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TWO DENARIUS HOARDS from BIRNIE, MORAY N.M.Mcq

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TWO DENARIUS HOARDS from BIRNIE, MORAY N.M.Mcq TWO DENARIUS HOARDS FROM BIRNIE, MORAY N.M.McQ. HOLMES WITH A CONTRIBUTION BY K. EREMIN AND J. TATE THIS paper will describe and discuss the significance of two hoards of Roman silver denarii found within a few metres of each other on what proved to be an important settlement site at Birnie, near Elgin, Moray (Fig. 1) - the first between 1996 and 2000, and the second in 2001. Fig. 1. Location of Birnie and general site plan. 2 TWO DENARIUS HOARDS FROM BRNIE Background The initial discovery took the form of eighteen coins, one of which was lost before being recorded, found by Mr Hamish Stuart, of Elgin, while metal-detecting at Dykeside Farm in 1996. These coins, from the reigns of Vespasian to Septimius Severus, were claimed as Treasure Trove and allocated to Elgin Museum. Because the coins had been found in the vicinity of a known later prehistoric settlement, located by aerial photography, an archaeological investigation of the site was commenced, under the direction of Fraser Hunter, of the Department of Archaeology, National Museums of Scotland. At the time of writing, the excavation project is still in progress. Further denarii were found in 1998 (two) and in 1999 (eight), and in 2000 the excavators were rewarded by the discovery of, first, a large concentration of coins, and finally the residue of the hoard contained within a broken pottery vessel of native Iron Age manufacture. The pot had clearly been hit by a plough, which broke off the upper part, with many of the coins subsequently spread throughout the surrounding soil. In all, 315 coins were recovered, including the previous years' finds and the remains of a highly corroded plated base metal forgery. The burial place of the hoard proved to be just outside the wall of a substantial round house. (A further two dispersed coins were found during excavations in September 2005, after the completion of this paper. They do not alter the profile of the hoard, and are listed as coins A and B in an appendix to the catalogue of hoard 1 below.) During the 2001 excavation season a second hoard, this time undisturbed by ploughing, and also contained within a native ware pottery vessel, was discovered just ten metres from the burial place of the first. This comprised 310 coins, contained within two small leather bags. Description The archaeological aspects of the hoards and their context will not be discussed in detail here, as they will be covered more appropriately in the excavation report, but a brief description of the pottery vessels and their contents will be necessary to permit a consideration of the circumstances which may have surrounded the burial of the hoards. It will become clear that the non-numismatic aspects of these two hoards offer clues to the interpretation of the accumulations of coins found here, and by derivation of other similar assemblages from non-military sites in Scotland. Hoard 1 The residue of the hoard after plough disturbance was contained within the lower part of a pottery jar of native Iron Age manufacture (Fig. 2b). The vessel had been lined with bracken, and it contained fragments of leather and string. Analysis of the leather has indicated that it probably came from a pouch. Evidence of vegetable-tanning indicates that it is of Roman manufacture, and there are stitch-holes for a seam. The string is made from a fine white wool, suggesting an origin in southern Britain, where new white-fleeced stock had been introduced by the Romans. (Interestingly, a piece of textile made from similar wool was found in association with the Falkirk coin hoard, discovered in 1933.) Unfortunately, because of the disturbance, it has been impossible to determine how many of the coins were originally contained within the pouch and how many may have been loose in the pot. Hoard 2 The vessel which contained this hoard had remained almost entirely intact, and is a typical Roman Iron Age globular jar with everted rim (Fig. 2a). There was no evidence of lining material, although fragments of vegetation were present, and the coins were contained within two fairly well preserved leather bags, one containing 160 denarii and the other 150 (Fig. 3). The leather is thinner and finer than that found in the first pot, and not vegetable-tanned, and the stitching is of better quality. Each bag was made from a rectangular strip stitched onto a circular base, sewn up at one side and tied at the top with a twisted leather cord. Such bags are unparalleled among TWO DENARIUS HOARDS FROM BIRNIE 3 known specimens from the Roman world, where such items were mass-produced, and they were probably made locally.1 The coins The contents of the two hoards proved to be largely similar, and are summarised in Table 1 (excluding the corroded forgery). The latest coins of Septimius Severus in Hoard 1 date from the years between AD 194 and 196, whilst the one denarius of Julia Domna belongs to a group dated only to AD 196-211. The absence of any more closely dated coins minted after 196 suggests that the formation of the hoard closed in that year or very shortly thereafter. Hoard 2, with no Severan coins at all and a much smaller proportion of issues from the reign of Commodus, may date from a little earlier, but the two may be assumed to have been deposited as part of the same process, whatever that may have been. Within hoard 2, it is worth listing the contents of the two leather bags separately, in case there should be anything to suggest that one set of coins may have been put together earlier than the ' I am grateful to my colleague, Fraser Hunter, for information on the archaeological background to the hoards and on the pottery vessels and their non-numismatic contents. Published information about the site may be found in Hunter 2002. Analysis of the plant remains continues at the University of Glasgow, by Diane Currie and Professor Jim Dixon. Analysis of the leather is by Katherine Ridgway and Dr Carol van Driel-Murray, and of the string by Penelope Walton Rogers. 4 TWO DENARIUS HOARDS FROM BIRNIE Fig. 3. Hoard 2, showing bags of coins within pottery vessel. other. Grouping the coins into chronological periods, the actual and per thousand figures are as follows (Table 2). These figures demonstrate that bag 2 contained a higher proportion of Flavian and Trajanic coins, and a correspondingly lower proportion of Hadrianic and Antonine issues, than bag 1. However, bag 2 also had more denarii of the reign of Commodus, whilst the latest coin of all, the Pertinax, was in bag 1. Overall, this does not seem to lead to any definite conclusions, but a more authoritative opinion was sought from Mike Baxter, Professor of Statistical Archaeology at Nottingham Trent University. Professor Baxter applied various procedures to the figures - most pertinently Fisher's exact test and a Kolmogorov-Smirnov 2-sample test - and concluded that there was no statistical evidence to contradict a hypothesis that the contents of both bags were drawn from the same coin pool. Analysis: aims and methods These hoards raise a number of important questions, some specific and some more wide-ranging. Here are two substantial hoards of Roman denarii, buried in native ware pottery vessels in an intensively occupied area of an Iron Age settlement, at a time between the accepted dates for the withdrawal of Roman troops from the Antonine Wall frontier and the commencement of Severus's campaigns against the Caledonii and Maeatae, and in a part of Scotland then inhabited by just those hostile peoples. The obvious questions are - how did the coins get there, and why were they buried on that site? Do the exact burial sites and the nature of the hoards offer any clues? There are also wider questions relating to the entire situation north of Hadrian's Wall in the later second century AD. Can the Birnie hoards offer clues as to Roman attitudes to the peoples of TWO DENARIUS HOARDS FROM BIRNIE 5 TABLE 1. Contents of the Birnie hoards Hoard 1 Hoard 2 Nero 2 3 Galba 6 Otho _ i Vitellius 1 i Vespasian 26 29 for Titus 6 4 for Domitian 5 2 Titus 4 2 for Domitian 1 4 for Iulia Titi 1 1 for Divus Vespasian - 2 Domitian 4 8 cast forgery 1 _ Nerva 2 1 Trajan 47 65 Lycian drachm 1 - Hadrian 40 43 Lycian drachm 1 - for Sabina 5 3 for Antoninus Pius 1 1 Antoninus Pius 28 35 for Faustina I 2 1 for Diva Faustina I 17 18 with Marcus Aurelius - 1 for Marcus Aurelius 10 11 for Faustina II 4 9 Marcus Aurelius 25 12 for Divus Antoninus Pius 5 8 Lucius Verus 7 10 Marcus Aurelius for Divus Lucius Verus - 1 for Commodus - 3 for Faustina II 15 8 for Diva Faustina II 2 3 for Lucilla 4 4 Commodus 27 11 for Divus Marcus Aurelius 5 1 for Crispina 2 3 Pertinax - 1 Septimius Severus 6 - for Iulia Domna 1 - Total 314 310 TABLE 2. Contents of bags 1 and 2, Birnie hoard 2 Bag 1 Bag 2 coins per thousand coins per thousand AD 64-69 4 25.0 1 6.7 AD 69-79 17 106.3 18 120.0 AD 79-96 7 43.8 10 66.7 AD 96-117 32 200.0 34 226.7 AD 117-138 27 168.8 20 133.3 AD 138-161 41 256.3 34 226.7 AD 161-180 27 168.8 22 146.7 AD 180-193 5 31.3 11 73.3 6 TWO DENARIUS HOARDS FROM BIRNIE 'barbaricum' at that time, and indeed to Roman frontier policy in general? Can coin finds indicate any alterations to these attitudes and policy before, during and after the military campaigns of the early third century? Can we deduce anything about the attitudes of the native people of north-east Scotland to Roman coinage? In the hope of providing some answers, the Birnie hoards will be assessed in comparison with a number of different groups of material.
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