Cultural Resources Overview Central New Mexico Joseph A
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Cultural Resources Overview Central New Mexico Joseph A. Tainter and Frances Levine • � (" r ' .. ...,,,,__ :-.. CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW CENTRAL NEW MEXICO by Joseph A. Tainter and Frances Levine For Cibola National Forest Las Cruces District Bureau of Land Management Albuquerque District Bureau of Land Management 1987 USDA Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Southwestern Region New Mexico State Office Albuquerque, New Mexico Santa Fe, New Mexico CONTENTS page Maps iii Figures iv Tables iv Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Introductory Remarks 1 Background Information 1 The Overview Areas 1 Geological Structure 3 Vegetation Zones 5 Fauna 7 Archeological Investigations In The Study Area 7 Speculative Period 7 Classificatory-Descriptive Period 9 Classificatory-Historical Period 9 Explanatory Period 10 The Early Native Occupation 12 Paleolndian 12 Pre-Clovis 12 Clovis 12 Folsom 13 Piano Complexes 14 The Estancia Basin 16 The Lucy Site 19 The Sandia Controversy 20 Paleolndian in the Estancia Basin 21 Mockingbird Gap 23 Paleolndian in Surrounding Areas 23 Paleolndian research Problems 24 The Sandia Problem 24 Subsistence-Settlement Systems 24 Archaic 26 Transition to Archaic 26 The Estancia Basin 27 The Riverine Area 29 Adjacent Areas 29 Early Agricultural Populations 31 The Riverine Area 31 The Upland Area 36 i Early Puebloan Populations 37 The Riverine Area 37 The Upland Area 40 Late Puebloan Populations 42 The Riverine Area 42 The Northern Jornada del Muerto 44 The Upland Area 45 Gran Quivira Excavations 47 Ceramic Distributions 52 Special Features 54 Faunal Remains 55 Human Biology 55 Gran Quivera Survey 57 Pueblo Pardo 57 The Salinas Province 58 Notes on Salinas Province Ceramics 63 Village Organization 64 Synthesis of The Early Native Occupation 65 Hunters and Gatherers 65 Early Agriculturalists 68 Late Agriculturalists 71 Cultural/Temporal Sequences 74 Concluding Remarks 76 Historic Settlement 78 Introduction 78 Spanish Colonial Exploration. 1540 - 1598 78 The Conquerors 78 Pre-Hispanic Settlement and Land-Use 80 The Aftermath of Exploration 81 Colonization and Missionary Programs. 1590 - 1680 82 Onate's First Attempt 82 Missions of the Piro and Salinas Pueblos 83 The Hispanic Colony in the 17th Century 87 Culture Change and Cultural Exchange 89 The Pueblo Revolt and Reconquest, 1680 - 1696 90 Revitalization Among the Pueblos 90 The Pueblo Revolt and Hispanic Retreat 90 The Attempted Reconquest 91 The Aftermath of the Revolt 92 The Reconquest 93 ii Expanding Frontiers, 1696 - 1846 93 Raiders, Traders, and Settlers 93 Mexican Frontier Settlement Patterns 100 Village Life on the Eve of American Conquest 109 Americans in New Mexico Territory, 1846 - 1912 112 An American Territory: Conquest and Exploration 112 American Land Law and Hispanic Land-Use 119 Industry and the Quest for Statehood 124 Statehood: 1912 - Present 132 Another Attempt at Homesteading 132 The Growth of Federal Land Management 136 Future Research and Management 139 The Archeological Record 139 Historic Settlement: The Archeological Implications 140 The Place of Archeology in Historic Studies 140 The Interdisciplinary Approach 142 Summary of Major Cultural Resources Issues 144 (by F. Levine and J.P. Wilson) Concluding Remarks 150 Appendix A: Registered Cultural Properties 152 Appendix B: Additional Illustrations 156 Bibliography 161 MAPS 1. Forest Service-Bureau of Land Management Joint Cultural Resources Overview Units 2 2. Central New Mexico Overview Area, Showing Counties, Roads, and National Forest Lands 3 3. Topography, Major Topographic Features, and Selected Cultural Resources of the Overview Area 4 4. Major Tectonic Features of The Rio Grande Depression 6 5. Areal Extent of Estancia Basin Pluvial Systems 18 6. Taylor Draw, LA 6565 41 7. LA 282, a Late Piro Pueblo 42 8. Gran Quivira 46 9. Tabira Mission 60 10. Pueblo Blanco 60 11. Late Thirteenth Century Village 61 12. Pueblo Colorado 61 iii 13. Distribution of Historic Linguistic Groups in The Study Area . 69 14. Indian Pressures and Shifts of the Late Spanish Period 94 15. Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in Sierra County. NM 102 16. Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in Socorro County, NM .... 103 17. Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in Torrance County, NM . 104 18. The Camino Real in the 18th and Early 19th Centuries 106 19. Roads to Chihuahua. 1821 - 1846 108 20. Territorial Period Conflicts 116 21. Fort Craig 117 22. The Battle of Valverde. 1862 118 23. Small Holding Claims in the Village of Luis Lopez 123 24. Plat of Township 3 North, Range 12 East 124 25. New Mexico Vegetation Types in 1880 125 26. The New Mexico Central Railroad 129 27. Central New Mexico Mining Districts 132 28. Areas Served by New Mexico General Land Offices 135 29. Settlement Pattern in T. IS., E. 8E 136 FIGURES 1. Early Projectile Points 14 2. Generalized Stratigraphic Section and Pluvial Lake Depths in the Estancia Valley During the Quaternary 17 3. Ceramic Ware Frequencies of the Rio Salado and Lower Rio Puerco Areas 34 4. Terrestrial Photogrammetry of a Portion of the Arroyo del Tajo Pictograph Site 64 5. Dendroclimatic Variations. Chupadera Mesa. A.D. 1540 to 1699 . 77 6. Public Land Claims in the overview area 122 7. New Mexico Homestead Patents 133 8. San Gregorio de Abo Mission Church 138 9. Torreon at Manzano, about 1900. 156 10. Upper camp at Carthage. New Mexico circa 1884 157 11. Homestead life in the Estancia Valley 157 12. Socorro as viewed from the east in circa 1884 158 13. The Fourth of July at Socorro. New Mexico circa 1883 158 14. View adjacent to Figure 13 159 15. Motorcar on New Mexico Central Railroad 159 16. New Mexico Central Railway Company time table 160 TABLES 1. Floristic Communities of the Sevilleta Wildlife Refuge 8 2. Fluctuations in Post-Pleistocene Moisture 13 3. Sequence of Pleistocene and Holocene Events in the Estancia Basin area 15 4. Non-domesticated Floral Materials in Lemitar and Hackberry Shelters 33 5. Marshall's Correlation of Archeological Phases in Socorro and Jornada Mogollon Areas 35 6. Phase Characteristics of Mound 7, Gran Quivara 48 7. Ceramic Characteristics of Gran Quivira Early Phase 48 iv 8. Dating of Rio Grande Glaze Ceramics 52 9. Life Expectancy Indicators in Gran Quivira Population 56 10. Ceramic Characteristics of Temporal Periods in the Pueblo Pardo Area 59 11. Agriculturalist Sequences 75 12. Possible Correlation of Piro Pueblo Names 80 13. Encomenderos of the Piro and Tompiro 84 14. Central New Mexico Mission Establishment Dates 85 15. Haciendas and Estancias in the Rio Aba jo 88 16. Population of New Mexico, 1696 - 1821 96 17. Statement for the New Settlement of Alamillo 98 18. Spanish Land Grants in the Overview Area 99 19. Mexican Land Grants in the Overview Area 101 20. New Mexico Census. 1827 110 21. Central New Mexico Population Figures. 1850 - 1890 121 22. Central New Mexico Land Grants (Confirmed and Rejected by Congress) 126 23. Disposition of Grant Claims by the Court of Private Land Claims 127 24. Central New Mexico Population. 1900 and 1910 128 25. Abandoned Ranching Communities of Torrance County 130 26. Mining Districts 131 27. New Mexico Homestead Patents 134 28. Planning Guidelines for the Use of Ethnohistorical Sources in Cultural Resources Management 143 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In preparing this overview of central New Mexico, of Estancia Valley. which gave us a local we were fortunate to share the suggestions and perspective. Rudy Romero, supervisor of the BLM insights of several archeologists who were Graphics Department, prepared negatives of the affiliated with the Bureau of Land Management: General Land Office plats and the plan map of Mark Henderson, Patti Baratti-Sallani. Bill Right Fort Craig. Consuelo Richardson allowed us and Tony Lutonsky. Mark Henderson. Chris access to the original plats, which were a great Kincaid. Sam Ball. John Wilson and Alden Hayes aid in reconstructing the land use history of the read portions of the manuscript and offered area. Portions of the draft manuscript were useful advice. typed by Diana Romero, Janine Vigil and Liz Vargas. The word processing was done by Irene John Wilson was a most dedicated reviewer, and Marr, and Emily Garber drafted several coauthor of parts of the historic overview. He illustrations. David Gillio edited the prepared a detailed, well-organized, annotated manuscript and prepared it for printing. Gene bibliography which was enormously helpful in Schloemer and Marvin LeNoue (of BLM) and W. James research and writing, and contributed a major Rivers and Dee Green (of the Forest Service). part of the list of future management ideas for provided the flexible scheduling and support historic cultural resources. needed for the research, writing, and manuscript preparation. Many people shared information and ideas, and in so doing contributed in a major way to this The Salinas Province is the Bermuda Triangle of document. We are grateful to have received such archeological reports. The results of several of assistance from Bruce Anderson. Frederick the most significant projects - such as those of Bachhuber, Stuart Baldwin, Pat Beckett. Tom Hurt at Quarai. Toulouse and Dutton at Abo, Carroll. Alden Hayes, Laura Holt. Marsha Jackson, Toulouse and Stephenson at Pueblo Pardo, and Karl Laumbaugh. Tom Lyons. Michael Marshall. Pat Hayes at Gran Quivira - have disappeared for up Medlin, Cherie Scheick, David Siegel. Rosemary to several decades before emerging in published Talley and Christy Turner. We would also like to or manuscript form. The present document was thank the authors and institutions who. as noted essentially completed in early 1981, and in the in the text, permitted us to use illustrations interim seemed doomed to the same fate. The one from their work. person who was most responsible for its rescue was Thomas Carroll, Superintendent until 1987 of Arthur Olivas and Richard Rudisill of the Museum Salinas National Monument. Tom's enthusiasm and of New Mexico, History Division, assisted in unfailing support overcame bureaucratic inertia, locating historic photographs, and allowed Forest and led to the present publication.