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L'état De L'environnement En Polynésie Française 2006

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L'état De L'environnement En Polynésie Française 2006 L’ÉTAT DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT EN POLYNÉSIE FRANÇAISE 2006 CATHERINE GABRIE - HÉLOÏSE YOU AVEC LA COLLABORATION DE P. FA R G E T ÉDITORIAL Les grandes orientations d’une politique de développement durable doivent reposer sur une connaissance approfondie et actualisée des données environnementales, mais aussi parce que l’on ne protège bien que ce que l’on connaît, j’ai souhaité mettre à jour le document de référence l’ « état de l’environnement » dont la précédente édition datait de 1995. 'IXVEZEMPEqXqGSR½qk1EHEQI'EXLIVMRI+%&6-)UYMEZEMXHqNkQIRqPIWXVEZEY\HY premier état. 0´qXEXHIP´IRZMVSRRIQIRXEYWWMI\LEYWXMJUYITSWWMFPIEFSVHIHMZIVWIWXLqQEXMUYIW telles que l’occupation des sols, les activités humaines, le tourisme, la pêche, l’agriculture, les risques, la radioactivité, la santé, le bruit, l’air, l’eau le patrimoine naturel, le milieu marin, PIWWSPWPIWKVERYPEXWPIWIEY\GSRXMRIRXEPIW )R½RP´EWTIGXLYQEMRHIP´IRZMVSRRIQIRXGSQTSWERXIGETMXEPIHIRSXVIHqZIPSTTIQIRX n’est pas oublié, l’importance des acteurs en ce domaine étant soulignée. Le recueil, l’analyse des données et leurs évolutions ont fait suite à une large consultation IXQSFMPMWEXMSRHIWEGXIYVWPSGEY\RSXEQQIRXHIWWIVZMGIWEHQMRMWXVEXMJWHIWSVKERMWQIW de recherche mais aussi des associations et entités métropolitaines ou internationales disposant de données sur la Polynésie française. Qu’ils soient ici remerciés pour leur collaboration qui nous permet de disposer aujourd’hui d’un outil d’aide à la décision et d’information de qualité. L’état de l’environnement 2006, outil essentiel pour l’orientation de nos politiques environnementales, montre l’importance de pérenniser une structure de suivi régulier et de centralisation des informations, d’analyses et de projections. C’est dans cette perspective que la Polynésie envisage la création d’un observatoire de la biodiversité et des changements climatiques, tant pour notre Pays, qu’à terme pour l’ensemble de notre région, en coopération avec toutes les bonnes volontés. Georges HANDERSON Ministre du développement et de l’environnement REMERCIEMENTS Ministère de l’Environnement Eric DEAT Service informatique Emmanuel BOUNIOT Paula MEYER Fabrice FAUCHON Emmanuelle GINDRE Contrat de ville Françoise WANSON Vanessa KLAINGER Institut de la Statistique Serge CONTOUR Francine TSIOU FOUC Haut commissariat Michel SALLENAVE Torea THURET Pierre MERRY Jean-Alain DI JORIO Ministère de la Défense Fréderic POIRRIER Direction de l’Environnement Pierre COISSAC Claude MUSAT Eliane GARGANTA ADEME Rémy BONNET Willy TETUANUI Agence Française de développement Laurent FONTAINE Myriam NAMRI CRIOBE/EPHE/CNRS Yannick CHANCERELLE Anne-Gaël DANIEL René GALZIN Moetia FOUREAU Mehdi ADJEROUD Eric SESBOUE Serge PLANES Etienne TARAMINI Michel PICHON Service de la Recherche Jean Yves MEYER Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle Olivier GARGOMINY Tea FROGIER Ivan INEICH Service de la Pêche Christian MONIER Pierre LOZOUET Cedric PONSONNET Reef Check Elodie LAGOUY Georges REMOISSENET Association Manu Philippe RAUST Arsene STEIN Anne GOUNI Stephen YEN KAI SUN IRD Jacques ILTIS Christophe MISSELIS Jocelye FERRARIS Service de la Perliculture Cedric LO Hervé JOURDAN Nahiti VERNAUDON Guy CABIOCH Alain LOYAT GUMP Roselyn GILLEPSIE Pascal CORREIA Jean Marie PETIT Service de l’Urbanisme Annie AUBANEL Elin CLARIDGE Eric POINSIGNON Neils DAVIES Olivier BABIN Université de Polynésie Fabienne BOURDELIN Emmanuel DESGARETS Pierre Marie DECOUDRAS Service du Développement Rural Willy TETUANUI PTPU Charles EGRETAUD Sylviane FAUVET Bruno JOUVIN Stéphane DEFRANOUX Autres personnes rencontrées ou contactées Mélanie FOURMANOIR Te mana O te Moana Cécile GASPAR Marion GIRAUD Te Ora Hau Myrna RIVIERE Karima FAUCHON Michael POOLE Taraina PINSON CRISP Eric CLUA GEGDP Gabriel SAO CHAN CHEONG Joseph POUPIN Celia TETAVAHI Elena GORCHAKOVA Centre d’Hygiène et de Salubrité publique Glenda MELIX Alain di JORIO Roselyne CHAMPS SEP Benoît LAYRLE Syndicat pour la promotion des Communes Marie-Laure LAIK KOUN SING SEM Assainissement Matairea MAAU Direction des Affaires foncières Tekura LESAFFRE SPEA Vincent STURNY Loyana LAGALL UICN Yohann SOUBEYRAN Fortune UTIA Conseiller honoraire de la cour d’appel René CALINAUD Direction de la Santé Geneviève de CLERMONT de Papeete Dominique POLYCARPE GINGER Environnement Michel PORCHER Service du Tourisme Guillaume RAYNAL Adrien CHEMINEE Conception graphique : www.laurelineetjulien.com L’ÉTAT DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT EN POLYNÉSIE FRANÇAISE 2006 Cet ouvrage est dédié à Pierre COISSAC, Moetia FOURREAU et Eric SESBOUE agents de la direction de l’environnement décédés accidentellement le 9 août 2007. )R PI QMRMWXrVI QqXVSTSPMXEMRHI P´IRZMVSRRIQIRX PERpEMX IR GSPPEFSVEXMSR EZIG P´-RWXMXYXJVERpEMWHIP´)RZMVSRRIQIRX -*)2 PEVqHEGXMSRH´YRVETTSVXWYVP´qXEXHIP´IRZM- VSRRIQIRXHIWXIVVMXSMVIWJVERpEMWHY4EGM½UYIWYH 4SP]RqWMIJVERpEMWI;EPPMWIX*YXYRE 2SYZIPPI'EPqHSRMI 'IXVEZEMPEZEMXqXqVqEPMWqEZIGP´ETTYMHIP´IRWIQFPIHIWEGXIYVWHI P´IRZMVSRRIQIRXTVqWIRXWHERWPIWXIVVMXSMVIW SVKERMWQIWEHQMRMWXVEXMJWIXHIVIGLIVGLI EWWSGMEXMSRWHIP´IRZMVSRRIQIRX 'IXXIW]RXLrWIW´EVXMGYPEMXIRXVSMWTEVXMIWWYMZERXPEQqXLSHI)XEX4VIWWMSRW6qTSRWIW HIP´-*)2P´qXEXHIWQMPMIY\PIWTVIWWMSRWI\IVGqIWTEWPIWEGXMZMXqWLYQEMRIWWYVP´IRZM- ronnement et les réponses des acteurs en matière de protection de l’environnement. Ce HqGSYTEKIVIXIRYTEVP´-*)2TIVQIXYRITLSXSKVETLMIH]REQMUYIHIP´IRZMVSRRIQIRX dans les territoires. L’objectif de ce document est de réaliser un nouvel état de l’environnement 10 après 'IXVEZEMPW´MRWGVMXHERWPIGEHVIHYTPERH´EGXMSRWHY1MRMWXrVIHIP´)RZMVSRRIQIRX polynésien, et plus particulièrement dans le cadre de l’observatoire de l’environnement. -PEqXqVqEPMWqKVlGIkPETEVXMGMTEXMSRHIRSQFVIY\EGXIYVWTSP]RqWMIRWUYMSRXETTSVXq les sources, relu et corrigé le document, voire rédigé certaines parties. Qu’ils soient tous remerciés du temps qu’ils y ont accordé. Catherine GABRIE - Héloïse YOU avec la collaboration de P. FARGET SOMMAIRE L’ÉTAT DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT EN POLYNÉSIE FRANÇAISE 2006 RÉSUMÉ 8 L’ÉTAT DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT 28 1 - Présentation du territoire ………………………………………………………………… 29 0IW IEY\ GSRXMRIRXEPIW ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 0I QMPMIY QEVMR ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 4 - Le patrimoine naturel …………………………………………………………………… 85 5 - Les sols ………………………………………………………………………………… 145 0´SGGYTEXMSRHIWXIVVIWHYPMXXSVEPIXHIWPEKSRW©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 0´%MV ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 8 - La santé et l’environnement …………………………………………………………… 185 LES PRESSIONS ET LES ACTIVITÉS HUMAINES 198 9 - Les risques et le changement climatique ………………………………………………… 199 10 - Les déchets ……………………………………………………………………………… 215 11 - Le bruit ………………………………………………………………………………… 227 0E VEHMSEGXMZMXq ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© -RXVSHYGXMSR EY\ EGXMZMXqW LYQEMRIW ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 0ETsGLIPETIVPMGYPXYVIIXP´EUYEGYPXYVI©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 0´EKVMGYPXYVIP´I\TPSMXEXMSR HI PE JSVsX IX P´qPIZEKI ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© +VERYPEXW-RHYWXVMI)RIVKMI8VERWTSVX©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 0I XSYVMWQI ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© LA RÉPONSE DES ACTEURS 314 0E VqTSRWI HIW EGXIYVW ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© BIBLIOGRAPHIE 342 ACRONYMES 366 Résumé Résumé La Polynésie française s’étend entre 7° et 28° sud représenté par le Haut-Commissaire, a la charge des IX IX SYIWX WYV YRI >SRI )GSRSQMUYI MRXqVsXWREXMSREY\HYVIWTIGXHIWPSMWIXHIWIRKEKI- )\GPYWMZI >)) HIQMPPMSRWHIOQó%YWIMRHI QIRXWMRXIVREXMSREY\HIP´SVHVITYFPMGIXHYGSRXV|PI GIZEWXIXIVVMXSMVIKVERHGSQQIP´)YVSTIPIWXIVVIW EHQMRMWXVEXMJ-PETTSVXIWSRGSRGSYVWEY\GSQQYRIW qQIVKqIWR´SGGYTIRXUYIOQóIXPIWPEKSRW TSYV P´I\IVGMGI HIW RSYZIPPIW GSQTqXIRGIW UYM PIYV IRZMVSROQóWSMXTVrWHIJSMWTPYW sont dévolues par la loi, notamment les compéten- ces en matière d’environnement, dans la distribution Le Pays est composée de 121 îles, îles hautes volcani- d’eau potable, la collecte et le traitement des ordures UYIWIXwPIWFEWWIWGSVEPPMIRRIW EXSPPW VIKVSYTqIWIR QqREKrVIWPIWHqGLIXWZqKqXEY\IXPIWIEY\YWqIW WM\IRXMXqWP´EVGLMTIPHIPE7SGMqXq wPIWHY:IRXIXwPIW 7SYW0I:IRX P´EVGLMTIPHIW1EVUYMWIWP´EVGLMTIPHIW %YWXVEPIWP´EVGLMTIPHIW8YEQSXYIXPIW+EQFMIV LES EAUX CONTINENTALES 0IW wPIW HI PE 7SGMqXq EMRWM UYI PIW 1EVUYMWIW PIW Le problème de l’eau est majeur en Polynésie, qu’il %YWXVEPIWIXGIVXEMRIWwPIWHIW+EQFMIVWSRXHIWwPIW W´EKMWWIHIWVIWWSYVGIWSYHIWIEY\YWqIW «hautes» d’origine volcanique. Les îles « basses », WMXYqIWIWWIRXMIPPIQIRXHERWPIWEVGLMTIPWHIW8YEQSXY Eaux potables IXHIW+EQFMIVWSRXHIWEXSPPWH´SVMKMRIGSVEPPMIRRI 0IWVqWIEY\L]HVSKVETLMUYIWHI4SP]RqWMIRIWSRXHqZIPST- Résumé Le Pays est caractérisé par son isolement géographi- pés que dans les îles hautes où les ressources sont consti- UYI EY WIMR HY 4EGM½UYIk TPYW HI OQ HIW XYqIWTEVPIWIEY\HIWYVJEGIIXTEVPIWIEY\WSYXIVVEMRIW grandes métropoles urbaines de la zone, et par son Dans les atolls, les ressources sont constituées à plus de I\XVsQIqGPEXIQIRXHIOQ -PIW7SYWPI:IRX k TPYW HI OQ 1EVUYMWIW IX +EQFMIV HI TEVPIWIEY\HITPYMI HMWXERGIk8ELMXM)RXVIIXP´EYKQIRXEXMSR 1EPKVq UYIPUYIW EZERGqIW HERW PE GSRREMWWERGI PIW de, population est de 17%, mais la densité de popula- ressources restent encore très mal connues et l’absence XMSRVIWXIJEMFPIIRQS]IRRI LEFOQóGSRXVI d’hydrogéologue reste un problème. kHERWPIWHqTEVXIQIRXWH´SYXVIQIV 7M PIW VIWWSYVGIW WSYXIVVEMRIW WSRX WYJ½WERXIW HERW La population est très concentrée dans les îles sous le TPYWMIYVWwPIWLEYXIWTSYVGSYZVMVPIWFIWSMRWkERW :IRX IWWIRXMIPPIQIRXk8ELMXM IXWYVXSYX IPPIWVIWXIRXPMQMXqIWHERWH´EYXVIWwPIWGSQQI1EYTMXMSY HERWPE^SRIYVFEMRI 'IWwPIWGSRGIRXVIRXPIW &SVE&SVESPIWFIWSMRWWSRXEQTPM½qWTEVPIHqZIPST- TVMRGMTEY\TVSFPrQIWH´IRZMVSRRIQIRX TIQIRXHYXSYVMWQIHIPY\I(IWTVSFPrQIWHIUYERXMXq EVOLUTION DE LA POPULATION ET DU
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