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Alcanzar La Gloria Tras La Muerte: 'Pietas Y Aeternitas'. Virtudes De MONOGRÁFICO Eikón Imago ISSN-e: 2254-8718 https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eiko.74145 Alcanzar la gloria tras la muerte: ‘Pietas y Aeternitas’. Virtudes de feminidad en las monedas romanas de las emperatrices antoninas1 Carmen María Ruiz Vivas2 Recibido: 13 de octubre de 2020 / Aceptado: 13 de enero de 2021 / Publicado: 15 de febrero de 2021. Resumen. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo llevar a cabo un análisis iconográfico de las emisiones numismáticas de virtudes que se producen tras la muerte y divinización de las mujeres de la dinastía antonina (96-192 d.C) durante el Alto Imperio romano. Se pretende analizar la significación de las virtudes emitidas en relación a estas mujeres tras su divinización. Estas virtudes son consideradas indicativos del papel de género otorgado a las figuras femeninas vinculadas al poder imperial, al mismo tiempo que actúan como exempla para el resto de mujeres romanas de clase alta. También este análisis pretende conocer tanto la trayectoria vital de estas emperatrices como la imagen pública y discursiva proyectada de ellas tras su muerte. Para ello se ha realizado una comparativa entre las virtudes emitidas tras la defunción y consagración de las emperatrices antoninas, así como de aquellas virtudes emitidas en vida de las mismas. Para la elaboración de este trabajo se ha incorporado el género como categoría de análisis indispensable para afrontar cualquier estudio de estas características. Este texto trata de ser una contribución tanto para la Historia de las Mujeres como para la propia historia del Imperio romano. Palabras clave: Numismática; iconografía; virtudes; Diva; antonina; estudios de género. [en] Achieving the Glory after Death: ‘Pietas and Aeternitas’. Virtues of Feminity in Roman Antonine Empresses´ Coinage. Abstract. The main object of this work is to study the coins’ iconography of virtues from the antonine dynasty (96 d.C - 192 d.C) during the Early Roman Empire. This work is focused on the meaning of these virtues emitted after the death and deification of empresses. These virtues can be employed to acknowledge the role played by these women in Roman politics. Besides, studying virtues is a good way to analyse the biography of these Roman empresses and therefore, their public image. This study pretends to contribute to provide information about Women and Roman History. In order to achieve these goals, it is necessary to make a comparison between which virtues are emitted during their lives and which ones after their deaths. This study follows a methodology usually employed on Women History, so gender is used to analyse power relationships in the past. Keywords: Coins; Iconography; Virtues; Divas; Antonine; Gender Studies. Sumario. 1. La moneda romana como fuente para una Historia de las Mujeres. Propaganda y género. 2. Las virtudes en la sociedad romana. Su plasmación en la iconografía numismática. 3. Virtudes emitidas tras la muerte: Pietas y Aeternitas. 4. Conclusiones. 5. Abreviaturas. 6. Fuentes y referencias bibliográficas. Cómo citar: Ruiz Vivas, Carmen María. “Alcanzar la gloria tras la muerte: Pietas y Aeternitas. Virtudes de feminidad en las monedas romanas de las emperatrices antoninas”. En Tristeza eterna: representaciones de la muerte en la cultura visual desde la Antigüedad a la actualidad, editado por Luis Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez. Monográfico temático,Eikón Imago 10 (2021): 191-210. 1. La moneda romana como fuente para una Historia aquellas que se emitieron tras su muerte. El principal in- de las Mujeres. Propaganda y género terés de este análisis es estudiar el contenido discursivo de esas imágenes, así como los símbolos y atributos con El objeto de este texto es analizar las emisiones numis- los que se representan. Ello implica a su vez estudiar la máticas que relacionan la figura de las emperatrices de la proyección, consolidación y transformación de esta rela- dinastía antonina con determinadas virtudes, sobre todo ción de mujeres/virtudes en función de los intereses polí- 1 Esta publicación cuenta con la financiación del Ministerio de Universidades a través del programa de Formación del Profesorado Universitario FPU19/01865. 2 Universidad de Granada Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0668-0663 Eikón Imago 10 (2021): 191-210 191 192 Ruiz Vivas, C. M. Eikón Imago 10 (2021): 191-210 ticos oscilantes en cada contexto histórico. Este enfoque yectoria historiográfica son pocas las publicaciones que ha permitido analizar y comprender las imágenes que aúnan el análisis de la figura de las emperatrices antoni- sobre estas emperatrices se proyectaron en el espacio pú- nas y sus virtudes en base a la numismática desde una blico/ político a través de la moneda, y los intereses que perspectiva de género y desde los Estudios para la Paz8. subyacían en ello. Son escasos los estudios que han pro- La temática de este artículo es bastante proclive para fundizado en la significación histórica y política de estas acometer un análisis de esta índole, ya que la difusión emisiones, mientras que otros muchos se han centrado de imágenes de mujeres fue una constante a lo largo del mayoritariamente en cuestiones estilísticas y artísticas3. Alto Imperio, no solamente en monedas, sino en otros Para este estudio ha sido elemental la incorporación soportes materiales (esculturas, relieves, etc.). Las imá- de una perspectiva de análisis propia de la Historia de las genes son transmisoras de ideas, conceptos y sugeren- Mujeres. El género ha sido usado en este trabajo como cias9. Las monedas son una parte integrante de la atmós- una categoría de análisis fundamental para comprender fera creada por los demás medios propagandísticos, en las relaciones sociales4. Para ello ha sido imprescindible los que se constatan las ideas, valores y mentalidades de analizar cómo están articulados los conceptos de femini- cada época. Por lo que la multiplicidad de imágenes que dad y masculinidad dentro del marco socio-cultural del se producen por parte del poder imperial tuvieron una Alto Imperio, pudiendo de esta forma estudiar las rela- finalidad e intereses concretos. Los elementos, atributos ciones de poder que se producen entre ambos géneros, y símbolos que se incluyen en las mismas no son casua- derivadas del conflicto de intereses que se desarrollan en les. En este trabajo se pretende profundizar en la signi- el marco de la sociedad romana. El objetivo fundamen- ficación de las imágenes públicas de las emperatrices en tal de usar el género como método de análisis es llevar a relación a virtudes que se produjeron durante la dinastía cabo una reconsideración crítica de determinadas premi- antonina y que fueron respuestas políticas-propagandís- sas históricas vigentes, concretamente, de aquellas que ticas a las necesidades y aspiraciones de cada contexto. invisibilizan o relegan a un segundo plano a las mujeres La dinastía antonina (96 d.C al 192 d.C) compren- como sujetos dentro del discurso histórico. Gracias a dida por los principados de Nerva, Trajano, Adriano, este enfoque la experiencia de las mujeres en las socie- Antonino Pío, Marco Aurelio y Cómodo ha pasado a la dades del pasado queda de manifiesto, llegando incluso historia como una de las etapas de mayor esplendor de a modificar determinados relatos históricos hegemóni- Roma, tanto desde el punto de vista espacial, ideológico, cos5. Por lo que, este texto, como parte integrante de la material, como cultural. Políticamente los emperadores tendencia historiográfica feminista, pretende incardinar promovieron en las monedas la idea de que se estaba la experiencia de las emperatrices antoninas dentro de viviendo una edad dorada10. Las mujeres de esta dinastía los procesos históricos generales del Alto Imperio. tuvieron una gran presencia pública, lo cual se ha justi- No cabe duda de que para cualquier estudio sobre las ficado como consecuencia del establecimiento del prin- emperatrices del Alto Imperio romano las monedas han cipio de la adoptio11. sido empleadas como fuentes primarias de información. La novedad que aporta este trabajo frente a análisis an- de Filología de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras 13, no. 1 (1990): teriores es el de poner el foco en las virtudes asociadas 11-34; José A. Garzón Blanco, “Los tipos monetarios relacionados a las mujeres antoninas. Algunos trabajos anteriores han con la Domus imperial en Adriano y Antonino Pío”, Lucentum 9-10 6 (1990-1991): 123-132. abordado el estudio de las virtudes o más concretamen- 8 7 Los estudios de las mujeres y la idea de paz en el mundo antiguo te de las virtudes de la dinastía antonina . Pese a esta tra- hasta el momento han sido: Cándida Martínez López, “Eirene y Pax, Conceptualización y prácticas pacíficas femeninas en las sociedades romanas”, Arenal. Revista de historia de las mujeres 5, no. 2 (1998): 3 Minerva Keltanen, “The Public Image of the Four Empresses”, en 239-26; Cándida Martínez López, “Las mujeres y la paz en la Histo- Women, Wealth and power in the Roman Empire, ed. Päivi Setälä ria. Aportaciones desde el mundo antiguo”, Historia de la paz. Tiem- (Roma: Institutum Romanum Finladaiae, 2002), 105-106. pos, espacios y actores, eds. Francisco A. Muñoz y Cándida Martínez 4 Elena Díez Jorge y Dolores Mirón Pérez, “Una paz femenina”, en López (Granada: Instituto de la Paz, 2000); Mª Dolores Mirón Pérez, Manual de paz y conflictos, eds. Beatriz Molina Rueda y Francisco “La paz desde la perspectiva de los Estudios de Género: Una apor- Muñoz Muñoz (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2004), 67-94. tación fundamental para construir un mundo más igualitario, justo y 5 Juan Cascarejo Garcés, “Género, dominación y conflicto: Perspecti- pacífico”, en Cultivar la paz. Perspectivas desde la Universidad de vas y propuestas para la Historia Antigua”, Studia Histórica, Histo- Granada, ed. Francisco J. Rodríguez Alcázar (Granada: Editorial de ria Antigua 18 (2000): 23-47. la Universidad de Granada, 2000), 255-290; Mª Dolores Mirón Pérez 6 Francisco A. Muñoz Muñoz y Cándida Martínez López, “Las virtu- et al., Las mujeres y la paz: génesis y evolución de conceptualizacio- des en las monedas imperiales romanas”, en Virtudes Clásicas para nes, símbolos y prácticas (Granada: Instituto de la Mujer, 2004); Mª la Paz, eds.
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