TH E COIN TYPE S

OF IM P E R IAL ROM E

mm 2 8 TiA- BLES

’ O F G ‘E H J C MM . N C C

“ “m m n- ab

EMI LY A H AN DS

LON DON

’ SPINK 81 SON 13m

' r r fl

C OIN TY P ES OF I M P ERIAL ROM E

B r COMM . FRAN CESCO GNE CCH I .

P R E F A C E

Th e a e 1 f fr Imperial Roman Coin g , du ingb the our centuries om the beginning of the Empire until the time of Romulus August e o f ulus , gives us , in uninterrupted succ ssion , a series little less r than two hundred rule s . In the o bvei se types of t he coi n s we have a m0 1 e ex tensive s eri es of portraits than is gene rally kno wn ; in th e reverse types a series so numerous and varied that it may almost be called infinite . we r fi 1 st r e r 1 ll us While , ho ve , the has been ep atedly desc ibed and trated u f , the second , altho gh numerous studies re er to it , has r never bee n completely desc ibed . Such will be the scope o f this wo rk in w hich I propose to give in synthetic form a gene ral vie w of the coin types of the Empi re . Th e a w w f f Roman Coin ge , as is well kno n , is al ays the aith ul fl of r f m re ection the histo y , political , religious and social , o the Ro an w f w of f r l orld , ollo s its vicissitudes ortune egular y and constantly , n0 ting and registering with its types not only the events but th e e of fo r f volutions thought , thus becoming us the most copious ount o f f in ormation , a most authentic historical document

f - r f A synthetic table o the coin types is , the e ore , not only a statis tical curi osi ty fi m ost interesting from th e contrast between its ex uberant riches and the ex treme poverty of the present age in di fi eren t r vi which we see the nations st i ncgj to find a single type fo r their o w n coinage it may also be the h i ' st step in success i ve r o th ei s w inqui ies , and to this initial study once accomplished , ill

e . be able to give , in consequ nce , a much greater development The i nquiry as to h ow and with what symbols every type was re resen ted t h e or1 m r p , investigation into the g and contempo ary n of significa ce each one , the observation as to what epoch , and wh r w y, and unde hich Emperor every type was introduced , in w w w what period most idely used , hen and by hom abandoned , _ 4 .

y w ori i n al or b hom resumed , the comparison between the g types of W i and successive derivations , the evolution the latter, the th f f drawing o some type or o some detail fallen into disuse , these are of m all points interest which , aided and illuminated by the co s

of . themselves , may greatly add to our knowledge the Roman world In the republican coinage the obverse was invariably con se crated to th e divinity ; so that for several ce n turies a sacred fig ure i t w t h e adv en t oi con st ued th e o f . sign the state coinage When , ith fli w a for f di v m m e s the Empire , the i perial g y substituted that o the r of of ity on the obve se the coinage , a very great number types w was represented on the reverse in hich , however , the sacred ele w o f m ment al ays redominated , so that the greater part the oney , — 3 say two thir , may be considered as dedicated to subj ects either t altogether sacred or at least connected wi h religion . On them are

r of - r figu ed especially the gods Olympus , demi gods and he oes those allegorical perso n i ficati on s w hich are one of the most singular t and certainly he commonest characteristic o f the Roman Coinage . On the remaining third are included all those other types w hich f of c o n i ari i re er to imperial acts , allocutions the Emperor , g , th e triumphs , arrivals , departures , journeys , and more rarely , to th e t h e senate and the people , to cities and provinces and also to m &c . onuments , temples , circuses , arches , bridges , gates and an fi in nite number to public events . e w e w It is vident that a strict division is impossible , and meet ith many types w hich may belong equally to tw o categories or w hich it is diffi cult to place i n either ;this how ever does not prevent the. f work rom being divided roughly into three parts , devoting the — r d r th e fi st to gods , emi gods and he oes ; second to allegorical per so n i ficati on s th e ; and third to imperial , civil and military types offer e rf w I certainly do not claim to a p ect ork , but conten t f w i mysel ith giving a sketch which may be altered , mproved and f completed in the uture .

PART I .

GODS DEM - GODS AN D H ER O ES , I .

P L TE S I - V I A II . The Rom an Olympus is but a derivation f rom the Greek Olympus w ith modifications and additions of its own or taken from the neighbouring and allied races . The Roman instinct for assimila f tion , a ter having accepted as much as was adapted to its own genius , continued to develop gradually according to circumstances ;

, of th e and as in the subj ection the world to Romans , Rome increased little by little, and first the neighbouring tribes and then form i n o n e f those more distant became Roman citizens g single amily , so also in Olympus did the old Greek ideas of deity form one r r L ha monious whole with the othe local deities , Roman , atin , Ital o r f w ian , European , Oriental A rican , in accordance ith the suc v f r cessi e enlargements o the Em pi e . The Roman Olympus consisted o f twelve p rincipal deities ; in low er rank there follow many other divisions in regular hierarchical order w hich descend gradually to the heroes and to the legendary beings belonging either to heaven o r earth . Of the tw elve chi et x fo r of w deities , ten , e cept modifications name and adaptations hich w e fr r might call acclimatization , are taken om the G eek Olympus are M M V and jove , Juno , inerva , Apollo , Diana , ars , ulcan ,

M V . ercury , Venus and esta

w . Two more ere added as national emblems , Janus and Quirinus f w of In secondary order ollo other deities heaven and earth , w w M M e the sea , the inds and oods ; the Sun , oon and Stars , the us s , i F r the Graces , Cup d , Aesculapius , the ates , the Dioscuri , Centau s ,

Neptune , the Nymphs , Nemesis , Cybele , Terra , Ceres , Pomona , r Saturn , Pluto , P oserpina , Hercules , Bacchus , the Satyrs , Silenus ,

F . Pan , Sylvanus , aunus , Priapus and others But it is not suggested that these divinities maintain their hierarchical order on the coins and are represented on them in f r r . o elation to their rank Rome , the special reasons to be explained r f h as th e n r he ea ter, first place , and amo g the others there is a g eat diversity o f t reatment so that some o f the deities are almost totally w r for neglected , hile to some other simple he o , Hercules , instance , r f a splendid se ries of coins is dedicated . One fact w o thy o notice is w of r o f this , that h ile upon the coinage the Empi e , Augustus and o f a r f are w C esa , masculine and eminine deities represented ithout of e f e r distinction , upon that the Empress s only eminin deities appea , Apollo and Mars form i n g a slight and passing ex ception upon some o f the coins and medallions o f th e younger Faustina . In composing the catalogue of th e divinities described with the e w of r lative types , and in dra ing up a synoptical table the princes w h o n um i sm ati adopted them , I have chosen the most important w r r r w cally , ithout rega d to thei Olympic ank ; those especially hich have a true sequence on the coinage and are commemo rated by at f w least three Emperors , and I have contented mysel ith giving a ’ ’ short summa ry and resume o f those which make only a fugitive and incidental appearance . w f f b It ill be seen rom the ollowing ta les , that , setting aside the w w e x e goddess Roma as an exceptional case hich have e plain d , w as e e 0 ff re r M r Jupiter r pr sented on their coins by 7 di e nt rule s , a s 6 V M r 6 V by 5 , Sol 47 , enus 39 , Hercules and ine va 3 , esta 34, 1 0 2 8 2 2 2 0 Juno 3 , Ceres 3 , Apollo , Neptune , Diana , Aesculapius 1 M r 1 2 I O 8 3, ercu y , Cybele , janus , Bacchus , Vulcan , Isis and 6 Serapis , the Dioscuri 4 and Romulus 3. THE F O LLOWI NG. {S A LI ST m ORDER or TH E N UMB ER

“ ‘ DIVINITI ES ADOPTED B Y RULER

Antoninus P ius adopted H adrian Gallienus

Claudius Gothi-cus Caracalla Commodus Septimus Severus Marcus Aurelius Postumus Trajan Lucius Verus Geta Au-reli an Vespasian Ti tus

' Tetri cus t‘he El dCer Au gust us Valerianus the Elde r (The Roman Senate) Dom itian Faustina the Elder Gordi an us Pius Carausi us

The following ada pted six

Julius Caesar ! Nero Luci ll a Pescen n i us Albinus julia Domna El agabalus Philip the Elder [Em i li an us Mac ri an us

Vi ctori -n u s

N umeri anus Di ocleti an

Julian II

Alexa n d er

‘ ‘ H osti li an us Trebon i anus Gallus

' Magna Ur bica

‘ Constantius Ch l orUs ' Gal eri us

M ax i m i a-nus Severus II M axi m i n us Daza M ax en ti U s Li ci m us the Elder

' Constant i ne Magu

adop ted fo ur

Pompey Magnu s M . Antonius

Vol usi an u s

Salo n i n us

Vaball athus

Florianus Al lectus Constantine II adopted three

C ornelia S‘ u — 8

f w E li us Soaem i as The ollo ing adopted only one Brutus , , , Or bi an a Re ali an us M a x , Otacilia , g , Severina , gna Urbica , Ale ander Li th e F H , , I , , the tyrant cinius younger austa , Constantius elena o vi an us L r r J II , Sextus Pompey , epidus , Ag i ppa , Tibe ius , Britan

m A r ou n er > Dom i ti a n . icus , g ippina the y g , , Plotina , Perti ax , D Scan ti l la Macr i n us ui li a Julianus , , Plautilla , , Julia Paula , A , M ax i m i n us Go rdi an u s f f I , A ricanus , ather and son , Bal inus , P u i en us P acati an us Tra an u s u H er en n i us Dr an ti lla p , , j Deci s , y , Dec en ti us G Val en ti n i an us V V , Constantius allus , I , alens , alentin M ac ri an us V ianus II , Theodosius I , , ictor , Eugenius , Honorius , P M o vi n us P lacidia , Constantine III , Constans , aximus , J ( ) , Sebas us ovi an us Valen ti n i an us Avi t us Li bi us tian , Attalus , J , III , , Severus ,

An th em i us Au g u stu l us . , Euphemia , Julius Nepos and Romulus

f i : . The ollowing placed no divinities on their co ns Cassius , D

L . ae Labi en us F i . Ah en obarbus . , Q , ulv a , C Antonius , ivia , C C sar , r Drusus , Nero Drusus , Antonia , Ge manicus , Agrippina the elder , Clodi us M M Mati di a acer , Domitilla , arciana , , Didia Clara , Dia du m e n i an us M Tran ui lli n a , Annia Faustina , Paulina , aximus , q , ota i an us M Laeli an us M ! Satu rn i n us p , ariniana , , arius , enobia , , D m i ti an us N i ri n i an us . o g , D , Helena , Theodora , Romulus , Con Del m ati us H an n i bali an us Vetran i on P Flac ci ll a stantia , , , , rocopius , , L G H M Constantius III , icinia , Eudoxia , rata onoria , Petronius axi l b i s l ri Ma ori an us O r u G ce us . mus , j , y , Placidia and y

Y V F M S NOPTIC IEW O GODS , DE IGODS AND HEROES

P m e M a u o i us n s . p g . 0 0

. C:e sar . J . B ru C . tu s Cassi us .

D Ah en obarb s . u

. L abi en us O , .

S P om ei u s . p Le i d s u . p , n o n i us M . A t o 0 F ulvi a n o n i us C . A t Aug ust us Li vi a A g ri pp a I D \

s u i i e e p u n l o u e u l a n h c u i u a u a a e u c e c u t t o c b m m n l c o c p s e e u p a e y i e e o o lA E M M V V V Bs Csr lC Dsr Hsr f N R Rs s s

C Cae sar . .

Ti beri us .

Drusus

N ero Dr usu s .

a An ton i . G erm an i c us

ri i n a Sen i or Ag pp . Ca i u a l g l . Clau di u s B ri tan n i c us i n a un i or Ag ri pp J . N ero . .

M ac er Cl odi us .

Ga ba l .

O h o . t . Vi telli us

V espasi an u s. a Dom i ti ll .

Dom i ti an u s

Domi ti a

Tra an j .

Mati d i a ,

1El i us.

n on i n us Pi us A t . F aus i n a Sen i or t . i u Aure s . M . l F austi n a Jun i or Luc i u erus s V .

Com mod u s

Cri s i n a . p . er ax P ti n , . Di di us u i an u s J l . .

M . Scan ti l i a .

Di di a Clara . P esc en n i us N i er g . bi n u s Al .

S e Se erus . pt . v u i a Do m n a J l . . Caraca a ll . a Plauti ll . M acri n u s

Di ad u m en i an u s

E a aba u l g l s. u i a Pau a J l l . u i i a Se era Aq l v . . J u li a S oaem i as u i a M aesa J l . a F n n i au s i n a . A t .

Se v . exa n d er Al . bi a n a Or .

M am m aea M ax i m i n u s I Pau li n a M ax i m us

r a G o di n u s I . G ordi an u s II B al bi n u s P upi en us G o rd i an u s III ' Tran qu i l l Ph i li ppu s l Otaml i a P li i l i ppu s II P acat i an us Jota pi an u s Trajan u s Dec i u s E trusc i l l a

H eren n i u s .

H osti l l i a n us

Tr eb Ga u s . ll V ol u si an u s

[Em i l i an u s

S u e r a Corn . p . Valer i an u s I M a ri n i a n a Ga lli en u s Sal o n i n a

Salo n i n us Valeri a n u s II M ac r i a n u s Qu i etu s R eg al i an us Drya n ti ll a Postu m u s Lael i an u s . Vi c to ri n u s M ar i us . Tetr i cu s I — I I

s u i i e p e u a a c u S e e c u t e n U i r b a c o s e y i i e D E Csr Cl D sr lHsr f

Terri en s II . C audi us Gorh 1en s l . ui n i us Q t ll . Aureli an us

Va al l ath u b s .

N um eri an us

M .

Saturn i n us . . Ni g ri n i an us u i an u s II J l . Di ocl eti an us

M ax i mi an us H erc .

Carau si us . .

ll ectus A .

! D . Dom i ti an us Con stan ti us Ch l o ru s H e en a l .

Th eodora .

Gal . Max i m i an us . “ G al a eri a . V l Se erus v II . Maxi mi n us Daz a .

M axen ti us .

A ex . Se erus l v . Li c i n i Sen i or us .

Con s an i a t t . Li c i n i us II Valen s M arti n i an us Con sta n ti n us Mag n us

H an n i ball i an u s .

C on s an i n u s t t II .

Con s an s I . t . Con stan ti us II N epoti an us Vetran i on Mag n en ti us s u i i r e p o u e u a h a c u l l e c e n s c u o c b a o c s p a e y i i e B D D H E Al s Csr Cl lsr J

Dec en ti u s

C n s a i u G o n s a us t t ll . . i an u u s . J l II c o a e n a H el . Jov mn us l e n i an us Va n ti I . Val en s oc o i u s Pr p . .

G rati an u s . . l en ti n i a n u s II Va .

Th eo d osi u s 0 0

i l l a F l ac c .

i m u s Max .

r Vi c to . E en i u s ug .

H on or i us . Con stan ti u s III Plac i d i a C n s an i n u s I II o t t . Con stan s Max i m us ra n ty t . Jov i n u s Sebasti an u s Attal us oh n J . V a en ti n i a n u s I I l I .

’ Eudo . Li c i n i a .

G rata H on ori a . Pe r M ax i m u s t . 0

Av i tu s. .

a ori an u M j s. . S e er us I II v . h m i An t e u s . . Eu ph em i a

Ol bri us. y . Placi d i a G lyceri u s u i u s N e J l pos. ‘ R om u u s Au l g . TH E DI VI N I TIE S AN D TH E IR RE LA TI VE TYP E S

APOLLO — ACTIVS AVGVSTVS C N S VA MON ETAE or MONETALIS O ER— TOR — V - P PVG AT A V ARI A V S PALATIN S RO N OR S L T S S NCT .

The representation of Apollo passed 0 11 from t h e Republic to the f Empire ; it is not among those most commonly ound , and , w w i . t o of beginning with Augustus , it ended ith Quint llus Only tw o F . w th e the Empresses , the austinas , adopted it Apollo , hom f oe Greek mythology con ounded with the Sun , calling him Ph bus , is generally rep resented nude and laureated but often w earin g the long

r . f m obe . His emblem is the lyre He is sometimes ound on edallions e accompanied by other diviniti s .

BACCHUS B N B LI ERO CO SERVATORI LI ERO PATRI .

of f f of It is strange that the god wine and easting , rom the time of w r the Republic , upon the denarii hich the head only appea ed , should have been intr oduced on the coinage w ith h i s licentious types by two Emperors w h o appear to have had few e r dionysiac re proclivities than othe rs . The g at Hadrian and the good Antoninus of x Pius alone , on some their medallions , made an e ception to the traditional and constant prop riety of the representations 0 11 th e f Roman coinage . The dionysiac east on a medallion o f Antoninus w as o f w reproduced on an aureus Severus , in hose time Bacchus reappears w ith the title of LIBER PATER w hich he retained under

Gallienus . w Bacchus is always represented as a youth and nude , cro ned w w — of . ith ivy , ith the thyrsus , the wine cup or a bunch grapes On the first medallions he appears accompanied by Ariadne and some f o . f Bacchantes , upon those Severus by Hercules His avourite ani was mal the panther, which is represented alone as his symbol on i a un que small bronze of Claudius Goth i cus .

CERES

CERES CERER CE RE RI CERE REM GERERE AVGVSTA DEA N SA CTA EGETIA or SEGETIA FRVGIFE RA (or FRVGIS) .

f of t h e o f f The air and gracious goddess the fields , Queen ruits , although she h ad not the honour of a throne in the highest assembly of f V th e the chie divinities , yet rivals Venus and esta in reg ard to n umbe r of her representations on the imperial coinage . Her w e w o f w as w head , cro n d ith ears corn , already kno n on the w w i n consular coins the hole matronly figure , rapped the peplum , w of u of i ith the emblems the plo gh , ears corn or cornucop a , as w e w of ll as ith the torch , as a reminiscence her . nocturn al w f a i off andering in search o her daughter Proserpina , c rr ed by

m an v m f r uli us a . Pluto , appears ti es om J Ces r to Caracalla

CYBELE

It is not until quite late that this Af rican Goddess appears upo n w as the coins and her representations are not very num erous . She of l introduced by Hadrian and lasted only until the time Caracal a , and the coins medallions for the most part upon w hich she u w t s fig res , are always ithout inscrip ion , or, at lea t , never bear her m f w n or na e ; to which act is o ing the discussion , yet ended , as to w e o f of h ther the goddess the coins Severus, Julia and Caracalla n a of r a y be , not Cybele , but the tutelary goddess or Genius Ca th ge w h o resembles her and has almost exactly her figure . Sometimes C y bele is seated on a throne between lions or draw n in a car to w f as f of H hich are yoked our lions , in the beauti ul medallions adrian and of Antoninus Pius ; sometimes she is seated upon a li on or o n r a dog unning .

Her symbols are the turreted crown , the sceptre and the tv m pan um . DIANA

AVGVSTA CON SERVATRIX E PH ESIA FELIX LVCIFERA

REDVX VICTRI X .

of of Diana the huntress , the virgin the woods , sister Apollo , L assumes various names ; Diana or Artemisia on earth , una in f heaven , Hecate in the in ernal regions on the imperial coinage she e is generally represented as a terrestrial huntress , in a short rob , w bo w an d w fr armed ith quiver, ith one or two torches and equently

- g - accompanied by a grey hound or sta . The half moon is her symbol when she is represented as a celestial goddess but occasion ally o u the imper ial coinage Diana t akes again the antique form of L f w f as f n uci era in a s i t biga , she is o ten see on the denarii of the

Republic . During the Empire her representatio n s lasted from Augustus to

Go th i c us . hi f of E Claudius The c e temple Diana was in phesus , and her imag e , venerated in that temple , is reproduced on many cisto h ri h flf o c i e v o i o f p , the t me Hadrian .

1 6

the fi logical legends , other minor heroes and secondary gures such

A H , as ntaeus , Cacus , the esperides , Phosphorus , the Centaur the

H &c . ydra , Omphale P In the second period , under ostumus , Hercules is represented and described w ith all the appellations att ributed to him bv the fabulous legends . f r H In the third , under the ou Emperors , ercules is commonl y w associated , especiall y upon the medallions , ith Jupiter and the M Goddess oneta . H i s w y i i h 1s ercules al a s nude ; the club , bow and l on s sk n are ordina r y att ributes .

AESCULAPIUS

of m a m Aesculapius , the god medicine , y be considered al ost a duplicate of Salus but he did not r ival the latter in the importance D for th e of th e rep r esentations on the Imperial coinage . escribed r of fi rsr time by Galba , he next appea ed on the medallions Hadrian of f of r and Antoninus , then upon some coins the amily Seve us , and for the last time under Postumus and Aurelian . Generally the austere figure of Aesculapius is represented in the r toga w ith the staff round which is en t wined the serpen t . Ra ely he e ca be f is nud , and in that se it is perhaps not but the A rican god of health w h o is represented .

CON SERVATOR PATER

Although there is m uch uncertainty of tradition as to the origi n of Janus h e m ay be considered as an eminently Roman deity . It is not know n w here he first appeared in Italy but he founded a city L w f w h o in atium hich was called Janiculum a ter him , and Saturn , w w as x f as . e pelled rom heaven , associated with his reign His reign f t w was peace ul , according to tradi ion , and Janus became kno n as the w as w w King of Peace . Such the designation of his temple hich as w of of al a ys shut in time peace , as is recorded on the coins Nero . of \V The double head Janus, looking to the East and to the est , s f the pa t and the uture, was designed to represent the prudence a no S i m ul um a l of the t wo united races . j izcr d i ci s f ron ti s af ec tam est uasi ad i ma i nem duor um o ulorum , q g p p An he had the honour of t of being chosen to represent the money y e ancient Rome, the w w as . As , hile merel y the semis assigne to the mighty Jove r e of Such p e minence , which has an appearance strangeness is

er i o ad Acm XI I 1 . I . S v , , 47 1 7 e xplain ed in various ways ; fi rst that Janus may be consid ered as f ‘ the god o beginnings ; ad cum di czm tur r cr mn i n i ti a per ti ner e e o f w as ab ave i n i l i zmz Thus Rome , renouncing Jov , whom it said f , assigned to him the first money as also the first month o f the year . Moreover Janus w as regarded as th e symbol o f co venants ; [an us ’ aci m di s wdr r i bus reest h r fo r f f p , anot er eason assigning to him the o f n r of r a post ho ou as representative t eaties n d agreements . Finally it should also be taken into account that Janus w as w ex supremely a local deity , a thing to hich Rome attached treme

i mportance . But in Spite o f the fact that his type is imp rinted upon the w hole r of r f r f se ies Republican asses in all its t ans o mations , Janus le t but r i f f th a slight trace upon the Impe ial co nage . A ter the time o e first r w w t iumvirate , hich may be regarded as the transition bet een the r Republic and the Empi e , he appears only incidentally on some of an d u medallions or coins Hadrian Commod s , upon one denarius of of Pertinax and upon one other Gallienus . f r i f w e w f Where o e , have d elt more ully upon his name than is proportionate to the importance of his appearance upon the Imperial

of . coinage , it must be pardoned in consideration his glorious past

JUPITER .

V P IT I P ER . , IOVIS , IOVI V A CAE SS C ESS . N . A GG N N . N N . CO SERVATOR AVG , , CAES , , , B K N K LYKC LICINII B OR IS , N , — , P XV , AVG , PRO I AVG C APITOLIN VS CANTAB RICVS (or C ANTAB RORVM) CRES CEN S CVSTOS DEFEN SOR SALVTIS AVG DEVS E XORIEN S E XVP ERATOR FORTIS F VLGE RATOR GADI TAN VS IN VICTVS I VVE N IS LI B ERATOR OLYM PIVS OPTIM VS MAXIMVS PATER PRAE(SES o r P RAE FE CTVS ORB IS PROPAGATOR PROPAGATOR ORB IS TERRARVM PROR P VGN ATOR SOSPITATOR STATOR TON ANS TVTATO

VICTOR VLTOR .

The Maj estic head of Jove Optimus M ax imus appeared in th e first output of Roman bean - shaped coinage as the abiding symbol of f the semis , and his figure and symbols hold a oremost place in r r i f w e e the Impe ial coinage ; certainly the fi st , consid r the multi li c i t of ff r w y w h e re re p y his attributions , the di e ent a s in hich is p r th e of t h e sented under one and the same Empe or, and importance

i n . e r coins w hich represent him every epoch Jov is Conservato , F of of t h e ather and Custodian the Emperor, and Rome ; Jove is th e of w r h e origin , help , the hope , the propagator the o ld ; but is th e r r o f w r e th e also te ro the o ld , the universal judg , the invincible ,

’ ’

u us i n e De C zw tatc Dei . 1 . . S A g t , , VII , 7

er i us ad Aai i . 1 . 2 . S v , XII , 47 o f V indicator . We must begin by giving an account the numerous as i and varied representations , and indeed , we see him , a boy , tr de f of An ton m us the goat o Amalthea his nurse , in the island Crete (

al o n i n us , P , S y ius ), then seated majesticall on his throne the torso w 1 th nude , the legs draped in the mantle , or nude , standing the w h 1c h V h i s f , fulmen and sceptre , or with ictory and the eagle at eet fi e often bears the w reath in its beak ; w e see him as a colossa l gur in the act of protecting the Emperor ; w e see him in his temple m before w hich a scene of sacrifice is being enacted , or in a triu phal w f of n s quadriga or a s i t biga , in the act hurling his thu derbolt

against the gi ants . f of a w O ten , on the medallions the good epoch , he st nds bet een

, Juno and Mine rva . The three figures are sometimes standing sometimes seated ;sometimes the three fig ures disappear and o n ly

their s y mbols remain to represent them , the eagle , the peacock and

the o w l (bronze of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius) . On medallions o f the four joint Emperors he is often accom

pan i ed b y Hercules and t h e goddess Moneta .

JUNO .

r VN I I ON E M . i xo , I ON , VN

AVGVSTA CON SERVATRI X LVCIN A MARTIALI S REGIN A

y n SISPITA C X . REDIN A (probabl i n er ror for Reg i a) . VI TRI

f The Superb Juno , sister and consort , o ten capricious and not w of al ays amiable , Jove , is represented as a matron diademed and H er f h . urnished wit a sceptre , and having a peacock as emblem sta tue in the temple is represented for the first time upo n the o f Fl av i i of coins the , and her personification figures upon those several Em erors and almost all o f the Empresses up to those of g Ma nia Urbica .

Among the functions of Juno w as that of presiding ov er the mint . o f M On this account sh e sometimes assumed the name Juno oneta ,

and m ay thus be confounded w ith the goddess M oneta .

1 1 5 5 and SERAPIS .

DE N G ISIS FARIA O SA TO SERAPIDI (or SARAPIDI) .

The tw o important Egyptian divinities made their momen tary appearance on ly upon the small bronze coins w hich are att ribu ted II ov i an us to Julianus , Helena and J but they are , perhaps , not all r c i l v f i to be attributed p e se to that epoch . Isis makes a ug tive of F th e appearance also upon some medallions austina young er , and Se ti m i us Serapis under p and Postumus . Isis is always represented with the lotus flow er on his head except fo r the few times th at it

. e is held in his hand His embl ms are the sistrum , a vase , a pail or a branch . Now he is represented seated to front in the act of suckling

- the w f his son Horus ; now standing semi nude , upon pro o a ship of r w two which he holds the sail , then upon a car d a n by mules or n o w a l two hippopotami ; he is seated on running dog or ion . r r When accompanied by Osi is , both terminate as si ens and hold f betw een them a vase rom w hich issues a serpent . Th e of w head Serapis is ornamented ith the modius , he carries the sceptre and o rb but more often he is represented as a bearded

bust . M ARS .

M M MARTEM . ARS , ARTI ,

ADSERTOR AVGVSTVS COMES CON SERVATOR DEVS INVICTVS P ACATOR PACIFER F VN DATOR PACIS PATER PATER P ROP VGN ATOR PATER N K P ROP VGN ATOR

VLTOR VICTOR .

o f th e f o f The god war, ather Romulus and Remus , makes his first appearance in his full Greek fo r m upon the fi rst bronze and e silver Roman mon y coined in the Campagna , and then he is r i i f reproduced upon va ious denar o the Republic . In the imperial series he contests w ith Jove and Hercules fo r th e p rimacy from

. n ow r Augustus until the Constantinian era Now nude , in milita y f f array , he has sometimes a peace ul attitude but more o ten a warlike o f r one . His emblems consist an olive b anch in the first case , and

of arms and trophies in the second . A magnificent temple was u of M erected in his hono r by Augustus , under the title ARTI VLTORI w of , a temple hich is represented on the coinage Augustus f himsel .

MERCURIUS .

M E VRI RC O.

CON SERVATOR FELIX P ACIF E R .

M of ercury , the heavenly messenger , the protector artists , orators , r wh o travellers , me chants and thieves , is among those gods figure f of w as least requently upon the imperial coinage , although , old , he

chosen to represent the sextans upon the bronze of the Republic . re He was adopted , very rarely, by Trajan and the Antonines , and f of appeared only rom the time Gallienus to Tacitus . fi

H w e is generally represented nude , ith the winged cap , and his

symbols are the purse and the caduceus .

MINERVA .

M N MI NE RVAE I ERVA ,

AVGV STA FAVTRI X PACIFERA SANCTA VICTRIX.

M w a for is inerva , or rather , the arlike Pall s , that the character a which this goddess commonly t kes upon the Roman coinage, was chosen originally by the Republic as the symbol of the sestertius . G f w o f r f l oddess o isdom and the a ts and war , sprung ul grown and f of e Mi r armed rom the head Jupit r, ne va is represented as a woman of masculine courage and stren gth in helmet and breast - plate w ith w l a shield upon her breast an d armed ith lance and buck er . M1n erva the warrior is represented in the act of defending herself with a of r f shield or hurling a da t , and in this character she is o ten placed — of a - upon the prow a vessel ; as peace m ker , with an olive branch ,

f . as healer , in the attitude proper to Salus , eeding a serpent w l f M H er emblem is the o . The type o inerva w as adopted of immediately at the beginning the empire , and her importance culminated under Domitian w h o chose her as the special protectress f I o the m erial family . More t an 2 0 0 diff erent coins of Dom itian in every metal are a P s fi dedic ted to the warlike alla , and not only is her whole gure d represented in various characters but also her bust, which we o fin d f not on the coins o any other emperor . Naturally Minerva is but rarely represented upon th e coins of the a Empresses , and but incident lly upon some med allions of the younger Faustina . Upon these , and upon other medallions of the f V y , , good era she is o ten accompanied b Jupiter Juno ulcan , or some other divinity .

NEPTUNE .

N EP TVN O AVGVSTVS M RE DV CO ES X .

of S t an d of Son a urn Rhea , brother Jupiter, the god of the sea fi of tw o P y of appears on the rst imperial coins the ompe s , Brutus , Aug ustus and Agrippa ; and then at intervals until the time of

. H e w y Julianus II is al a s represented nude and bearded . The triden t and the acrostolium are his attributes . Often his foot i s placed upon a prow . M RO A . M M RO A , RO AE AETE RN A AVGVSTA B EATA FELIX H E RCVLE A P ERPETVA REN ASCEN S RESTITVTA RESVR EN G S VICTRIX .

To complete its Olympus Rome placed among th e p rincipal o w n f r Ro m ulus w n we deities its ounde , , ith the ame Quirinus ; but never find this name upon the coins and ve ry rarely that of

Romulus . r For these the goddess Roma w as substituted . The impo tance R fr given to her upon the epublican coinage , figuring as she did , om of of the beginning , upon the asses Capua and upon the decussi r o f r w as Rome , then upon the g eatest number the silve denarii , the of h er r an cause being preserved during the Empi e ;also , in y case , the figure of Roma w as bound to come into common use i f that of Quir inus w as not adopted Roma outdistanced Jupiter h i m self i n th e of n r number rulers who adopted her , amounting almost to a hu d ed ; but it must not be fo rgotten that she ow ed this victory to the fact that by a slight change m signification she w as able to p rolong her life far beyond that of the pagans . When the n ew religion put an of w r M i end to allythe divinities Olympus , and hen Jupite and a s w f fret ith all the other pagan deities , a ter the Constantines , and a a r r f r f last rebound unde Julianus II , we e o ced to disappear rom the scene , giving up the field to the new Christ , Roma changing m fi signi cation , came to be considered no longer as a goddess , but as a personification o f th e city and remained on the co i nage perma n en tly from the time of the Constantines until the fall of the Western c ertai n l w ou ld i f of Empire . This y not have happened , , instead Roma ,

the i . the pgod Quirinus had been placed on co nage But , taking the f f r actsgas here set o th , it would be almost impossible to trace a clear line of division between th e goddess Roma and the Rom a w h o f was the personification or abstraction o the city . Therefore the numerous coins having as type the wolf suckling w the twins are attributed to Roma , hether as goddess , or as city and this type w hich appeared fi rst under Vespasian lasted with th e more or less fr equency until th e time of Constan tine . To use

of 1 5 e r . modern phrase , the very origin Rome h re rep esented

ROMULUS .

ROMVLO

AVGVSTVS CONDITOR .

of e f o f As has been said above , the name the c lebrated ounder

Rome was eclipsed by that of Roma . He appears very rarely upon — 2 2

few of H a of ROMVLO AVGVSTO a coins drian and the Antonines , ,

ROMVLO CONDITORI .

SOL . L L SO , SO I AVGVSTVS COMES CON SERVATOR DEVS DOM INY S IMPERII

ROMAN I INVICTVS P ROPVGN ATOR .

Sol is ve r y little represented du r ing the Republic and the early part of the empi re ; but he appears in a constant sequ en ce from the i m time o f Gallienus until Constantine II , and , ndeed , until the ost

r ecent times in w hich we have representations of the pagan gods . w Indeed , the series ends ith Constantine II , and in it are represented

r M . also Jupite , ars and Sol a y Although almost always nude , Sol has occ sionall th e long robe H e w w and , as a distinction , the head radiate . is al ays , hen not in a n biga or quadriga , standing , and bears , accordi g to the occasion , globe or w and or the tw o things together .

Sometimes he is she wn in the act of crow ning th e Emperor .

VEN US .

VEN VS N N M . , VE ERI . VE ERE CAE LESTIS FELIX GENITRIX (or GEN ETRIX)

Julius Cae sar always bore in mind his pretensions to a divine r V w h o o igin and represented enus upon his coins , , besides , had long w as appeared upon the Republican coinage . She adopted also by many Empero rs and by almost all th e Empresses ; but she ceased to

w l - G Sa o n i n us. i appear ith allienus and Nude , sem nude or clothed , of standing or seated , the goddess beauty and love is represented diademed and w ith a sceptre and a ) pi e sometimes she holds a dove f r and is o ten accompanied by Cupido a dolphin .

V ESTA .

VE STAE VESTA . AETE RN A AVGVSTA FELIX M ATER MATER P R QVIRITIVM SA A N GT .

o f f m Vesta , goddess fire , ollows al ost the same course as Venus , begi nning w ith Julius Caesar and ending with Gallienus and Salo

ninus . The figure of the diademed matron by which she w as

represented bears the sceptre , the palladium , a torch or a simpulum . (or more strictl y a lamp) she is often represented in h er f s fi temple , be ore which her priestes es , the Vestals , sacri cing , are som et 1m es seen .

O un f u n m an a PR M ETH EU S . The ort nate bri ger of fire to makes v on a li n f t n n s P u single and fugiti e appearance a med l o o An o i u i s , . o n w h i ch he is represen ted i n th e ac t of formi n g a w oma n i n th e n d w t h m a al s i n presence of Minerv a . A i h Promet eus we y o men t o Ar on a uts Ce ntaur s Ca ms Teles horus an d O en a the g , the , , p ther leg d ry r he oe s .

TH E ARTH m of f u i t a ear i n h e of E (Tellus) , sy bol ec nd y , pp s t time H w m a m eti m e tan i n h a a . fi as adri n She is gured a o n , so s s d g wit l a i ul tu or th e u o ae m p ough or other g r c ral implement corn c pi , so e tim e s seated leanin g agai n st a chest ful l of ears of corn an d W i th i n the f ch 1ldren . n her hand resting on a globe O the medall o s , our sy mboliz ing the seasons form a cr own above th e globe fo w r n P o mona an d F lora Then llo the other terrest ial divi ities ; , P a n S l van us M ars as P r i a us F arms Si len i Sa t r s , y , y , p , the , the , the y , t h e Cen l a n rs Gi a n ts Ata l an ta th e God o , the , , and f w h o all make their more o r less fug i tive appearance upo n th e ll of n n u on th e W o numerous meda ions the Anto i es , p which h le l f als mytho ogy is ully displa y ed . Th e Graces an d Muses o are n ti of Ca l li o h as th e houour of fi uri n me oned , but the latter onl y pe g g w h er n n ith ame upon a rare bro ze coi n of P robu s . Ocea n us e n oi n as are al m r v r is repr se ted on the c s so so e i e s , w w e n e a as o r a a hich , ho ver, are to be co sider d r ther ge g phic l s n i f w e t the N a a expre sio s than as divinities , excep ile which ppe red

' of an th e h i IOS O h r I in the time Juli us p p e (DEO SANGTO N LO) . s An ubi s H a r ocm tes th e A i s an d S hi nx At thi time also , p , bull p , the p w er e i o f B u mp rted rom Eg ypt with Serapi s an d Isis Faria . t the m a fi a h ou e a n ot Sphinx had de its rst ppearance, t gh p rh ps with the n n o f n t u o a me a li on o r u sig ificatio divi i y , p n a silver Asi tic d l pon r of an au eus Augustus an d o f Trajan . La t n i e xc t n a e n o r e s ly, amo g the d viniti s e ep io lly r prese ted mer l y w e m ay n w m e th e l o n seri s invoked ote with a vie to co plet g e , o f u u r r AVSPICIBVS th e the gods A g y (Septimus Seve us DIS ) , o f M CONIVGALIBVS u o a gods arriage (Crispina DIS ) , the C st di n r a CVSTODIB VS o f g ods (Pe tin x DIS ) , the g ds o Bi rth (Crispi n a GEN ITALIB VS o f DIS ) , the gods DIS G ENI TORIB VS) ;the F am i l v g ods (Geta s o f Reari ng Salon i n us DII NVTRITORES th e on i n Di o ( ) , and C quer g Fates ( cl eti an F I VICT I V AT S R CIB S) . PART II .

LL N A EGORICAL PERSO IFICATION S .

Allegorical perso n i fi cati on s constituted a r eal character istic of of r f the Roman system coinage . Rome the Assimilato , a ter having added the local dei t i es and those of the imperial provinces to the G r of w reek Olympus , created a g eat number new deities hich f appeared suitable as fixing an abstract idea , or as personi ying an allegory by means of w hich the people w ere educated and

r . w as w a Abun da n ti a their minds mo e easily impressed It in this y that , ' Sa l as F el zci l as P ax w th , , ere personified and deified , and also all e r f r civil and milita y virtues, beauti ul obj ects and va ious desires ;and Person i ficati on s w to these , as to real deities , statues ere raised , temples and altars erected , and sacrifices consumed , not only in

Rome but in all the cities of the Empire . By degrees they assumed r i f r s a preponde ating importance , not as to ank , at lea t in numbers , so that in this respect they undoubtedly hold the first place in the a coin ge . of o r f r Each these divinities is represented in one more o ms , and it is natural to suppose that the figures shew n to us by the coins

of . are only reproductions the statues erected to these divinities But , ~ i f x m there remain only some isolated e a ples , it is to the very gr eat number of coins r emaining to us that w e owe the erfect w of w be kno ledge that marvellous and rich series , hich is not to met w r f r ith in any othe system o coinage ancient o m odern . The of a types e ch one , once established , continue constant and a fo r r n w th e unalter ble , except va iatio s o ing to change in art , during of h the course centuries ; and the attributes proper to eac , although v y n um erous are sc ru ulo usl at all times er , p y observed . Beg un in the a o f of very first ye rs the Empire , and some them even in the time of f of the Republic , they lasted until the all the Western Empire , f r i a te which , the changed costumes and customs , the new relig on w hich came as a complete surprise upon the Roman world , the of r decadence art and other lesse events , caused them by degrees to w be totally lost as numerous other types ere lost , and to give a y w place to the nigg rdly and rough B zantine types , hich betokened

of . the artistic , moral and political decadence the Empire Th e Person i ficati on s on th e coins are al most alw ays accom pan i ed w w by the relative legend ; sometimes , ho ever , this is anting or substi tute fo r r w i f they d it anothe , hich , it is not the indication of i n n of a date co tinuation the legend on the obverse , is one entirely w unconnected ith the subject . for m of w e Thus , example , on any coins Trajan find several P erso n i fic ati on s V Securi tas &c . , Pax , ictoria , , Salus , , invariably accompanied by the legend then in use on the money of that . P M P P i Emperor ; SPQR O TI O RINCI I , and upon gold , s lver and

f m , bron ze m oney o any Emperors , the same coins bear only legends

P M P o r P IMP , as COS III , or TR COS II or III IV , TR V VI o r P P . VII , COS V and so on n i fi ati on of of The Perso c s, however , in spite the want the i i relative legend , are always easily recognized by the r types , by the r attitudes , clothing and symbols . t i s ossrbl e There is one case in which , without grea practice , it —p to make a mistake and it may be noted here once for all i t 18 when the legend relates to a Person i ficati on but does not correspond n i n with the one represented on the coin . This ever occurs the best tim e of the Empire and is always exceptional in later times but it happens rather frequently in barbarous times and i n the more irregular m ints . Especially under the tyrants it is not unusual to f r th e FORTVNA of Salus find , o example , legend with the type , ' L o f i n SA VS with the type Victory , Pax, or other similar m stake of es ecrall types . For these reasons the money the Tyrants , and , p y, of Carausi us Tetri c i i n t h e that and the , cannot be considered be argument . They are to treated simply as barbaric errors , and I

of f f . take no notice them , contenting mysel with mentioning the act

The Person i ficati on is not seldom replaced by a sim ple symbol . of ABVN DANTIA Thus an Antoninianus Carus , with the legend , ffi represents a galley , and the allusion is su ciently evident ; on of Tetri cus another Antoninianus , with the same legend , AB VNDANTIA m of , the instru ents sacrifice are represented , f ff for signi ying , probably , a sacrifice o ered in thanks to the divinity having granted abundance . PIETAS is sometimes represented by a temple or the instruments of sacrifice ; VICTORIA by a troph y h f and so on . Suc examples are requent at all times , nor are they ffi di cult to interpret .

From th e beginning of the Empire until the fall of the 1 0 of ae Western Empire there are 7 names Emperors , C sars , and Empresses who adopted allegorical Person i ficati o n s on their coinage : there are forty of these counting only those which Person i ficati o n s are true , although a true and precise limit cannot c lear be assig ned , and other representations have a right to make ’ of for Dzsci l i na B eati tudo Reli i o part the series , as example , , , g , ’ Tn tela Uti li ta r H uman ztas few o t , , , and a ers which it is not easy fi P rs n i fi ati n to de ne as being true e o c o s or simple abstractio n s . 2 7

But , setting aside all those which might be questioned I confine myself to the following list Abundantia Li beral i tas Aequi tas Libertas Aeternitas Moneta Annona M un i fic en ti a i i Bon . Eventus N ob l tas Caritas Ops Claritas Patientia Clementia Pax Concordia P erpetui tas F ec un di tas Pietas F elicitas P rovi den t i a Fides Pudicitia Fo rtuna Qui es- Requ i es Genius Salus Hilaritas Sec uri tas H o n os Spes In dulg en ti a Tran qui lli tas Iustitia U ber i tas Iuventus Victoria Laetitia Virtus

w r wh o r While , ho eve , there are princes adopted only one , othe s wh o r Perso n i ficati on s adopted as many as thi ty , some appeared w under only one prince , and there are others hich appeared under a hundred and t wenty diff erent rule rs . The number o f the rulers w h o adopted P erson i ficati o n s is as f w Vi ctori a 1 2 0 r Concordi a S a l as 8 ollo s was adopted by p inces , 93, 7 , ' Vi r tus 6 P ax 6 F el zci tas Secur i tas 6 P i etas 66 F i des 7 , 9 , and 7, , and P rovi den ti a 6 1 Ac ui tas F or tun a S es M oneta , q 5 7 , 5 4, p 5 3, 47, Aeter n i tas 6 L i berali tas 2 Laeti ti a 1 Li bertas 0 An nona 2 8 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , , Gen i us 2 6 Abundan ti a 2 P udi ci ti a 2 1 Uberi tas 2 0 H i l ar i tas 1 8 , 3, , , , Concordi a 1 6 I ndul en ti a 1 I usti ti a 1 2 B onus E ven tus 1 0 , g 5 , , , P er etui tas Cl ar i tas 8 N obi li tas Tra n ui l l i tas 6 H on os I nven tor p 9, , 7 , q , ,

ui es M n n i cen ti a Car i tas O s 2 P ati en ti a 1 . and Q 5 , fi 4, and p , The number of the P erso n i fi cati on s adopted by each ruler is as follows : r 2 Se ti m i us Antoninus Pius adopted 3 , Gallienus and Hadrian 7 , p 2 2 Gothi cus 2 Severus 5 , Commodus and Caracalla 4, Claudius 3, M r x r 2 2 2 1 a cus Aurelius , Ale ande Severus , Diocletian , Elagabalus , Tetri cus m r 2 0 Cari n us M axi m i an us H erculeus 1 ajo , and 9, Trajan , Gordi an us Trebon i an us V Pius , Gallus , alerianus , Postumus , r Carausi us 1 8 Ves asi an us Vo lusi an us V P obus , , p , , ictorinus , Gal eri us Maxi m i an us 1 Quintillus , Tacitus and 7, Julia Domna, Salon i n a F Geta , Philippus major , , lorianus , Carus , Constantius — 2 8

Ch lo rus G 1 6 Tra an us M . 1 and alba , j , Decius and Constantinus 5 , u Dom i ti an us Tetri cus 1 Pesc en n i us Tit s , and minor 4, , Albinus Allectu s 1 V l Aurelianus and 3, ite lius , Faustina the younger, N umeri an us r H 1 2 M a 1 1 , C ispus and Constantius , julia amme , N L M ac ri n us Maxi m i n us P erva , ucius Verus , , , hilippus minor, H o sti li an us II 1 0 r H eren n i us and Constantinus , Faustina the Elde , Etruscu s Maxi m i n us Luc rlla M t and Daza 9 , , Julia aesa , O acilia , Etrusc i ll a E m i li an us Sal on i n us Va 8 E li us , , and lens , Nero , , r o M axen ti us L Pe tinax , Balbin s , and icinius the younger 7, Crispina , Pacati an us Mac ri an us M e II L , , arius , S verus , icinius the elder , s Valen ti n i an us Valen ti n i an us 6 Con tans I, I , Gratianus and II , u Gordi an us Gordi an us P u i en us Aug stus , I , II , p , Quietus , e Ma n en ti us n II Hel na , g , Constantius Gallus , j ulia us , i Soaem i as Theodosius and Honor us 5 , Sabina , Julia , Julia V r Lx li an us Vaballath us M Paula , ale ianus the y ounger , , , agnia Decen ti us M M x Urbica , Fausta , , agnus a imus and Eug enius ae M L m Julius C sar, arcus Antonius , ivia , Claudius , Otho , Do itilla , Tran u i lli n a Re al i an us Io v i an us Plautilla , Aquilia , q , g , Severina , , F V c r Val en ti n i an us III i of t lavius i to and 3 , Jul a (daughter Ti us) Di di us d Di adu m en i a n u s Orbi an a Julianus , Di ia Clara , Plotina , , , i Dom i ti an us H an n i bali an us Vetran i o n P ro Dom tius , Theodora , , , co i us G Sebasti an us P ri scu s a Io vi an us p , alla Placidia , , Att lus , , M a or i an us An th em i u s Au ustul us Grata Honoria , j , and Romulus g 2 y s F a , Pompe Brutus , Ca sius , ulvia , Tiberius, C lig ula , Nero , Dom i ti a Mati di a M Sca n ti ll a Drusus , , , anlia , Annia Faustina , M o ta i an us M r Saturn i n us aximus , j p , Cornelia Supera , a iniana , , Fl acci l la III III . Helena , , Constantius , Constantinus , Constans M U Iovi n us Av i tus (tyrant) , aximus ( rant) , , Eudoxia , Petronius , , r III i Oly bri us a G i i Seve us , Euphem a , , Pl cidia , lycer ns and Jul us h w 1 . F f (nep e ) inally , the ollowing did not adopt Person i ficati o n s P om ei us Le . L . p , , A , A A Sextus pidus C ntonius ntonius , grippa , aes r n Caius C ar , D usus , A tonia , Germanicus , Ag rippina the elder , Ag r Clodi us M M g , , , P rippina the youn e acer arciana aulina , Dr an ti l l a V r r y , G , , A V aleria ale ia Romulus lexander (ty ant) , alens r Matt i n i an us Delm ati us Vetran i on N e i ot an us. (ty ant) , , , , p

J J J J

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SKETCH OF TH E ALLEGORICAL PERSONIFICATIONS L V WITH TH EIR RE ATI E TYPES AND SYM BOLS .

ABUNDANTIA .

A BVN DAN TI A N AVGG AVGG CAESS N N AVG , AVG , , ET TE MP ORVM ALIM EN TA

It is during the splendid reign of Trajan that the idea of great ’ of of o f f riches , plenty , and the replenishing all li e s needs , makes its first appearance upon the Roman Coinage . The legend

B VN DANTIA S w L M . L . i ts A is till anting , A I ITA being used in f i ae of stead ; but the emale figure , holding the cornucop and the ears r an d f of co n , distributing her gi ts to the sons the people , is precisely of w e f w that Abundance , as find her requently ith her own legend from t he reign of Elagabalus until the time of the four Emperors .

She is generally represented as a matron holding a cornucopia . of f (com m only called horn plenty) and some ears o corn . Usually fi of i w the gure Abundantia is represented alone , somet mes ho ever, and principally upon some medallion s (see for example those o t Mam m aea an d Salo n i n a sh e f r of m m e Julia ) , o ms part a ore co pl x picture and is placed between the Emperor and M inerva or w ith

fi . ae other gures Sometimes Abundantia holds simply the cornucopi , s ometimes she pours the contents into a modius or tow ards some person w h o receives them .

A urea frug es li a i n d Ita m en o d ff u i t co i a c orn u . . pl p 'l E . 1 2 or . Li b. l . I , p , ti pi co pi a M an abi t ad pl en um ben i g n o Ruv i i s on orum o u r h p len ta co n u .

H or . Li b. 1 d 1 0 . . , , 7

It is diffi cult to determin e w hether the cornucopiae contained f h money or ruit , but I s ould incline to the second hypothesis although both money and the fruits of the earth lend themselves m of d equally to the sy bolizing Abun antia . Abundantia also at some periods w as used as a representation of Seculo ru i éro w P an d P f g j , a legend to hich , under ertinax ostumus , a w i o f nged caduceus and ears corn corresponded , under Albinus and r G of n a Seve us , the enius Abundance, also under the same Albi us v di inity , not yet determined , who has all the characteristics of an 37

African Ceres and yet must certainly be taken to signify

Abundantia .

AE I QU TAS.

AEQVITAS or AE VTAS or ECVITAS AE VITATI ( Q ) ( Q ) AVG , AVGVST AVGVSTI AVGG N MVN DI P VB LICA , , , AVG OSTRI B AVG VST A RES .

E qui tas is not to be confused with Iusti ti a which w e also find on If the Roman coinage . the latter is to be understood in the moral of XE n sense as judgment human actions , itas must be understood in o f the sense commercial eco nomics , t at which establishes the of h of rectitude transactions , and to w ich the value the coins publicly corres ouds . V of [E ui tas Introduced y espasian , the personification q lasted , few f sh e with interruptions , until Constantine , a ter whom is to be f D n ti u found only on a silver medallion o ece s . [E ui tas w as w Originally , q represented by a matron standing , ith a balance in her right hand and a long spear in the left w hich has r come to be called a scept e , but which most probably represented

er ti ca v . the measure , p , used in land sur eying r for u a Ne va substituted this symbol the corn copi e , by this change

n {E ui tas M oneta . maki g q equal to Indeed the result is , that the i same personification is accompanied somet mes by one legend , and sometimes by the other (vide M oneta ) to that th e two legends come ff th e o f to be stamped indi erently , especially on medallions the third and fourth centuries bearing the representations of the three M on etae .

In some very rare cases a palm - branch is substituted for the cornucopi ae . On a unique middle bronze of Titus the figure of Acqui tas w ith the balance and the spear . is accompanied by the legend AB RES

AVGVST . When the th ree Mo n etae (vide M oneta ) are used to personify Ae ui tas ae , each holds the balance and the cornucopi , and each has i of at er feet a heap metal representing gold , silver and bronze coins .

AETERNITAS .

AETERN ITATI AVG AVGVSTA AVGVSTI AVGG AETERN ITAS ( ) , , ,

IMPERII P(opul i ) R(om an i ) AE TE RN ITATIB VS .

Aeter ni tas l for Vespasian was the first to adopt , which asted three

of Maxi m i an us H ercul eus. centuries , until the time The types used to represent her are exceedi n gly various and numerous . The most common , and those which may be considered P erso n i ficati on s f f as true are represented by a emale figure , o ten of M veiled , who carries a head the Sun and the oon , one in

f . each hand , and this is there ore , so to speak , a derived symbol The Sun and the M oon which impassively rise and set upon the vicissitudes of human life w ere adopted as symbols of Eternity from th e earliest t i mes

Soles occi dere et redi re possun t N obi s c um semel occi di t b revi s l ux i N ox est perpetua un a d orrn en da . u Cat llus. Dam n a tam en cel eres reparan t coel esti a l unae N os ubi d ec i di m us uo i us en eas uo u l us i es et An eus Q P A , q T l d v u u Pulvi s et h m bra sum s.

d Li b. IV . H r 0 . o . , 7.

Th e globe was m ore especially th e ancient symbol of Eternity and much more appropriate than that of our serpent sw all ow mg i ts tail .

H aec aeter n a m an e di vi s ue si m i lli ma forma est t , q Cui n e ue ri n ci i um et us uam n ec fin i s i n i so q p p q , p

Sed si m i i s o o rem an e er ue om n i a ar est . l t t t , p q p di ate or or um an b 1 De r ol un t c . M i . Li . . p l ,

Therefore Aeter ni tas i s represented on the coins as a female figure m with a sceptre , seated upon a globe , or a globe sur ou nted by a f phoenix ; also by a emale figure standing , with the sceptre and a foot cornucopi , leaning against a column or the right placed on a globe .

But there are many other types , or rather symbols with which E E N the legend A T R ITAS is united , and , principally in the reigns of u the Anton ines , the motto AETERNITAS , commonest pon the of E w re resen coins the mpresses, is combined ith the most varied p fin d n fi r . N of ta ions ot seldom we it accompa ied by the gure Ceres , of P of f Diana , Juno , ietas , Fortuna , Italia , the Augusta h ersel , of o f drawn in a biga lions or in a quadriga elephants , sometim es fi i n of by a temple , or nally, by a scene the battle th e Romans M o f against the Sabines on a edallion Faustina th e elder . I Maxen ti us P n more recent times , under and robus , the Dioscuri f E NI If and the Roman wol correspond with A TER TAS . to these e of ff r presentations we add the signification the di erent legends , as E NI AVG E N P AET R TAS , the most common , AET R ITAS (opuli) f , of V R(omani) which is ound on a very rare bronze espasian , E E NI MPE of A T R TAS I RII , rather common on the coins the

An n on a Sa ncta enj oyed a speci al cult in the ports o f departure i o f an d and arrival , wh ch owed a great part their prosperity to her , m a w r an d n d of where any people , s ilors , eigh e s , porters , all ki s H a ra workmen gained th eir livelih ood by h er . ence it is n tu l that temples and altars to th e goddess Annona should be erected in m m n n t an d f a Ro e , in which to i plore abu da t harves s avour ble seas , u pon w hich two circum stan ces th e food of the great metropolis depended . It is fo r this reason that An n ona is represen ted as a woman w h m are u a m ose constant e blems the corn copi , the odius filled with a of f u of an d e rs corn and r its the earth , and the tesserae , , either in f n of a n t he oregrou d or the background , the prow trireme is ever f A n A n n h as w . r r o anting On a very ra e b onze nto inus , where n o a the

of L X . epi thet FE I , a lighthouse is also seen fo r Annona appears on the coinage the first time under Nero , h w w h o m w en she is represented in company ith Ceres , co pleted the idea sign ified by the legend (ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES) . n or w f She is , ho ever , among the more requent commemorations w hich w ere made at intervals even to the time o f Diocletian .

BONUS EVENTUS .

V 130 s E VEN TVS B ON O E VEN T I .

w A type which occurs rarely and hich , as to signification , makes ,

FORTVN A. as it were , a duplicate with It is represented as a nude f male figure , who always holds in the right hand a patera rom which f he makes libation over a lighted altar, and in the le t hand an oar , r f two ea s o corn or a cornucopi a . t b few m This yPe was introduced y Galba , was used by a E perors en d e and d with Gallienus .

CARITAS . AV V V CARITAS GG M T A .

Aff ection is represented by a unique type upon a unique coin of Tetri cus the elder , f w an d A emale figure , standing , ith the right arm raised

f r . extended be o e her , an altar The legend CARITAS MVTVA is found on some coi n s of B albi n us P u i e n us m and p , but the legend is accompanied erely by tw o h n i s m joined ands , which , in other i stances , acco panied under sam e ' Em erors M MVTVVS these two p , by the legend A OR , MVTVA M TV V A . FIDES , PIETAS CLARITAS .

LAR T AVG or AVGG REIP or REIP VB C I AS LICAE .

h ethe o i n tif w sun o r so W r in rder to de y the Emperor ith the , , to sa m k h i m i ts i n s l n th e L y , a e equal p e dour, word C ARITAS is fo un d i n the time of Postum us and also the r elative perso nification T wh ich i s only a substi tute for Sol himself . h e type w hich or es o n ds th e n L RI i s se o f So l c r p to lege d C A TAS preci ly that , a

ur n u an d r . male fig e , de adiate It was adopted by th e fou r Empe rors an d then by th e family of Con stan n h i m a n i n lan ua ti e , and p ilolog call y , the term re i ed our g g e as an ad ec ti v i f n ot as a ta i l t i s j e , subs ntive , unt our ime , althoug h it n ow fall i n g into disu se .

CLEMENTIA. CLEMENTIA (CLEMENTIAE) AVG —CAES ARIS 13113 GERMANICI

TEM P .

Mod eration i n the time of vict ory an d me rcy tow ards th e van w An d i s q ui sh ed are th e t o m ost discreet g ift s of the conqueror . it r i n exactly thi s sense that CLEMENTIA must be un derstood . A fi st m enti on of Moder ation and Clemency w as made on two bron z e coi n s of i beri s bu t wi t few a re re T u , th hese exceptions Clementi is p en t r t i n of t s w s ed fi s the time Taci us and Probu , under hom she becam e very co m mon . i s sh e i s Th e type o f Clementia is n ot ver y definite . Somet me re re en te w om an an n w r ce : p s d as a , st di g, ith a b anch and a s ptre at n as a fe al e fi t ce an d an n a n a other, m g ure wi h a s ptre le i g gai st a f r co s at n co lu m n . From the time o P obus the most mmon repre ent io is th at of two male figu res (Jupiter and the Em pero r) h oldin g a globe between th em represen ti n g t h e u n ion of divine Cl em en c v an d i mper ial Clem en cy i n th e govern ment of the wor ld .

CON CORDIA . c o n o nn ORDLA AETERN A AVG AV GVSTA c ra (CON C E) , , AVGVSTI AV GG AVGG G a vc v sr o avu AVGG ET CAESS N N , — , , (or x N N ) COMMODI EQVITV M (or AEQYI TV M) EXE RCITVS Exnnc m wi r F ELIX 1319 15 11 11 LEGIOXVM MIL ITVM ETORI AN ORVM N P ERPETVA —P(0 pul i ) R(om an i ) PRA PROVI CIARVM srzxar vs.

o n r i a w m e a s w ct C co d , to ho s ver l temple ere ere ed in Rome , in f n i ts i 1 8 of the largest o f w hich the Senate o te held assembl es , one t he most common Perso n i fica ti on s and the most common of all

f es . i n bei ng adopted by the grea test number o Princ i n n i n w r B eg ith Nero , we find her epresented upon the coinage E u - erors w few of almost a l the p , ith very exceptions , until the f f r time of Honorius . O ten she is to be re e red to the Augusti or to f th e the Senate ; but more o ten to military corporations , to the ra tori an s army in general , to the legions, to the p and so on , among whom it was the great desire of the Emperor and the Senate that ‘ M ar ti s san ui n eas as er i uac cobi bet man us uae dat Concordia , g p q , g bel li er i s wdera en ti bus . g f g , should always be maintained Very many are the types under which she is figured and many the emblems which have been attributed to her by force of circum It f stances . might there ore be said that she is the personification for an fo r w hom types and emblems are less specified than y other , f of P and they are taken or borrowed rom those eace , with whom f f V she became , as it were , con ounded , or rom ictory or Abundance , i f g f P ax r as to si ni y that , Victo ia and Abundantia are elements

e b f . indisp nsa le to Concordia , or are her ruits And to these are added religious and military emblems w hen

Concordia is connected with w o rship or the army . c r S f for Concordia , a s a ed or tanding emale fig ure , has symbol , th e r of according to occasion , the co nucopia , patera , branch olive , of c om of f sceptre , the lighted altar , ears , a statuette Spes , a lower , of wheel , dove , prow a vessel , or sometimes one , two , three or as many as six military emblems . The imperial Concordia is sometimes represented with the w h o Emperor or Empress give her their hand , as in some bronze

of as M . coins Antoninus ; also by two Emperors , Aurelius with L u Antoninus the Elder , or his adopted brother uci s Verus, and of many times in the reign Alexander , she is accompanied by Au ustorum P hilippus or by Gallienus . The simple legend Concordia g on their medallion w as replaced by the different nam es of the members of the imperial family w h o were represented on them . n ot fi w Cases are rare in which the gure is anting , and a m eacock two sy bol alone represents Concordia , such as the dove , p ,

hands joined , an altar , the standards or the legionary eagle .

F E TA CU NDI S .

F ECVN DITAS F ECVN DITATI AVG AV GG AVGVSTA AV GVSTAE ( ) , ,

TE MP ORVM .

w s This figure , eminently appropriate to the Empresses , a intro d uced Faustm a w i f o f Pi n s f by , the e Antoninus , and was thence orth Salon i n a f reproduced by almost all the Empresses until , a ter whom sh e few was adopted only exceptionally by a Emperors , as by h Gallienus and Claudius G0 t i cus . She is generally represented as a woman with one or more — 43

r r r children , more arely by the Earth su ounded by four children to f represent the our seasons . F ecu n di tas f un o wh o w as is a derivation rom J , considered as the godd ess of fecundity and is often represented with the same at tri

butes .

L FE ICITAS .

FELICITATEM AETERN A — AVGV STA FELICITAS (FELICITATI , ) AVG , , AVGVSTI AVGVSTORV M CAE SARVM DEORVM M I , I PER I M IMPE RATORV M P E RP ETVA POPVLI I PF , ITALICA P , R , ROMAN I P OSTVMI PVB LICA REIP VB LICAE ROM ANORVM SAECV LI TE MP ORVM or M ( FELICIA TE PORA) .

Felicitas is represented on the coins of almost all th e Emperors and of all the Empresses beginning with Galba and continuing until

Constantine . This is easily ex plicabl e w hen one considers that Felicitas was the ideal goal to w hich the Roman state aspired and

that to the goddess Felicitas all the other goddesses were subordinate . i n deed w h at are r V And , Abundantia , q uitas , Conco dia , Pax , ictoria, unless union in themselves o f th e supreme aim of the Felicitas o f the Emper o r and Roman people ! o f Fe are th e th e r n h The emblems licitas the caduceus , patera , b a c ,

sce tre co rn uc o i a are e of - p , p ;which exactly thos the above mentioned

and similar deities . e w F L aetern a The pithets hich accom pany the legend E ICITAS, , f ta &c . o augus , publica , perpetua , , have no need explanation ; but F L DEORVM w e fi n d there is one that is singular , E ICITAS , which on a rare Antoninianus of Mariniana it is so rar e that it is difficult e f to xplain it . It may be that , being ound on a posthumous coin , the F el i ci tas o f the gods in having received the soul of Mar iniana is s t e intended ;unle s , the times being very sad in tha degrad d period ,

i t meant that F eli ci tas could only be given by the gods .

FIDES . D D D M AVGG AVGG CAESS N N G H FI ES (FI EI , FI E ) , AVG , , ET O OR V VIT EXE RCITVS EXE RCITVVM TIVM EQVIT M (or AEQ ) , FORTVN A LEG MAXIMA MILITVM MVTVA PRAETO V I A RIAN ORVM P B L C .

r All social ranks are concerned with FIDES ; the Empero , the of F a ar my and the people . The common type IDES in a gener l sense is that of a female figur e often draped : et F i des a l bo vel ata f r pan n o holds tw o ears o co n in one hand and a basket w r o f fruit in the other . Sometimes , ho eve , she holds merely a cor or m ore n uco i a and patera , sometimes a dove and alwa s one p y . o m i i i s symbols when she is referred to the army . The l tary subject sometimes amplified by the addition o f the figures of the Emperor and some soldiers . Fides is sometimes symbolized by tw o clasped right hands cci e do ue dem f a p q fi , and between them signi ying its good — f flw fruits there is o ten placed a caduceus , or some o ers , palm

tw o of . branches , or ears corn and a poppy i When Fides relates to things m litary , the righ t hands embrace w of an ensign , or a legionary eagle sometimes placed on a pro a

f . ship , or on a ulmen i The representation of Fides extends from Galba to M axen t us. .

FORTUNA . V CAESS N F ORT VNA F ORTVN AE AVGG AVGG N N . A GG N ( ) AVG , , ET DVX —FELIX MAN EN S MVLI EB RIS OB SEQV EN S RE DVX V B ON A FORTVNA FLOREN S FORTVN A FORS FORT N A .

The Romans , given over to superstition , held especially to F f of ortuna , the goddess who presides over all events , over the li e men and that of the nation in that vague sense in wh i ch she may fu Casus B on us E ven / us P r ovi den ti a be con sed with , with and with , letting it be supposed that they placed a discreet faith in th e Cice i M ronian saying Vi tam reg i r f or tun e: n on sapi en t a . any temples were erected in Rome and in the Provinces to Fortuna under her various of w titles , and the statue Fortuna must al ays accompany the Emperor and be place l in his bedroom F or tunam quae comi n H tari pr i n cipes et i n cubi cul i s po i soleba t (Suetonius) . ence it is very natural that h er figure should be very common upon the coinage and that she should appear without inte rruption from Augustus a until Galeri us Maxi m i n us . Fortuna is generally represented by a female figure standing or f seated , and her emblems are the cornucopia , to which is o ten of shi som eti m es e added the rudder a p , replaced by a prow or a glob ,

- a patera and the olive branch . Sometimes Fortuna is standing on a w a cippus ornamented ith g rlands , sometimes she holds a horse by th e w f rein . When she is standing , a heel is o ten near her , a symbol which is seldom w anting when she is represented seated .

GENIUS . GEN IVS N AVG AVGVST AVGVSTI AVGVSTI n N (GE IO) , , AVGVSTI P II AVG FE L AVG ET CAESS N N B RITANN . FELIC c c CAESARIS CIVIT(ati s) N ICOM( ed i ae) EXE RCITVS EXE RCITVS ILLYRICIAN I FE L(i x) I LLYRICI IMP ERATORIS L LVGl d un i en si s) POP VLI P POP VLI M N SENATVS , , R RO A I B ON VS GE N IVS IMP ERATORIS .

w r Every individual , as ell as every nation , every corpo ation , city

i ow n . and local ty had in the Roman world , its genius Thus we find G of th e of a th the enius Emperor and the C sar , e Genius of the of Arm v of Roman people , the Genius the and the Senate , and that various Cities . Geni us e is generally represent d by a male figure , nude , or clothed in a simple mantle wo rn over the shoulders and the modius on h is of head , a cornucopia on his arm , in the act making a libation with

a atera r . p , sometimes over an alta Rarel y Genius holds a sceptre h w more often he as an eagle at his feet . We find these t o em blems th e G o f associated with enius the Roman people , the eagle on innumerable bronzes o f the four Emperors ; the sceptr e accom panics the head of Genius on some denarii of the interregnum of w w Galba, hich sho s how democracy among the Romans was understood in quite a diff erent sense from that w hich it has with our h e r a . contempor ries Sometimes Genius, when rep esents the army , n for Tra an us has one or more ensig s at his side ( example j Decius) , and is w rapped in the toga w hen he represents the Senate as on several coins of Antoninus Pius . The P erso ni ficati o n of Genius appears for the first time on some bronze coins of Nero it was most used in th e time of the four Empero rs and makes its last appearance upon one of those small r w fe of uli an us bronzes att ibuted to Helena , i J II , but this attribution is not fully proved and perhaps it should be assigned to the reign of Diocl etian .

H ILARITAS .

H L I T AVG O AVGGG o u i R om an i T N . I AR AS , AVG , P( p l ) ( ) E FOR

HILARITAS has much afti n i tv of meaning with LAETITIA but is not an exact synonym . If w f s w w ul it ere, a polished and a tidious riter such as Cicero o d i ci um ti u not have w ritten : H i l ar i tas plen um j ud ac lac ti ae f i t. If LAETITIA is taken in the se n se of pleasure or satisfaction with L a deed happily accomplished, HI ARITAS has rather the meaning of of of . rejoicing, pleasure , or gladness heart The symbols that accompany these two Perso n i ficati on s are very L n w h o various . HI ARITAS is represe ted by a matron , almost

- always bears a lon g palm branch in one hand , and in the other a o f a c row n f cornucopia , a branch laurel , or , and is o ten accompanied r w r ff by one or two child en , hile , as will be seen , ve y di erent e symbols characterize the Person i fica ti on o f LAETITIA . B ginning H sh e p r of with adrian , ap ears ra ely until the time Elagabalus and

y th e Tetr i ci Carausi us Allectus . thence only e xcepti onall under , and — 46

H ON OS .

H B ON OS (H ON ORI) ON OS H ON OS ET VIRTVS .

H anos is represented in two distinct ways . On his first appearance upon the imperial coinage he is always accompanied by Valour

(B ONOS ET VIRTVS) . Thus we find hi m on the bronze of

a m - Galba , Vitellius and Ves sian , where he is represented se i nude t with a long sceptre an the cornucopia , opposite to Valor rep e sented in milita ry dress armed with a lance and parazonium and

with right foot placed upon a helmet . It appears that the association of H on os with Virtus arose from the legen d (h istory or mere tra

M . M H o n os dition that arcellus , wishing to erect a temple to and n Virtus , and permission not being gra ted by the aug urs , built two , arranged in such a man ner that in order to enter the temple of m of u i f Ho os it was necessary first to pass through that Virt s , as to fi a teach that the rst could not be att ined without the latter . The types o f H onos and Vi r tus come down from republican times

and also their associations . o f H onor flw We find the head represented as a youth , with o ing of an d Durmi a hair and laureated , upon denarii the Aquileia f fi f of h amilies , while the two associated g ures orm the reverse t e

f . fi l denarius o A F u us Ca en us and M ucin s Cordus . Later H onor is fi represented by a male g ure , with toga , probably the Emperor f we fi n d M u himsel , and him thus under Antoninus and arc s Aurelius , f as a a ter whom he ce es to p ear . e V H onos Wh ther accom panied y irtus or alone , among the w fi a of Romans , al ays has the signi c tion military glory and it is to be noted that H ON OS is never accompanied by any adj ective except f that o the usual AVG .

IN DU L ENTI G A.

IN DVLGEN TIA IN DVLGENTIAE AVGG IN G H AV IN ( ) AVG , ART GG ITALIAM F EC VNDA P OS 'I 'VMI PIA AVG .

The word I nd ulg en ti a must be understood as a condonation of f m unishment or taxes , and ro the coins it appears that we should p t ca old tha this last signifi tion is the one common ly adopted . Although such fiscal co n donation w as already recorded 11 on the of Galba as f be t coins and Nerva , an act worthy o the imperial li rali y m un i ficen c e IN DVLGENTIA was and , not perso nified un til the o f sh e time Hadrian and is then represented as a matron seated , w e . I holding a sceptre and ith her ri ht hand extend d n later times , d c s besi es the s eptre , she al o hol s a patera .

r w h o b was then introduced in h er true pe sonification by Nerva , , y s m bol wi shed w fo r this y , to sho that he indeed w ould compensate the n an d r r u just acts , the vexations a bitra y deeds o f his predecessor ,

Domitian . She is repeated only on the very few coins of th e lesser e r M . r e Emperors , Had ian , Antoninus , Au elius , S ptimus S verus , and ceases with Severus Alexander , to reappear once more on some of of posthumous coins Constantinus , upon which the title

VENERABILIS is added . : Type a woman seated with a branch and sceptre , or patera and w i n sceptre . Rarely , standing ith the balance , and that case we th e o f m recall single type q uitas , with who , although distinct f w ffi rom her , there was al ays great a nity .

I U VENTAS .

T IVV V r V V V V IVVEN AS ENT S o I B EN T S A G IV ENTA M . , ( ) I PERII M arcus Aurelius introduced IVVENTAS upon his coinage while a n f f he was C sar , represe ting her as a emale figure , urnished with ater of o f p , in the act throwing a grain incense upon a lighted tn 0 i \pe may say that this figure is unique on the coins of Marcus

Aurelius , because , although three other Emperors , Caracalla , Claudius Goth i c us and Vaballath us replaced the legend on some of their coins , it has no personification . The denarius of Caracalla (IVVENTA IM PERII) represents the of Va ballath us Emperor , the small bronze Claudius and represen t

H ercules .

LAETITIA

L LAETITIAE AVGVSTI AVGG AVGGG N AETITIA ( ) AVG , , , AVG . V DAT P VB LI CA TE MP VM F N A OR .

L aetitia , generally represented as a woman who holds a spear of w f and ears corn or a crown in the right hand , hile with the le t of a f she leans upon an anchor or a rudder ship , is o ten represented of merely by a trireme , all them symbols which appear at once to f of f re er to the arrival grain rom Sicily or Africa . Laetitia would then be the expression of satisfaction for the assured distribution of provisions . She appears fo r th e first time in the reig n o f Antoninus P i n s and lasted until that of Gal eri us i i n s Max m a u . LI BERALITAS .

LIBERALITAS . AVG VSTI AV GG AV G V STORV M V V AVG . A G or A GG I IV V V V II II . I II I I III I . I , , , V , . . V I .

Li berali tas was on e of th e ch i ef el em en ts of th e i m w peri al po er . Paw n at Ci ra n srs were off ered b y th e Emperor to th e people to kee th em fri en dl an d i n sub ecti on an d th o u a es w ere w el p y j , gh g m w a H w come bread as n ecess i t . en ce i t as r n at ural th at , y ve y Li beral i tas shoul d beco m e on e of th e fig ures m ost popul ar wi th th e mus es an d i t appeared ver y often upo n th e co i n s struck to com m em i m ri a orate the pe l g i f ts . The oldest coi n s wi th th e l eg en d LI B ERALITAS are th ose o f H adri but th e fi f Li beral i tas i s fo u d n i an ure o n o co n s m ch ol er . , g u d Setti n asi de th ose of th e Re ubl i c an d li m i ti n ou rsel ve to th ose g p , g s of the Em i re th e first that bore th e fi ure of Ij berali a are e p , g t s th sestertii of Nero re resen ti n th e co n i ari um th at i s to sa th e , p g g , y , wh ol e scen e of th e di stri buti on of m o n ey or provi si o n s to th e o ulace an d th i s w as con ti n ued u on th e si m i lar c oi n s of th e p p , p subse uen t Em erors u on w hi ch t he i deal fi ure of q p , p g laced between th e r al fi ures of th e Em eror of th e refect of th e p g g p , p retori a uard o f so m e so ldi er an d th e eo le wh o o u to th e p n g , , p p g p i m er i al d s to ve th e ift Th e scen e of th e co i ar i um i s p i i recei g . ng repres en ted vari ousl y wit h m o re or fe w er peopl e ; but th e fig ure of ’ Li i v w ar-i ts It was onl beral tas i s ne er an ti n g F reest coug om nibus. y un der H adri an th at th e h um an fig ures di sup red (to reappear later an d th e fi u re of Li berali tas h eld th e fi el alo n e th eri n to ) g , g herself th at whi ch was fo rmerly cal led Cong i ar imn an later took th n re rali tas n ti l he ti m e am e of l ag g i ti o. Th e fig u of Li be lasted u t e f n o Co stan ti us II . Several Em perors h eld m o re th an on e Li ba ‘al i tas an d th en th ey V are n um bered : U k rali ms II III &c . u to I b Severus an d , , , p y Geta VII b Marcus Aureli us VIII bv H adri an VIIII bv An toni nus , y , , Pi ns, Comm odus an d Caracall a . Th di n a e of Ii ben li tas i s a wo man stan di n wh o bears e or r t . y yp g , a tessera or tabl et i n her ti h t an d th e co rn uco i a m eti m es g , p , so d oub i n d . le , th e left han a fem i n i n e fig ure i n th e i n ns Pi us) a type m ore

a ate to Abundan ti a . Someti m es i t i s th e Em ero r h i mself i n ppropri p , ' ' a to a w ho bears th e tm era th us re resen ti n Ltlz mh i as as m ay g , , p g .

be seen o n a den ari us of th e m ore An ton i n us . L IBERTAS .

L or LEIB E RTAS AV GG AVGVSTA AVG VSTI P IB ERTAS ( ) AVG , , , R P VB LICA RESTITVTA SAEC VLI R XI (or XL R or XXXX R) .

o f Li ber tas w h o The personification , was well placed on the m Republican coinage , is inappropriate , at least in any cases , on that fi f of the Emperors . We nd it no less requently on the latter than the former as i f th ey wished that the idea of the thing should supply w hat w as w anting in the reality . On th e Republican coin age (w h i ch was then in use) the head L only of ibertas is represented , bare or veiled , while on the Imperial f w h coinage Libertas is personified as a emale figure , usually it the w cap and sceptre (or rather the and) , rarely with the cap and cor

n uc O l a . p ’ n H With these emblems the figure is alw ays standing . l adrian s m time she is so etimes represented seated , and then , with the o f sceptre (or rod) , she also holds a branch olive , thus approaching of P ax I usti ti a w closely to the types and , ith the understanding

that P ax and I usti ti a can only flourish under the rule o f Li bertas. She appeared in all her since rity upon a denarius of the slayer of w n Caesar , upon hich she is brutally expressed by the Phrygia cap tw o we fi n d between daggers ; her again , suddenly , on the coinage of w h o w of Augustus , as ell as on his cistophori , gave her the title LIB ERTATIS VINDEX;then upon the first coins of Claudius who

protested ag ai n st th e fanatical absolutis m o f his predecessor Calig ula . r of Nero only p omised liberty speech , and upon his coins her head t appears only once . Galba affirmed and confirmed the liber y prom

ised by the Senate on many o f his coins . f Dom i ti an us w An interval ollowed under Titus and hen , the L w h o res latter being assassinated , iberty arose again under Nerva ' ' oli m di ssoci abi l er mzscuzt ri nci a tum cl li ber tatem f , p p ; a ter th is she H n appeared at greater intervals under Trajan , adria and the

Antonines . Later she made a fitful but rather frequent appearance upon the r coins o f several Empero s until the time of Tacitus . It may be said that the emblem of Li ber tas reappeared at the disappearance of

every tyrant as i f in promise of a better era . She made a last exceptional appearance upon an Aureus of Jul i anus the tyrant

d kn ow i f n e u to ake acc i a ca e o f i er as I . o n ot o o o un of th e so e s L I g ht t t l t d b t ,

w i c accor i n to an i n i m a be eri fie on a sm a l ron z e o f Con s an i n e . h h , d g J , y v d l b t t II It i s a coi n n ow un kn own an d c i ted on ly by th at au thor w h o i s too often i n exac t . M or eo ver th e fig ure on th a t coi n w hi c h oug ht to rep resen t Li bertas i s on ly a ‘ ri erson i fica i on eari n th e a ri u es of .E ui tas an d e i c i as th e sca es an d hyb d p t b g tt b t q F l t , l

th e corn uco pi a . MONETA .

M N AVG AVGG AV GGG 1 AVGVSTI AVGVSTORVM O ETA , , , CAESARVM RESTIT VTA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS N OSTR VTARIS VRB IS SAL VESTRAE .

Originally the coins of Rome were minted in the temple of Iun o M M oneta oneta , from which circumstance the name came to mean M xa O . the mint , and such , to be e ct , is the meaning of NETA At the time of the empire she makes her first appearance on an a re re autonomous denarius of the time of Galb , when she is still p sented , as in the era of the Republic , by the head alone and with the curio us legend which remains unique M ONETA SALVTARIS . o a The true pers nification was introduced by Domitian , a m tron a an d a standing , who holds a cornucopi the bal nce , a type which lasted unchanged , with some rare exceptions , in which she pours money fro m the cornucopia into the modius at her feet .

Beginning with the reign of Commodus , and always , with the very x M a M oneta few e ceptions on his ed llions , is represented with a f a a triple emblem , three em le figures representing the three met ls,

z . gold , silver and bron e Each preserves the type described ; that is , a a a an d a a she c rries the b l nce the cornucopi , small pile of metal being added at the feet of each figure . The three figures of the M on etae in these most common representations the most common of all upon the medallions

are always facing an d generally loo k to the left . The middle

a . fig ure lone sometimes looks to the front It is to be noted that , while the two figures looking right an d left carry the balance with i n h w the arm lowered , the figure the middle always olds it ith the ar m h th e raised , which suggests that the latter wit lighter balance for the more precious metal , represents gold , while the other two M represent silver and bro nze . The middle fig ure of oneta upon a a a h med llion of Commodus is lean ing gainst a pedestal , whic also lends strength to the supposition that she is intended to represent the Moneta of gold . Which of the two others represents silver and which bronze it is diffic ult to determine unless one attributes the honour of silver to the figure st anding to the right of the M oneta of gold . The personificatio n of M oneta was introduced by Domitian and a a o an d a m repe ted by m ny Emper rs lso by some E presses , beginning Dom n a an d o f with Julia , from the time the four Emperors she took

S . M the epithet ACRA Upon several edallions of Diocletian , of the Maxi m i an i and Constans Ch l orus the single figure of M on eta stands

c z a u s es a so S n M ON E TAE i e . e e us a d I . M y p bli h l M ONETA II AVG (S pt v r ) A G u a om n a but a e n e e seen an d am n n e to n k a U (j li D ) ; , I h v v r it i cli d thi it bad i n terpretation . 5 2

o f between those jupiter and Hercules , and then the legend is H ERCVLI A MONETA IOVI ET VGG . Alexander Severus alone used the legend M ONETA RESTI TVTA b RESTITVTOR ; corro orated by another similar to it ,

M N . O But , while such legends might have had a positive L meaning in regard to Nero , Aurelian , Diocletian and icinius , A x they express only a pious desire in the case of le ander Severus . Lam ri di us x p , indeed , records that Ale ander having lowered the 0 contributions of Elagabalus 3 per cent . , he prepared special coins of half, a third , and even a quarter of a denarius of gold ; but that when this reform w as hindered by the poverty of the reserves the x h a new coins were not circulated and were melted . No e ample s descended to us .

MUN IFICENTIA .

V MVN IFICENTIA AV G GORDIAN! A G .

M un i ficen ti a P The rare type of was introduced by Antoninus ius , and probably had its ori gin in the Games in the Circus wh ich w ere w e celebrated with extraordinary grandeur . The type , which may Mu n i fi c en ti a w call classical , of , is represented by a woman ith regal

f . ensigns , the sceptre and crown , with a lion at her eet But on various bronzes of Antoninus , a lion only , or an elephant , represents Se ti mi us her , and the elephant is repeated also on the coinage of p Go rdi an s S . u everus and Elagabalus Pius , on the contrary , represents her with a complete scene of wild animals fighting in an amp h i theatre .

N OB ILITAS .

N OB I LITAS AVG or AVGG

N obi li tas f , whether inherited through age or distinction of amily , ffi th e or acquired as a reward for high public o ces , was held in greatest esteem by the Romans it is however little used upon the

. I coinage t did notGappear until the time of Commodus and was quickly abused bb eta in whose case it is impossible to say to what kind of no ility it could refer . After Elagabalus it did not Tetri cus appear again until the time of and his son , and with these it disappeared . We must note that instead of a Perso n i fi cati on the title nobi li s or n obi l i rsi mus was used and introduced for the first time P ae by hilippus the younger as C sar , and by Diocletian , in whose L I time the legend was common , NOBI IS or N OBILISS MVS CAESA R N . . L M FOEMIN A ( C or NOB C) , NOBI ISSI A (NF) , as we find upon the coins of Helena and Fausta . N obi l i tas is generally personified by a female figure with lon g sceptre and the palladium . — S3

OPS . OPI AVG DIVINAE

A woman seated with two ears ofcorn in the right hand or with the sceptre and the right hand raised above her head are we to suppose she represents the goddess wife of Saturnus or the Perso n i ficati o n of Riches ! I am more inclined for the second hypothesis : but have no serious reason for excluding the first . In any case such a x representation is very rare , and may be c lled e ceptional , only appearing under Antoninus Pius (with th e title of AVG) and under

Pertinax (with the title DIVINA) .

PATIENTIA . V PATIENTIA AVG STI .

The Roman P ati en l i a as Le Vaillant well observes must not be understood in the Christian sense of supporting with strength a a a but and resign tion the dversities of f te or the troubles of life , rather i n the sense of perseverance in carrying out diffi cult and th e troublesome work . This signification , which is derived from a representation itself of a fem le figure holding a sceptre , and i x indicating her strength of purpose with her r ght hand e tended , is attributed to the great H adrian upon a unique and rare denarius of 1 whom we find this personification .

PAX .

or S AETE RNA AVGVSTA PAX ( PAX , PACI , PACE) AVG , V VST RVM E VITVM EXERCITVS AVG STI , AVGG , AVG O Q V V M F N DATA ORB IS TERRARVM PE RP ET A P . RO ANI V PVB LICA V B IQ E PAX .

Daughter of Jupiter and of Themis , PAX , already honoured with temples and statues in Greece , had much greater honour among who the Romans , dedicated to her the most beautiful temple in a Rome upon the Appian W ay . Begun by Agrippin it was finished by the F lavi i who deposited in it the rich spoils taken from the

Temple at Jerusalem .

i u r i 1 . It s tr e that Spa t an us recoun ts co n cern i n g th e Em perorHadrian f ri g ora et tem pestates i ta pati en ter tulit ut n un q uam caput teg eret but i n spite of thi s assertio n I d o n 0 t thi n k w e oug ht to attribute to th e patien c e o f Hadrian th e sen se that w e are accustom ed to g ive to that o f Job ;an d i f it i s true that Hadrian used al w ays to g o w ith h i s head un covered w e m ust con cl ud e that coverin g it w as di stateful to h i m . 5 4

For although the Roman Empire w as founded in w ar an d a maintained by war , pe ce was held in the highest esteem and th e as considered as reward of war and a gift fr om the gods . So that it is not surprising that the coins upon w hich P a x is celebrated are very numerous . n P ax w t A commo type of , hich began wi h Aug ustus and lasted a f un til the end of the Empire , is a se ted emale figure, standing or running , with a long sceptre , generally carried aslant, the branch r of olive, cornucopia , caduceus , milita y ensign , ears of corn , the

P ax w - palm or crown . Sometimes ith the sceptre or olive branch is w e in a swift biga , and thus find her on the aurei of Gallienus and I Probus w ith the legend VB QVE PAX . We sometimes find P ax w ith a torch in the act of setting fire to r e resen a heap of arms ; but more often with the legend PAX , a p tati o n w w ar an d hich really relates to , of which according to the

Roman feeling , it could only be the consequence . Upon an Antoninianus of Gallienus with the legend PAX EVN w a DATA we see a trophy ith two prisoners . Upon an ureus of Constantine w ith the legend PAX AETERNA AVG N are figured two women turreted , one of whom presents a crown to the o m of Emper r , the other a victory ;and upon a s all bronze the same Constantine with the legend PACIS FVN D(ator) a representation M w i v en w h o of ars the arrior , is g , bears a trophy and drag s along a

P ax n . prisoner . Such is as understood by the Roma s And it is to w Vi ctor i a f a be noted that , hile is o ten ccompanied , as we shall see an th e P ax in its place , by epithet relating to conquered people , on the contrary is alw ay s u n derstood in a general sense . Rome did not make peace by treaty with another nation , but granted it , after w P ax o bi te r a m ! . r r r u victory , to the whole orld To the coins recording P axSmust be added those w ith the legend ARA PACIS (or simply PACI ) and shewing an altar, in connection ax with which P assumes a decidedly relig ious character . With regard to this an observation of some interest is suggested by some coins of Sal on i n a w ith the legend AVG( usta) IN PACE w ith a representation of P ax seated . It is a type which has given rise to long discussions ; and different sig n i fi cati on s were attributed to it , among which is the noted one ofDe Witte , who would find in P ax Aeter n a it a religious , Christian meaning, and , referring it to ,

“ would deduct from it the opinion that Sal o n i n a w as converted to the new faith .

This interpretation appears , to me , strained , at least , and that of Aug usta sotto le spog li e del la P ace appears to me a rather more obvious meaning . This latter would be also the key to the interpretation of other x tw o coins , among them , for e ample , some of the Faustinas where

an d a great part of Roman political life , wise rulers of the people held tenaciously to the preservation of such an indispensable

element of govern ment . O n this account the representation of Pietas is one of the first in importance that the Empire inherited from

the Republic , and , as the Emperors adopted , from the time of PIVS P i et Augustus , the title of we find that the representation of as is j ealously an d abundantly preserved upon the coinage almost w ithout interruption until the end ; relating sometimes to the th e s Emperors , Empresses , or Imperial families , sometime to the

1 n . senate , the army , to Rome or to the people general The types of P i etas are : a matron occasionally seated but almost t r always standing and often veiled , with a patera and scep re ; ve y seldom w ith military ensigns w hen it refers to the army . She often stands near an altar upon which she sometimes pours from a patera

r places incense . Sometimes she raises one hand or both to the e sky . Fin ally her personification resembles that of F curzdi ms a having three or four children 1 n her arm s or ne r her . Sometimes there 15 a templ e w hich symbolizes Pietas or sim pl y th e 1 n stru m en ts w of sacrifice , hich is easy of explanation ; but the case also occurs in which the legend P i etas 15 found with the repre sen tati o n M as of ercury and not in error , it is repeated many times a com bination of which it is n o r easy to give the precise a x a a M r u me ning , e cept that in this case it m y be th t ercu y sho ld not be regarded as a messenger but as a mediator between humanity and divinity . B al bi n u s i en us Under and Pup , the two right hands joined which h av MVTVA F MVTVA M A I A , I A O e the letgend C R T S DES and R M V\ VT M VTVA . S , have also PIETAS

P ROVI DENTIA .

PROVIDEN TIA PROVIDEN TIAE AVGV STI AVGG AVG , AVG N , , CAESS DE ORVM PRO B I AVG NOSTRI SEN ATVS

P rovi den ti a Divine , among the Romans is often united and w i confounded ith the mperial , or rather it begins with the aureole an d . P OVI of divinity becomes imperial by debgrees The legend R DENTIA was introduced for the fi rSt time upon the senatorial o f of coinage Au 1g3 ustus , accompanied by the representation a lighted w e fi ti d I t es asi an altar and thus also upon the coins of Vitellius , p and his son s . Under Titus however the representation was altered and

. tw o underwent a first change of meaning Here are the Emperors , es asi an Titus and p facing , the one presenting the other with a globe . With Traj an the perso n ification of P rovi den ti a assumes its — S7

u tr e character and is represented by a female figure with sceptre , often leaning against a column , and with a globe at her feet , to i f . s which she , often , points with a rod This the type found most o ten on the coinage of a great number of Emperors until the time of Constantine ; this type however did not prevent other types from i for t . gradually being substituted it , or , at any rate , modifying P ro v i den ti a a Under Hadrian , ppears to have referred still almost exclusively to the gods, so much so that on some coins she takes PROVIDENTIA DEORVM the title of , with the representation a a sce tre of the Emperor , in a tog , receiving p brought to him by an d l en i ev i en t ab ove. le d n eagle , and therefore , y, J The same g , the time of Antoninus , accompanies the representation of a fulmen , another symbol of Jupiter . P rovi den ti a But in the reign of Commodus , descends from

Olympus , and becoming earthly, is to be referred to the grain f which the Emperor has brought from A rica , is almost confused a a tri rem e with Annon , is represented now by , now by Africa herself who comes into contact with Hercules ; and it is impossible to say whether , henceforth , she is related more closely with divinity or with the Emperor . The symbols and emblems are gradually modified . F or the sceptre and globe which , from the beginning , formed the u P rov i den ti a tr e type of , are gradually substituted a cornucopia , ’

a a . patera , plough , ship s rudder , two e rs of corn or military ensign Septimus Severus an d Caracalla represent P rov i den ti a with the M w M V head of edusa , Gallienus ith ercury , Aurelianus with enus ,

Crispus and Constantine II with Jupiter , and the gate of a camp with which Constantius II represented her for the last time . P rovi den ti a Deor um who first appeared u pon the coinage was P rovi den ti a Senatus P r ovi transformed in the course of time into , den ti a P i d n o / i Caess rov den ti a P robi u . s T . , g

PUDICITIA .

PVDICITIA PVDICITIAE AVG AVGG AVGVSTAE ( ) , ,

Pudicitia was represented for th e first time on the coins of th e a an d virtuous Plotin , upon a beautiful denarius of g old silver P which bore the inscription ARA VDIC . And the allusion was fully n w h o justified , recordi g as it does one of the many virtues of her w as of th e certainly one best of the Empresses . But Hadrian and Sabin a adopted th e same emblem immediately a 1 n th e a afterw rds ; spite of fact that the latter , who was not h ppy a had in her marri ge nor probably very virtuous , her sleep troubled by the apparition of Antinous . And then she was adopted not only by the few Empresses who could honour themsel ves thus , but also by the many others by whom she could not be named except ironically . Accordi n to our modern ideas Pudicitia may be called a virtue more strict y feminine than masculine and should be ado ted ! , ) resses whether rightly or wrong only by the Em , an hence d of it is strange to see it figure also upon the coins several Emperors . Tra an us E ren n i us Etruscus r If it merely concerned j Decius , , Hos i l i an us Trebon i an us m , Gallus and Gallienus we might be te pted to suppose th at their coins with this impression were hybrids made with the coins of Etrusci lla for the first and of Salon i n a for Gallie nus which would not occasion much wonder seeing how irreg ular the system of coinage was at this time . But we have the denarii of Hadrian (even of Hadrian himself!) which leave no doubt on the a P subj ect . There are many of his den rii upon which udicitia appears , re resen and among the others there is one , which , with the same p tati on PVDIC and the leg end in the field , bears the circular legend PM P TR COS III, which can only refer to Hadrian , this not being the age of incorrect legends . We must therefore take as regular all the coins of the Emperors we x quoted above although cannot succeed , e cept up to a certain point , in deciding their true signification . P udicitia is represented by a woman standing or seated , generally with a sceptre , dra ed in her own clothes , often in the act of v i f covering with a e her ace or breast , or with her hand on mouth

. h as m or breast Sometimes she with her one or ore children , sometimes she is in the act of sacrificing upon an altar . Her figure is always alone upon the coins ; but upon some rare medallions P udi c i ti a F Sec uri tas . is accompanied by elicitas , or Abundantia Upon a large bronze in my collection found last year i n Rome 2 Yo and which I believe to be unique , of Faustina the un er with P VDICITIA the legend , the figure is seated and veiled hol ing two P P ears of corn . robably it is intended to represent udicitia under the appearance of the chaste Ceres .

I E QU ES R QU IES .

VIES AVGG AVGVSTORVM RE VIES OP TIMORVM Q AVG , , Q M ERITORVM .

ff Two types , almost synonymous , uncommon , and di erently represented .

mat u on e a a ous an d th i i us 1 . ass tw o e e o e l un e e of Se t m I p by d , b rb r th r b d r d , p Severus an d Gordi anus w hich can n ot be used as data upon which to form a u men j dg t . '

o a I . S e un h di am m na n . X 2 . e A N . R pp , L VI A woman standing with an oar lowered and a sceptre represents Em eror seated Repose , which is also represented by the p in the curule

a . chair , with the right h nd raised and with the sceptre In the first case she is called QVIES and is adopted by Diocletian and M ax i m i an us Hercules ;in the second she is called REQVIES Goth i cu s Maxi m i an us u and adopted by Claudius , Herc les and

Constantius Ch lorus .

SALUS . SALVS SALVTI AVGG AVGG CAE SS NN S ( ) AVG , , ET AVG NO TRI AVGVSTA AVGVST DD N N AVGG ET CAESS DD N N EXE RCITVS GEN ( or GEN ERIS) H VM AN I ITAL MILITVM ' ' — IPV LI AE . P OS I VMI AVG. P ROVIN CIARVM P VB LICA RE B C S alus , also , is one of the very old representations , and the Empire only continued the use already introduced by th e Republic . The head only of Salus was represented for the l ast time by a Livi , daughter of Augustus ; then , under the first Emperors , the Person i fic ati o n true was adopted , consisting of a feminine figure a standing , seated or leaning ag inst a column , who in most cases is feedi n a h er ar m s g serpent which is sometimes placed in , sometimes fi hangs from an altar or a tree . In other cases the guration is less precise and the emblems are those belonging to o ther Person i fi a to a cations and especi lly Pietas , such as the pater poured upon a

S of . lighted altar, perhaps to signify that alus is a g ift the gods The rudder of a ship and the ears of corn which are sometimes t of emblems of Salus eviden ly refer to Annona , as the first element health .

S S . S ometimes , also , alus is represented by an altar ometimes it is Aesculapius who represents her , and here the signification is very clear . But Salus which is mostly understood in the material sense of a a physical he lth , to which the Rom ns very rightly gave immense importance men : sa n a i n corpore Jan a which is proved by some coins minted in memory of the restoration to health of the o a Emper rs , is sometimes or may be understood in a met phorical sense . Such is SALVS GENERIS H VM ANI represented generally a V SALVS EXERCITVS M ILITVM SALVS O by ictory , or , PR VIN CIARVM of Postumus to which the figure of Rh en us corre s o n ded as p , in which c es it cannot be determined precisely whether o a the concrete or the metaph ric l sense is to be understood . The word SALVS is used to express a wholly abstract m eaning SALVS MVN DI when in modern times , is written round the Ol br i s u . symbol of the cross , upon an aureus of y SALVS is among the commonest person i fi cati on s upon the Im er1al m p co age . 60

E S CU RITAS .

SECVRITAS SECVRITATI AV GG AVGVSTI MPER IMP ( ) AVG , , I II v GE RM AX (Vitellius) ORB IS P ERP ETVA P OPVLI ROMANI P VB LICA R IP VB AE M E S ECV LI TEMP V E LIC RO A A OR M .

Secur i tas fre uen tl1 P erson i fica , another of the most q adopted ti on s be ai1 e oti sti call 1 1 sav w \ w , g ._ g , we ma , ith ero , upon hose coins it is always w ritten clearly w ith full lettering SECVRITAS AVGVSTI 1 t , while on those of Galba always refers to the people , b n SECVRITAS P ROMANI . Later it was adopted y a large umber of Emperors , and refers sometimes to the Emperors , sometimes to w th e t . the Roman people , sometimes to hole ear h The types are r m very va ious , but the most common is that of a wo an standing or u 1 1 a sitting in the attit de of repose of one ho has nothing to fe r . P corn uc 0 i ze m rovided with sceptre , patera or p , a crown pal or a g globe , the m tronly figure stands leaning a ainst a column with the legs crossed , the right hand raised above the head , or is seated w ith the elbow leaning on the back of her chair in th e act of

i . support ng the head Often near her an altar, against which a torch often leans . Securi tas almost equals F ax and is sometimes represented by Pallas (Caraca lla) ; at other times the l egend is SECVRITAS with a representation of the Emperor in a quadriga with a branch of laurel (Licinius the elder) . In the time of Constantine Secur i tas was again confounded with P ax th e but always after a Victory , and we then find Emperor represented in the act of erecting or crownin g a trophy . m a fi n d Upon the iddle bronzes of Julian the Apost te we , with SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE the legend , the representation of a bull w hich strongly reca lls the B ul l Api s or with greater probabi l i n a victi m for sacrifice . And upon a small bronze of Hannibal li an us a fig ure of the Euphrates 1 s represented with th e leg end

SECVRI TAS PVB LICA.

SPES .

S S SP EI AV GG AVGGG AV GV STA AV GV STI AVGVSTOR PE ( ) AVG , , , , F ELICITATIS B S P P B PVB LICA R P OR I R RO I AVG , REIP VB LICAE B S ES B SP EI SP S IRM A. ONA P , ONAE E F

w h o h l e ari He devotes imse f to great works must , nec ss ly , be 0 w a animated by the hope of success . H pe s indi spensable to the w as n i v i Romans and therefore placed amo g the d init es . Claudius introduced her upon the coinage and she remained there until the t e w u end of the Empire , her yp being preservefld ith great reg larity ; v d a n e a oung girl m ungir led robe, c rryi g a ower (symbol of hop 6 1

’ because from the flower co mes fruit) in the act of walking an d h er holding up dress . S S P as Upon some coins of Hadrian PE R , represented just described , appears to allude to the new Caesar, whom the old h i s o f Emperor , still living, presents as successor and hope the

Roman people . T his allusion has been suggested , and , I may say, confirmed by the fact that some of these coins and especially some bronze , cer n l an d a tai y coined in the last years of Hadrian , with the n me of

Hadrian , already present the portrait of Antoninus Pius . Sometimes Spes is in the presence of the Emperor an d some x S soldiers (Vespasian , Ale ander everus) . In one very rare case the young girl is replaced by a male figure in the same attitude (Alex . Severus) . Very rare also is the case of H eren n i us P PVB LICA w e a temple ( ) , with the legend S ES , which must suppose to have been erected to Spes .

In the time of Constantine , the signification of Spes changed with th e th e change in beliefs and religion . Christian Hope took place of Pagan Spes, and the labarum with the monogram of Christ served o t h er as symb l . In later imes she was assigned the anchor as a symbol of Hope ; but this symbol is not only Christian but very

m . modern , as it does not appear upon any I perial coinage

TRAN QU ILLITAS.

TRAN VILLITAS AVG AVGG B . Q , EATA

si x It is not a common type . Of the Emperors who adopted it, the two first , Hadrian and Antoninus Pius , considered TRAN VILLITAS x Securi tas an d Q almost e actly the same as , , indeed , turretted represented her as a matron standing , sometimes and with an d of x a sceptre , or with a rudder two ears corn , leaning, e actly Securi tas th e like , against the trunk of a column . With Philippus Tran ui lli tas elder and Tacitus, q is represented , like Felicitas , with a dragon and the sceptre ; finally , with the sons of Constantinus , Beata Tran ui lli tas assumed a religious character and is symbolized li h te by a g altar, with a votive inscription , upon which rests a globe with three stars above .

1 n s ea of flowe m be a s e e . a s of efo l th e fi s eav es as w e I t d r it ig ht p ci tr i , r t l it re o n f om th e s em w i n som e w a w ou o es on to our tal an sa t r r t ; hich , y , ld c rr p d I i yi n g v e a z n f n erde d ll Speran a ree o h 0 pe) . I deed g reen m ust be th e typical olou of o e i s so to - g a an d w as so i n o en mes th e f es n d a un c r H p ; it y ld ti , r h a b dan t u e e n a esa e of an a un an a es verd r b i g pr b d t h rv t . B ut s ou n ot 8 ea z e b a o n e thi c ld r li d y c i typ . _ 62 _

U B ERITAS .

VB ERTAS V (o r B ERITAS om etim es also ER T S AVGG s V I A ) AVG , SAE CVLI

The Person i ficati on of Fertility of the earth did not make its Tra an us first appearance upon the coinage until the time of j Decius , l asted i n term i tten tl and , y, until that of Constantine . It is symbolized by a woman holding a cornucopia is her left hand and i n the right

an indistinct obj ect in which many see a purse , but which it seems a more reason ble to interpret as a bunch of grapes, or , perhaps as a ’ , Caved o n i cow s udder as thought . In fact certa1 n coins of Carausi us bearing this legend correspond to this last interpretation (of this indistinct obj ect) their type being a cow m ilked by a woman and Carausi us this is perhaps what the barbarous meant , who , as we have observed before disregarded the min t laws and did not apply the legends rightly

VICTORIA .

C OR VICTORIAE OS R AVGG AVGG N N or VI T IA ( ) AVG , AVG N T I , , ( N OSTRORVM AVGG E CAESS NN N N AVGG AVG III ) T DD . I , II , , VIIII AVG VSTORVM CAESS CAESS NN B E SS M VI , VII , VIII , , , ATI I O RVM CAE SS AE TE RN A COMES AVG EXERCITVS FELIX M V PE M . I ST AVG LAETA LEG i 0 n um B A I RII RO ANI . ( ) LI ER M X M S PERPETVA P RINCIP VM B R —A I A NAVALI ITANNICA CARPIC A GALLICA GERMANICA G(erm an ica M(axima) GOTH ICA PARTH IC A P AR ' I’ H ICA MAXIMA PERSICA PON TH ICA SARM ATICA ALEXANDRI AVG N ANTONINI AVG CONSTANT AVG (C on stan ti us Ch lorus) CONSTANTI NI AVG CONS TANT—INI CAESS CRISPI CAES GALLIENI AVG GORDIANI AVG I M P GERMANICI (Vitellius) IMP VESPASIANI MAXIMINI AVG OTH ONIS OB PR I AVG SEVERI AVG .

Victoria is generally represented by a female figure semi - nude and winged , in several attitudes ; standing , seated upon a breast n fl plate or some shields, in the act of walki g, runn ing , or ying , or

- n in a biga or swift quadriga , and her attributes are a palm bra ch d crown , garlan , sceptre , branch of bay , shield , standard or trophy .

Sometimes she stands crown ing a trophy , or writing upon a shield

d ff . two wor s describing a victory or o erings Often , one or prisoners

r h old o n e . are to be seen at her feet , or she may herself by his hair ff Sometimes Victoria o ers a crown to the Emperor , or crowns him ,

s e e n a u e 1 . In factthi v ry l g e d U beri t s i s fo n d upon coin s of Carausi us with oth r es for exam e w a of a woman n h er an to a sol e w typ ; pl , ith th t g ivi g h d di r , hich s en e a a en l h as e l le to do wi fe . c , pp r t y , v ry itt th rtility

64 head of Valour is represented with th e helmet like that of the young u Jupiter . But this is a ret rn to the antique republican usage . so ldter i A with spear and shield or sword , generally with the r ght f oot upon a helmet , is the most common and typical representa tion of Valour , who takes a great part in the representations which illustrate the whole series of Imperial coinage . The M soldier, h owever, is often replaced by ars or Roma in military costume and th e latter Stands afoot or is seated on a cuirass or some arms , always with the foot resting on a helmet which serves

- as foot stool . The personification of Valour was introduced by Galba and lasted u ntil Constantine and beyond . At the beginning Valour was more often represented alone and with the sim ple types d escribed above an d with m an y others more x M an d i comple , ars in all guises , with trophies pr soners , the on th e a a m Vi Emperor foot or on horseback in rr y of triu ph , ctory n ow th e act a n on e or battle , in of att cki g or more enemies , now of s k n w an d slaying wild beasts , Romulu wal i g ith spear a trophy , ff o an d M Hercules in his di erent r les , Vulcan inerva , a Victory who n th e are n crow s Emperor , a trophy , a lion , all representatio s which illustrate the legend VIRTVS . F or the last , that is , from the beginning of the reign of Postumus , a new illustration of Valour was adopted without any special con

figuration . m h th e t Upon very any coins of th e third century , w atever rep e c u m a s tation of the reverse y be , we find on the obverse the legend V Th e VIRT POSTVMI IRTVS FLORIAN I VIRTVS . VS , , PROBI i dea of Valour was thenceforth identified with th e nam e of the m ' E peror . Her personification was merged in that of the Emperor h imself.

PART III .

T M P E H E I E RIAL R CORDS .

Th e types referring to Imperial deeds which represent about a third of the whole coin age are those relating to the Emperor and an d his family , to the city of Rome , to other cities and provinces , ff m to votive o erings , games , sacrifices , to public onuments , and public n s d events , to everythi g in fact which is out i e the sphere of the divinities . A are m mong this great number of types there so e , very clear, that can be easily classified ; but there are also m any wh ich are n interwoven and almost co founded , either with each other , or m th e a with so e given in first two parts of this work , so that synoptical sketch such as h as been given of those here beco mes absolutely i m possi bl a a a a However , in order to system tize this third p rt in h rmonious an d n th e o and symmetrical manner with the two first , to bri g w rk a a as proposed to an end , work , we believe , let me repe t it , synthe an d t i n t h e di ffi tic embryonic , we have attemp ed , spite of extreme a n culty , a classification also of these l st types , dividi g them in a i sever l categor es , every one of which might deserve a mono graph .

M THE E PEROR .

/ ’ T JL All oca ti on s to the Ar my .

ADLO VTIO ADLOC VT AVGVSTI AV GVSTORVM C AVG , AVG N , , M AXEN TI MILITVM I E XERC COH , COH PRAETOR , , F DES

FIDEI MILIT .

The Emperor is generally represented in military uniform ; but a o a a n u a acco m sometimes also in t g (Nerv ) standi g pon a st ge , an i ed a a o or p as usu l by the prefect of the pr et rium , by two prefects , a a —da a with following of person g es, whom to y we should c ll , in

a aff ffi a a - a n n n modern l nguage , his st o cers , st nd rd bearers c rryi g e sig s a n a n and standards , in the act of har ngui g certain umber of preto rian s or legion aries . a o The allocutions took place on solemn occ si ns , when , for a a a l w m ex mple , the Caesar had tt ined the purp e , hen the E peror a a a n h e dopted successor , who then ppeared upon the sce e , when was o o r d o about to set out on an expediti n returne vict rious , the latter being indicated by pris oners w h o are seen b o und an d lying a a near the Imperial pl tform , when he inspected the military c mps or reviewed a body of troops . The same scene is sometimes accompanied by the legend FIDES

MILITVM inste ad of the m o re co mmon ADLOCVTIO. The type w as introduced by C aligula an d l asted at intervals M a ti th e m a i until xen us. It is usually found on ed ll ons of bronze a l n and silver and on the large bronze . R ther rare y it is fou d upon middle bronze an d u po n coins of silver an d gold .

The Cong i ar i a .

or P RIMVM II or SE CVN D III o r CONG AVG CONG AVG I ( ) , ( ) . ( TER TIVM o r P . R . P R B ) , IIII , VIII , CONG DAT POP ( ) CONG . . LI ERA o r LIB to L IB E RALITA AV VSTOR LITAS ( ) AVG , II , VIII S G AR ITI L G O.

a e a as It is known th t sol mn occ sions , such an election , the o cc as1 on V1 cto r a a of a great y, or important annivers ries , such as fe sts , 5 —66

&c . games , , were the best opportunities that the emperor had of gaining the favour of the populace by gifts of food and mo n ey . x th e c on i r This was e actly obj ect for which the g a i a were designed . x The gifts were made in kind , in money or in tesserae worth a fi ed sum or a fi xed measure of grain or other produce . This di str1 buti on was made or at least inaug urated by the empe ror in person and it is exactly this scene that is reproduced on the coins . was u al th ou h th e The type introd ced by Nero , but later, g same representation was retained it assumed the title of Li ber ali tas from Lar i ti o m n the time of Hadrian , and of g about the ti e of the Co stan on i a r i um a on tines . The word C g appears for the l st time a bronze of d Septi m i us Severus . The scene is compose of the Emperor seated upon a platform accompanied by various personages in the act of a f making a distribution of bre d and money to the people , o ten represented by one or more individuals who mount the steps of Li bera li tas the platform with the assistance of , who presides at all fi the distributions . In the background is often seen the g ure of M e th e inerva , who had introduc d cultivation of the olive to th e world . It frequently happens however that this complex representation o f L i bera li tas e is replaced by the single figure , who , with her mblems of an d re resen t s t h e the tessera cornucopia , gathers together and p signification of the ceremony .

In either case , the coins with these types have become identified Li berali tas with those formerly attributed to , in the Part relating to i erso n i fi c ati on s a du li cat on . allegorical p , thus forming p

i to C ti es e a r tur es or Ar r i va ls or ta te E n tr es i n i . C . D p S

EXPE DITIO P ROF E CTIO o r VSTI AVGG AVG PRO , PROF , AVG ( AVG ) , ADVEN TVS AVG AVGVSTI AVG N AVGVSTOR AVGVSTO RVM CARAVSI CARI PRO B I S D N AVG ADVEN TVI

FELICISSI MO . m The Emperor who sets out for war or returns fro it victori ous , or who makes his first entrance in to a city is represented alone , V on horseback , preceded by ictory winged and bearing the crown — w and palm branch , and follo ed by one or more soldiers with standards , eagles and military ensigns .

The type begins with Trajan and ends with Aurelianus .

Vi ctor i es an d Tr i umphs .

VICTORIA (see P erson i fic ati o n s) TRIVMP HVS AVG CAESARVM TRIVM PH VS PARTH ICVS QVADOR TRIVM FATOR GENTIVM

B ARB ARVM . The Emperor is represented either on horseback fighting one or si x s more enemies , or in a quadriga or triumphal car drawn by hor es V o r a few or by elephants , crowned by ict y , accomp nied by a a a sol diers with p lms , e gles or standards . But all these legends are often confounded with those that are accompanied by the legend Vi ctor i a and fo r that reason they may be referred to the P erson i fi cations .

Im er i a l our ne s throu h the P r ovi n ces o the E m i r e. E . p j y g f p

ADVENTVI AVG R H ALE XAN DRIAE ARAB IAE ASIAE B ITH Y AF ICA , , , , B B RITAN N IAE CILICIAE GALL tA E H ISP ANIAE ITALIAE NIA , , , , , , l VDAEAE MACE DON IAE MAVRETAN IAE MOESIAE G , , , , NORI I ,

A THIAE P H RYGIAE SICILIAE TH RACIAE . P R , , , i All These have their gre atest vogue under Hadr an . the pro vinces of the Empire were visited by the great an d diligent Emper ors and their memory is preserved by a splendid series of c o ins in all the metals . of The type these coins consists of the figure of the Province , ow n ac t o f with its attributes , in the giving welcome to the

Emperor .

H appy E ven ts i n the I mper i a l F ami li es .

FECVN DITAS see Person i ficati on s ADOPTIO AV ( ) CONCORDIA AVG , G VSTORVM ( see P erso n i fic ati on s ) E QVESTE R ORDO PRINCIPI IV VEN T E VIS ROM AN VS R IVVENTVTIS Q , P INCIPI PONT , SVM M VS AVGVR PONTIE, PONTIFEX M AX SACERDOS AVG , , CON SVL II to N S N R P ROCESSV S , COS XVII CE , CE SO POT

CON SVLARIS —TR R B o r II to X - S P , T I POT POTEST , XX VIII P Q V B ATIO o r S . CO SECR OB C SE RVATOS O C . N R I IS SER , SERV , ( )

AETERNITAS .

Among these are reckoned those propiti o us events relating to the a Emperor or his family , such as births , betrothals , ssumption of high

ffi an d . are o ce , honours , consecrations Births of princes often confounded with F ecn n cl i tas an d they are re resented by her perso n i ficati on a o cc mpanied by one or more chil ren , or by the Empress Fau Y herself with her progeny , as in the case of stina the ounger , PVELLAE F AV TI IA E represented with her children ( S N N A ) . The nomination of the you n g princes to the Equestrian order and to the dig n ity of Principi I uven tu ti s hav e for their type the Caesar a an d ff in milit ry dress with the globe sta or little sceptre . The Ado ptio n is represented by the Emperors with the adopted o o of a a h princes ; pr moti ns to the rank C esar , the v rious consuls ips ff a are and the di erent tribunal powers h ve no special type , but o simply menti ned in the legend . n a a as to Electio s to ugurships h ve the lituus symbol , those the Po n ti fi cate of a c ree feri c ulum High the instruments s crifi e , the p , the

axe a . , the spergillum or sprinkler It may be added th at the coins of many princes reproduce the t e xa t , statues dedica ed to the princ s hemselves and thus , for e mple , Au j the memory of the equestrian statues of gustus , Tra an , P and Antoninus ius others is preserved to us . The conferring of the civic crown is represented by the crown f P V itsel , in the centre of which is the legend S Q R OB CI IS

SERVATOS or S P Q R OPTI MO PRINCIPI . The religious N ew services of the Senate , and of the people for the Emperor on ’

Y Da l are ear s y, either inscribed in a crown , or are represented by

branches of laurel presented to the Emperor .

Finally , the ceremony of consecration is recorded on the coins a Em ressess of thirty Emperors , C esars , or p , by a funeral pyre , or by a a car drawn by elephants , by funeral carriage , by peacock or m eagle bearing the E press to heaven , and always accompanied by

the legend CON SECRATIO or AETERNITAS .

r Other Represen tati on s of the E mpe or s.

There remain many other represent ations of the figure of the Emperors which it is impossible to include in th e categories given

but an d . here , which are not less solemn important The Emperor is

many times represented alone or with other personages . Sometimes

he is in tog a or in military costume with the symbols of power , the globe and sceptre ;the legend either signifies the burden of ofli ce or is a synthetic apotheosis in one word o r ph rase such as ;SVMMVS S S S OS SO L S ELAGAB AL ACERDO , ACERD DEI I , RECTOR S O VRB IS SVAE RESTITVTOR REIP ORBI , RECUPERAT R , , AE V ROM VRB IS O S C LI LIB E RTATIS . S , , RBIS , , ometimes the o w a F Emperor is f und ith Jupiter , Rom , ortuna or other Personi fic ati o n s a th e , or with a Province to which he brings help , and we h ve : RESTITVTORI H ISPANIAE ITALIAE beautiful legends , ; or RESTITVTORI or LOCVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM ; a E with the Sen te and the legend PATER S NATVS . It is not n ecessary to add that many of these types are interwoven

with others already described or about to be described .

M emori a l Coi n s.

We may add to the coins relative to the Imperial family all the M o emorial c ins , that is to say , those dedicated to other living th e members of the Imperial family , posthumous coins and those

of restitution . At the beginning of the Empire the custom of representing upon the coins the figure of some member of the Imperial fa mily was

inaugurated . 69

a Augustus placed on them his d ughter Julia , Tiberius Livia , a a a a a M ar C ligula his three sisters , Nero Agrippin , Tr j n Plotin ; a Mati di a a Sa a cian , Hadri n his wife bina , and the Empresses appe r, it may be said , regularly in a whole series too long to be enumerated . Posth u mous coins are those c o ined by a Prince in memory of a c e e a Prin imm diately preceding him , preserving his n me in sign of reverence as i f to co ntinue the first coin age befo re begi nning his o w n as A ugustus had coined his first m o ney i n honour of the i llustrious u a a Julius , so Calig la , fter the de th of Aug ustus , continued to coin money with the name an d head of August us (DIVVS AVGVSTVS

an d a . PATER) the custom , if not gener l , is frequent To these fo llow the coins dedicated to deceased relatives ; thus Trajan put the head o r figure o f his father upo n his ow n coins VO TRAIANI a a h i s (DI PATRI) , H drian dedic ted some coins to —i n — Mati d i a DIVAE M ATIDIAE SOCRVI to mother law ( ) , his

a a an d o a S B an d . relatives Tr j n Pl tin (—DIVI PARENTI VS) so on Co ins of restitutio n are re iss ues of co ins c o ined by Princes o f a d o p st times , coins repro uced precisely like their prot types to which h ave been added the n ame of the Emperor who restores them an d w the ord RESTITVIT (or REST) . But all these coins are memorials an d signs of reverence for m o f a preceding E perors , or for members living or dead the Imperi l o a family , and the c ins of consecr tion of which we spoke above might h ave been placed w ith them .

THE SENATE . CONCORDIA SEN ATVS CON SENSV SEN ATVS G ENIO SEN ATVS PATER SE N ATVS PATRES S EN ATVS PIETATI SE NATVS P ROVIDENTIA SEN ATVS SE NATVS SENATVS PIE TATI A V V T G S I .

Distinguished by the sen atorial sign S C w hich is found upon all tw o of w the bronze coins of the first centuries the Empire , ith the single exception of the small qu antity coined directly by the S a a Emperors , the en te is nevertheless s pecifically indic ted upon a

a n . sa S cert i number of coins Needless to y , the enate is represented a S a a w h o by en tor in a tog , is sometimes alone and represents the u o f S a o Geni s the enate , at other times is cc mpanied by the Emperor t h e a o o in ttitude of h lding up a globe with him , the symb l of a a u r his ssist nce in supporting the b rden of g ove nment . He is thus a o f a represented on a very r re bronze Nerv , reproduced upon a m of a a PROVIDENTIA SE ATV unique silver edallion Tr j n ( N S) . On other coins the type sug gests either the Concordia of the Sen ate th e u a with Emperor or the piety of the August s , but alw ys upon coins of extreme rarity .

THE PEOPLE .

V r V P PVLI GEN I S (o GEN I M) P R GENIO O RO M ANI .

The people is never represented e xcept in a n indirect or reflected a m nner upon the Imperial coinag e . Its only representation is the Perso n i fi cati o n a of its Genius , a male figure , nude , with p tera and a a cornucopi , modius upon the head , often in the act of pouring

a a an a . from the p ter upon ltar This personification , wh ich was a x very r re at the beginning of the Empire , became e tremely common under the four Emperors . a a In a second ry subordin te line , the people is commemorated on Li berali tas u o n several coins of , upon others of Games , or p those w a a hich rel te to public benefactions , as for ex mple , upon those of V V a TVTELA AVGVSTI itellius and esp sian with the legend , of ITALIAE an M . d Trajan with ALI similar coins , upon which the people is represented by some citizens or children . The n ame of the Roman people is recorded abundan tly upon all the coins which bear the legen d SPQR and on many others which a am h ve types referring to the Emperor , to the Imperial f ily or to erso n i fi cati o n s a O O D other p , be ring the legends C NC R IA P R , F ORTVNA F L O ROM C V A P R , E ICITAS P P or also A DI V VM GLORIA or ICTORIA ROM ANOR .

M THE AR Y .

COH ORS P RAE TORIAN A N o r MILITVM C OH OR CO CORDIA FIDES , TIV M P RAE T RIAN RV c D X R ITVS O O M 8r . E E C , ISCIPLINA AVG B RITAN N ICVS C APP ADOC IC VS DACICVS GE RM AN ICVS , , , , HISPA NICVS ILLIRICI AN VS M AVRE TA NIC VS RI V S RTH I VS , , , N O C , P A C , P SI V RAETI VS V V V A ER C S C II III &c . ADI TRIX A G ST , LEG PRI , , , IV , , , , CLAVDIA S F R E ' I E N SIS M A , CLA SICA , FLAVIA , , GE INA , IT LICA , LYRICA M D M ACRIAN A M V P ARTHIC A , ACE ONICA , , INER INA , , PRI MIGEN IA S Carausi us TRAIAN A VLPIA C X , IRC ( ) , , VI TRI .

To this category are assigned principally the legionary coins of

M . Cl odi us M ac rus Se ti m i us Antonius , , Albinus , p Severus , Gallienus Carausi s aii d f . A u o M . Tli ese , those of the cohorts ntonius coins ,

t m i li ta1 . generally bear as type the eagle between wo y ensitgi ns a , G But they often especially in the c se of allienus , present the

Syria bears a crown and cornucopia and has the river Orontes at her feet . Italia turreted is furnished with sceptre and seated maj estically upon a starry globe . There belongs also to the Provinces the series of coins already seen in the Fasti Imperiali with the Emperor accompani ed by the legend RESTITVTOR or RESTITVTORI .

Several rivers are represented upon the Imperial coinage . For the most part , it is indisputable that they are represented like the eo ra hi Provinces on their own account and , it might be said , g g p m a erso n i ficati on s cally , but they y sometimes be considered as p of a deity , as is s id in its place in regard to the Nile in the time of a n Julian . Rivers are generally represented by nude figure , lyi g down , and their emblems are the bulrush , crab , scorpion or hippo

fl . o tam u s an d p , the overturned urn from which water ows To this geographical list may be added th e small series 0 coins a M VLPIANI VLPIANI commemor ting the minerals , ETALLI or DELM VLPIAN I M E A ON a or PANN or TALLI P NN ICI of Traj n , AELIAN A PINCENSIA M AVRE LIANVS M O , ETAL , ETAL N R of Hadrian .

PUBLIC EVENTS .

a or Public events of the Empire , victories , conquests , ssignations princes to foreign regions , internal events referring to Italy or the a city of Rome , dministrative innovations , institutions , games , a a extraordin ry occurrences , all leave their tr ce upon the Imperial com age . Already the coins of Augustus p o int to the conquest of Egypt AEGYPTO M DEVICT and Armenia ( CAPTA , AR ENIA those of Nero Drusus to the German Vict those B RITAN NIS of Claudius to the Britannic conquests (DE ) , those of an d V a IVDAEA Titus esp sian to the conquest of Judea ( CAPTA , IVDAEA DEVICTA o f a ) , those Traj n to the conquests of Dacia o f Arabi a AD VISIT (DACIA CAPTA) , (ARAB Q ) , of Armenia and Mesopotamia (A RMENIA ET M ESOP OTA MIA IN POTES M REDACTAE M TATE PR ) of arcus Aurelius , Lucius Verus and Commodus to the victories obtained i n Germany (DE GERM ANIS or GERMANIA SVB ACTA) or in Sarmatia (DE SARMATIS) and in continuation we ought to repeat here in great part the sketch V already given in the second part of this work under the title ictoria . The types not to be found quoted there are th e assignations of ADSIGNATA the reign , of Trajan (REGNA ) , the episode of the k Pa PARTHVS m ing of the rthians (REX ) , the na es of foreig n _ 73 kings of Antoninus Pius (REX ARM ENIS and REX QVADIS

DATVS) and so on . Passing to internal events ; Galba records the remission of taxes REMISSA all a a (XXXX ) , Nerva , the innov tions m de in his brief o tax but pr vident government , the lightening of the upon the Hebrews (FISCI IVDAICI CALVMNIA SVELATA) in wh i ch Iudea is represented by a palm - tree ; the regul ation o f pro visions to the Rom an populace (PLEBEI VRB ANAE F RVMENTO CON STITVTO a u t h e ) symbolized by modi s filled with ears of corn , condonation of the heavy imposition for the Imperial post which but den ed all Italy (VEH ICVLATION E ITALIAE REMISSA) 1 epre a sented by two mules gr zing . Septi m i us Severus an d Julia Domna 1 ecord the remission to the Carth aginians of the impost for the acqu educt (INDVLGENTIA AV GG IN CARTHAGO) symbolized by the goddess of Ca1 th ag e 0 11 a lion r unning 0 1 INDVLGENTIA AVGG IN ITALIAM of

Severus and of Caracalla sym bolized by Itali a . And other similar types m ay fig ure as belongi ng to the series having regard to the person of the Emperors

Y M PRA ERS FOR THE E PEROR .

S U SCE PTA SOLVTA VOTA OPTATA RO M FEL . VOTA , VOT V , MVLT MV LT Sec &c . . VOT X VOT V X , VOT X XX VOT V ET X , c A DE CEN N ALIA 8c . X ET XX VOTA AVG VOTA C ES , VOTA , VI B P VB LICA ROMAN ORVM GEN NALIA 8cc . VOTA OR IS , , FELICIA , ,

&c . Sec . The coins which refer to prayers for the Emperor are very a a a numerous . Generally the legend is in l urel wre th ; but other types are o ften found sometimes it is a Victory who inscribes the a a prayers on a shield held upon her knee , or le ning gainst a palm tree or a cippus ; or it is held by a small Genius . Sometimes two V Vo 0 1 ictories hold the tive shield , the inscription accompanies the a figure of the Emperor s crificing upon a tripod , or it is a complete scene of sacrifice before a temple . All these types are related to those referring to the person of the o a m Emperor . And t them lso ay belong those referring to the p 1 ayers for the health of the Empero 1 0 1 to th anksgivings for V V T V restoration to health . IO I O S SC PRO SA CAES AVG SPQR VOT P SVSC PRO SAL ET RED IOM SACR PRO VALETVDINE CAESARIS S P Q R (Augustus) OB CONSER

VATION EM SALVTIS &c . (Gallienus) , GAM ES .

The organization of Games amon g the Romans was of great importance and became a truly public event . Thus we see recorded n those established or set in mo on by several Emperors , as Augustus VIN ROM O Q Q C N) , P drian ( CIR CON) , Antoninus

SAB C FEC) .

Sometimes the inscription is upon a cippus , sometimes the Emperor at sacrifice is in the act of invoking the divinity 0 11 the O i n pening of the games , or the act of celebrating the inauguration or of taking part in the games themselves . Sometimes the game is symbolized by a gaming table . As a b a record of solemnities celebr ted at Rome , esides the Pi s M n M . dionysiac edallions of Hadrian , ofAntoninus and Aurelius th e Se ti mi us struck on occasion of the great circus games , those of p Severus and his sons on th e occasion of th e secular feasts (SAE CVLARIA x SACRA) , that with the Colossus of Ale ander and of Gordi an u s (MVNIFICEN TIA GORDIANI AVG) we may quote a P the l rge series of coins in all metals issued by hilip the Elder, on the occasion of the solemn festivals to celebrate the millenium of SAECVLVM N OVVM MILLIA Rome , with the three legends , RIVM SAECVLVM and SAECVLARES AVGG representing the m two Philips seated , the temple of Rome , a comme orative cippus , or a series of animals symbolizing the games of the circus .

M M ONU ENTS .

The first examples of the reproduction of public monuments upon ' the coinage occur in the time of the Republic, and I will quote the [E Emi li us L Basilica milia upon the denarii of epidus , the Villa

P . Di di us ublica upon those of T , the temple of Neptune upon the tE n ar Aureus of Domitius ob bus .

Such reproductions increase with the Empire , and to give only a few x e amples , Augustus commemorates upon his coins the Altar of P L m eace and the Altar of the ion , the Temple of Jupiter To ans , of O M th e Jupiter lympus and of ars Ultor , the Triumphal Arch after P V N arthian ictory, the Aqueduct ; ero the Triumphal Arch , the O Golden House , the Gate of stia , the Temple of Janus ; Titus the Al exander and Gordi an us

M S S GODS , DE I GOD AND HER OE

Y B A POLLO , CERES , C ELE

S R S GODS , DE M IGOD AND HE OE

J J J AESCULA PIUS , ANUS , U PITER UNO

S O GOD , DE M IG DS AND HEROES

M Y M N ERCUR , I NERVA , E PTUNE

S E M R S GOD , D IGODS AND HE OE

RO M A

E S AN D E E GODS , D M IGOD H RO S

S S VENU , VE TA , VULCAN

S S GOD , DE M IGODS AND HEROE

R B SATU N , PAN , ACCHUS , I SI S , THE M OON R OM U L L' S THE EARTH , THE DIOSCUR I ,