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Jochen C. Krause, Henning von Nordheim and Stefan Bräger (Comp.) Marine Nature Conservation in Europe 2006 Proceedings of the Symposium, May 2006 BfN-Skripten 193 2007 Marine Nature Conservation in Europe 2006 Proceedings of the Symposium held in Stralsund, Germany, 8th - 12th May 2006 Compiled by Jochen C. Krause Henning von Nordheim Stefan Bräger Front page: Poster of the Conference (© Käning, Krause, Hübner, Dinter, BfN) Coordination for the BfN: Dr. Henning von Nordheim Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Dr. Jochen Krause International Academy for Nature Conservation Isle of Vilm Section I 3.2 “Marine and Coastal Nature Conservation” Conference preparation: Dr. Stefan Bräger Berliner Ring 19 24211 Preetz Further information on the actual status and background of marine protected areas under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive of the EU in the German Exclusive Economic Zone can be found on the web page www.habitatmarenatura2000.de. 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Printed by the printing office of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Printed on 100% recycled paper Bonn, Germany 2007 Marine Nature Conservation in Europe 2006 1 Contents Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………5 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….…7 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………...9 Presentations Opening addresses Wolfgang METHLING: Opening speech of the Minister for Environment of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ……………………………….…13 Jochen FLASBARTH: “The German Contribution to Marine Conservation: Achievements and Future Perspectives” ……………………………….…..19 Marine Nature Conservation Policies Plácido HERNÁNDEZ AGUILAR: “The European Marine strategy. The implementation of Natura 2000 network in the marine environment. Birds and Habitats Directives” .………………………………………………27 Carl Gustaf LUNDIN and Kristina Maria GJERDE: “Marine nature conservation beyond national jurisdiction: management and governance issues” …………………………………………………………...33 Alan SIMCOCK: “Targets and achievements of OSPAR in conserving marine biodiversity” (Pre-conference abstract only) ………………………43 Anne Christine BRUSENDORFF: “Marine Biodiversity at the Heart of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan” …………………………………………..45 Jens ENEMARK: The Wadden Sea: “Conservation of Coastal Marine Area in a Trans-Boundary Context” ……………………………………………….53 Callum M. ROBERTS, Leanne MASON, Julie P. HAWKINS and Iris MENN: “Roadmap to Recovery: A global network of marine reserves on the high seas” ……………………………………………………………...65 Stephan LUTTER: “Concepts for management of human activities: Reconciling marine conservation with fisheries (Pre-conference abstract only) ………………………………………………75 Janet I. SPRENT and Jonathan E. WENTWORTH: “Turning the Tide – The Royal Commission’s Report” …………………………………………...77 2 Marine Nature Conservation in Europe 2006 Anthropogenic Impacts on the Marine Environment Joel R. REYNOLDS and Michael JASNY: “Ocean Noise Pollution: The Rise of an environmental problem and emerging international response” …………………………………………………………………..…..87 Jochen C. KRAUSE: “Extraction of Marine Sediments: international policies to reduce negative effects on the marine ecosystem” …………..97 Richard C. THOMPSON: “Plastic debris in the marine environment: consequences and solutions” ……………………………………………...107 Han LINDEBOOM: “Impacts of bottom-trawling on habitats in European seas” …………………………………………………………...117 David CONNOR: “Marine habitat mapping programmes in the north-east Atlantic” ……………………………………………..……………123 Dan d’A. LAFFOLEY, Steve HAWKINS & Carol TURLEY: “Climate change, surface ocean acidification and their impacts on European seas” ……..133 Solutions for Protecting the Marine Biodiversity Michael TÜRKAY: “Taxonomy – the endangered foundation of marine conservation” ………………………………………………………….……..143 Kjartan HOYDAL: “Regional fishery closures in Europe as a management tool” ………………………………………………..…………………..……...147 Stefan LÜTKES: “Designation of nature conservation areas in the German exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the north and Baltic seas in the context of international and European law” ……………...….153 Heike IMHOFF: “PSSA – a tool in Marine Biodiversity Protection?” …………..161 Paul A. MACNAB: “The Gully: A Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area in Atlantic Canada” …………………………………………………………..167 John TANZER and Jon DAY: “Lessons learned from 30 years of managing the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park” ………………………………………173 Henning VON NORDHEIM: “The status of the OSPAR/HELCOM network of marine protected areas” ………………………………………………….189 Peter J. CORKERON: “Can fisheries problems be solved by culling marine mammals?” ……………………………………………………….………….197 Gunnar NORÉN: “Development of sustainable practices for Baltic Sea fisheries – problems and solutions” (Pre-conference abstract only) …...201 Jeff ARDRON and Ian BURFIELD: “Marine Bird Conservation in Europe” ……...203 Marine Nature Conservation in Europe 2006 3 F. Iván RAMÍREZ: “Identifying marine protected areas for offshore seabirds in Portugal’s EEZ” ………………………………………………..………….215 Euan DUNN: “Fisheries impacts on seabirds: by-catch, prey depletion and discards” …………………………………………………………….…..221 Fernando TEMPERA and Ricardo SERRÃO SANTOS: “Recent developments in the establishment of Marine Protected Areas in the Azores (Portugal)” …………………………………………………………..231 Short Notes on Some Marine Research Projects Sybille VAN DEN HOVE: “Science–Policy Interface for the Deep Sea: the case of the HERMES project” …………………………………………241 Ole VESTERGAARD, Thomas K. SØRENSEN and Erik HOFFMANN: “Marine Protected Areas as a tool for Ecosystem Conservation and Fisheries Management - Overview and initial findings of the research project PROTECT” ……………………………………………….247 Christian PUSCH and Søren A. PEDERSEN: “Environmentally Sound Fisheries Management in Protected Areas (The EMPAS research project)” …………….…………………………………………………………255 Annexes …………………………………………………………………………………..263 Annex I: List of speakers Annex II: Programme of the Conference 4 Marine Nature Conservation in Europe 2006 Marine Nature Conservation in Europe 2006 5 Preface In May 2006 in Stralsund, Germany, a wide range of speakers representing international conventions and agreements, as well as renowned scientists, managers of marine protected areas (MPA), and many other internationally distinguished experts such as the representative from the EU Commission, took part at the international symposium 'Marine Conservation in Europe 2006'. The conference was an encouraging and successful event due to its participants, who engaged in many long and fruitful discussions on how we can manage to stop biodiversity loss in European seas, while sustainably using their goods and services. The roots of the conference go back to the year 2004, which was an important one for marine nature conservation in Germany when a comprehensive set of eight marine protected areas under the EU Habitats Directive and two under the EU Birds Directive were designated in the offshore waters of the German North Sea and Baltic Sea. These networks of marine protected areas comprise a total of 1.040.783 ha or 31.5% of the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This mayor achievement, together with the progress of protection activities within the German coastal zones, was reflected and analysed in 2004 at the first national symposium on marine nature conservation, also in Stralsund at the German Oceanographic Museum (DMM). While the boundaries of all ecosystems transcend national boundaries, those for marine ecosystems are particularly fluid and dynamic. Thus organising a subsequent international symposium in 2006 on European Marine Conservation was the natural consequence of all our efforts to protect the biodiversity of our seas. Responsibilities of the BfN regarding marine nature conservation are increasing. Since 1992 BfN has provided advice to the German federal states and the German government in all questions regarding marine conservation in territorial waters (up to 12 nautical miles offshore) and in international conventions (e.g. Helsinki Convention, OSPAR). In 2002, BfN was assigned the responsibility for nature conservation in Germany’s EEZ (12-200 nm offshore) of the Baltic Sea and in the North Sea, with regard to the selection and management of the coherent European network of protected areas. At a time when maritime industrial activities and pressures are constantly increasing, the protection of the sea becomes a major challenge of the European nature conservation agenda. Currently, this is becoming particularly pertinent in the offshore 6