]00.00 8 Radio 130.00 8 FisherIes 3('0.')0 Drainage 2,000.00 9 C. D. Grant 4,000.00 9 10 Wells 1,000.00 Total 8,360.84 Total 7,730.00 Cash balance 630.84 CULTURAL LIFE AND VILLAGE ORGANISATION· 43 Activities of Panchayat The minimum share amount is Rs. 5. The loan is granted based upon the shares. The minimum that 31. As already said in the first term of the can be borrowed from the society is Rs. 50 while Panchayat no works worth mentioning were done the maximum is Rs. 75. The loan is sanctioned by this organissation. During the present term, the depending upon the landholdings. Only the land Panchayat is doing good work. Roads have been holders are eligible to become the members. The laid. The drains are being constructed properly. repayment has to be made at a time. The society Street lighting is arranged and wells are constructed. has issued loans amounting to Rs. 3,100 during 1964 The building for the Panchayat office is under and Rs. 5,825 in 1965. The rate of interest is 10%. construction. There is a proposal for laying a road The loans can be utilised for agricultural as well as from Yelarnanchipadu to Reddypalem. domestic purposes. Of the 47 households surveyed, only 5 are members in the society. Of this five two 32. There is one Multipurpose Credit Co-opera are Muslims and three are Reddis. Again of these tive Society which was established on 10-10-1963. five only two are literates (Table 82). There are 4- The jurisdiction of this Credit Co-operative households having 10 acres and below and one Society is Yelamanchipadu, Reddypalem and household is having 10.1-15 acres (Table 83). There Munulapudi. The total members in this society are no other voluntary organisations, clubs, etc., in are 29 and the membership fee is Re. 1.25 per head. the village. Chapter VI SOCIAL REFORMS - AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE :Social reforms Inheritance of property The various social legislations enacted by the 4. As a rule, property may be acquired either Government after attaining freedom are little known by inheritance or purchase. The accepted social to these villagers. Most of the viLLagers be ing illi custom among all the castes in the village as seen terates know nothing about any social legislations or from Table 56 is that sons inherit the deceased developmental activities that are taking place in the father's property equally, irrespective of their mari country. In spite of the effective measureS adopted tal status. Of the 47 households surveyed almost by the Government to propaga,e these social legisla all of them reported that the property should be tions in order to dispel the ignorance, the results are equally distributed among the sons only ~Tables 57). neither spectacular nor proportionate to the efforts. Only seven households opined that daughters should As regards the awareness of the functions of the also have equal share in the property along with Gramasevak, a few households only know him. sons (Table 58). The laws of succession and adop tion are known only to three persons. They too have 2. Only one among the surveyed households heard about them but are not aware of their knows the Hindu Marriage Act and the prohibition contents. of dowry payment. The system of dowry payment is prevailing among all castes. The castes which Democratic decen tralisation were not in the habit of making dowry payment are 5. The three-tier Panchayat Raj system is now forced to pay in the changed circumstances. In working for the last five years. Many of the villa- this village the dowry system is more among Reddis , gers do not know anything about the hierarchy of and Yadavas. Among other castes only the educat~d the Panchayat Raj except the Village Panchayat. It few are offered dowry. It is generally presumed is really quite encouraging to note that of the 47 that the educated persons discourage such old tradi households surveyed, 38 household heads could say tions but it is not true in practice. Contrary to this the exact period of the existence of the Panchayat they demand more dowry. (Table 75). Only 20 households could say about the functions of Gramsevak and of them 12 are satis Untouchability fied with his work (Table 76). According to the information given by the villagers all the members 3. Though untouchability is an offence in the except one belong to Congress party. The remain eyes of law, in practice, it has not yet lost its vigour ing one belongs to Communist party (Table 77). especially in villages. Now untouchability means Of the 47 households surveyed, 21 know the func that the higher castes would not accept food and tions of Panchayat, 15 know the functions of Pan water from the untouchables. [t is only some of the chayat Samithi and 13 are aware of Zilla Parishad members of the present generation or those influen and are satisfied with their working. Similarly 17, .ced by the advanced views who would not mind 20 and 20 households are not satisfied with the wor accepting food or water from the hands of the depre king of the Panchayat, Panchayat Samithi and ssed and untouchables. In a village, like Yela Zilla Parishad respectively (Table 78). A few cas manchipadu, where there are go()d many economi tes reported that they have their Caste Panchayat cally dominating people who were once used to dis but actually they are not in an organised manner. believe the association of Scheduled Castes, to-day Only when any caste di~putes arise a few elderly are to a great extent flexible in their outlook. To persons of that particular caste are invited and such -day the Scheduled Castes children also attend the disputes are settled (Please see Tables 79 and 80). School. There is no prohibition for Scheduled Most of their disputes are brought to the local Caste men to draw water from the public well. Panchayat. 46 CHAPTER VI Family Planning children (Table 51). Table 52 gives the details or the households towards the attitude of family plann 6. Most of the people in the village are aware ing with reference to age of head of household. of family planning. Of the 47 surveyed households only 8 know the location of family planning centre; Public opinion about survey 33 households are aware of family planI\ing and 18 approved of family planning. Seven households 7. As already said in the previous pages most approved it after explaining the benefits. On the of them are agriculturists. Wben asked about the whole 25 households approved this method. There production particulars they gave wrong particulars. are about 6 Muslim households who too had appro ved it. There are 4 households who desire to adopt and showed more expenditure than income. Whell family planning methods after 2 children, 7 house explained about the object of the survey they gav~ holds after 3 children and 14 households after 4 all information without fear. Chapter VII CONCLUSION The foregoing pages clearly show that Yela evident from party feuds during the Panchayat roanchipadu is a distinct unit by itself with refe elections. rence to physical, socio-economic, political and reli gious aspects. It is a typical village with wet culti 4. Both agriculturists as well as labourers get vation in Nellore district. The study of this village ample time during non-agricultural seasons which throws light as to how the permanent irrigational they spend by eating and drinking what they have facilities improve the economy of the inhabitants. earned during the season. This slackness may be Almost all the dry land of the village has been can. one of the reasons for indulging themselves in illicit vlhed into wet land. If the water is provided for distillation of liquor. two crops to the entire land it will increase the pro duction of food grains considerably. Now only IJ4th 5. People in the village are more individualis of land is being supplied with water'for the second tic and are developing urban effects in their out crop. All the agriculturists complained about the look. As anywhere else in this atomic world, new non-availability of water for second crop. ideas are on the move ancJ. new forces are also at 2. Consequent upon the conversion of the dry work in the rural villages of India. Hence Yela land into wet, there is not a patch of land left for manchipadu essentially a paddy growing 5illage grazing the cattle. There is much of Government needs many more studies of economic development waste land in the surrounding areaS of the village and social changes in order to test the validity of and if it is allotted to the village for grazing purpose, these customary functional relations. the inhabitants will be very much relieved in this respect. 6. While summing up it may be said that the economic conditions of the agriculturists on the 3. Good lot of change is taking place both in whole is not bad. The village being endowed with social as well as in political aspects. The villagers rich natural potentialities, it is hoped that it will though illiterate are politically conscious which is become much more prosperous in the years to come. APPENDIX TABLES The tables presented herein, except those wherein the source is mentioned, are based on the data collected in respect of 47 households:surveyed in Yelamanchipadu village. In selecting the samples care was taken to see that all the ethnic groups in the village are represented. TABLE 1 Area, Houses and Population Area ,--____J.... ____ ~ Density No. of Population Square per sq. No. of house- r------_..t_-______Year Name of village miles Hectares mj]e houses holdl! Persons Males Females (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1961 Ydamancb ipadu 1.77 459 663 273 273 1,174 580 594 Source 1961 Primary Census Abstract TABLE 2 Size and Composition of Households Total No. of ,-______Single mem..A.. ______ber ...... Two or three member~ .households ~------~------~ surveyed Households Male~ Females Households Males Females (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 47 2 1 12 15 15 -Con/d. TAB L E 2-Concld. Size and Composi tion of Households I;our to six members Seven to nine members Ten memhers & above ,.---______L ______----... ,,__------' ------~ r------_.I..______--., liouseholds l\"[ales Females Hous~bolds Males Females Households Males Females (8) (10) (11 ) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 24 62 55 6 27 20 3 18 2() t 2 ] APPENDIX TABLE 3 Households and Population by ReJigion, Sect and Caste/Tribe/Community Not belong- Religion/Com- ing to any munity /Caste/ sect or sub- Sect unspc:ci- Total No. of Tribe Sect sect fied households Persons Malea Femalc:s (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) HINDU t Chakali Vibhudidar 1 10 5 5 2 Kamma 4 1 1 i 3 Kammara Vibhudidar 1 S 2 3 4 Kummari Tirumandar 4 2 2 5 Madiga (S.C.) Vibhudidar 9 S 4 Namandar 7 3 4 6 Mala (S.C.) Tirumandar 2 6 2 4 Vibhudidar 3 9 4 S 7 Mangali 1 2 1 1 ~ Muthracha (D.T.) Tirumandar 1 6 3 3 9 Pitchiguntla (D.T.) 2 1 1 2 2 19 11 8 10 Reddy Pedakant; 2 20 10 .10 Gurati 4 24 13 11 Motati 1 4 3 1 Pakanati 1 6 4 2 11 Vaisya Namandar 1 3 - 2 12 Yadava Pooza 7 29 18 11 1 6 2 4 13 Yerukula (S T.) Vibhudidar 1 CHRISTIAN 14 Christian 1 1 6 4 2 Baptist 2 S 3 S ISLAl\f 15 Muslim Sunui 8 40 20 20 Shaik 2 7 4 3 Total 1 8 47 234 ll5 111 S C.: Scheduled Caste S.T. : Scheduled Tribe D.T. : Denotified Tribe . TABLES [ 3 J TABLE 4 Population by Caste/Tribe/Community, Age Group and Sex Age aroup (in ycar~) Total of all ~------~------~ Caste jTribc JCommuni ty Sex ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Chakali M 5 1 2 F .5 2 2 2 thri~tiaD M 7 1 2 F 7 2 1 3 Kamma M F 4 Kammara M 2 1 F 3 2 5 Kummari M 2 1 F 2 6 Madiga M 8 2 1 } }<' 8 3 1 7 Mala M 6 1 F 9 2 1 8 Mangali 1\[ F 9 Muslim M 24 3 3 2 4 2 F 23 2 3 2 3 1 10 Muthracha M 3 1 F 3 1 1 11 Pitchiguntla M 1 F 1 12 Reddy M 41 2 10 11 4 1 F 32 4 6 4 3 1 13 Vai~ya M 2 1 F 1 1 14 Yadava M 20 3 3 2 F 15 1 2 1 15 Yerukula M F 1 M 123 9 19 19 15 9 Total F III 8 12 9 12 6 -Contd. [ 4 ] APPENDIX TABLE 4-Concld., Population by Caste/Tribe/Community, Age Group and Sex Age group (in years) ~------~------~ Caste!T libel 60 & Community Sex 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 above (1) (2) (9) (10) (11 ) (12) (13) (l4) (15) (16) 1 Chakali M 1 F 2 Christian M 2 F 2 3 Kamma M 1 P 4 Kammara M 1 F 1 5 Kummari M F 1 6 Madiga M 1 1 I F 1 1 1 7 Mala M 1 1 1 I 1 F 2 2 8 .Mangali M F 1 9 Muslim 1v1 3 1 1 1 2 2 F 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 10 Muthracha M 1 F 11 Pitchiguntla M 1 F 1 12 Reddy M 3 1 4 2 1 2 F 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 13 Vaisya M 1 F 14 Yadava M 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 F 1 1 3 1 2 2 15 Yerukula 1\1 F 1 Total M 6 6 10 7 S 8 5 9 F 9 6 7 7 4 7 5 9 TABLES r 5 ] TABLE 5 Population by Age Group and Marital Status Total population Never married r------______-L ______~ r------L------~ ..Age group (in years) Persons Males Females Males Females (1) (2) (3) {4} (5) (6) 0- 4 17 9 8 9 8 5- 9 41 19 22 19 22 .10-14 28 19 9 19 9 15-19 27 15 12 13 4 20-24 15 9 6 3 25-29 15 6 9 2 30-33 12 6 6 35-39 17 10 7 I 40-44 14 7 7 45-49 9 5 4 50-54 13 6 7 55-59 8 3 5 -60 & above 18 9 9 Total Z~4 123 III 68 43 TAB L E 5-Concld. -Contd. Population by Age Group and Marital Status Married Widowed Divorced or separated ,--_____ ...l.. _____-.... ,,______...L _____~ r------_.t_------~ .Age group (in years) Males Females Males Females Males Females (I) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) {12) 0- 4 5- 9 10-14 15-19 1 20--24 15-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 1 1 45-4- 50-54 4 55-59 2 3 -60 & above 3 8 Tota.l 8 19 [6J APPENDIX TABLE:. Population by Caste/Tribe/Community,- Total ,-_____Illiterate .J.- ______.. v. ~------~------~ Age group Caste/Tribe/Community (in years) Persons Males Females Males Females. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Chakali 5-9 2 2 1 10-14 1 1 15-19 3 2 2 20-24 2 2 40-44 1 1 45-49 1 Total 10 5 5 4 4,- 2 Christian 5-9 2 1 1 10-14 3 2 2: 15-19 3 2 1 35-39 2 2 1 40-44 2 2 1 60 & above 2 1 1 I· ,Total ~4 7 7 1 ~ 3 Kamma 60 & above 1 4 Kammara 0-4 1 1 1 5-9 2 2 29-29 1 1 1. 35-39 1 1 1 Total 5 2 3 2 K 5 Kummari 5-9 1 10-14 1 15-19 1 45-49 1 Total 4 2- 2 l' 6 Nladiga 0-4 2 2 2 5-9 4 3 3; 10-14 1 1 1 20-24 2 1 1 l' 25-29 1 1 l' -Contd_ TABLES { 7 1 _Education, Age Group and Sex Literate without educational standard Primary or Junior Basic Pre-university course _-----..L ____ ~ ,------...... _-----~ ,----_-..L______.." Age group Males Females Caste/Tribe/ Males Females Males Females (in years) Community (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) ( 13) (2) (1) 5-9 CnakaJi 1 13-14 1 ]5-19 2 20-24 40-44 45-49 4 Total 1 5-9 2 Christian 1 10-14 2 15-\9 1 35-39 1 4(F.44 1 60 & above G 3 Total 60& above 3 Kamma 0-4 4 Kammari 2 5-9 29-29 35-39 2 Total 5-9 5 Kummari 1 10-14 1 15-19 45-49 2 I Total 0-4 6 Madiga 1 549 10-14 20-24 24--29 -Contd. [ 8 j APPENDIX TABLE: Population by caste/Tribe/Community ... Illiterate Total ,--______J.______--., Age group ~------~------~ Females. Caste/Tribe/Community (in years) Penom Males Females Male8 (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 6 Madiga-Confd. 30-34 1 35-39 2 1 1 50-54 1 55-59 1 60 & above 1 To'tal 16 8 8 7 8 7 Maba 0-4 1 5-9 2 2 2:- 10--14 1 1 15-19 1 1 1 20-24 1 1 - 25-29 1 1 30-34 2 2 2: 35-39 1 1 45-49 1 1 1 50-54' 2 2 2:: 55-59 1 1 60 & above 1 Total 15 6 9 6 8- 8 Mangali 30--34 1 1 35-39 1 1 Total Z 1 1 9 Mu~lim 0-4 5 3 2 3 2' 5-9 6 3 3 3 3" 10-14 4 2 2 2 2'~ 15-19 7 4 3 3 l 20--24 3 2 1 2 1 25-29 3 3 2- 30--34 4 3 1 2 1 35-39 3 1 2 2" 40-44 1 1 1 -Conta. TABLES [ 9 1 6-Conta. Education, Age Group and Sex Literate without educational standard Primary or Junior Basic Pre-university course ~- ___-L ____ ~ r------L----~ ,.------_.._-----~ Age group Males Females Caste/Tribe/ Males Females Males Females (in years) Community (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (2) (1) 30-34 6 Madiga 25-39 50-54 55-59 60 & above 1 Total 0-4 7 Mala 5-9 1 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 & above Total 30-34 8 Mangali 1 35-39 . Total 0-4 9 Muslim 5-9 10-14 1 15-19 20-24 1 25-29 1 30-34 1 35-39 40-44 -Co/(td. PO] APPENDIX TABLE Population by Caste/Tribe/Community, Total ,---____Illiterate...L _____ ---." Age group ~--~-----~------~ Males Females Caste/Tribe/Community (in years) Persons Males Females (6) (7) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2 1 2 9 Mmlim-Contd .• 45-49 3 50-54 3 2 1 2 I 2 55-59 2 2 1 60 & above 3 2 1 2 22 Total 47 24 23 21 1 10 Muthracha 0-4 1 1 5-9 2 I 1 1 10-14 I 1 1 25-29 1 1 35-39 I I 1 3 Total 6 3 3 3 11 Pitchiguntla 25-29 I 1 40-44 1 Total 2- , I 1 1 4 12 Reddy 0-4 6 2 4 2 4 5-9 16 10 6 1 10-14 1 11 4 1 3 15-19 7 4 3 2 20-24 2 1 1 1 25-29 4 3 1 1 30-34 3 I 2 2 35-39 5 4 1 3 40-44 5 2 3 3 45-49 2 1 1 1 50-54 4 2 2 2 55-59 1 1 1 3 60 " above 3 3 Total 73 41 32 10 2& 13 Vaisya 20-24 2 1 1 60 & above 1 1 Total 3 2 f. -Con/d., TABLES [It ] (J-Contd. Education, A~e Group and Sex: Literate without educational standard rimaryor J uilior Basic Pre-university course ,-_____,..J,.. ____-. ,-____-L ____ ---..,. ,------_;_---~ Age group Caste/Tribe/ Males Females Males Females Males Females (in years) Community (8) (9) (10) ( 11) (12) (13) (2) (1) 45-49 9 Muslim-C"ntd. 50-54 55-59 60 & above 3 I Total 0-4 10 Muthracha 5-9 10-14 25-29 35-39 Total 25-29 11 Pitchigun tla 40-44 Total 0-4 12 Reddy 9 2 5-9 10 1 10-14 4 1 15-19 1 20-24 3 25-29 30-34 1 1 35-39 1 40-44 45-49 2 50-54 55-59 60 & above 1 I 50 5 Total 1 J 20-24 13 Vaisya 60 & above : I Total] -Contd. [ 12] APPENDIX T.A B L E Population by Caste/Tribe/Community, Total Illiterate Age group ~------~------~ ,------...)._-----~ Caste/Tribe/Community (in years) Persons Males Females Malel FemalelO ( 1) (2) q) (4) (5) (6) (7) 14 Yadava {}-4 1 5-9 4 3 ... 10-14 1 J5-J9 5 3 2 2 20-24 3 2 1 1 25-29 3 2 1 1 30-34 1 1 35-39 1 1 1 40-44 4 1 3 1 3 45-49 1 1 50-54 3 2 1 2 55-59 3 1 2 1 2 60 Ill: above 5 3 2 2 2 Total 35 20 15 10 12 15 Yerukula 60 Ill: above 1 1 Garnd Total 234 123 III 63 91. TABLES [ 13] <6-Co'Mld. Education, Age Group and Sex Literate without educational standared Primary or Junior Basic Pre-university course .___-----...... 1------. r------"------., ,------'------., Age group Caste/Tribe! Males Females Males Females Males Females (in years) Community (8) (9) (10) ( 11) (12) (13) (2) (1) 0-4 14 Yadava 3 1 5-9 1 10-14 1 15-19 1 20-24 1 1 25-29 1 30-34 35-39 40-44 45--49 50-54 55-59 1 60 above 2 7 :J 1 Total 60 & above 15 Yerukula 3 1 56 18 1 Gralld Total [ 14 J APPENDIX TABLE 7 Population by Age Group, Sex and Education Literate without Primary or Junior Pre-university Total Illiterate Educational Standard Basic Course Age group ..-_....:... ____....L ______~ "-- ____ _J._ ____ -..,, ,.-____-L ____~ r-----_.L-----_ r-----...).._----~ (in years) Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (to) (11) (12) 0- 4 17 9 8 9 8 5- 9 41 19 22 5 14 14 8 10-14 28 19 9 5 7 14 2 15-19 27 15 12 4 10 10 2 1 20-24 15 9 6 5 3 3 3 25-29 15 6 9 2 7 4 2 30-34 12 6 6 6 3 35-39 17 10 7 7 5 3 1 40-44 14 7 7 5 7 1 1 45-49 9 5 4 5 50-54 13 6 7 4 7 2 55-59 8 3 5 3 5 60 & above 18 9 9 6 9 1 2 Total 234 123 III 63 92 3 I 56 18 I TABLES { 15] TABLE 8 Household Heads by Caste/Tribe/Community, Age Group, Sex and Literacy Tatal III iterate Literate r------L______---." Age Group r-----...J._ ___~ - ----_.I._----~ 1 Chakali 45-49 1 1 1 Christian 2 40-44 2 2 1 1 60 & above 1 1 1 3 Kamma 60 & above 1 1 1 -4 Kammara 35-39 1 1 5 Kummari 45-49 1 1 I 6 Madiga 35-39 I 1 1 55-59 1 1 1 7 Mala 25-29 1 1 1 35-39 1 1 1 45-49 1 1 1 55-59 1 1 1 60&abave 1 1 1 8 Mangali 35-39 1 1 1 '9 Muslim 30-34 3 3 2 1 35-39 1 1 1 40-44 1 1 1 45-49 1 1 1 50-54 2 2 2 60& above 2 2 2 10 Muthracha 35-39 1 1 11 Pitchiguntla 40-44 1 1 1 12 Reddy 25-29 2 2 2 35-39 3 3 2 1 40-44 2 2 1 1 45-49 1 1 1 50-54 2 2 2 13 Vaisya 60& above 1 1 1 14 Yadava 25-29 1 1 1 30-34 1 1 1 40-44 1 1 1 45-49 1 1 1 50-54 1 1 1 60 & above 3 3 2 1 15 Yerukula 608< above 1 1 1 Total 47 45 :I 30 2 ,(5 [ 16] APPENDIX TABLE 9 Deaths by CastejTribe/Commullity, Marital Status, Sex and Age Group during last Five Years, 1959 to 1964 Number of Males Caste/Tribe/ Martial ~------~------~ Community Status 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-404 45-49 50-54.~ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 1 Muslim Never :Married 2 Muthracha Never Married 1 3 Reddy Married Total 2 I TAB L E 10 Death s by Caste/Tribe/CommuDity, Causes, Sex and Age Group dur~ng last Five Years, 1959 to 1964 Number of Males Caste/Tribe/ Cause of r------~------~------. Community Death 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (1I) (12) (13) 1 Muslim Fever 2 Muthracha Liver Complaint 3 Reddy Liver Complaint Total 2 1 TABLE 11 Livelihood Classes Total No. of persons Occupied houses enumeraud including Inmates of ,------..).._---- - inmates of institutions & institutions and No. of houseless persons hOllseless persons Literates Location Code No. Area in No. of house- r---___.J..... _____ ---., r---_..J------., r--_-L_-...... , and Dame of village sq. miles houses holds p M F M F M F (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (8) (9) (10) (II}, 1951 CENSUS * 31 Yelamanchipadu 1.91 146 179 740 375 365 34 3 1965 SUR V E Y 34 Ye1amanchipadu 1.77 47 47 234 123 111 60 19· P: Persons M: Males F: Females -Conti. TABLES [ 17 ) TAB L E ll-Contd., Livelihood Classes Agricultural classes ~ ------_)..__------,.. I-Cultivators of land II-Cultivators of land III-Cultivating IV-Non-cultivating wholly or mainly wholly or mainly labourers and their owners of "land, agn- owned and their unowned and their dependants cultural rent receivers dependants dependants and their dependants ,-_____ ...... __t... ____ --... Location Code No. and r------..J...... -----...., ~----.J._-_-_~ ,..------"-----~ name of village M F M F M F M F (1) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) 1951 C ENS U S*-Contd., 31 Yelamanchipadu 137 144 4 2 129 III 1965 SUR V E Y-ContJ.., 34 Yelamanchipadu 73 63 5 2 Contd. TAB L E ll-Concld., Livelihood Classes Non-agricultural clas,es ,-______. ______.-L ______--... Persons (including dependants) who derive their principal means of livelihood from ,------"------"'\ V-Production other than VIII-Other services and cultivation V r-Commerce VII-Transport miscellaneous sources ,-_____-"-- _____ ---.,., ,..--- ____ _.r.______~ ,--____.....L ____-, Location Code No. and r------I------~ nam€: of village M F M F M F M F (1 ) (20) (21 ) (2~) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27} 1951 C ENS U S-Concld. 31 Yelamanchipadu 63 58 6 6 36 44 1965 SUR V E Y-Concld. 34 Yelamanchipadu 7 7 2 1 35 31 * SOURCE: 1951 District Census Hanabook, Nellore P: Penons M: Males F: Females I 18 ] APPENDIX TAB L E 12 1961 Primary Census Abstract Occupied residential Total No. of persons houses enumerated (including Houselen Area of ,------"------.., inmates of institutions Scheduled Scheduled popula- Location village No. of and houseless persons) Castes Tribes tion ,--__ ..A._~ Code Name of (In Sq. No. of house- r------_)._-----~ r---_).__--~ r---L-~ Number village miles) houses bolds P M F M F M .F M F (1 ) (2 ) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Ye!a- manchi- 34 padu 1.77 273 273 1,174 580 594 97 106 6 Contd. TAB L E 12-Con fd., 1961 Primary Census Abstract WORKERS ,------_).__------~III In mining, quarry ing, livestock forestry, fishing, II hunting and plan IV Literates & I. As agri- tations, orchards At hom! Institutiona I educated Total As c:ultiva- cultural and allied hold Location population industry persons workers tor labourer ,.-___activities.J,_ ___ ~ ,---__ J._ __ -.." Code Name of r---...J,_----, ,.-- __ -L-_----.. r---..J.,_----._. r---_.r.__--.., r---_.\_-- -- Number v Wage M F M F M F M F M F M F M F ( 1) (2) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) Yela- manchi 34 padu 129 33 389 310 238 172 74 112 47 6 Contd. TAB L E 12-Concld. 1961 Primary Census Abstract ~ ______------______WORKERS A ______~ V In manufactu- VIII ring other than VII In transport, IX X household VI In trade & storage and In other Non- Location industry I n construction commerce communicati.ons services work:ers ,--___.L __ ~ ~ r------L __~ ,----_J.___ Code Name of r----~--~ r------'---~ ,..----L---"'l Number village M P M F M F M F M F M F (I) (2) (29) (30) (31) (32) (3 (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) Yeb- manchi- 34 padu 11 2 5 1 16 15 191 284 P: Persons M: Males F: Females TABLES [19 J TABLE 13 Workers and Non-workers by Age Group and Sex Total Total workers Total Non-workers r-- ______....A.... ______---, ,..-______.L ______~ Age group ~------~------~ (In yars.) Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (1 } (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 0-4 17 9 8 17 9 8 5-9 41 19 22 41 19 22 10--14 28 19 9 4 4 24 15 9 15-19 21 15 12 15 11 4 12 4 8 20--24 15 9 6 13 9 4 2 2 25-29 15 6 9 11 6 5 4 4 30--34 12 6 6 9. 6 3 3 3 35-39 17 10 7 15 10 5 2 2 40--44 14 7 7 11 7 4 3 3 45-49 9 5 4 8 5 3 50-54 13 6 7 10 6 4 3 3 55-59 8 3 5 2 6 2 4 <>0 and above 18 9 9 9 9 9 9 Total 236 123 111 101 74 33 127 49 78 .[ 201 APPENDIX TABLE 14 Workes by Occupation, Age Group and Sex Occupation ~------~------~ Agricultural Total Contractor Trader (kirana) Cultivator labourer Cobbler r- ___ _.L __ --.. ,...-- ___-l... __ --, Age group (in __ ---_.L_---..., r----_.L-----.. __ ---_.L--~ r-----I._----... years) P M F M F M F M F M F M F (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) ( 13) (14) 0-4 5-9 10-14 4 4 3 15-19 15 11 4 5 2 20-24 13 9 4 3 1 25-29 11 6 5 5 2 1 30-34 9 6 3 1 1 2 35-39 15 10 5 5 1 1 40-44 11 7 4 6 3 45-49 8 5 3 3 2 50--54 10 6 4 4 1 1 55-59 2 1 1 1 1 -60 & above 9 9 5 Total 107 74 3:3 2 1 40 IS 3 3 I -Contd. TABLE 14-Concld. Workers by Occu pation, Age Group and Sex Occupation ~------~------~ Blacksmith Stone cutter Casual labourer Barber Washer man Beggar ,-___ _J.._ __--, ,-___..J.._ __ -..... ,--- ___J--_-..... Age group (in r----_A_--~ ----...)._----, r----...;._--__ years) M F M F M F M F M F M F (1 ) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) 0-4 5-9 10-14 I 15-19 3 1 1 2 20-24 1 2 2 2 25-29 1 2 30-34 2 2 1 35-39 1 1 1 3 1 40-44 1 45-49 1 1 1 50-54 2 2 55-59 60 & above 1 Total I 11 9 11 1 4 S , P: Persons M: Males F: Females TABLES [21 ] TAB L E 15 Workers engaged in Industry, Business and CuJUvation belonging to the Household by Age Group and Sex Working in industry belonging to Working in business belonging to Total the household the household ~ ______..t______--... :'\ge group ~------~------~ ~------~------~ (in years) Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 0- 4 5- 9 10-14 4 4 15-19 . 15 11 4 3 3 20-24 13 9 4 1 1 2 1 25-29 11 6 5 30-34 9 6 3 2 2 35-39 15 10 5 2 2 40-44 11 7 4 1 1 45-49 8 5 3 1 1 50-54 10 6 4 4 2 2 55-59 2 1 1 1 1 .:50 & above 9 9 Total 107 74 33 15 13 2 3 2- I Contd. TABLE 15-Concld. Workers engaged in Industry, Business alid Cultivation belonging to the Household by Age Group and Sex Working in cultivation belonging to the household Other services ~------~------... r------...)._------_,. Age group (in years) Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (I) (11) (12) (13) (14) (IS) (16) 0-4 5-9 10-14 3 3 1 1 15-19 7 5 2 5 3 2 20-24 4 3 1 6 4 2 25-29 7 5 2 4 1 3 30-34 3 I 2 4 3 1 35-39 (5 5 1 7 3 4 40-44 l) 6 3 I 1 45-49 5 3 2 2 1 1 50-54 5 4 1 3 3 55-59 1 1 -(;0 & above 5 5 3 3 Total ~5 40 15 36 19 17 [22 ] APPENDIX TABLE 16 Non-workers by Age Group and Nature of Activity Persons engaged in house- Full time students & Total No. of non-workers hold duties only children attending school Dependants ,.-_____ .A _____ --., r--____..J.______--._ ,.-_____ -.L ______Age group (in r------'------..., years) Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females~ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 0-4 17 9 8 17 9 8 5-9 41 19 22 1 21 13 8 19 6 13 10-14 24 15 9 5 5 14 12 2 5 3 2 15-19 12 4 8 6 6 5 4 1 1 1 20-24 2 2 2 2 25-29 4 4 4 4 30-34 3 3 3 3 35-39 2 2 1 1 40-44 3 3 3 3 45-49 1 50-54 3 3 3 3 55-59 6 2· 4 6 2 4- 60 & above 9 9 1 1 8 g Total 127 49 '18 30 30 40 29 11 57 70 57 TAB L E 17 House holds engaged in Cultivation, Industry or Business belonging to the Household Households engaged Total No. of ~------~------~ households In cultivation run In industry run by In business run by Households not running cultivation, by the household the household the household ind ustry or business (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) 47 27 2 1 17 TABLES [23] TAB L E 18 Traditional Occupation by Households Traditional Oc.cupation Number of households (1) (2) 1 Trader (Kirana) "2 Cultivator 26 3 Goatrearer 1 -4 Cobbler 5 Goldsmith 6 Stone cutter 7 7 Potter 1 8 Basket weaver 1 9 Casual labourer 6 10 Barber' 1 11 Washerman 1 Total 47 TABLE 19 Place of Occupation ~ ______Number of A workers______working at ~ Yelamanchlpadu Reddipalem Siddareddipalem Turimela (2 miles) Occupation ,-----..)._-----~ ,..-~--....).._----.... -----"----~ ,..------"------,. Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7). (8) (9) 1 Contractor 1 2 Trader (Kirana) 1 l 3 Cultivator 37 13 2 2 1 4 Agricultural labourer 3 3 5 Cobbler 1 6 Blacksmith 1 7 Stone cutter 11 g Casual labourer 8 10 1 1 9 Barber 1 10 Washerman 4 3 11 Beggar 1 Total (,7 Zg 5 ;5 I I I [ 241 APPENDIX TAB L E 20 Occupational Mobility, Cause of Change and Contentment during 1959-60 by Caste / Tribe I Community Number of homeholds changing traditional occupation No. of informants ,.-______-L ______Number of who are not content Caste/Tribel From traditional households To contemporary Forced by with present Community occupation changing over main occupation Voluntarily circumstances occUflation (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Christian Casual labourer Cultivator 1 2 Kammara Goldsmith 1 Blacksmith 1 3 Kummari Potter 1 Cultivator 1 Casual labourer 1 Beggar 1 1 4 Mala Cultivator 1 Agricultural labourer 1 1 Casual labourer 1 Cultivator 1 Stone cutter 1 Casual la bourer 1 5 Muslim Cultivator 1 Stone cutter 1 Cultivator 1 Beggar 1 6 Pitchiguntla Goat rearer 1 Cultivator 7 Yerukula Basket weaver 1 Beggar 1 TABLE 21 Occupational Mobility - Nature of Aspiration Number of persons who want their sons to be ~------~----~------~ In the Number of same Persous who- persons in occupa- Govern- could not the occupa- tion as in ment Cultiva- 'Casual specify any Occupation tion Col. (1) Engineer service Doctor tor labourer thing (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 Trader (Kiral1a) 1 1 2 Cultivator 27 8 3 10 1 5 3 Agricultural labourer 1 1 4 Cobbler 5 Blacksmith 6 Stone cutter 7 2 2 3' 7 Casual labourer 4 2 8 Barbtr 1 9 Washerman] , 1 10 Beggar 3 1 Z Tota,l 47 13 4 i5 I 2 I 11 TABLES [25 ) TABLE 22 Distribution of Households by Main Occupation and Caste/Tribe/Community Caste/Tribe/Community ~------~------~ Number of Chris- Kamma- Kum- Main occupation households Chakali tian Kamma ra mari :Madiga Mala (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Trader (Kirana) 1 2 Cultivator 27 2 1 2 3 Agricul tural labourer 1 4 Cobbler Blacksmith 1 1 6 Stone cutter 7 7 Casual labourer 4 } 8 Barber 1 9 Washerman 10 Beggar 3 1 Total 47 1 3 I 1 1 2 S. -Contd. TABLE 22-Concld. Distribution of Households by Main Occupation and Caste/Tribe/Community Caste {Tribe /Community ~------~------~------~ Ma in occupation Mangali Muslim Muthracha Pitchiguntla Reddi Vaisya Yadava Yerukul3 (I) (10) (11) ( 12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS Trader: (Kiralla) 2 Cultivator: 10 8 3 Agricultural labourer 4 Cobbler 5 Blacksmith 6 Stone cutter 7 7 Casual labourer 8 Barber 9 Washet"man te Beggar . \ .. , Total I JO 1 J JO 1 8 • r 26] APPENDIX TAB L E 23 Combination of Occupations Subsidiary occupation group Total No. of ~------~------Main occupation households Cultivator Casual labourer Petty businessman Cobbler Agricultural labourer (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) N U M BE. R OF H 0 USE H 0 L D S 1 Trader (Kirana) 1 2 Cultivator 27 2 1 .5 3 Agricultural labourer 1 4 Cobbler 1 1 5 Blacksmith 1 6 Stone cutter 7 5 1 7 Casual labourer 4 1 8 Barber 1 9 Washerman 1 10 Beggar 3 Total 47 7 2 1 I 6 TAB L E 24 Maio Occupation, per capita Annual Household Income and Family Type Per capIta annual household income ranges (in rupees) ~------~------~ 101-200 201-300 301-500 501 & above r------L-----..., ,-____ _A... ____~ ------'------\ r-----_l._------.... Main Occupation S I J 0 S I J 6 S I J 0 S I J o Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Trader (Kirana) 1 2 Cultivator 3 4 3 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 3 27 3 Agricultural labourer 1 4 Cobbler 1 5 Blacksmith <) Stone cutter 2 2 2 1 7 7 Casual labourer 1 2 4 1l Barber 1 1 9 Washerman 1 10 Beggar Total 8 9 7 I 1 5 3 1 1 3 45 N. B.: Income particulars are not available for two households. S: Simple family (husband. wife and unmarried children) I: Intermediate family (m:1rried couple and unmuried brother /sister and one of the parents) J: Joint family (muried couple with married sons/dauq,hters or with married brothers/sisters) 0: Other family types. TABLES [27} TA B L E 25 Effec t of Land Reforms by Caste/Tribe/Community and Households Caste/Tribe/Community Brief indication of the manner ~------~------of benefit or effect ChakaJi Christian Kamma Kammara Kummari Madiga Mala Mangali (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS AboJiticn of Zamindary 2 Tenancy legislation 3 Land ceiling legislation 4 Land reclamation and deve lopment scheme 5 Land assignment 6 Assignment or acquisition 3 1 1 2 5 I of house sites (owned) 7 Inams abolition -Contd. TAB L E 25-Concld. Effect of Land Reforms by Caste/Tribe/Community Caste / Tribe/Community r------"------.. Brief indication of the manner Muth- Pitchi- of benefit or effect Muslim racha guntlil Reddi Vaisya Yadava Yerukula Total (1) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Abolition of Zamindary 2 Tenancy legislation 3 Land ceiling legislation 4 Land reclamation and deve- lopment scheme 5 Land assignment 6 Assignment or acquisition of house sites (owned) 10 10 1 8 1 47 7 Inams abolition r 28] APPENDIX TABLE 26 Livestock Statistics by Caste/Tribe/Community Milch cattle Draught cattle Goat/Sheep Pig Poultry ~ ~ ,-___-L ___ ,.-___-L ___ r-----L ___ """'""""\ r-----L---, ,.----...... _----, No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of houle- house- house- house- bouse- Caste / Tribel holds Total holds Total holds Total. holds Total holds Total Community owning number owning number owning number owning :D. ••ber owning number (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) NUMBER OF HOUSIIHO LDS 1 Chakali 2 2 '2 Christiaa 2 4 1 2 3 Kamma 1 2 ~ Kammara 1 1 2 !5 Madiga 2 6 Mala 2 7 2 4 4 6 7 Mangali 1 2 S Muslim 5 9 2 3 3 4 9 Muthracha 2 iO Pitchigulltla 1 2() 11 Reddi 9 66 9 26 4 35 12 Yadava 7 78 6 26 2 130 Total 27 168 24 69 2 130 20 14 51 TA B L E 27 Traditional Industry by Households Traditional Industry Number of households (1) (2) Goldsmithy 1 Pottery 1 Basketry 1 Cobblery 1 Total 4 TABLES [29] TAB L E 28 Material Culture-Possession of Beddin~ Material and Furniture by CastefTribe/Community and Households ______Bedding L ______material ~ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) NUM BER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Chakali 1 1 1 1 2 Chnstian 3 3 3 3 3 Kamma 1 1 I 1 4 Kammara 1 1 1 1 5 Kummari 1 1 1 1 6 Madiga 2 1 1 7 Mala 5 4 8 Mangali 1 1 9 Muslim 10 ~ 1 2 3 6 10 Muthracha 1 1 1 11 l'itchiguntla 1 1 12 Reddi 10 4 :1 2 2 8 1 2 13 Vaisya 1 1 1 14 Yadava 8 1 1 4 6 7 2 5 15 Yerukula 1 Total 41 5 12 7 19 27 10- 19 -Contll. TABLE 28-Concld. Material Culture-Possession of Beddin~ Material and Furniture by Caste/Tribe/Community and Households ,-______Bedding ...J...______material ~ Bhosha- Gada- Wall- 'Caste/Tribe/Community Chair Table Mirror nam Iftllllchi Bench Stool shelf (1\ (10) (11) ( 12) (13) (14) (IS) (16) (17) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Chakal; 1 1 2 Christian 2 1 2 3 Kamma .. Kammara 1 1 1 5 Kummari 1 1 '6 Madiga ., Mala 4 4 4 8 Mangali 1 '9 Muslim 8 1 10 Muthracha 1 11 Pitchiguntla 1 12 Reddi 2 9 4 1 1 1 13 Vaisya 1 14 Yadava 5 1 8 4 1 1 1 -IS Yerukula Total 8 3 38 16 2 5 8 • [30 ]. APPENDIX TAB L E 29 Material Culture-Possession and U~e of Consumer Goods and Services by Caste/Tribe/Community and Households Particulars Chakali Christian Kamma Kam- Kummari Madiga Mala Mangali mara (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS I Fuel & lighting Firewood 1 3 1 1 1 2 5 1 Kerosene buddi 1 3 1 1 2 4 1 Lantern 1 2 1 1 1 II Utensils Aluminium 3 1 2 5 1 10· Earthen 3 1 1 2 5 1 Bell metal 1 1 1 2 4 Crockery Sta inless steel III Other consumer goods and services Hurricane lantern 1 1 Torchlight Bicycle Radio set Toilet soap 2 2 Washing soap 1 Clothes sent to wilsherman 2 1 2 4 1 Having barber service 1 1 -Contd. TABLE 29-Concld. Materia] Culture-Possesion and Use of Consumer Goods and Services by Caste/Tribe/Community and Households Muth- Pitch i- Particulars Muslim racha guntla Reddy Vaisya Yadava Yerukui£1. (1 ) (10) (11) , (12) (13) (14) (I5) (16) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Fuel & lighting Firewood 10 J 10 8 Kerosene buddi 10 1 10 8 1 Lantern 4 6 5 1I Utensils Aluminium 1 9 1 8 Earthen 10 I 10 1 8 1 Bell metal 4 1 10 1 8 Crockery 1 Stainless steel 5 6 III Other c(Jnslim~r g(J(Jds and services Hurricane lantern 4 7 6 Torchlight 6 4 Bicycle 1 Radio set 1 Toilet soap 5 6 7 Washing wap 1 Clothes sent to washcrman ]0 1 10 1 8 Having barber service 10 1 10 1 8 TABLES [31 J TAB L E 30 Material Cultut'e-Furniture and Consumer Goods acquired In last Five Years (1960 to 1965) by Caste and Households Number of households which have aequired in last five years ~------~------~ Hurricane Caste Chair Table Torch light lantern Radio Bicycle (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Chakali 2 Reddy 2 3 Yadava 1 Tot I 3 1 I TABLE 31 Budgetary Position of Villagers by Main Occupation No. of No. of households households No. of No. of with surplus Amount of with balan- Main Occupation households persons Income Expenditure budget surplus ced budget ( \) (2) (3) (-\) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Trader (Kirana) 3 54000 630.00 2 Cultivator 27 143 70,859.00 88,590.65 4 3,089.00 3 Agricultural labourer 2 320,.,00 782.00 4 Cobbler 1 9 1,740.00 :2,008.00 5 Blacksmith 1 5 925.00 1,245.00 6 Stone cutter 7 33 6,379.00 8,669.50 7 Casual labourer. 4 16 2,850.00 3,107.00 1 800 8 Barber 1 2 400.00 442.00 9 Washerman 1 10 1,480.00 1,482.00 10 Beggar 7 1,305.00 2,309.00 "Total 45 230 86,698.50 109,285.15 5 3,097.00 -Contd. [32 J APPENDIX TABLE 31-Concld. Budgetary Position of Villagers by Main Occupation No. of Occupational households Sale value of Purchase value Occupational household ave- with deficit Amount of assets during of assets during household ave- rage expen- Main Occupation budget deficit current year current year rage income diture (1) (9) (10) (11 ) (12) (13) (14) 1 Trader (Kirana) 1 90.00 540.0 63000 2 Cultivator 23 20,820.65 7,330.00 31,580.00 2,624.41 3,281.14 3 Agricultural labourer 1 462.00 320.00 782.00 4 Cobbler 268.00 2,740.00 2,00800 5 Blacksmith 1 320.00 160.00 925.00 1,245 00 6 Stone cutter 7 ,290.00 2,000.00 1,320.00 911.3.6 1,238 50, 7 Casual labourer 3 365.00 687.50 776 75- 8 Barber 1 42.00 400.00 442.00 9 Washerman 1 2.00 1,800.00 4,900.00 1,480.00 1,482.00 10 Beggar 1 1,004.00 3,000.00 1,305.00 2,3090().o Total 40 25,663.65 14,290.00 37,800.00 Note: Two households engaged in begging have not reported their income and other particulars. TAB L E 32 Annual Expenditure on Education by Caste/Community and Households Households spending annually (in Rs.) ~------~------~ Caste/Community Below 25 25-50 51-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-(iOO 601-700,. (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Chakali 2 Christian 3 Karnmara 4 Reddi 3 1 1 1 1 5 Yadava 1 1 Total 6 , 2 I 2: TABLES [33 ] TABLE 33 Indebtednes8 by Annual Household Income aDd Households No. of households in debt and total amount of debt ,,--______-L ______-... Average ind~bt~d. Total No. of No. of P~rc~ntage of Col. ness per housebold Annual income group hOllseholds households Total debt (3) to Col. (2) in debt (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Rs. Rs. 300 & below 301-600 7 4 2,200 57.14 550.00 601-900 14 12 7,190 85.71 599.17 901-12QO 5 4 4,200 80.00 1,050.00 1,201 & above 19 16 82,400 84.21 5,150.00 Total 45 36 ' 95,990 80.00 %,666.390 Note: Two households ,have not reported their income particulars TAB L E 34 Indebtedness by Cause, Amount and Households Indebtedness by cause of d~bt ~------~------~ Numb~r of hous~holds P~rcentage to th~ total Cause Amount of debt in d~bt amount of d~bt (1) (2) (3) (4) Rs. I Purchase of land 72,700 15 75.74 2 House construction 800 3 0.83 3 Marriages 7,800 7 8.13 4 To clear outstanding debts 4,200 3 4.38 5 Sickness 300 1 0.31 6 Ordinary wants 6,190 12 6.45 V Household cultivation 3,700 3 3.85 8 To purchase livestock 300 0.31 Total 95,990 4:5 100.OG [ 34] APPENDIX TABLE 35 Number of Money Lenders and Debtors by Caste/Tribe/CommuDity ,,--______MoneyL lenders_____ -, Debtors ,------_-....&-._-----~ Amount Caste/Tribe/Community Period Number Amount lent Number borrowed (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Chakali 1964-65 1 1,200 2 Christian 1961-62 2 900 3 Kammara 1964-65 1 300 .. ltummari 1964-65 1 1,000 5 Madiga 1964-65 2 440 6 Mala Prior to' 1951 1 ~ 2,500 7 Mangali 1962-63 1 300 8 Muslim 1960-61 1 500 1961-62 .~ . 4 1,900 1962-63 2 2,100 1963-64 1 400 1964-65 4 900 9 Muthracha 1963-64 1 1,000 10 Pitchiguntla 1958-59 1 700 11 Reddy 1950-51 2 7,500 1951-60 1 7,000 1960-61 1 1,700 1962-63 3 3,500 1963-64 2 2,800 1964-65 1,000 2 3,500 12 Yadava 1959-60 2 4,400 1962-63 .. 4 35,800 1964-65 1 5,000 7 15,300 Tota.l 2 6,000 49 95,990 TABLES [35 J TABLE 36 Credit Agency and Rate of Interest by Number of Households and Amount RATE OF INTEREST ------~------~ ____Interest-L ___free ---._ 4-6% ..--___7-8%L ___ --.., ,-___9-12%...L ___ ..._.. 30% r-----L---~ ,-----_.I.._-----... No of No of No of No. of No. of house- house- house- house- home- Agency holds Amount holds Amount holds Amount holds Amount holds Amount (1 ) (2) (3) (4) .. (5) (6) (7) (8) . (9) (10) (11) Prior to 1951 Private money lender 1 200 1951-61 Private money lender 2 7,500 1955-65 Private money lender 1 7,000 1958-59 Private money lender 1 700 1959-60 Private money lender 2 4,400 ... 1960-61 Private money lender 2 2,200 1961-62 Private money lender 400 50 3 1,200 Co-operative society 70 1962-63 Private money lender 10 41,700 1963-64 Priva (e money lender 5 4,350 1964-65 Private-money lender 1 100 300 15 24,200 1 40 Land_Mortgage Bank: 1 500 Total 1 100 3 1,100 3 1,500 41 93,250 1 41} [36 ] APPENDIX TAB L E 37 Sale and Purchase Value of Assets during la~t Thirty Years, 1935-6\1: and 1964-65 ,--______Sale value...J.______of assets ~ ,..-______Purchase --A.. value) ______f assets -._.. During 29 years During current year During 29 years During current year (1935-64) (1964-65) (1935-64) (1964-65) ,...-____..,J._ ___~ ,-____-L ___ --.. ,--___...l.. __---,. ,------~----~ No. of No. of No. of No. of Ilouse- house- house- house- Particlllars holds Amount holds Amount holds Amount holds Amount (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Rs. Rs. RI. Rs. 1 Land 14 41.600 4 9,800 22 156,330 6 28,200 2 Livestock 3 850 1 360 4 630 3 610 3 Tools and equipment 1 30 4 608 4 Buildings etc. 2 2,050 12 3,610 1 270 Total 20 44,530 5 10,160 42 161,178 10 29,080 TABLE 38 Capital Formation -by Caste/Tribe/Community and Households Chakali Christian Kamma Kammari Kummari NIadiga ,--___,....x_ __~ r-----L--~ ,---"')"_---.... r----_.I._--~ r---_'_--~ r---_"_--~ Value Value Value Value Value Value of of of of of of capital No. of capital No. of capital No. of capital No. of capihl No. of c~pital No. of Particulars of forma- house- forma- house- forma- house- forma- house- forma- house- forma- house- ~apital formation tion holds tio. holds tion holds tion holds tion holds tion holds (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. I Land 4,900 1 5,430 3 4,000 1 1,000 1 2 Livestock 120 1 3 Tools and equipment 4 Buildings 270 1 300 1 200 1 Total 5,170 2 5,730 4 4,000 1 200 1 1,000 1 120 1 - Contd. TABLES (37 ] TABLE 3S-Concla. Capital Formation by Caste/Tribe/Community and Households Mala NIangali Muslim Muthracha Reddy Yadava ,--__-L __ ~ ,-___...J- __ ...... r----L ______,------L--""""""I r----..A..--, r--_...J... __...... , Value Value Value Value Value Value of of of of of of capital No. of capital No. of capital No. of capital No. of capital No. of capital No. of PaTticulars of forma- house- ~forma- house- forma .. house. forma- house- forma- house· forma· house- -capital formation tion holds tion holds tion holds tion holds tion holds tion holds (I) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) Rs' Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 1 Land 9,400 2 1,900 2 8,000 1 104,600 10 45,300 S 2 Livestock 320 1 100 1 700 3 3 Tools and equipment 300 1 8 1 100 1 200 1 4 Buildings 1,000 2 400 1 200 1 910 5 Total 10,400 4 300 1 2,628 6 8,400 4: 106,410 19 45,300 5 TAB L E 39 Prosperity Index During the last Ten Years (1954-55 to 1965) '1 Number of households which have cleared debts which existed prior to 10 years from the income of the household 5 2 Total extent of debts cleared under item (I) by all the households together Rs.2,53& :3 No. of households which have, during the last 10 years - (a) acquired any property and I or 24 (b) made any savings in cash and I or • • (c) invested capital in any new undertaking or building except where it is wholly from any debt incurred for the purpose and / or for the proceeds of any sale or property 11 -4 The approximate total money value of item, 3 (a) to 3 (c) of all the households together deducting the portion covered by debts and I or the proceeds of the sale of any property Rs.154,148 [ 38] APPE:r. TABLE 40 Caste/Tribe/Community and Nature of Family Types of families living in the households Total number of r------L------...... Caste/Tribe {Community households Simple Intermediate Joint Others (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Chakali 1 1 2 Christian 3 2 1 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 1 5 Kummari 6 Madiga 2 1 7 Mala 5 3 2 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 10 6 2 10 Muthracha 2. 11 Pitchiguntla 12 Reddy 10 4 2 4 13 Vaisya 1 14 Yadava 8 3 :2 3 15 Yerukala Total 47 21 8 18. Simple family consists of husband, wife and unmarri4:d children, if any Intermediate family consists of married couple and unmarried brother I sister and one of the parents Joint family consists of married couple with married sons / daughters or with married brothers I sisters Other type of families consist of families which are not mentioned above TABLE 41 Mother Tongue and other Languages Spoken Language Total Males Females. (1) (2) (3) (4) I Mother Tongue 1 Telugu 187 99 88 2 Urdu 47 24 23 Total 234. 123 111. II Other Languages Spoken 1 Telugu 47 24 23· 2 Urdu 1 1 3 English I 4 Yerukula 1 Total 50 26 24c TABLES [39] TAB L E 41 Association of Deity/Special Object of Worship by Caste/Tribe and Elouseholds Deity/Speeial object of worship ~------~------~ Caste/Tribe Lord Siva Lord Vishnu Village Deities (1) (2) (3) (4) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS 1 Chakali a Kammari 1 3 Kummari 1 " Mala 3 1 S Mangali 1 6 Muthracha 1 7 Pitchiguntla 1 8 Reddy 10 9 Yadava 6 -1 Tota.l 1 23 3 TABLB 43 Cultural Life of the Village ~ ______No. of persons participating ~L ______in/associating with ~ Purana, Harikatha Caste/Tribe! Bhajana & Burrakatha Reading Listening Community Mandali Kalakshepam newspaper to Radio (1) (2) (3) ( 4) (5) 1 Chakali 1 1 "2 Christian 3 2 3 Kamma i 4 Kammari 1 :S E.ummari 6 Madiga 7 Mala • 4 Mangali 9 Mu!lilll 1 1 10 Muthraoha • 1 11 Pitchiguntla 1 1 12 Reddy 1 , C· 13 Vaisya I 14 Yadavll 2 4 S IS Yerukala - Total 5 24 a 8 [ 40] APPENDIX TAB L E 44 Dietary HabUs by Caste/Tribe/Community and households ,.-______Households-L ______taking ---.".. Brea kfast, midday meal and supper Breakfast, mid- Total No. of Two time with coffee or tea day meal Two time Caste/Tribe/Community households meals alone at one time and supper meals Unspecified' (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1 Chakali 1 1 2 Christian 3 3 3 Kamma 1 1 4 Kammari 1 1 5 Kummari 1 1 6 Madiga 2 2 7 Mala 5 5 8 Mangali 1 1 9 Muslim 10 10 10 Muthracha 1 1 11 Pitchiguntla 1 1 12 Reddy 10 2 8 13 Vaisya 1 1 14 Yadava 8 2 6 15 Yerukala 1 1 Total 47 4 41 1 1 TABLE 45 Habit of taking Tea or Coffee by Household Income and Caste/Tribe/Community and Households Number of households taking tea/coffee Number of households not taking tea/coffee with annual income Jin Rs.) of with annual income (in Rs.) of ~------~------~ ~------~--~------~ ]201 & 901- 300 & 1201 & 901- 300& Caste/Tribe/Community above 1200 601-900 301-600 less above 1200 601-900 301-600 ess (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9 (10) (11) 1 Chakali 1 2 Christian 1 2 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 5 Kummari 1 6 Madiga 1 ,1 7 Mala 1 3 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 3 1 6 10 Muthracha 1 11 Pitchiguntla 1 12 Reddy 3 5 1 1 13 Vaisya 1 14 Yadava 2 2 1 .3 15 Yerukula Total a - - 1 13 6 14 6 N.B. The income particulars have not been given by two households. TABLES [{J ] TABLE 46 Smoking and other Habits by Caste/Tribe/Community Every day habit ~------~------~ Caste/Tribe/Community Particulars of Habit Persons Males Females (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1 Chakali Tobaccn smoking Beedi 1 Chewin.1? Pan with jarda 1 2 Christian Tobacco smoking Beedi 3 3 Ched1ing Tobacco 2 1 3 Kamina Tobacco smoking Beedi 1 1 4 Kammari TlJbacco smoking Beedi 1 Chewing Pan with jarda 1 1 5 Madiga Chewing Pan with jarda 5 2 } 6 Mala Tobacco smoking Tohacco Beedi 3 3 Chewin{; Pan with jarda 5 04- 7 Mangali -' Tobacco smoking Tobacco 1 1 Chewing Pan with jarda 1 1 8 Muslim Tobacco smoking Beedi 3 3 Chewing Tobacco Pan with jarda 11 3 , 9 Muthracha Chewing Pan with j arda 2 1 10 Pitchiguntla Tob(Jcco smoking Tobbacco 1 11 Reddy Tobacco smoking Beedi Tobacco 2 2 Chewu.g Pan with jarda Pan with nut 11 7 04- 12 Yadava Tobacco smoking Leaf pipe with beedi Tobacco S & Chewing Touacco 7 5 2 Total 70 '" 240 [42 ] APPENDIX TAB L E 47 Attitude towards Marriage with Persons of different Caste/Tribe/Commu nfty but of. the same socio-economic status No having no objection to No. of persons inter marriage with the Caste/TribeJ Caste/Tribe/Community ill Caste/Tribe viewed Community shown in col. (4) order of preference (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 Reddy 1 Any caste or tribe 2 Yerukula 1 Any caste Total 2 2 TABLE 48 Persons by Age at First Marriage and caste/Tribe/Community Age group (in years) ~------~------~35 and Unspeci- fled Total 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34-.J.-__ above ,..-._..A..._--..,. Caste/Tribe{ ,...-...L--., r---L-__ ,--_-L_----., r----'------.. _....J-_--.. ,-_J--...... ,..---'--~ Community M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F (16) (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (IS) (17) (18) (19) 1 Chakali 1 2 1 2 2 2 Christian 2 2 1 3 l 3 Kamma 1 ", 1 4 Kammari 1 1 1 1 5 Kummari I 1 6 M .. diga 2 1 2 2 1 3 S 7 Mala 3 3 2 2 S S 8 Mangall 1 I 9 Muslim 2 3 9 S 3 S 1 13 IS 10 Muthracha 1 1 1 I 11 Pitchiguntla • I '1 1 18 12 Reddy 4 4 9 8 2 I 1 3 14 13, Vaisya 1 I 2 I 13 4 Yadava 6 ! 4 8 1 1 2 11 IS Yerukula 1 1 68 Tot" I 19 13 81 31 9 10 2 I I 7 57 M: Males; F: Fem.ales, TABLES [431 TAB L E 49 Marria~e Payments Property (Specify) Ornaments (Specify) ,-______J- ______--.. ~------~------~ Land Cash (in Rs.) Gold . Gold golusu ,-____-J.- ____--.._ ,--_____J- _____ --.. t""------_,__------~ ,------'------_ No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of households households households households No. of No. of house- house- making receiving making receiving households households holds hold, Caste/Tribe/ payment payment payment payment making receiving making receiving Community (Rs.2.142.2S) (Rs. 6.148.00) payment payment payment payment (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 Chakali 1 2 Christian 2 (8.50) 3 Kammari 1 (600.00) 4 Kummari 1 (4.2S) 5 Mala 3 (58.25) 6 Muslim 3 (1.450.00) 1 (SOO.OO) 7 Pitchiguntla 8 Reddy 1 9 Yadava 5 (21.25) 3 (S.616 00) 1 10 Yerukula (32.00) -Contd. TAB L E 49 - Concld. Marriage Payments Ornaments (Specify) ,------~ Gold kammalu Gold ring Silver kadi;;Z;;----., ~------~------.. ~------~------~ ,------~------~ No. of No. of No. of No of No. of No. of households households households . households household. households Caste /Tribe/ making receiving making receiving making receiving Community payment payment payment payment payment payment (I) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (IS) Cbakali 2 Christian 3 Kammari 4 Kurnmari 5 Mala 6 Muslim 7 Pitchiguntla 8 Reddy 9 Yadava 2 )0 Yerukul. (44 ] APPENDIX TAB L E 50 Dowry Payments and Knowledge of Hindu Marriage Act by Caste{Community With reference to Col (4) No. of informants No. of house No. of households with an who know that Informants' views No. of households holds aware attitude of there have been about the salient ,------"-----~ oflegislation ,..------,.-I._-- ___ ~ changes in the re fe'ltures of the Giving Amount prohibiting DlS1.pprO- cent years in Hindu Hindu Marriage Caste/Community dowry of dowry dowry Approval v,,1 Marriage Act " Act (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Rs. 1 Muslim 1 200 1 2 Reddy 3 2,100 3 Yadava 3 632 Total 7 2,932 1 1 TABLE 51 Information and Attitude towards Family Planning by Caste/ Tribe/ Community No. armr':l- ving F·.tmily No. liking to adopt Flmily Planning No aware of No. aware of No. appro- Planning method, "fter Caste /Tribe I Family Pbn- Family Ying Family after beiHi{ ------.------~ Community ning Centre Planning Planning explained Total 2 children 3 children 4 children (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 Chakali 1 2 Christian 2 1 1 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 1 1 1 5 Kummari 1 I 1 6 Mala 2 l 1 1 Muslim 2 10 5 6 2 4 8 Muthracha 1 1 1 9 Pitchiguntla 1 1 iI. 1 10 Reddy 3 9 IS l 10 2 7 11 Vaisya 1 12 Yadava 5 2 2 2 Total 8 33 18 7 25 4 7 14 UBL~ (~] TAB L E 52 Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to Age of Head of Household by Caste/Trib Number that like to adopt Family Planning after ~------~------~ 2 children, the age of head of 3 children, the age of head of 4 children, the age of head of household being (in years) household being (in years) household being (in years) ______J.... ______~ .-______.I.______--, ,-______...).______~ Caste/Tribe! 51 & 51 & 51 & Community above 41-50 31-40 21-30 above 41-50 31-40 .21-30 above 41-50 31-40 21-3G (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11 ) (12) (13) "1 Christian 2 Kammari 3 Kummari 4 Mala 1 1 5 Muslim 1 1 2 6 Muthracha 1 7 PltchigLlntla .8 Reddy 1 4 1 1 "9 Yadava 1 Total I 2 1 2 5 2 5 3 3 TAB L E 53 Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to Age of Child bearing Woman by Caste I Tribe I Community Number that like to adopt Family Planning after ~------~~------~ 2 children. the age of the child bearing' woman being 3 children, the age of the child Oaste/Tribe} (in years) bearing woman being (in years) Oommunity ~------~------~ ~------~------~ 41 & 15 & 41 & above 36-40 31-35 26-30 21-25 16-20 below above 36-40 31-35 26-30 (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (.0) (II) (12) 1 Christian 2 Kammari 3 Kummari 1 4 Mala 1 1 S Muslim 2 6 Muthracha 7 Pitchiguntla .'! Reddy 1 1 '9 Yadava Total 1 I ~ 2 2 2 -Conti. (46 ] APPENDIX TAB L E 53-Concld. Attitude towards FamiJy Planning with reference to Age of Child bea.:ing Woman by Caste / Tribe / Community ,.-______Number that like to...L adopt ______Family Planning after :- 3 children, the age of the child 4 children, . the age of the child bearing ~J~' _, bearing woman being (in years) woman being (in years) Caste/Tribe! r------_,I._------~ ,-- ______.L ______• ______~.. Community • 15 & 41 & . 15 & 21-25 16-20 below below 36-40 31-35 26-30 21-25 16-20 below (1 ) (13) (14 ) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) Christrian 2 Kammari 1 3 Kummari 4 Mala 5 Muslim 2 6 Muthracha 7 Pitchiguntla 1 8 Reddy 1 3 2 1 9 Yadava 1 Total 3 6 2 2 1 1 1 I. TABLE 54 AttitUde towards Family Planning with reference to Duration of Marriage by Caste I Tribe I Community Number wanting more children, duration of Numher wanting no more children, duration of ,-______marriage being--L ______(in yean) marriage being (in years) Caste/Tribe! ~------~------~ Community 21 & above 16-20 11-15 6-10 5 & below 21 & above 16-20 11-15 6-10 5 & below (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 1 Chakali 1 2 Christian 1 1 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 5 Kummari 6 Madiga 1 1 7 Mala 1 1 1 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 3 1 2 1 1 2.: 10 Muthrac:ha 1 11 Pitchiguntla I 12 Reddy 6 3 1 13 Vailya I 14 Yadava 5 1 1 1 IS Yerukala I Total 15 5 2 1 12 2 5 3 3: • TABLES [47 ] 'fABLE 55 Attitude towards Family Planning with reference to Ann ual Income by Caste/Tribe/Community Number wanting more children, having annual Number wanting no more children, having income (in rupees) annual income (in rupees) Caste/Tribe! ~------~------~ ~------~------~ Community 1201 .5( above 901-1200 601-900 301-600 30p & below 1201&above 901-1200 601-900 301-600 3008cbelow (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 1 Chakali :2 Christian 2 1 .... 3 Kamma 4 Kamrnari S Kummari 6 Madiga 7 Mala 1 2 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 2 5 10 Muthracha 1 11 Pitchiguntla 1 :12 Reddy 8 1 1 13 Vai.ya 1 14 Yadava 3 3 2 IS Yerukula Tota.l 7 S 7 3 12 2 7 4 N. B: Two households have not reported their income particulars TAB L E 56 Inheritance of Property in Practice by Caste/Tribe/Comm unity Number of persons Number indicating that sons inherit property in their tCute/Triue/ Comm unit, interviewed respective Caste/TribejCommunity (1 ) (2) (3) 1 Chakali 1 1 2 Christian" 3 3 3 Kamma 1 1 ·4 Kammari 1 1 S Kummari 1 1 (j Madiga 2 2 7 Mala S S 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim fO 10 10 Mutbracha 1 1 II Pitchigunlla I 1 12 Reddy ]0 10 13 Vaisya 1 1 14 Yadava 8 8 IS YcrukUla 1 1 Total 47 [ 48} APPENDIX TAB L E 57 Share of Property for different Categories of Relative!i-Sons by Caste/Tribe/Community Number indicating that sons inherit property in the following manner ,--___ ------______-L ______-----., Caste/Tribel Number of·persons All sons get Only eldest son Only youngest Community interviewed equal share inherits son inherits (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Chakali 1 2 Christian 3 3 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 5 Kummari 6 Madiga 2 2 7 Mala 5 5 8 Mangali 9 Muslim 10 10 10 Muthracha 11 Pitchiguntla 12 Reddy 10 10 13 Vaisya 1 14 Yadava 8 8 15 Yerukula 1 1 Tota.l 47 46 TAB L E 58 Share of Property for different Categories of Relatives-Daughters by Caste/Tribe/Community Number indicating that daughters inherit property in the following manner ,------._;_------~ Daughters only Number of per- inherit to the ex Daughters inherit Eldest daughter Youngest daughter Caste/Tribe/Community sons interviewed clusion of the sons equally with sons onl y inherits only inherits (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1 Madiga 2 1 2 Muslim 10 3 Pitchiguntla 1 1 4 Reddy 10 3 5 Yadava 8 Total 31 7 TABLES [ 49 J, TAB L E 59 Awareness of Changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption by Caste/Community No. that could No. that could No. aware that describe the No. aware that describe the there have been changes ill Hindu there have been .changes in Hmdu No. of persons changes in Hindu Adoption Act changes in Hindu Succession Act Caste; Community Interviewed Adoption Act correctly Succession Act correctly (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1 Christian 3 2 2 2 Reddy 10 1 Tota.l 13 3 3 TAB L E 60 Attitude about Inheritance of Property by Daughters equally with Sons by Caste / Tribe / Community Number of persons who agreed that daughters should inherit equally with Number of sons. age of interviewee being (in yean) ,.-______...L ______--,. Castel Tribej persons Community interviewed 51 and above 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 and below (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1 Chakali 1 2 Madiga 2 3 Mala 5 4 1'.1uslim 10 5 Pitchiguntla 1 1 6 Reddy 10 2 I 7 Yadava 8 2 Total 37 3 5 2 TAB L E 61 Medical Care No. of households in which maternity cases are attended ~------~------~ Number of house By taking the By calling an holds following Total number of woman to hospital unqualified allopathic system Location of households for confinement midwife of treatment of hospital Distance (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 47 3 J5 2 Nellore IS Miles. Buchireddipalem 5... [ 50] APPENDIX TABLE 62 General Knowledge of Household Heads by Caste I Tribe I Community Number of home hold heads that know the name of ~------~------~ Names of Names of project/dam. Zilla Panchayat principal etc. constructed lunder Total Parishad Samithi Panchayat Taluk District lakes and c(lnstrurtion/ under Caste/Tribe! number of head- head- head- head- head- rivers of tho contemplation within Community households quarters quarters quarters quarters quarten district the district (I) (2) (3) (4) (S) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 Chakali 1 1 1 Penna "2 .Christian 3 2 3 3,(1 3 3 3 Kamma 1 I 1 1 -4 Kammari 1 1 1 1 1 5 Kummari 1 1 1 1 6 Madiga 2 I 1 1 Kanigiri Reservoir 7 r..-Lla 5 4 4 5 5 5 Penna 8 Mangali I 1 1 1 1 .. Kanigiri Reservoir 9 Muslim 10 5 8 10 10 10 10 Muthracha 1 1 1 1 .. II Pitchlguntla 1 1 1 1 Kanigiri Reservoir n Reddy 10 7 a 10 10 10 13 Vaisya I 1 1 1 1 1 14 Vadava 8 3 7 8 8 8 a5 Yerukula 1 Total 47 22 33 45 45 44 TAB L B 63 Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act Caste/Trine! Number of persons aware of prohibition of CommunilY Number of persons interviewed untouchabilIty under law (I) (2) (3) 1 Chabli 1 1 '2 Christi. n 3 2 "3 K:lmma 1 4 Kammari 1 5 Kummari I 1 6 Madiga 2 7 Mala 5 8 ]\,1 .. ng"li 1 9 Muslim 10 1 lO 1\1uthl ncha 1 II Pilchiguntla 1 1 12 Reddy ]0 3 13 VahY.i 1 14 V.,d.wa 8 1 15 Yerllkula 1 Total 47 10 TABLES [51} TAB L B 64 Attitude of Informants towards Survey No. ot informants Attitude r------"------...Male. Females (1) (2) (3) Hos~ile Indifferent 6 Co-operative 37 4 Total 4.3 4 TABLE 65 Period of Existence of Households immigrated during present Generation by Caste}Tribe}Community No. of household. immigrated Caste/Tribel Community ~------~------~3 years and below 4 to 10 years 11 to 20 years 21 to 50 years 51 years and above Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1 Chakali 1 1 2 Christian 1 1 3 Kamma I 4 Kammari 1 1 5 Kummari 1 1 6 Madiga 1 2 7 Mala 1 l! MangaJi 1 1 9 Muslim 3 3- 10 Muthracha 1 11 Reddy 4 5 9' 12 Vaisya l' 13 Yadava 1 2 Total 1 8 13 J 2;;' { 52 ] APPENDIX TABLE 66 Settlem~nt History of Households by Caste/Tribe/Community Caste/Tribe! Total No of Earlier than 5 Between 4 Ik 5 Between 2 15{ 3 Present genera. Community households generations generations generations One generation tion (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1 Chakali 2 Christian 3 2 3 Kamma 4 Kammari 5 Kummari 6 Madiga 2 2 7 Mala 5 4 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 10 5 1 1 3 10 Muthracha 11 Pitchiguntla 1 12 Reddy 10 1 9 13 Vaisya 14 Yadava 8 5 1 2 15 Yerukula 1 Total 47 5 8 9 25 '. ' TAB L E 67 Place of Birth Number of births in the village during Number of per_,ons ,--______...J.______~ ~------~------~ Subst'quent Place of birth First birth birth 1960-61 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) In the same uillage Crelamanchipadu) In the same household 18 7 4 2 2 4 Mother's parent's house Hospital 1 Total 1 19 7 5 .2 2 TABLES [53] TAB L E 68 Immigrant Households by Place, Reasons and Caste/Tribe/Community ~ ______No. of households L Immigrating______from ~ Outside the Outside the district but t'lluk but ,-______Occupation before -L_--- the ~immlgration______--.. Outside the within the within the Within the State State district taluk . -Caste Tribe ,--_ __.1._ __ -, ___ _.L __ ~ r---__l,_--~ ,------L--"""-'l Culti Black Community R U R U R U R U Washerman Teacher vator smith (I) (2) (3) (4) (S) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) I Chakali 1 "2 Chri5tian 3 Kamma 4 Kammari 1 S Kummari 1 6 Madiga 2 .. 7 Mala 1 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 2 10 Muthracha 1 II Reddy 9 9 :12 Vaisya 1 1 .:13 Yadava 1 1 2 Total 1 18 6 1 1 14 1 -Gontd. TAB L E 68-Concld. Immigrant Households by Place, Reasons and CastefTribe/Community Occupation before the immigration Reasons for the immigration ------~------~ ~------~------~ To eke Due to Cultiva- 'Caste/Tribe! Casual Stone out live- Due to To set up marital tion pur- Community Pottery Cobbler labourer Barber cutter lihood transfer business alliance pose (I) (14) (IS) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) I Chakali 1 "2 Christian 1 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 .. S Kummari 1 J 6 Madiga 1 1 2 'I Mala 1 1 8 Mangali 1 1 9 Muslim 1 2 1 2 10 Muthracha 1 11 Reddy 8 1 32 Vaisya 1 ~3 Yadava 1 Total 1 1 3 1 2 18 1 1 3 2 R: Rural U: Urban [54 } APPENDIX TAB L E 69 Emigration by Number of Households, Place and Reasons ,-______No. ofhouseboldscmigrating...... L ______----" ,--______Occupation before-"- ______emigration ___=_ Outside Andhra Outside the . Within tbe Pradesb district district Caste/Tribe' ,-----"------" ,.-----"------.. r----...L.----~ Washer- Casual Community R U R U R U man Cultivator labourer (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1 Cbakali 1 2 Kamma 1 3 Madiga 11 4 Reddy 1 1 3 5 Vaisya 6 Yerukula Total 1 1 2 1 1 -Contd•. TAB L E 69 -Concld. Emigration by Number of HouBeholdo, Place and Reasons Occupation before ,-_____emigration...... L ____ -.... Reasons for the emigration ~------~------~For starting: Caste {Tribel Kirana Basket Unspe- To eke out To contract For kirana Community trader weaving cified livelihood bus-inels Education cultivation slaops (l) (II) (12) (13) (14) (IS) (16) (IV) (IS) 1 Cbakali 1 2 Kamma 1 3 Madiga 4 Reddy 1 1 5 Vaisya 1 6 Yerukula I 1 Total 1 1 1 2 1 I 2 1.. R Rural U: Urban TABLES (55 ] TABLE 70 Houses by Number of Rooms and Number of Persons occupying and ,Caste! fribe!Community Houses with one room Houses with two rooms ,-___:--_J,______~ r------...... _-----~ Total No. Total No. of Total No of Caste/Tribe! Total No. Total No. of hou~ehold No. of household No.oC household Community of houses of rooms members houses members houses members (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) , Chakali 1 2 10 1 10 -2 Christian 3 3 14 3 14 3 Kamma 1 1 1 1 1 4 Kammari 1 1 5 1 5 5 Rummari 1 2 4 1 4 6 Madlga 2 2 16 2 16 7 Mala S 7 15 3 8 2 7 8 Mangali 1 1 2 I 2 9 Muslim 10 12 47 8 36 2 11 -10 l\1uthracha 1 1 6 1 6 11 Pitch iguntla 1 1 2 1 2 12 Reddy 10 11 73 9 S9 1 14 13 Vaisya 1 1 3 1 3 14 Yadava 8 9 35 V 31 1 4 ·;15 Yerukula 1 1 1 1 1 T.tal 47 55 234 39 184 8 50 TABLE 71 House Type by Roof Material and Caste/Tribe/Community Name of house type Number of Number of houses Number of houses CastdTrihe r------L.-----~ houses with with straw/grass with lea f roof Community Name Number midd, roof (palmyrah leaf) (J) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1 Chakali Purillll 1 1 ""2 Chrislian 3 3 3 Kamma 1 1 4 Kamm"ri 1 1 5 Kummari 1 1 6 Madiga 2 :2 -7 Mala 4 3 Midd~ 1 1 8 Mangali Purillu 1 1 "9 MuslIm 6 6 Chutt£ZZu 3 3 Dulapu illu 1 1 JO Muthracha Purillll 1 1 11 Pilch iguntla 1 1 12 Recldy 10 10 13 Vaisya 1 ] 14 Yadava 'I , Dula'ia illu 1 1 ~5 Yerukula Purillu 1 1 Total ~7 1 I 45 [ 56] TABLES TABLE 72 Houses by Wall Material and Caste/Tribe/Community ".-______Number of .J._houses ______with ~ Caste /Tribe/Community Mud wall Leaf wall Stone wall (I) (2) (3) (4) 1 Chakali 2 Christian 3 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 S Kummari 6 Madiga 1 7 Mala 3 2 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 9 10 Muthracha 11 Pitchiguntla 12 Reddy 9 13 Vaisya 14 Yadava 2 6 l!I Yerukula 1 Total 13 1 33 TAB L E 73 Houses and Use Number of houses used for ~------~------~ Residence Residence-cum-shop Residence-cum-workshop Cattle shed Total! (1) (2) (3) (3) (5) 4S 1 1 26 ·47 TABLES [ 57] TAB L E. 74 SchedU'led Castes and Scheduled Tribes by Households Bnd Population Name of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribel Total number of Denotified Tribe households Persons Males Female.. (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) Scheduled Caste 1 Madiga 2 16 8 8 2 Mala 5 15 6 9 Total 7 31 14 17 Scheduled Tribe Kammari 1 5 2 3 Total 1 5 2 3 Denotified Tribe Muthracha 1 6 3 3 Pitchiguntla 1 2 1 1 Total 2 8 4 4 Grand Total 10 44 20 24 TABLE 75 Awareness about the Existence of Panchayat by Households and Caste/Tribe/Community Number that could tell Remarks including note on the Number of the period of existence of amenities provided by the Caste/Tribe/Community households Panchayat correctly Fancbayat from its inception (I) 2) (3) (4) 1 Chakali 1 Provided with wells. roads, street ligh ts and community 2 Christian 3 3 radio, etc. 3 Kamma 4 Kammari 5 Kummari 6 Madiga 2 7 Mala 5 4 8 Mangali I 9 Muslim 10 10 10 Mbthracha 1 11 Pitchiguntla 12 Reddy 10 7 13 Vaisya 1 1 14 Yadava 8 8 15 Yerukula 1 Total 47 38 E58 ] APPENDIX TA B L E 76 Awareness about the Functions of Gram Sevak by Households and Caste/Tribe/Community No. that could describe the functions of No. aware of the ~ ______GramA Sevak______~ Caste {Tribe / functions of Community No. of households Gram Sevak Satisfactorily Unsatisfactorily ( I) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1 Chakali 1 2 Christian 3 1 3 Kamma 1 1 4 Kammari 1 1 5 Kummari 1 6 Madiga 2 '1 Mala 5 8 Mangali 1 1 9 Muslim 10 1 1 to Muthracha 1 1 1 11 pitchiguntla 1 1 12 Reddy 10 7 5 13 Vaisya 1 14 Yadava 8 6 3 15 Yerukula 1 Total 47 20 12 T A. B L E 77 Awareness about the dominant Parties in the Panchayat by Caste/Tribe/Community and Number of informants No. of informants according to whom main parties are Caste/Tribe/ ------~------Community Congress Communist (1) (2) (3) 1 Chakali 2 Christian 2 3 Kamma 1 -4: Kammari 1 S Kummari 1 6 Madiga 7 Mala 1 8 Mangali 1 9 Muslim 3 10 Muthracha 11 Pitchiguntla 1 12 Reddy 6 13 Vaisya 1 14 Yadava 7 IS Yerukula Total 25 1 TABLES [ 59) TABLE 78 Opinion on the Functioning of Pancbayat, Panchayat Samithi and Zilla Parishad No. of persons satisfi~d with No. of persons nol sat isficd No. of p~nons who could not functioning of with f,lnctioning of e:xpress any opinion of No. of r---.------...).______-... ,------_).__------... .------..),,_------... Cast~ITribel house- Panchayat Zilla Panchayat Zilla Panchayat Zilla Community holds Panchayat Samithi Parishad Panchayat Sami,hl Pansbad Panchayat Samithi Parishad (I) (2) (31 (4) (5) (6) (1) (8) (9) (10) (11) 1 Chakali 1 1 1 1 2 Christian 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 Kamma 1 1 1 4 Kammari 1 1 1 5 Kummari 1 1 1 6 Madiga 2 1 2 2 7 Mala 5 5 5 5 8 Mangali t 1 1 1 9 Mu~l1m 10 1 6 4 1 1 1 2 3 5 10 Muthracha 1 1 1 1 11 Pitch iguntla 1 1 12 Reddy 10 5 5 S 5 5 5 13 Vaisya 1 1 1 1 14 Yadava 8 4 2 5 5 2 2 2 15 Yerukula 1 .... 1 I 1 Total 47 21 15 13 17 20 20 9 12 1-1 TABLE 79 Caste!TribaJjC()mmunity Panchayt at-Existence and Attitude by Number of nformants No. according to Rrmad 5 including a No of No. accordiIlg to whm Caste/Tribal/Community whom Ca~tel Dote on the reasons for p~Tsons Panchayat exit for Tribal/Community the continua!1c~ of Caste/Tribe! in!er- ~------~------~ Panchayat should Caste/Tribal fCommunity Community viewed Madiga Muslim Muthracha Reddy Yerukula continue Panchayat! (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 Chakali 1 2 Christian 3 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 5 Kummari 1 6 Madiga 2 2 7 M"la 5 8 Manga1i 1 9 Muslim 10 7 7 To settle ca!te disputer- and maganali disputes 10 Muthracha 1 To se ttIe caste disputes. 11 Pitch iguntla 1 12 Reddy 10 4- To settle caste disputes. 13 Vaisya 1 J4 Yadava 8 15 Yerukula I To settle ca;i"c disputes. Total 47 2 7 1 4 1 9 {60 ] APPENDIX TAB L E 80 Caste/Tribal/Community Panchayat-Functions No. according to whom functions of Castel ______Tribal/Community Panchayats-L ______are settling -.., No. of CasteJTribe/Community households Maganali disputes Caste disputes (1) (2) (3) (4) Chakali 2 Christian 3 3 Kamma 1 4 Kammari 1 S Kummari 6 Madiga 2 2 7 Mala 5 8 Mangali 9 Muslim 10 6 10 Mutbracha 1 1 11 Pitchiguntla 12 Reddy 10 1 3 13 Vaisya ]4 Yadava 8 15 Yerukula 1 Total 7 -« 11 TAB L E 81 Co-operative Society Membership and Benefit by Caste/Tribe/Community Total or all No. of members belonging No. that have not Note on the communities who ,--______to_.l_. _____ ~ become members No. of Name of Co-operative are aware of the because of members nature of Society society Muslim Reddy (reason) benefited benefit (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7 ) 1. Kovur Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank 1 1 1 Obtained loans .2 Agricultural Credit Co-operative Society 7 3 4 -<10- Total 8 2 3 5 TABLES (61 J TA B L E 82 Co-operative Society Membership by CastelCommunity and Literacy Number of Co -operative Society Members Caste/Community ~------~------~Total Literate Illiterate (1) (2) (3) (4) Muslim 2 2 :2 Reddy 3 2 1 Total 5 2 3 TAB LE 83 Go·operative Society Membership by Land Ownership Number of members by Caste/Community Size of land r------'------"""'Io holdings Muslim Reddy Tota (1) (2) (3) (4) 10 acres & below 2 2 4 10.1-15 acres 1 1 il5.1-25 acres 25.1 & above acres Total 2 3 5 GLOSSARY ...Achintalu Sacred rice Kammalu · Ear rings made of gold Arivtnikundalu Sacred pots used in KarTu Plough share marriages Kirana Grocery Btllam Jaggery Koppu A knot of hair Bhosanam Big wooden box Mangalasutram . Marriage locket Binde A brass vessel used to fetch lI!antrasani · Midwife water and store water Modalilaru · First crop Bonda Burial Nagali Plough _Bontha Quilt Nanja . Wet land Buddi An improved kerosene laOlp Pachadi . Chutney . Chadi'llimpulu Offering gifts Pallti" Plates Chakali Washer man Peddadivasam Final obsequies Chinnadivasam Initial obsequies Pudakal" Nose rod made of gold Dakshina Customary fee Punjtz · Dry land Gtzdamandits A big stool used to keep Purohit A Brahmin priest bags of paddy Purudu Pollution ·Garbhadanam Consumma tion Rangavalli Decorative desings drawn. Ginne A vessel used to prepare with lime, vermilion, etc. rice, curry Rmdokaru Second crop .o,lusu Gold chain worn to neck by Thoomu A local measure women Tulasi Ocimum Sanctum Goonalu Big earthen pots used to Varalu Earthen bunds made in store paddy fields, Goruku Seed drill Veti Bride price IntiptTu Surname Waddanam Waist belt made ohilver or Eadiyalu Anklets made of silver gold ERRA TA Page No. Column No. Para No. Particulars For Read (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 5 2 7 4th line irrigational irrigation 7 1 15 18th line there three 9 2 28 1st line bell metal bell metal vessels 11 2 5 last line observe observe it 13 1 12 6th line from bottom group groups 21 2 2 3rd line from bottom other rela ted other are related 23 1 8 5th line increased than has increased more than 23 2 9 2nd line provided provides 23 2 9 3rd line irrigational irrigation 23 2 10 2nd I ine from bottom legislation legislations 23 2 11 5th line Japanes Japanese 29 2 42 Statement VIII- Sole Sale Heading of Col. (1) 39 9 5th line head tread 41 2 25 3rd line shuttered shattered 47 2 6 2nd line conditions condition