Naval Fleets circa 1859 Part I – The Rest of The World

From information provided by Angus McLellan

World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World Contents

INTRODUCTION...... 4

FRENCH NAVY CIRCA 1859 ...... 5

THE FRENCH NAVY AS AT APRIL 1859...... 7 SCREW SHIPS OF THE LINE (FAST) ...... 7 SCREW FRIGATES (FAST) ...... 8 SCREW CORVETTES (FAST)...... 8 SCREW AVISOS (FAST)...... 9 SHIPS OF THE LINE WITH AUXILIARY SCREWS ...... 10 FRIGATES WITH AUXILIARY SCREWS ...... 10 CORVETTES WITH AUXILIARY SCREWS...... 11 AVISOS WITH AUXILIARY SCREWS...... 11 FLOATING BATTERIES WITH SCREWS ...... 11 SCREW GUN BOATS ...... 12 SCREW GUN VESSELS ...... 12 STEAM TRANSPORTS WITH AUXILIARY SCREWS ...... 13 STEAM FRIGATES (PADDLE) ...... 13 STEAM CORVETTES (PADDLE) ...... 14 AVISOS (PADDLE)...... 14 STEAM TENDERS (PADDLE) ...... 16 SAILING LINE OF BATTLE SHIPS ...... 16 SAILING FRIGATES ...... 17 SAILING CORVETTES...... 18 SAILING BRIGS...... 18 SAILING GUN BRIGS ...... 19 SAILING SCHOONERS, CUTTERS AND SMALL CRAFT...... 20 SAILING MORTAR VESSELS ...... 20 SAILING TRANSPORTS...... 21

SPANISH NAVY CIRCA 1859...... 22

SAILING SHIPS ...... 22 STEAMERS...... 22

STATES OF ITALY...... 24

THE NAVY OF THE TWO SICILIES [I.E. NAPLES] – JUNE 1858...... 24 SAILING VESSELS ...... 24 STEAMERS ...... 24 THE SARDINIAN NAVY...... 24

AUSTRIAN NAVY CIRCA 1859...... 25

Page 2 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE...... 25

PORTUGAL AND GREECE ...... 26

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE...... 26

SAILING VESSELS...... 26 STEAMERS ...... 26

SWEDEN AND NORWAY...... 28

SWEDISH NAVY...... 28 SHIPS OF THE LINE...... 28 FRIGATES...... 28 CORVETTES...... 28 GUNBOATS...... 28 NORWEGIAN NAVY...... 29

DENMARK ...... 30

DANISH NAVY (CORRECTED TO APRIL,1859) ...... 30

GERMANY ...... 32

PRUSSIAN NAVY...... 32

THE NETHERLANDS...... 34

THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES ...... 36

BRITISH INDIA ...... 37

CHINA ...... 39

CHILE...... 39

PERU...... 39

BRAZIL ...... 40

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ...... 41

PART II...... 44

Page 3 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World Introduction

Hans Busk wrote a book entitled “The Navies of the World” in 1859. This book was reprinted twice, in the 1950's and as a facsimile of the original in 1974. It provides possibly one of the best discussions and descriptions of early modern navies, covering as it does the navies in transition from the wooden wall, the ship of the line with a number of broadside cannons to the turreted vessels of the 20th Century. Angus McLellan has provided a summary of the contents of the book and this summary is presented across a number of parts in Thomo’s Hole at http://thomo.coldie.net/. At the same time, I have combined them all here into a single PDF file.

Navies of the World, although surveying at some length the fleets of significant maritime powers, is primarily concerned with a detailed evaluation of the strength, performance, and administration of the British and French navies and to draw attention to the threat posed by the latter. There have been two reprints of the 1859 original, in 1959 and 1971. The work is of great interest to the student of naval history in the nineteenth century. The author, Hans Busk the younger (1815-1882) was one of the main originators of the volunteer movement in England. The book contains the following chapters:

o Introduction o Analysis of the Leipsic Article o Comparison of the Navies of England and France o Navies of Other Nations o Of Steam and the Screw-Propeller o Naval Ports and Arsenals of France o Of Manning the Navy o Naval Tactics and Gunnery, and Modern Improvements in Artillery o The Board of Admiralty o Conclusion o Appendices

There are generally copies of the work available at online bookstores with all three editions generally available. I have seen first editions available for between £55.00 and £75.00 in the United Kingdom, EUR 65.00 in Germany and US$ 140.00 in the United States. Reprints (either the 1959 or the 1971 facsimile) I have seen available for from US$ 5.00. A search of Abebooks.com at http://www.abebooks.com/ on the name “Hans Busk” will return details of both the “Navies of the World” as well as his other publication, “THE RIFLE: and how to use it. Comprising a description of that invaluable weapon in all its varieties, and an account of its origin”.

Page 4 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Hans Busk’s “Navies of the World” was based on the world naval situation in 1859, or on those parts of it that Busk thought would help his case for an even bigger Royal Navy, official support for the volunteer movement and an enlarged Militia. The first two did happen, but it’s unlikely that Busk deserves blame or credit for this turn of events.

Only for a few navies does Busk list every ship. Since the information on British ships is easily available in print and on the web, McLellan starts with Napoleon III's navy. Through the text “2M” means “2 mortars”, etc. Where possible, McLellan has added the displacement in tons and dimensions of some ships. I will update those figures further if I obtain further information.

If there are any obvious errors, or things that don't make any sense, please don't hesitate to ask or to let me know at mailto:[email protected] and I'll pass your comments and questions on to Angus. French Navy circa 1859 In 1859, as for most of the nineteenth century, the French navy was easily the second most powerful in the world. In classifying ships, the French divided screw steamers into fast and mixed ships, fast ships being designed for steam performance first and always and mixed ships being auxiliary steamers. French ships were usually similar to British ones in terms of size, 90 gun screw ships being around 5000 tons, typical large frigates around 3500 tons and 20 gun corvettes around 2,000 tons, and in armament. French avisos covered the British categories of 1st and 2nd class sloops as well as despatch and gun vessels. In US terms, small 2nd class and all 3rd and 4th class steamers would have been rated as avisos.

Comparing French machinery with other nations is difficult. In the 1850s few other countries could or did build steamers with such powerful engines. Gloire’s 900 NHP machinery weighed 634 tons and produced 2500 ihp. Algesiras, a ship of the Napoleon class built between 1853 and 1856, also had 900 NHP machinery; this weighed 605 tons and produced 2200 ihp. The only comparable ship that is not British or French was the USS Niagara that got 1955 ihp from machinery weighing 625 tons. Apart from Britain, France and the USA, no country had any experience at all in building successful large engines at this time, and the situation was not much changed before the end of the 1860s.

In terms of design, tumblehome was much reduced, from around one in seven in large ships before the 1820s to around one in thirteen afterwards. The usual structural improvements were used: rounded and elliptical sterns, diagonal framing, hulls planked in between frames, increased use of iron, and spar decks were added to all frigates and line of battle ships.

From 1857, the Chief Constructor of the French navy was Stanislas Charles Henri Laurent Dupuy de Lome, Henry to his friends and family. Dupuy de Lome was born on 15 October 1816 at Ploemeur (Planwour) into a Breton naval family. He was a graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique and a member of the Academy of Sciences. Dupuy de Lome was the most important naval constructor of this period, designer of the first wooden steam battleship and the first seagoing ironclad. According to a

Page 5 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

British obituary, “[i]t may be questioned whether any constructor has ever rendered greater services to the navy of any country...”. He was Deputy for Morbihan from 1869 to 1875 and elected Senator for life in 1877. After leaving the navy, he managed the shipping company Messageries Maritimes and the shipbuilder FCM. He built one of the first dirigibles, although it was not a success, and worked to develop ferries and infrastructure to carry complete trains across the Channel. His final project, continued after his death in 1885 by his friend Gustave Zede, resulted in the submarine Gymnote of 1888.

Although writers frequently comment on French industrial weakness relative to Britain in this period, taking a broader view France was clearly a major industrial nation. The facts appear to be that in 1860 France was second only to Britain in overall measures of industrialisation and considerably ahead of the US and Germany/Prussia in terms of iron, steel and heavy industry in general. With a total of about 900,000 register tons in 1860, including about 70,000 tons of steamers; France's merchant fleet was the third largest in the world.

The standards for French artillery were set in the 1820s following work by Paixhans on shell guns and by Thirion and Tupinier to develop the 30-pr. The M1827 guns that were to serve into the ironclad age had the following details.

Gun Calibre Length Tube Weight Projectile Weight 30-PR NO.1 164mm 3m158 3035kg 15kg340 solid 30-pr No.2 164mm 2m919 2487kg Same 30-pr Carronade 164mm 1m787 1011kg Same 30-pr Shell Gun 163mm 2m427 1480kg 11kg030 shell 80-pr Shell Gun 223mm 2m840 3636kg 23kg120 shell

Other large guns were the “canon de 36” firing 43lb shot and the “canon de 50” firing 56lb shot. The long versions of these guns weighed about 3.5 and 4 tons respectively. Larger guns included 120- and 150-pr shell guns of 25cm and 27cm calibre, which were used very occasionally afloat. Until the second half of the 1850s, when the 36-pr and 50-pr were readopted, large screw and sail ships were armed with 30-prs of various types and a few 80-prs for long range shell fire. Although the use of shell guns afloat originated in France, the French employed about the same proportion of shell guns aboard their battle fleet as the British and probably carried fewer aboard their frigates.

Although the M1855 and M1858 16cm RML guns had been tried by this time, the 1855 pattern was an experimental piece and the 1858 pattern was still undergoing development in early 1859. The definitive version of the M1858, which introduced banded breech reinforcement, was not yet in production. The M1855 used studded shells with two rifling grooves and was bored from 80-pr castings. The M1858 adopted three-grove rifling, added zinc coating for the studs and used the long 36-pr casting. For these guns only concussion-fused shell of 30-35kg and standard 30-pr shot was available.

By 1859, sailing ships were considered to be thoroughly outdated. Admiral Hamelin, CinC of the Black Sea Fleet during the Crimean War and Minister of Marine from 1855 to 1860, is reported as saying during the war that a warship without an engine

Page 6 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World wasn’t really a warship at all. That's not to say that sailing ships were of no value, neither obsolescent nor even obsolete means useless, but they were unlikely to be called upon for any important service, especially when manpower was likely to be the limiting factor. Even ignoring their limited military value, many sailing ships and some older steam ones were in poor condition and would have needed major repairs to be used at sea.

The navy had an excellent supporting infrastructure. The main navy yards at Brest, Toulon, Rochefort, Cherbourg and Lorient were large and well equipped although there were only 17 dry docks available compared to 73 building slips, whereas British yards had only 44 slips but 32 dry docks. Steam workshops in French yards built machinery as well as repairing it and there was a separate steam factory at Indret where many engines and a few ships were built. Engines had earlier been imported from Britain and the Netherlands but by the end of the 1850s this had largely ceased. Private engine builders included Cave, Le Creusot, Mazeline, FCM, La Ciotat & Belleville, with FCM and La Ciotat being major shipbuilders as well. Guns were developed in cooperation with the army, but the navy had control of it’s own procurement. Guns were cast by private industry and finished by the military with Ruelle as the main naval gun works.

As with all navies, the French had far more ships than could be manned in peacetime. Crew strength aboard ships in commission was around 25,000 men in 1859, excluding marines. On paper, the wartime strength of the navy could easily be increased to 80,000 men including marines.

Apart from Busk and Conway’s, additional info mainly came from Lambert’s “Battleships in Transition”, the Conway’s History of the Ship volume “Steam, Steel and Shellfire” and papers by Boudriot, Brisou, Estienne and de Geoffroy in “Marine et technique au XIXe siècle”.

The French Navy As At April 1859

Screw Ships Of The Line (Fast)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Bretagne 1st 6770 1200 130 Algesiras 2nd 5040 900 90 Arcole 2nd 5040 900 90 Impérial 2nd 5040 900 90 Napoléon 2nd 5040 900 90 Redoutable 2nd 5040 900 90 Ville de Nantes 2nd 5040 900 90 Ville de Bordeaux 2nd 5040 900 90 Building Ville de Lyon 2nd 5040 900 90 Building Intrépide 2nd 5040 900 90 Building Alexandre 2nd 4920 900 90 Masséna 2nd 5270 800 90 Building Castiglione 2nd 4090 800 90 Building Eylau 2nd 4920 900 90

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Dupuy de Lome's standard design, which began with the Napoléon in 1848, was 233'8" long overall and 53'1" extreme breadth. These were steamers first and sailing ships a very distant second with geared drive and a fixed four-bladed screw. The speed was around 12 knots, perhaps more. The engines generated around 2200 ihp in Napoléon, with improvements being directed to reducing weight and volume rather than increasing power. Eylau, Alexandre, Castiglione and Masséna were given thorough conversions while on the stocks and the end result differed only slightly from the Napoleon class. All of the ships building were eventually finished although Intrépide completed as a transport.

From 1855, the regulation armament of a 90 gun ship was: 4 80-pr shell guns, 18 36- pr & 10 30-pr long guns on the gun deck; 6 80-pr shell guns & 28 30-pr short guns on the main deck; and 2 50-pr long guns and 22 30-pr shell guns on the upper deck. Bretagne mounted the same sorts of guns, but had the 30-pr short guns on the middle deck and 30-pr shell guns on main and upper decks.

Screw Frigates (Fast)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Audacieuse 1st 3765 800 58 Ardente 1st 3765 800 58 Building Foudre 1st 3765 800 58 Impératrice Eugénie 1st 3765 800 58 Impétueuse 1st 3765 800 58 Souveraine 1st 3765 800 58 Gloire 2nd 5630 900 36 Armoured, building Normandie 2nd 5630 900 36 Armoured, building Invincible 2nd 5630 900 36 Armoured, building Isly 2nd 2690 650 34

Busk listed Ville de Lyon as an armoured frigate of the Gloire class, but she was actually a fast screw ship of the line of the Napoleon class. Apart from Isly, launched in 1849, these were all modern ships. Conway’s lists the 58 gun ships as 56s in 1860, but armaments on broadside ships could be changed almost at will.

Screw Corvettes (Fast)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Cosmao 1st 1800 400 16 Building Dupleix 1st 1800 400 16 Building D'Assas 2000 400 16 Duchayla 2000 400 16 Laplac 1900 400 10 Phlegeton 1900 400 8 Primauguet 1900 400 8 Roland 1970 400 8 Reine Hortense 1100 320 4 Iron hull

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Cosmao and Dupleix are listed in Conway’s as 1795 tons, 220'8" long on the waterline, 37'4" beam and 18'8" extreme draft, speed 11 knots. The earlier 400 NHP ships would be similar. The oldest and smallest ship was Reine Hortense of 1846.

Screw Avisos (Fast)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Cassard 1st 1300 250 Building Forfait 1st 1300 250 Building Forbin 1st 1300 250 6 Monge 1st 1300 250 6 Caton 1st 850 260 4 Iron hull Chaptal 1st 940 220 2 Iron hull Aigle 1st 200 4 Lucifer 1st 200 2 Mégère 1st 200 4 Latouche Treville 2nd 850 150 Building D'Estaing 2nd 850 150 Building D'Entrecasteaux 2nd 850 150 Building Pregent 2nd 850 150 Building Renaudin 2nd 850 150 Building Surcouf 2nd 850 150 Building Bougainville 2nd 850 150 Building Coëtlogon 2nd 850 150 Building Ariel 2nd 240 120 2M Iron hull Corse 2nd 240 120 4 Faon 2nd 240 120 Iron hull Marceau 2nd 240 120 4 Passe Partout 2nd 240 120 2 Iron hull Pélican 2nd 240 120 2 Iron hull Salamandre 2nd 240 120 2M Iron hull

Cassard was renamed Jérôme Napoléon and should not be confused with the Cassard of 1861 which was renamed Desaix. Busk states that two other 1st class ships of the Forfait type were on order, but these seem rather to have been the Bougainville and Coëtlogon which are not listed by Busk. Conway’s reports Bougainville as 184'4" on the waterline, 31'9" beam, 13' mean draft and a speed of about 10 knots. The 250 and 150 NHP avisos were new and the 200 NHP 1st class ships were built in the early 1850s.

The remaining avisos were from the 1840s. The iron Caton of 1847 displaced 855 tons, was 55m35 long and 9,34 beam. She was brig-rigged with a best speed of over 11 knots under sail and steam and 10 under steam alone. She originally carried 8 guns, types unknown. At the bottom end of the scale, the Ariel displaced 240 tons and was 41m65 long and 6m60 beam. Her engines, built by La Ciotat, were considered a great success and gave her a best speed of 12 knots.

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Ships Of The Line With Auxiliary Screws

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Friedland 1st 5170 600 114 See below Louis XIV 1st 4920 600 114 Monte Bello 1st 4920 140 114 Souverain 1st 5090 600 114 Ville de Paris 1st 5300 600 114 Austerlitz 2nd 4430 500 90 Duguay Trouin 2nd 4530 500 90 Fleurus 2nd 4500 650 90 Navarin 2nd 4560 650 90 Tage 2nd 4710 500 90 Ulm 2nd 4490 650 90 Wagram 2nd 4510 650 90 Turenne 2nd 4550 650 90 Converting Prince Jérôme 2nd 4490 650 90 Bayard 3rd 4230 450 80 Converting Breslaw 3rd 4290 450 80 Fontenoy 3rd 4050 450 80 Charlemagne 3rd 4120 450 80 Donauwerth 3rd 4090 450 80 Du Guesclin 3rd 4090 450 80 Converting Saint Louis 3rd 4090 450 80 Tilsitt 3rd 4090 500 80 Duquesne 3rd 4550 650 80 Tourville 3rd 4560 650 80 Jean Bart 3rd 4070 450 70

Conway’s and Busk list Friedland as converted, Lambert says the work was never done and that plan was for a full conversion, to be rated as a fast ship. Most of these ships were converted after launch, which rarely worked as well as converting ships on the stocks. The 114-gun ships were particularly old, laid down from 1807 to 1813 and only four of these ships were laid down after 1840. In general, French auxiliary steam battleships underwent more basic conversions than British ships and were rather cramped as a result. Armament for these ships was as for fast steamers.

Ville de Paris was 226'6" long and 56'4" extreme beam, Souverain was 205'5" by 56'11" and Du Guesclin, wrecked at the end of 1859, measured 204'5" by 53'5". Speeds for auxiliary steamers improved with experience of converting them although they were never the equal of purpose-built ships. The underpowered Monte Bello could hardly make 7 knots; later conversions could manage 10 knots or more.

Frigates With Auxiliary Screws

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Renommée 1st 2600 200 58 Entreprenante 1st 250 58 Sémiramis 1st 250 58 Converting Bellone 2nd 2350 200 50

Page 10 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Danaé 2nd 2350 200 50 Dryade 2nd 250 50 Pandore 2nd 2350 200 50 Zénobie 2nd 2350 200 50 Amazone 2nd 250 50 Converting Clorinde 3rd 1780 200 42 Pomone 3rd 2000 220 37 Ceres 3rd 250 Converting

Entreprenante, Dryade, Amazone and Ceres do not appear to be listed by Conway’s as sail or steam. In the case of Dryade, this is probably an error as she was converted in 1856 and served in Indochina in 1859 as Protet’s flagship, although she could always have been lost. For the others, it is possible that they were never completed although Entreprenante was apparently afloat in 1859. Sémiramis is listed by Conway’s and would presumably be similar to Guerrière, listed under Sailing Frigates.

Renommée was probably built as a ship of the Belle Poule class and Zénobie, Dryade, Pandore and Pomone as ships of the Artemise class, see under Sailing Frigates for pre-conversion details. Clorinde was converted from a smaller sailing frigate, probably of the same type as Résolue listed by Conway’s. The small increase in displacement suggests that all of these ships underwent a rather basic conversion, limited to fitting engines and bunkers and reworking the stern, rather than a full conversion that would have involved adding a new midsection as well.

Pomone was of about 2000 tons, 179' on the deck, 48' in the beam and drew 20'3" of water. Dating back to 1845, she was the very first French auxiliary screw frigate. She was converted on the stocks and like her British counterpart Amphion she was rather slow. Her early armament was 10 30-pr guns and 8 80-pr shell guns below and 2 30- prs and 8 30-pr shell guns on the spar deck.

Corvettes With Auxiliary Screws

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Biche 200 4 Iron hull Sentinelle 120 4 Iron hull

Avisos With Auxiliary Screws

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Croiseur 60 2 Iron hull Rôdeur 60 2M Iron hull Labourdonnaye 35 4M

Floating Batteries With Screws

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Congreve 1640 150 18 Dévastation 1640 150 18 Foudroyante 1640 150 18

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Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Lave 1640 150 18 Tonnante 1640 159 18

These measured 173'11" long, 43'10" beam and 8'10" draft. They were slow, less than 4 knots at best, and very unhandy too. This was mainly the result of them being armoured boxes with semicircular ends. Their Schneider high-pressure engines were not a success either, producing around 225 ihp. Leeboards and a triple rudder were added. For transit they could be rigged as three-masted barques with about 10,000 square feet of sail, but they were invariably towed over long distances. During the Crimean War they were armed with 2 light carronades and 16 50-pr guns although they may have carried 120- or 150-pr shell guns at some point.

Screw Gun Boats

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Aigrette 1st 110 4 Alarme 1st 110 4 Avalanche 1st 110 4 Dragonne 1st 110 4 Eclair 1st 110 4 Etincelle 1st 110 4 Flamme 1st 110 4 Flèche 1st 110 4 Fulminante 1st 110 4 Fusée 1st 110 4 Grenade 1st 110 4 Mitraille 1st 110 4 Arquebuse 2nd 90 2 Lance 2nd 90 2 Poudre 2nd 90 2 Redoute 2nd 90 2 Sainte Barbe 2nd 90 2 Salve 2nd 90 2 Tempête 2nd 90 2 Tourmente 2nd 90 2

All of these, and the following gun vessels, were built for the Crimean War.

Screw Gun Vessels

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Alerte 25 3 Bourrasque 25 3 Couleuvrine 25 3 Meurtrière 25 3 Mutine 25 3 Rafale 25 3 Stridente 25 3 Tirailleuse 25 3

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Steam Transports With Auxiliary Screws

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Dordogne 1200 160 4 Durance 1200 160 4 Gironde 1200 160 4 Isère 1200 160 4 Loire 1200 160 4 Marne 1200 160 4 Meurthe 1200 160 4 Meuse 1200 160 4 Nièvre 1200 160 4 Rhin 1200 160 4 Saône 1200 160 4 Seine 1200 160 4 Iron Yonne 1200 160 4 Adour 900 120 4 Iron Ariège 900 120 4 Iron Loiret 300 100 4 Somme 300 100 4 Zélée 200 60 2 Conversion Calvados 1200 250 4 Aube 1200 250 4 Building Finisterre 1200 250 4 Building Garonne 1200 250 4 Building Jura 1200 250 4 Building Rhône 1200 250 4 Building Mayenne 900 120 4 Iron, building Sèvre 900 120 4 Iron, building

For transports rate was by tons of cargo. Calvados was the first of the new class to carry 2500 men, 150 horses and 1200 tons of stores. Excepting the ancient Zélée, these were new ships.

Steam Frigates (Paddle)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Mogador 2700 650 8 Descartes 2980 540 20 Vauban 2820 540 20 Albatros 2460 450 14 Asmodée 2700 450 16 Cacique 2680 450 14 Caffarelli 2700 450 12 Canada 2470 450 14 Christophe Colombe 2480 450 14 Darién 2470 450 14 Eldorado 2560 450 14 Gomer 2700 450 20 Labrador 2460 450 14

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Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Magellan 2460 450 14 Montezuma 2460 450 14 Orénoque 2460 450 14 Panama 2460 450 14 Sane 450 20 Ulloa 2470 450 14

Sane is not listed by Conway’s. Asmodée is said to have been typical of larger French paddle frigates, but most were of similar size. She was 238'8" long on deck, 40'10" beam and 18'2" draft. She carried 12 30-pr guns and 4 80-pr and 4 30-pr shell guns. New she made between 11 and 12 knots. Gomer apparently never carried the 20 guns listed, the usual armament being 2 80-pr shell guns and 6 30-pr guns. These ships were from 10 to 20 years old.

Steam Corvettes (Paddle)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Berthollet 1600 400 10 Catinat 1600 400 10 Colbert 1270 320 6 Prony 1350 320 5 Coligny 900 300 4 Iron hull Eumenide 900 300 4 Iron hull Gorgone 900 300 4 Iron hull Tanger 900 300 4 Tisiphone 900 300 6

Eumenide was 196' long on deck, 30'7" beam, 11' draft and either 916 or 1016 tons. New and clean she made 8 knots and was initially armed with 2 30-pr guns and 4 30- pr shell guns. These ships were all around 10 years old.

Avisos (Paddle)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Cameleo 1st 220 6 Cassini 1st 1080 220 4+2M Gassendi 1st 1260 220 6 Laborieux 1st 850 220 2 Lavoisier 1st 1260 220 6 Newton 1st 220 6 Iron hull Souffleur 1st 220 2 Iron hull Titan 1st 940 220 2 Véloce 1st 1260 220 6 Eclaireur 1st 200 2 Iron hull Goéland 1st 200 4M Iron hull Héron 1st 200 4 Iron hull Milan 1st 200 4 Mouette 1st 200 2 Iron hull Phénix 1st 200 4 Iron hull

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Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Prométhée 1st 200 4M2 Iron hull Dauphin 2nd 180 2 Iron hull Requin 2nd 180 4 Iron hull Ténare 2nd 180 4 Achéron 2nd 900 160 4 Ardent 2nd 900 160 4 Australie 2nd 800 160 4M Iron hull Brandon 2nd 900 160 6 Cerbère 2nd 900 160 2 Chimère 2nd 900 160 4 Cocyte 2nd 900 160 6 Epervier 2nd 160 4M Iron hull Euphrate 2nd 900 160 2 Fulton 2nd 900 160 2 Grégeois 2nd 900 160 2 Grondeur 2nd 900 160 4 Météore 2nd 900 160 2 Narval 2nd 800 160 4 Iron hull Phare 2nd 900 160 4 Sesotris 2nd 900 160 4+2M Solon 2nd 800 160 2 Iron hull Styx 2nd 900 160 4 Tartare 2nd 900 160 2 Tonnerre 2nd 900 160 4 Vautour 2nd 900 160 2M Antilope 2nd 150 Iron hull Chamois 2nd 150 2 Iron, bought Ajaccio 2nd 120 2 Bought Bisson 2nd 120 2 Daim 2nd 120 4M Flambeau 2nd 120 2 Galilée 2nd 240 120 2 Anacréon 2nd 100 2 Iron hull Averne 2nd 100 2M Iron hull Voyageur 2nd 100 4

The 160 NHP avisos of the Sphinx class were of 910 tons, 158'2" on deck, 37'6" beam and drew 12'6" of water. They made around 8 knots when new. The usual armament was 2 or 4 30-pr shell guns or 6 24-pr carronades. These were rather old ships built from the late 1820s to early 1840s.

The newer 160 NHP iron ships, presumably including Epervier, were of the Narval class. Narval was built in 1843-1844 and was 45m long and 8m beam, rigged as a brig.

Laborieux was a much newer ship, usually used as a tug. She displaced 849 tons, was 158'10" on deck, 27'11" beam and 13'8" draft. She made 8 knots when new and normally carried only 2 carronades.

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Galilee measured 42m x 6m58 (11m53 over the sponsons) x 2m35 draft. She was used to test chloroform as the working fluid in the engines with the idea of avoiding boiler corrosion. This was not a great success as chloroform was expensive and boiler tubes continued to corrode all the same, so she was converted in 1855 to use methanol instead. Wood alcohol was cheaper; otherwise there was little improvement.

Steam Tenders (Paddle)

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Rubis 70 2 Bought Chacal 60 2M Bought Dialmanth 60 Liamone 60 2M Bought Marabout 60 4M Iron hull Podor 60 Rapide 60 2 Grand Bassam 40 4M Basilic 30 2M Iron hull Serpent 30 2M Iron hull Econome 25 2M Surveillant 25 2M Akba 20 2M Iron hull Oyapock 20 2M

Sailing Line Of Battle Ships

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Valmy 1st 5231 n/a 114 Hercule 2nd 4440 n/a 90 Jemappes 2nd 4440 n/a 90 Iéna 3rd n/a 82 Inflexible 3rd n/a 82 Jupiter 3rd n/a 80 Neptune 3rd n/a 80 Suffren 3rd 4050 n/a 82 6 rifled guns Alger 4th n/a 70 Duperré 4th n/a 70 Marengo 4th n/a 70 Trident 4th n/a 70 Ville de Marseille 4th n/a 70

Busk lists Hercule and Jemappes as ordered converted to screw, but this was never done. These two ships were famously bad sailors and as a result their sister ships were reworked to produce the Duguay-Trouin class of 90 gun auxiliary steamers. Suffren was test ship for the new M1858 rifled guns. Many of Suffren’s sister ships became 80 gun auxiliary steamers of the Bayard class. Friedland should be listed here as she remained a sailing 3-decker, details similar to Valmy. Valmy, Friedland and their steam sisters sailed and manoeuvred badly.

Page 16 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Valmy was 64m20 long on the lower deck, 16m80 beam, 8m55 depth of hold and 8m30 extreme draft. For Hercule the same measurements were 62m50, 16m20, 8m23 and 7m96 and for Suffren 60m50, 15m75, 8m02 and 7m83.

Sailing Frigates

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes *Guerrière 1st 3935 n/a 56 Building *Pallas 1st 3935 n/a 56 Building *Victoire 1st 3935 n/a 56 Building Andromaque 1st n/a 56 Belle Poule 1st 2550 n/a 56 Didon 1st n/a 56 Forte 1st n/a 56 Indépendante 1st n/a 56 Iphigénie 1st n/a 56 Persévérante 1st n/a 56 Uranie 1st n/a 56 Vengeance 1st n/a 56 Cléopâtre 2nd n/a 38 Némésis 2nd n/a 46 *Astree 2nd 3000 n/a 46 Building *Circé 2nd n/a 46 Building *Flore 2nd 3430 n/a 46 Building *Hermione 2nd n/a 46 Building *Junon 2nd n/a 46 Building *Magicienne 2nd 3355 n/a 46 Building *Thémis 2nd n/a 46 Building Néréide 2nd 2340 n/a 52 Alceste 2nd n/a 52 Andromède 2nd n/a 52 Poursuivante 2nd n/a 52 Reine Blanche 2nd n/a 52 Sibylle 2nd n/a 52 Sirène 2nd n/a 52 Virginie 2nd n/a 52 *Armorique 3rd 2740 n/a 42 Building *Résolue 3rd 1795 n/a 42 Building Africaine 3rd n/a 42 Algérie 3rd n/a 42 Constitution 3rd n/a 42 Erigone 3rd n/a 42 Héliopolis 3rd n/a 42 Isis 3rd n/a 42 Jeanne d'Arc 3rd n/a 42 Pénélope 3rd n/a 42 Psyché 3rd n/a 42

Ships marked * were converted to screw and details are in Conway’s. The 56 gun 1st rates were rearmed with 36 6.4-in and 5.5-in RML guns. Guerrière measured 245' on

Page 17 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World the waterline, 47'10" in the beam and drew 24'7" of water. Top speed was about 11 knots. The smaller conversions carried 24 or more guns and made about 10-11 knots.

Most likely all of the 1st class frigates were begun as ships of the Belle Poule class with a displacement of 2550 tons, 54m40 long on deck, 14m10 beam, 7m10 depth of hold and 6m75 extreme draft. The 2nd class 52 gun frigates were likely all Artémise class ships of 2340 tons displacement, 52m50 deck, 13m40 beam, 7m10 depth of hold and 6m50 extreme draft.

The armament of sailing frigates was standardised on 30-prs. The 1837 regulations, which can have changed little before the adoption of rifled guns, called for a first class frigate to carry 60 guns: 28 30-pr long guns and 2 80-pr shell guns on the gun deck and 26 30-pr carronades and 4 30-pr shell guns on the spar deck. Frigates of the second and third classes carried 30-prs only: 28 short guns on the gun deck and 18 carronades and 4 shell guns on the spar deck for a second class of 50 guns; 22 short guns and 4 shell guns on the gun deck and 14 carronades on the spar deck for a third class of 40 guns.

Sailing Corvettes

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Cordelière 1st n/a 22 Building Cornelie 1st n/a 22 Building Favorite 1st n/a 22 Building Artémise 1st n/a 26 Bayonnaise 1st n/a 22 Capricieuse 1st n/a 22 Constantine 1st n/a 22 Embuscade 1st n/a 22 Eurydice 1st n/a 22 Galathee 1st n/a 22 Sérieuse 1st n/a 22 Thisbe 1st n/a 22 Bergère 2nd n/a 12 Brillante 2nd n/a 16 Danaïde 2nd n/a 16 Prévoyante 2nd n/a 12 Sarcelle 2nd n/a 12 Triomphante 2nd n/a 16

Capricieuse was probably typical of a first class sailing corvette. She was 43m90 long and 11m80 beam with mean draft 4m90. She was probably armed with 20 30-pr short guns and 2 30-pr shell guns and had a crew of 254. The 1st class corvettes were between 10 and 20 years old, the 2nd class even older.

Sailing Brigs

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Chevert 1st n/a 12 Building Euryale 1st n/a 12 Building

Page 18 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Adonis 1st n/a 12 Alcibiade 1st n/a 12 Beaumanoir 1st n/a 12 Chasseur 1st n/a 12 Ducouedic 1st n/a 12 Entreprenant 1st n/a 12 Faune 1st n/a 12 Génie 1st n/a 14 Hussard 1st n/a 12 Janus 1st n/a 12 Lapeyrouse 1st n/a 12 Méléagre 1st n/a 12 Mercure 1st n/a 12 Nisus 1st n/a 12 Obligado 1st n/a 12 Olivier 1st n/a 12 Oreste 1st n/a 12 Palinure 1st n/a 2M Pylade 1st n/a 12 Victor 1st n/a 12 Zebre 1st n/a 12 Agile 2nd n/a 8 Argus 2nd n/a 8 Cerf 2nd n/a 8 Dupetit-Thouars 2nd n/a 8 Inconstant 2nd n/a 8 Léger 2nd n/a 8 Lynx 2nd n/a 8 Messager 2nd n/a 8 Railleur 2nd n/a 8 Rossignol 2nd n/a 8 Ruse 2nd n/a 8 Zéphyr 2nd n/a 8

The oldest unreconstructed brig was Argus, launched in 1832; the majority had been launched in the late 1840s or reconstructed since then.

Sailing Gun Brigs

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Alouette n/a 4 Eglantine n/a 4 Malouine n/a 4 Panthère n/a 4 Tactique n/a 4 Vigie n/a 4

All these ships were launched or reconstructed in the middle of the 1840s.

Page 19 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Sailing Schooners, Cutters And Small Craft

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Amaranthe n/a 6 Baucis n/a 6 Décidée n/a 6 Egle n/a 4 Fauvette n/a 2 Gentille n/a 2 Hirondelle n/a Hydrographe n/a 2 Bought Ibis n/a 2 Ile d'Aix n/a 2 Ile d'Enet n/a 2 Ile Madame n/a 2 Jonquille n/a 2 Jouvencelle n/a 4 Kamehameha n/a 2 Ex-Hawaiian Laborieuse n/a Mouche n/a 4 Nu Hiva n/a 2 Bought Papeiti n/a 2 Bought Pourvoyeuse n/a Sakalave n/a Tane-Manou n/a 2 Bought Topaze n/a 2 Turquoise n/a 2 Vigilante n/a Capelan n/a Ecureuil No. 1 n/a 2 Ecureuil No. 2 n/a 2 Espiègle n/a 2 Favori n/a 4 Lévrier n/a 2 Mirmidon n/a 2 Moustique n/a 2 Pluvier n/a 2 Boberach n/a 2 Xebec Blavet n/a 2 Chasse-marée

Sailing Mortar Vessels

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Bombe n/a 2M Fournaise n/a 2M Tocsin n/a 2M Torche n/a 2M Trombe n/a 2M

All built for the Crimean War.

Page 20 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Sailing Transports

Ship Rate Tons NHP Guns Notes Armide 800 n/a 2 Hospital ship Caravane 800 n/a 4 Egérie 800 n/a 4 Fortune 800 n/a 4 Infernal 800 n/a 6 Oise 800 n/a 2 Prosperine 800 n/a 2 Marsouin 600 n/a 2 Perdrix 600 n/a 2 Provençale 600 n/a 4 Chandernagore 550 n/a 2 Girafe 550 n/a 2 Cormoran 500 n/a 2 Orione 420 n/a 2 Ex-Russian Expéditive 380 n/a 2 Infatigable 380 n/a 4 Recherche 380 n/a 2 Hérault 370 n/a 2 Bucéphale n/a 2 Ex-Russian Cyclops 300 n/a 2 Licorne 300 n/a 4 Mayottais 300 n/a Bought Pintade 200 n/a Pourvoyeur 150 n/a D'Zaoudzi 60 n/a Bought Ile d'Oléron 50 n/a

Rate is again tons of cargo. These were generally old ships.

Busk's summary gives the following numbers. Presumably the 55 schooners, etc, include the 8 screw gun vessels. The transports include 20 steam ships ordered but not yet begun.

Ships of the line 51 ships, being 14 sail and 37 steam 114-130 guns 1 sail and 6 steam 90 guns 3 sail and 20 steam 82-70 guns 10 sail and 11 steam Frigates 97 ships, being 40 sail and 57 steam 58-34 guns 19 steam 40 sail and 38 steam armoured 4 steam paddle, 20-8 guns 19 steam Corvettes 26-4 guns 38 ships total, 18 sail and 20 steam Brigs and Avisos 102 ships, 35 sail and 67 steam Schooners, cutters, etc. 55 vessels, 47 of them sail Screw gun vessels 8 vessels Floating batteries 5 vessels Transports 73 vessels of which 26 are sail and 47 are

Page 21 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

steam vessels Screw gun boats 20 vessels

This comes to 449 ships, 180 sail and 265 steam, mounting 8,422 guns with an aggregate nominal horsepower of 77,820. Of these, somewhere between one quarter and one third were in commission for sea or harbour service at the start of 1859. Spanish Navy circa 1859 Busk lists the Spanish Navy as follows.

Sailing Ships 2 ships of the line, each 86 guns 4 frigates, 32-42 guns 4 corvettes 16-30 guns 9 brigs 10-20 guns 1 brigantine 6 guns 10 schooners 1 gun 5 luggers 1 gun 10 transports 2-4 guns

This was a total of 45 sailing ships.

Steamers 8 screw steamers 3 frigates 37-50 guns 360 horsepower 5 schooners 2-8 guns 130 horsepower

29 paddle steamers 3 frigates 16 guns 500 horsepower 8 brigs 6 guns 350 horsepower 18 schooners 2-5 guns 100-300 horsepower

This gave a total of 37 steamers.

Altogether, this gave a total of 82 vessels, carrying 887 guns, and with engines of the aggregate power of 8160 horses.

Besides the above, there are building: 2 steam frigates, 37 guns, 360 horsepower 2 schooners, 200 horse power 4 ditto, 80 horse power

There is a lot of information on Isabella II’s navy on the web and in print. The following sites might be helpful: - http://www.armada15001900.net/ (English translation available) http://candamo.iespana.es/candamo/Naval/principa.htm

Page 22 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

You can download a PDF history of the Spanish Navy (in Spanish) here: http://www.armada.mde.es/Historia/indexfinal.htm

Lledo-Calabuig’s “Buques de Vapor de la Armada Española”, which I haven't seen, looks to cover Spanish steam ships from the earliest to the 1880s.

Spanish ships were built mainly using imported engines and guns apparently followed British and French designs. Spanish pounds were almost identical to English ones but after 1859 guns were designated by their calibre in centimetres. Starting in 1858, the Spanish began to produce rifled muzzle loading guns using the French studded shell system and later the Armstrong polygroove system. Guns were cast in iron at Trubia and in bronze at Seville. The Spanish navy had major shipyards at Ferrol, Cartagena and La Carraca (Cadiz) as well as the important shipyard at Havana and smaller facilities in the Philippines. The Spanish merchant marine was probably around half a million tons.

There may have been four screw frigates in early 1859 rather than three. Princesa de Asturias converted to steam while under construction. She was of 3570 tons, 500 NHP and 50 guns. The Berenguela, Blanca and Petronila were 3150 tons, 360 NHP and 37 guns and were about 70m long. The armament of the smaller ships was probably 20 British 8-inch shell guns of 65cwt, 14 30- or 32-prs, 2 24-pr boat howitzers and a French 80-pr shell gun on a pivot mount. The frigates under construction were the Lealtad and Concepción, the first of 3575 tons, 41 guns and 500 NHP, the second of 3210 tons, 37 guns and 600 NHP. The two large “schooners” under construction were the small corvettes Narváez and Consuelo, the first of seven unrelated ships of about 700 tons, 54m long and 3 guns, a mix of 8-inch and 30-/32- prs, all on pivots, speed was about 8 knots.

The 16 gun paddle frigates were the Isabel II, Francisco de Asís and Isabel la Católica. These displaced 2880 tons and were 66m long. They had 500 NHP engines and a best speed of about 12 knots. They were armed with 16 8-inch shell guns, 14 broadside and 2 pivots. The next most important paddle steamers were the Vasco Núñez de Balboa and Hernán Cortes. These displaced 1220 tons, were 56m long, had 350 NHP engines, a best speed of about 9 knots and were armed with 2 8-inch and 4 30-/32-prs. Many of the other paddle steamers were merchantmen that had been bought in for service as despatch boats, armed transports and the like.

Large sailing ships included two quite new but old-fashioned line of battle ships of 86 guns, the Reina Dona Isabel II and the Rey Don Francisco de Asís. These displaced 3500 tons, were 86m long and were armed with 34 36-pr guns on the gun deck, 34 24- prs on the main deck and 16 18-prs on the upper deck. The four frigates were probably the Esperanza of 42 guns, the Cortes and Isabel II of 40 guns and the Perla of 34 guns. The four serviceable corvettes were the Ferrolana and the razee Villa de Bilbao of 30 guns and the Colon, built in Malta, and Mazarredo of 16 guns.

Page 23 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World States of Italy

The Navy of the Two Sicilies [i.e. Naples] – June 1858

Sailing vessels

2 Ships of the line, 1 of 90, 1 of 80 guns 5 Frigates, 2 of 64, 1 of 48 and 2 of 41 guns 2 Corvettes, 1 of 22 guns, 1 mortar vessel of 14 guns 5 Brigantines of 20 guns 2 Schooners of 14 guns

Total 16 ships with 598 guns.

Steamers

2 Frigates of 450 NHP, total 900 NHP and 24 guns 12 Frigates of 300 NHP, total 3600 NHP and 72 guns 4 Corvettes of 240 NHP, total 960 NHP and 24 guns 4 Smaller vessels of 200 NHP, total 800 NHP and 16 guns 1 Ditto of 120 NHP and 4 guns 6 ditto of 40-50 NHP, total 270 NHP and 24 guns 3 Transports 10 Mortar vessels, total 10 guns (mortars) 10 Gunboats, each 2 guns, total 20 guns 30 Gunboats with Paixhans shell guns, total 40 guns

Total 98 vessels, aggregate NHP 6650 and 832 guns.

The Neapolitan Navy had set up a first class infrastructure to support their fleet, and built some fine ships, but Naples had very serious governmental problems and collapsed very quickly when the Sardinians and Garibaldi moved to incorporate Naples into the new Kingdom of Italy.

The Sardinian Navy 6 Steam frigates 4 Sailing frigates 3 Steam corvettes 4 Sailing corvettes 3 Steam avisos or despatch vessels 4 Brigantines 3 Steam transports 1 Tug

Altogether, 29 vessels with 436 guns.

The Italian equivalent of the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Online (DANFS) is fairly complete on the web. For ships bigger than gunboats, all of the

Page 24 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World steam ships of the Sardinian and Sicilian Navies and many of the sailing ships are listed so it seems a waste of time to repeat the information. http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/Almanacco/Navi000.htm Austrian Navy circa 1859 1 Screw ship of the line 800 NHP, 91 guns, 900 men 3 Screw frigates 300 NHP each, total 93 guns, 1125 men 4 Sailing frigates Total 171 guns, 1618 men 2 Screw corvettes 230 NHP each, total 44 guns, 520 men 5 Sailing corvettes Total 82 guns, 757 men 5 Brigs Total 72 guns, 527 men 3 Steamers 300-350 NHP ea., tot. 18 guns, 423 men 10 Smaller steamers 40-180 NHP ea., total 35 guns, 608 men 4 Brigantines (transports) Total 26 guns, 220 men 12 Gun sloops Total 40 guns, 92 men 12 Pinnaces Total 36 guns, 324 men 4 Row gun boats Total 8 guns, 312 men 11 Row yawls Total 11 guns, 160 men 2 Pontoons Total 20 guns, 330 men 1 Prahm - 1 Mortar boat Total 12 guns, 120 men 43 Pirogues for lagoons Total 43 guns, 90 men 7 Transports Total 430 men

Total 135 ships, 852 guns, and 8707 men.

All of the steamers survived to be listed in Conway’s and most or all were still in service in 1866. Not all of the sailing ships are listed. The Ottoman Empire 7 Line of battle ships 6 Frigates 4 Corvettes 7 Brigs 2 Mail packets 22 Transports

49 ships in all

Four line of battle ships had been converted to steam: Kosovo, 110 guns, was launched 1826 and converted in 1858; Peik-i-Zafer, 90 guns, was built in 1850 and converted in 1857; and Fetiye and Sadiye, 94 guns, were converted on the stocks and completed in 1856 or 1857. In 1853, the Ottomans had six armed paddle steamers, including at least two frigates, one of which was taken by the Russians during the Crimean War. The Selimiye, possibly a sister ship of Fetiye, was completed as a large screw frigate and is listed in Conway’s. “The Ottoman Steam Navy” presumably has much more information on steamers. In general the Ottomans shared the same problems as the Russians - little industry, endemic graft and weak government - only

Page 25 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World more so, but they did have a large pool of seafarers to recruit sailors from. British officers often served with the Ottoman Navy. Portugal and Greece The Portuguese and Greek navies were mainly sailing navies, both small. The Greek War of Independence had seen the first use of steamers to fight other ships, but the Greeks had only one 6-gun paddle corvette in 1859. The Portuguese had five very small steamers with an average of 50 men on each. The Greek merchant marine was made up of 260,000 tons of sailing ships. The Russian Empire In 1859, Russia was backward, corrupt and inefficient, ruled by an absolute monarch. Serfdom was widespread and not abolished until 1861. Finland was a separate Grand Duchy ruled by the Russian Emperor and was much more like Sweden than Russia. In Finland almost all adults were literate, in Russia almost none were.

The Russian Admiralty faced enormous difficulties of climate and geography in their attempts to create an effective navy, and it's unlikely that they succeeded in doing so. Russian industry was extremely backward apart from some foreign transplants and a few facilities belonging to the state, most in the region of St Petersburg. The main navy yards were also at St Petersburg and there were several significant private shipyards there and in Finland.

Busk lists the Russian fleet as follows.

Sailing Vessels

12 Ships of the line 7 Frigates 7 Corvettes 7 Brigs 11 Schooners 7 Xebecs 5 Luggers 3 Clippers 4 Yachts 15 Transports 7 Barques 85 ships

Steamers

7 Screw ships of the line 11 Screw frigates 12 Screw corvettes 1 Screw lugger 41 Vessels of various kinds 1 Tender 73 ships

Page 26 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Grand total - 158

In addition to the above, the Russians have a considerable number of row gunboats and screw gun vessels.

The "considerable number" of screw gun boats meant about 80. There were also a number of armoured rafts left over from the Crimean War, similar to the structure built by South Carolina forces for the attack on Fort Sumter. The "vessels of various kinds" included quite large ships such paddle frigates and corvettes of up to 1900 tons. The Russian paddle frigate Vladimir of 1848 had fought in what may be the first combat between steamships when she engaged the Turkish paddle frigate Pervaz Bahri in 1853. The first Russian screw frigate, the Archimedes of 23 guns, was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet in 1849.

Most of the steam ships and some of the sailing ones are mentioned in Conway’s. Russian steam battleships are covered briefly by Lambert although there is no mention of armaments. In the sailing battle fleet, large Russian three-decker sailing ships such as the Dvenatsat Apostolov and Tri Sviatitelia carried a very heavy armament with 72-prs on the gun deck, 36-prs on the middle and main decks and 24- pr carronades on the upper deck.

Gangut, an 84-gun ship that fought in the last great battle of the sail era at Navarino, was converted to steam in 1856. In 1848 she carried 72-prs on the gun deck, 36-prs on the main deck, with short 36-prs, possibly shell guns, on the upper deck. The slightly smaller Prokhor was planned to convert to steam like her sister Orel, but this was cancelled due to the requirement for armoured frigates. At some point Prokhor carried 6 60-prs, 26 36-prs, 32 24-prs, 4 24-pr howitzers, perhaps boat guns, and 16 24-pr carronades. It would be a reasonable guess that the 60-prs and 36-prs were on the gun deck, the 24-pr long guns on the main deck and the rest on the upper deck.

Russian gunpowder had a poor reputation. A Russian 24-pr gun fired shot weighing 22 English lbs while a 36-pr fired 32lb 8oz shot, so Russian pounds were about 10% lighter than English ones.

The Russian merchant marine may have been quite large in 1860, perhaps half a million tons. Many of the ships were Finnish built, owned and crewed.

There's a short history of the Imperial Navy here: - http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/

There was a 300th anniversary history published by the Russian Navy League in 1996. I believe the English version was called "The Navy of the Russian Empire". It's not much for technical detail, but it is beautifully illustrated, mainly from the collections of the Russian Navy Archives and Museum at St Petersburg. It is a coffee table book, but a very interesting one.

Page 27 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World Sweden and Norway Norway had a fast growing sailing merchant fleet, a quarter million tons in 1850, half a million in 1860, a million in 1870 and a million and a half by 1880. The Swedish merchant marine was smaller, perhaps half a million tons or so in 1860, and hardly grew at all in overall tonnage. Some Swedish industries, especially those to do with high quality iron, were advanced, but overall Sweden was not really an industrial nation, Norway even less so.

Swedish Navy The Swedish part of the navy is listed as follows.

Ships of the line

2 Screw steamers (300 to 350 horse power), 80 to 62 guns 5 Sailing, 80 to 62 guns 1 Building, 80 to 62 guns

Frigates

1 Screw steam, building (400 horse power), 60 to 22 guns 5 Sailing, 60 to 32 guns

Corvettes

3 Steam (300 to 400 horse power) 5 Sailing, 24 to 18 guns 1 Gun brig 7 Schooners and instruction brigs

Gunboats

2 Screw steam 6 Screw steam, building 13 Sailing schooners, rigged 76 Large class (to row) 122 Smaller class (to row) 8 Mortar vessels 3 Armed steam vessels (140 to 60 horse power) 5 Unarmed steam vessels 25 Small sailing vessels 21 Transports

The screw steam ships of the line were the Stockholm and Karl XIV Johan, detailed by Lambert. The sailing ships Gustav den Storre and Skandinavien were ordered converted to steam in 1855 but this was cancelled in 1858. Skandinavien was the line ship under construction and the sailing battle fleet comprised the Gustav den Store, Karl XIII, Forsiktigheten, Prins Oskar, Manligheten and (according to Conways) Faderneslandet. Some of these were very old. Manligheten was laid down in 1785, Forsiktigheten in 1799.

Page 28 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Gustav den Store was laid down in 1832 and paid off in 1870. She displaced 2370 tons, was 53m66 long, 14m82 beam and 6m31 draft. She was armed with 28 24-pr guns, 28 18-pr guns, 10 6-pr guns and 10 24-pr carronades.

The screw frigate was the Vanadis and the details are in Conway’s. The sailing frigates were the Norrkoping, Josefine, af Chapman, Desiree, Eugenie and Goteborg. Josefine was launched in 1834 and paid off in 1876, she displaced 1220 tons, was 46m38 long, 12m37 beam, 5m17 draft and was armed with 26 24-pr guns on the gun deck and 14 24-prs, 8 guns and 6 carronades, on the upper deck. Norrkoping was launched in 1858, displaced 1440 tons, was 46m96 long, 12m37 beam and 5m64 draft, armed with 4 6.81-inch shell guns and 20 30-pr guns.

The steam corvettes were the screw ships Gefle and Oradd and the paddle steamer Thor, the sail corvettes were Lagerbielke, Svalan, Jaramas, Najaden and Karlskrona. The gun brig was probably the af Wirsen. Gefle displaced 1280 tons, was 52m50 long, 9m80 beam and 5m10 draft, speed 9 knots. Her armament is give as 2 5.63-inch RBL guns and 6 4.1-inch RML, although at what date between 1848 and 1890 this armament was carried is not stated. Thor was reconstructed in 1861-1862, before then she displaced 800 tons, was 44m50 long, 9m80 beam and 4m40 draft, speed about 9 knots. Her armament is listed as 2 7.62-inch shell guns, 2 24-pr carronades and 2 small carronades.

The screw steam gunboats were the Hogland and Svensksund, 180 tons, 29m39 long, 6m65 beam and 2m09 draft, speed 8 knots, armed with 2 7.5-inch shell guns.

All of the above armaments are in Swedish inches and pounds. Swedish inches (tums) were 24.74mm long, making 7.62 inches about 19cm, 6.81 inches 17cm and 5.63 inches 14cm. Swedish pounds were about 7% lighter than English pounds. From the early 1850s, Wahrendorff breech-loading guns were in service with the Swedish Army's coast defence forces and may have armed some ships.

Norwegian Navy Horse power Guns Frigates 1 Steam (building) 500 52 1 Ditto 150 41 1 Sailing 44 1 Ditto 40 Corvettes 1 Steam 225 14 1 Ditto 80 20 1 Ditto 200 6 1 Sailing 16 1 Ditto 10 Brig 1 Sailing 4 Schooners 1 Steam 20 6

Page 29 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Horse power Guns 1 Sailing 6 2 Ditto 5 2 Ditto 2 Steamers [paddle] 1 120 2 1 (for towing) 80 2 2 Ditto 80 Steam gun boats 2 60 2 Row gun boats 78 2 43 1

The steam frigates were the Kong Sverre and St Olaf, the steam corvettes Nornen, Ellida and Nordstjerna.

A visit to the Navy Museum in Horten would probably fill in the rest of the information. A trip to the Museum shop is recommended if you'd like your own 3" or 40mm Bofors shell casings, complete (but presumably inert) 40mm Bofors rounds or Mk 74 Mod 1 sights for a 3" gun. http://www.fmu.mil.no/marine/Marinemuseet.htm Denmark The Danish navy, if not as large as the Swedish-Norwegian forces, was still sizable. The Danish merchant marine was not especially large, under 200,000 tons. Denmark was not really an industrial nation. Denmark's colonial possessions were the Danish West Indies (the US Virgin Islands since 1917), Iceland and Greenland.

Danish Navy (Corrected to April,1859) Horse Guns Built Power Sailing ships of the line Skjold (now fitting with 84 1833 screw) Frederik den Sjette 84 1831 Waldemar 84 1828 Dannebrog 72 1850 Sailing frigates Dronning Marie (rasee) 60 1824 Thetis 48 1840 Bellona 46 1830 Havfruen 46 1825 Rota 46 1822 Tordenskjold 44 1852 Screw frigates Niels Juel 300 42x30-prs 1856 Sjaelland 300 42x30-prs 1858

Page 30 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

Horse Guns Built Power Jylland 400 44x30-prs Building Corvettes Galathea 26 1831 Valkyrien 20 1846 Najaden 14 1853 Saga 12 1848 Screw corvettes Heimdal 260 16x30-prs 1856 Thor 260 12x30-prs 1851 Thor 300 16 Building Brigs Ornen 16 1842 St Thomas 16 1827 Mercurius 12 1837 St Croix 12 1835 Schooners Delphinen 1 + 4 swivels 1827 Pilen 1 + 4 swivels 1832 Falken (screw yacht, 24 horse power) Cutter Neptune (Royal yacht) 6 swivels 1840 Screw gun boats Storen 2 mortars, 1 howitzer Screw gun boat No. 1 (building) Screw gun boat No. 2 (building) Paddle Steam Ships Holger Danske 260 1 60-pr shell 1850 6 30-pr Slesvig 240 12 3-pr 1845 Hekla 200 1 60-pr shell 1842 6 24-pr Geiser 160 2 60-pr 1844 6 18-pr Skirner 120 2 24-pr 1847 Aegir 80 4 18-pr 1841 6 swivels Uffo 120 Hertha 90 Gun flotilla 3 Mortar vessels Transport service 5 New transport ships 15 Older ditto

Page 31 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World

The screw frigate Jylland is still afloat and open to visitors. http://www.fregatten-jylland.dk/

There are two excellent sites on the web dealing with the Danish Navy, both with English translations, as well as the information in Conway’s, so I am not going to repeat any of it here. See: - http://www.milhist.dk/index_uk.htm http://www.navalhistory.dk/indexUS.htm

Johnny Bolsved's site has considerably more info in Danish than in English, so it's worth checking both versions for ship information. Danish pounds were 10% heavier than English ones at just under 500g. A 24-pr fired solid shot of 26.5lb avoirdupois. Where weights of guns are given, the pre-metric Danish centner was 10% heavier than an English cwt or 55-56kg. Germany The Prussian navy was a department of the army. Prussia had been at war with Denmark in 1848-1849 and had been blockaded by the Danes, the same thing happened in 1864 and again in 1870 when at war with France. The Prussian navy was not very successful.

Prussian ships were armed with a strange collection of their own guns and British, Danish and Swedish ones. Beginning about 1867, the Prussians replaced these with Krupp rifled breech loading guns.

The merchant marines of the various German states were in total quite large, probably over half a million tons and Hamburg was one of the great ports of the world. There were a considerable number of private shipyards in Germany but only the Prussian government yard at Danzig routinely built warships. Germany had quite a lot of heavy industry but few German companies built marine engines at this time and none had much experience with large engines.

Prussian Navy Guns 2 Sailing frigates (Gefion and Thetis) 86 2 Steam frigates (Danzig and Barbarossa) 21 1 Screw corvette (Arcona) building 28 1 Paddle ditto (Gazelle) ditto 28 1 Sailing ditto (Amazon) 12 1 Steam yacht (Grille) 0 1 Transport (Mercur) 6 3 Schooners (Hela, Frauenlob & Iltis) 6 1 Steamer (Royal Victoria) 0 36 Gun boats, 2 guns each, rowed 72 6 Gun boats, yawls 6 55 Vessels of all kinds, carrying 265

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Groener's encyclopaedia contains more than anyone could ever reasonably need to know about the ships of the Prussian and German navies. Almost all early ships are in volume one of the German edition. Below there are summaries of the more important ships in 1859. Displacements are full load unless noted otherwise, lengths are on the waterline, any beam in brackets is over paddle boxes and draft is maximum. E&OE.

Gefion was a former Danish sail frigate captured in 1849 and repaired in the Netherlands in 1852. She measured 1826 tons, 52m44 x 13m50 x 5m68. She was armed with 2 Danish 60-pr shell guns and 44 Danish 24-prs - 24 long and 20 short. Thetis was a former RN sail frigate, swapped in 1855 for the Prussian paddle steamers Nix and Salamander, which were then being built by Scott-Russell's yard. She served as a cadet training ship and later a gunnery training ship. Thetis displaced 1882 tons and was 50m88 x 14m10 x 5m79.

Barbarossa was the ex-Cunard liner Britannia, bought by the German Confederation in 1849 for the Schleswig War. She displaced 1313 tons light, 58m68 x 9m30 (16m50) x 5m18. A 410 NHP 1500 ihp engine powered her, sea speed 8 knots. She was armed with 9 British 8-inch shell guns. She was a good steamer and a bad sailor and was apparently serving as a depot ship by 1859. Danzig was built at Danzig between 1850 and 1853. She was 1920 tons, 70m18 x 10m40 (16m50) x 4m27, with a British 400 NHP engine of 1800, sea speed 10 knots. She was armed with 12 British 8-inch shell guns. Danzig was inferior to Barbarossa as steamer and sailor.

Arcona was a screw frigate rather than a corvette, the first of five related ships. She was built in the navy yard at Danzig and powered by a 350 NHP engine built by Cockerill which produced 1365 ihp. She was almost 2400 tons, 71m95 x 13m x 6m35. She had a best speed of about 12 knots. She was armed with 28 British 8-inch shell guns. Arcona and her sisters lost much speed in a head sea but were otherwise good steamers and, being fitted with a lifting screw, acceptable under sail. Gazelle was not a paddler, as shown by Busk, but a copy of Arcona. She had been under construction since 1855 and completed in 1861. Unlike Arcona she had machinery from Vulcan of Stettin, which was not a success although she could still make 12 knots if everything worked properly.

The screw aviso or yacht Grille was part iron, part mahogany with two watertight iron bulkheads, built by Normand at Le Havre between 1856 and 1858 with 700 ihp engines by Penn. She measured about 500 tons, 52m50 x 7m38 x 3m20. Her speed was around 13 knots. She was an excellent steamer in all respects but her 4500 sq.ft. three-masted schooner rig was of very little use. Another aviso, this one a paddle steamer not listed by Busk, was the Loreley, built at Danzig in 1858-1859. Loreley displaced 470 tons was 43m34 x 6m60 x 3m02. Her 350 ihp engines were by Egells of Berlin, boilers by Vulcan of Stettin. She made over 10 knots on trials and was a good steamer, although she did not hold a course well. Both avisos were armed with two long 12-pr guns.

The mail paddle steamer Preussischer Adler belonged to the Postal service but served with the navy from 1848-1850 and after 1862. She was an iron ship built by Ditchburn & Mare in 1846-1847. She displaced 1430 tons, was 56m60 x 9m60 (16m20) x 3m30. She had a trial speed of over 11 knots, 10 knots at sea, and was a

Page 33 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World very good steamer. In her first commission she carried 2 Prussian army 25-pr howitzers, then 2 short 32-prs, later she carried 4 36-prs and finally 2 smoothbore and 2 rifled 24-prs. The Netherlands The Dutch Navy circa 1859 consisted of: - Guns 2 Ships of the line, each of 84 3 Ditto 74 7 First class frigates (3 of them screws) 54-45 8 Second class frigate 38-36 1 Ditto, razee (rasé) 28 10 Corvettes (5 of them screws) 19-12 7 Brigs 18-12 13 Schooners 10-4 10 Ditto, screw 8 14 of various kinds, presenting together 94 2 Transports 2 Frigates, guard vessels 1 Corvette, guard vessel All of these 11 2 Ditto, training vessels 1 Brig, coast guard 55 Gun boats 174 2 Screw ditto 4 1 Schooner, gun vessel 8

There is not a great deal of information on the Netherlands Navy at this time but A. van Dijk's "Voor Pampus" contains more information than the short summary in Conway's. Van Dijk's work suggests that Busk's list of Dutch ships includes many old and worthless ships. Another useful source might be the book "De Kroon op het Anker", but I haven't got round to finding a copy of this yet. The Dutch merchant marine was quite large, around 450,000 tons. Dutch shipbuilding was well developed with an established engine building industry although the country as a whole was not very industrial. The Dutch colonial empire was based around the East Indies (most of modern Indonesia) and smaller colonies in Dutch Guyana (modern Surinam) and the Netherlands Antilles.

A point to note is that the Royal Netherlands Navy renamed ships quite often, more so than other navies, and this can be confusing. The Netherlands retained the old duim (inch) and pond (pound) names for measures but the duim was defined as one centimetre and the pond as half a kilogram. Amsterdam pounds had been of 490 grams, again about 10% more than an English pound. So regardless of which measurement the Dutch thought they were using, old or new, a 30-pr gun would fire shot weighing about 33lb, a 36-pr about 40lb and a 60-pr about 66lb making the standard Dutch guns roughly equal to the British/American 32-, 42- and 64-/68- pounder guns.

The two 84 gun sailing ships of the line were Zn.Ms. Zeeuw (renamed Jupiter in 1859) and Neptunus (named Koning der Nederlanden between 1844 and 1857).

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Zeeuw was launched in 1825, Neptunus in 1835. As ships of the line, their sisters were of 4010 tons displacement at full load, 57m80 long on the load waterline, 15m36 extreme beam, 7m22 maximum draft. They carried a crew of 700 men and were armed with 24 long 36-pr and 8 heavy 20cm shell guns on the gun deck, 28 long 24-pr and 4 light 20cm shell guns on the main deck and 20 36-pr carronades on the upper deck.

Beginning in June 1857, Neptunus was converted to an unpowered armoured floating battery. Jupiter also converted, beginning in 1859. Thus neither of these ships were actually serving as ships of the line by the end of 1859.

The three 74 gun sailing ships of the line were Zn.Ms. Koningin der Nederlanden (Kortenaer before 1844, renamed Olifant in 1859), Tromp and Kortenaer (Jupiter before 1844). None of these was serving as a ship of the line, all being block ships at Amsterdam and Den Helder. As ships of the line they had displaced 3650 tons loaded and about 500 tons less as block ships. They measuring 54m16 long on the waterline, 14m70 beam and 7m12 draft, 6m35 as a blockship. The crew as a ship of the line was 650, 250 as a blockship. By the middle of the 1850s guns had been removed from the main deck and the armament reduced to 30 36-pr long guns on the gun deck and 1 heavy 20cm and 3 22cm shell guns on the upper deck. Olifant began a conversion to an armoured battery in 1861 but turned out to be too weak and rotten and was scrapped.

There seem to have been four first class screw frigates rather than three. These were Zn.Ms. Evertsen, Zeeland and Admiraal van Wassenaer built as such and the razeed 74 gun ship De Ruyter. De Ruyter later converted to a casemate armoured steam battery and her details in this form are in Conway’s. As a 74 gun ship she would have resembled the ones already mentioned and her designed armament, circa 1835, was 30 long 30-pr guns on the gun deck, 33 short 30-pr guns on the main deck and 23 30-pr carronades and 2 long 12-pr guns on the upper deck. As a steam frigate she measured 60m30 long on the waterline, 63m50 between perpendiculars, 14m70 beam and 6m80 deep draft. She measured 2450 tons builders’ measurement and 2830 tons designed light displacement. She was armed with 22 30-pr long guns and 8 heavy 20cm shell guns on the main deck and 12 30-pr long guns, 2 light 20cm shell guns and 1 long 60- pr gun on the upper deck. 400 (Dutch) NHP engines of 1750 ihp powered her, giver her a best speed of about 10 knots. The first-class sailing frigates were the very old 54 gun Rhijn, launched 1816 and rebuilt in 1828 and the newer 60 gun Prins van Oranje (formerly Waal) and Doggersbank dating from the early 1840s.

The second-class frigates appear to have been Maas of 1822, Palembang of 1829, Ceres (renamed Draak in 1859) of 1830, Prins Frederik der Nederlanden (renamed Salamander in 1859) of 1840, Prins Alexander der Nederlanden of 1844, Holland of 1846, Prins Hendrik der Nederlanden (renamed Pollux in 1859) of 1847 and Prinses Sophia (renamed Orkaan in 1859) of 1857.

Prins Hendrik/Pollux was planned as yet another floating battery. Like Olifant she was rotten and weak when opened up and was replaced by Ceres/Draak. Prinses Sophia had never been completed for sea as a frigate and was converted to the battery Orkaan in a private yard. Prinses Sophia was the newest of these and as a frigate she would have displaced 2400 tons fully loaded, measured 48m long, 14m70 beam,

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6m20 draft and carried a crew of 320 with 30 long 30-pr guns and 4 light 20cm shell guns on the main deck and 12 medium 30-pr guns and 1 long 60-pr on the upper deck. Ceres and Prins Frederik displaced 1700 tons loaded, measured 46m21 x 12m20 x 5m75 maximum, crew 320 with 20 long 30-pr and 4 20cm light shell guns on the main deck and 10 medium 30-pr and 2 long 12-pr on the upper deck.

For corvettes, Prinses Amelia and Medusa were near sisters of about 1500 tons light displacement, 48-49m x 10m60-11m x 5m, crew 200-240, 150 NHP engine with a best speed of 7.5 knots, armed with 12 30-pr long guns and 4 20cm heavy shell guns on the main deck and 3 30-pr long guns on the upper deck. Sailing corvettes included Prins Maurits and van Speyk serving as block ships.

An example of a sailing gunboat was Boreas of 1859. She measured about 140 tons, 20m x 7m40 x 1m69. She had a crew of 42 and was armed with 4 long 36-pr guns and a 20cm mortar. A smaller gun, Kanonneerboot No10 of 1850, measured 92 tons, 18m x 5m86 x 1m30, 34 crew and 2 heavy 20cm shell guns and a 20cm mortar. Iron screw and paddle armoured gun boats were built in the 1860s. Some are detailed by Conway’s. Among those which are not were No. 1 Nimrod, launched in 1863, an iron paddle steamer with 4.5 inches of armour, a 120 NHP engine generating 360 ihp and a best speed of 9.5 knots, armed with 2 long 60-pr guns. She measured 400 tons, 54m x 6m10 (10m40 over the paddle boxes) x 2m30 with a crew of 48. The twin-screw gunboat No. 3 Handig en Vlug had been built in London in 1864. She was a casemated ship with a rectangular deckhouse with curved corners. The casemate ran two thirds of the length. She was crewed by 34 men, powered by a 40 NHP/100 ihp engine, best speed 9 knots, measured 141 tons, 32m x 5m30 x 1m30 and was armed with 2 rifled 12cm guns, one in each end of the casemate. The Netherlands East Indies This isn't mentioned by Busk but for people who like weird and wonderful wargames, the Netherlands East Indies have lots of potential. There was endemic piracy in the area, some of the pirate fleets being huge, and a brutal war with Atjeh from 1873 onwards.

In addition to the Koninklijke Marine, the Dutch government had a second naval service, the Gouvernements Marine in the Netherlands East Indies. These ships hunted pirates, delivered mail and passengers and generally supported the authorities in the East Indies. Busk doesn't mention this force but I have a list for 1863. The Netherlands East Indies had naval bases at Soerabaja, Batavia (Djakarta) and Dassoon (somewhere on Java, probably near Tjilatjap). The Gouvernements Marine preferred ships of iron or teak since oak and pine rotted very quickly in tropical waters.

Crew figures are as given in the records of the day, Europeans + Natives.

Name Guns Crew NHP Built Hull Screw ships Hertog Bernhard 4 10+79 170 England, 1851 Iron Java 6 8+53 80 Liverpool, 1854 Iron Draak - 7+38 80 Soerabaja, 1859 Iron Paddle ships

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Boni 8 6+33 60 *, 1855 Iron Kapoeas 7 6+33 80 *, 1859 Iron Bronbeek 6 7+35 80 Dassoon, 1860 Teak Telegraaf 6 7+35 80 Ditto, 1860 Teak Dassoon 6 7+35 80 Ditto, 1861 Teak Barito 5 3+21 25-30 *, 1861 Iron Tjinrana 5 3+21 25-30 *, 1861 Iron Sailoos - 2+12 20 *, 1861 Iron

In addition there were 79 wooden sail gunboats each with 3 guns and a native crew of 20 men each. These were built in 1860-1861, 67 at Dassoon & 12 at Batavia. The ships marked * were built in Dutch yards and reassembled at Soerabaja, except for Bonim which was Mersey-built and reassembled at Sydney. The named ships were all classed as armed ships and probably carried rockets and swivel guns as well as the listed "big" guns.

Hertog Bernhard measured 765 tons and had room for 400 soldiers and their baggage. She appears to have been a flush-decked, clipper-bowed, three-master, possibly a schooner. Sailoos was only 20m long, 3m70 beam, drew less than 1m of water and served on the rivers of Borneo. The three Dassoon paddle ships were 25m20-26m60 long, 4m20-4m55 beam and less than 2m draft. Telegraaf was the largest, and carried 60 tons of coal, the others 40 tons. Telegraaf made 11 knots on trials and was a good sea boat. The engines for these ships were built (probably assembled) at Soerabaja. British India The Indian Navy, called the Bombay Marine until 1830 and reformed as such in 1863, was not the only naval service in India. There was also the Bengal Marine, which did not form part of the first Indian Navy formed by the British, but only the Indian Navy is mentioned by Busk.

The main shipyard was at Bombay, which built ships as large as 80 guns in the past. There were minor yards elsewhere in India, and a private yard at Moulmein in Burma where timber was much cheaper than in India. Ships in India were built from mainly from teak.

I have added to the descriptions where possible. Armament of the paddle sloops and frigates was on Royal Navy lines: 8-inch 65cwt shell guns and 32-prs. When armed as a sloop, Berenice carried an unknown number of 8-inch 65cwt guns, one picture shows all nine gun ports open but only one muzzle in sight. At the other end of the scale, Indus carried one 4.5-inch 12-pr light field howitzer and one brass 3-pr mountain gun. Nearly all of these ships were built of iron or teak.

All ships not noted as steamers were sailing ships in every case I could check. Tonnage can only be displacement for Assaye, but otherwise is most likely tons burthen (builders old measurement). Berenice was big enough to carry about 900 troops during the Persian campaign of 1857.

Guns Description Acbar 22 Sloop

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Guns Description Anquita 6 Tender Assaye 10 Paddle frigate, 177' oa x 39'6", 1800t, 650NHP Assyria 2 Paddle, river steamer, similar to Indus Auckland 6 Paddle sloop, over 900t Australian 6 Screw transport Beeas 2 Paddle Bheemah 4 Tender Berenice 2 Paddle sloop, 756t, 220NHP Charlotte 2 Cheenab 2 Paddle Clive 18 Sloop Constance 3 Conqueror 2 Paddle Comet 5 Paddle gun boat Coromandel Screw transport Dalhousie Screw transport Elphinstone 18 Probably a sailing sloop Emily 2 Schooner Euphrates 10 Surveying brig, formerly sloop Falkland 12 Sloop Ferooz 10 Paddle frigate Frere 4 Paddle Georgiana 2 Schooner Goolanair Paddle yacht Indus 2 Paddle, river steamer, 304t, 60NHP Lady Canning 4 Paddle Lady Falkland 2 Paddle Mahi 3 Schooner Marie 2 Tender Napier 2 Paddle Nerbudda 2 Cutter Nimrod 2 Paddle, river steamer, similar to Indus Outram 2 Paddle Planet 2 Paddle Pownah 2 Prince Arthur Screw transport Punjaub 12 Paddle frigate, as Assaye but 7' longer Satellite 2 Paddle Semiramis 8 Paddle frigate, 1143t, 350NHP Sir H. Havelock 2 Paddle Sir W. Lawrence 2 Paddle Sydney Screw transport Snake Paddle Tigris 6 Victoria 4 Paddle Zenobia 10 Paddle frigate, ex-cargo, aka "the Pig Boat"

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Other large ships, which may still have been afloat, although not in commission, included the paddle frigates Sesotris and Moozuffer.

The Bengal Marine had had half a dozen, probably more, iron paddle steamers in the early 1850s. The first of these was the famous Nemesis, 660 tons bm, 184' x 29' x 6', 120 NHP and 8 knots, armed with 2 32-pr, 4 6-pr and a Congreve rocket launcher. Nemesis was sold in the 1850s. A squadron of Bengal Marine iron paddlers in Burma in 1852 included Nemesis, Tennasserim, Phlegeton, Mahanuddy, Prosperine and Enterprise. China Having dealt with Asia as far as possible, and neither Busk nor I know anything about China's navy, it's time for the Americas. Note that there is a publication, “The Chinese Steam Navy” by Richard Wright that looks at the Chinese Navy in detail from prior to the Battle of Foochow (1868) to around 1946 or so. The book is well recommended and there is a review of it in the review section of Thomo’s Hole at http://thomo.coldie.net/. Chile Starting in the south, the Chilean Navy was rather small. Busk lists the following ships:

Guns 1 Corvette 18 1 Brig 14 1 Ditto 10 1 Schooner 4 1 Steamer 20

5 Ships 66

The Chilean Navy has a good historical website where most of the ships which have served are listed. http://www.armada.cl/p4_armada_port/site/edic/base/port/tradicion_historia.html

Either click on Buques de Ayer and pick the letter of the alphabet that interests you or, rather easier if you aren't an expert on the Chilean Navy, go to the campaign of interest and click through to the ships mentioned. Even if you don't know any Spanish at all, it's easy enough to get a rough idea what the story is. Peru 2 Frigates 1 of 33 guns, 1 of 46 guns 2 Steamers 1 of 10 guns, 1 of 1 gun 1 Brigantine 14 guns 4 Small steamers 1 Mail steamer 5 Pontoons

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A total of 15 vessels carrying 104 guns.

According to Conway’s and the Peruvians, the 33 (34) gun frigate was actually a screw steamer named Apurimac which is one of the “Buques Historicos” in the History section of the Peruvian Navy website, which is at http://www.marina.mil.pe/ There's even a picture.

If you want more information on the Peruvian Navy, Juan del Campo has an excellent website at http://members.lycos.co.uk/Juan39/PERUVIAN_MARITIME_CAMPAIGNS.html Brazil The largest South American navy was Imperial Brazilian Navy. Some ships were bought in Britain and France and there was a navy yard at Rio de Janiero, which built most of the ships. Although Brazil was not a major industrial nation, engines for some ships were built in Brazil.

Sailing Vessels 1 Frigates 5 Corvettes 2 Barques 5 Brigs 7 Brigantines 1 (Text missing in book) 4 Schooners 2 Gun boats 27 Ships

Steamers 7 Screw 8 Paddle 15 Ships of 1770 NHP

In the Matto Grosso there were another 29 gunboats and there were 3 frigates, 4 corvettes and a steamer under construction.

Based on that, it's possible to put names & figures to some of the ships of the Brazilian Navy in 1859. The armaments, which include Whitworth guns, are likely to be from the period of the Paraguayan war or after. The 68-pr guns listed are more likely to be 65cwt 8-inch shell guns than 95cwt solid shot guns.

Vessel Notes Constituicao Frigate, launched 1826, 30 32-pr, 2 24-pr & 30 42-pr carronades, 1768t, 53m94 x 7m92 Amazonas Paddle frigate, launched 1851, 4 32-pr & 4 70-pr Whitworths, 1800t, 56m88 x 9m81, 350hp, 10kt Belmonte Screw corvette, launched 1856, 4 32-pr, 2 68-pr & 1 70-pr

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Vessel Notes Whitworth, 602t, 51m20 x 7m46, 120hp, ?kt Beberibe Screw corvette, launched 1854, 6 32-pr & 1 68-pr, 559t, 52m42 x 7m62, 30hp, ?kt Parnahyba Screw corvette, launched 1858, 602t, ? x ?, 1 70-pr Whitworth, 2 68-pr & 4 32-pr, 120hp, 12kt Recife Paddle corvette, launched 1850, ?t, 50m59 x 7m01, 2 30-pr shell guns & 2 30-pr, 150hp, ?kt Bahiana Corvette, launched 1849, 24 30-pr shell guns, ?t, 44m80 x 10m36 Berenice Corvette, bought 1847 from Argentina, 14 30-pr and 8 small, 362t, 35m96 x 9m75 Carioca Corvette, launched 1824, 18 guns, 818t, 37m49 x 10m05, foundered 13 April 1859 off Sao Paolo. Dona Isabel Corvette, launched 1855, 20 30-pr shell guns, 617t, 130' x 33' (original says pes, presumably not the same as English feet) Ipiranga Steam gun boat, launched 1854, ? guns, 350t, 39m04 x 5m52, 70hp, 9kt Araguaia class Screw gun boat, launched 1858, 2 32-pr & 8 68-pr, 400t, 44m20 (Araguaia, Ivahy, x 7m40, 80hp, 9kt Araguary) Japura Steam gun boat, bought 1855, 1 30-pr shell gun & 6 32-pr, 323t, 36m57 x 7m31, 80hp, ?kt Anhambai Steam gun boat, launched 1858, 2 guns, ?t, ? x ?, 40hp, ?kt Mearim class Steam gun boat, launched 1857, 4 32-pr & 2 68-pr, 415t, 45m72 (Mearim) x 7m01, 100hp, ?kt Paraense Paddle steamer, launched 1851, ?t, 59m01 x 9m, 1 70-pr Whitworth, 3 68-pr & 2 9-pr Whitworth, 220hp, 8kt

The Mexican Navy was very small and there was no Canada, let alone a Canadian Navy, which only leaves the United States of America. The United States of America

The United States Navy, January 1859

Name Guns Year Present Station State Ships of the Line (10) (Sailing) Pennsylvania 120 1837 - Receiving ship, Norfolk Columbus 80 1829 Ord. Norfolk Ohio 84 1820 - Receiving ship, Boston North Carolina 84 1820 - Receiving ship, New York Delaware 84 1820 Ord. Norfolk Alabama 84 - Bldg Portsmouth Virginia 84 - Bldg Boston Vermont 84 1848 Ord. Boston

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Name Guns Year Present Station State New York 84 - Bldg Norfolk New Orleans 84 - Bldg Sackett’s Harbor Frigates Frigates (11) (Sailing) Independence 56 1814 - Receiving Ship, Mare Is. United States 50 1797 Ord. Norfolk Constitution 50 1797 Ord. Portsmouth Potomac 50 1821 Ord. New York Brandywine 50 1825 Ord. New York Columbia 50 1836 Ord. Norfolk Congress 50 1841 Ord. Philadelphia Raritan 50 1843 Ord. New York Santee 50 1855 Ord. Portsmouth Sabine 50 1855 - Coast of Brazil St Lawrence 50 1847 - Coast of Brazil Sloops of War (21) (Sailing) Cumberland 24 1842 - Coast of Africa Savannah 24 1842 - Home sqdn Constellation 22 1854 Ord. Boston Macedonian 22 1836 Ord. Portsmouth Plymouth 22 1843 - Naval ordnance ship St Mary’s 22 1844 - Pacific sqdn Jamestown 22 1844 - Home sqdn Germantown 22 1846 - East Indies Saratoga 20 1842 - Home sqdn John Adams 20 1831 Ord. Norfolk Vincennes 20 1826 - Coast of Africa Falmouth 20 1827 - Brazil Station Vandalia 20 1828 - Pacific Ocean St Louis 20 1828 Ord. New York Cyane 20 1839 - Pacific Ocean Levant 20 1837 Ord. Boston Decatu 16 1839 - Pacific Ocean Marion 16 1839 - Coast of Africa Dale 16 1839 - Coast of Africa Preble 16 1839 - Paraguay Expedition Brigs (3) (Sailing) Bainbridge 6 1842 - Paraguay Expedition Perry 6 1843 - Paraguay Expedition Dolphin 4 1836 - Paraguay Expedition Schooner (Sailing) Fenimore Cooper 3 1852 - Surveying Screw Steamers, First Class (7) Franklin 50 - Bldg Portsmouth Merrimac 40 1855 - Pacific Ocean Wabash 40 1855 - Mediterranean Minnesota 40 1855 - East Indies Roanoke 40 1855 - Home sqdn

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Name Guns Year Present Station State Colorado 40 1855 Ord. Boston Niagara 40 1856 - Special service, Africa (Busk adds a note here: “The six frigates ... are stated in the official list to mount 40 guns; it is well known, however, that their real armament consists of 12 heavy Dahlgren guns”. This was, of course, only true of the USS Niagara and not of the Merrimack class.) Screw, Second Class (6) San Jacinto 13 1850 Ord. New York Lancaster - - Bldg Philadelphia Pensacola - - Bldg Pensacola Brooklyn - - Bldg New York Hartford - 1858 Bldg Boston Richmond - - Bldg Norfolk Screw, Third Class (2) Massachusetts 9 1841 - East Indies Princeton 10 1851 - Receiving Ship, Philadelphia Paddle-Wheel, First Class (3) Mississippi 10 1841 - East Indies Susquehanna 15 1850 Ord. New York Powhatan 9 1850 - East Indies Paddle-Wheel, Second Class (1) Saranac 6 1848 - Pacific Paddle-Wheel, Third Class (5) Michigan 1 1844 - Northern Lakes Fulton 5 1837 - Paraguay Expedition Alleghany 10 1847 - Receiving Ship, Baltimore Water Witch 2 1845 - Paraguay Expedition John Hancock 2 1850 Ord. Mare Is. Steam Tenders (2) Despatch - 1855 - Home sqdn Arctic - 1855 - Special service Store-ships (5) Relief 6 1836 - Home sqdn Supply 4 1846 - Paraguay Expedition Warren - 1826 Ord. Mare Is. Fredonia 4 1846 - Valparaiso, Chile Release 2 1855 - Paraguay Expedition

The US merchant marine had about 2.5 million tons of shipping registered for foreign trade of which about 100,000 tons were steamers. There were another 2 million tons of lake and river craft of which a huge 770,000 tons were steamers. That's about half of all the merchant steam tonnage afloat around 1860. US construction of seagoing ships was in long term decline well before 1860 and relatively few large seagoing steamers were built in US yards. Iron was expensive in the US, domestic industry being weak and tariffs high, so few iron ships were being built in US yards. In terms of industry in general, the US was likely the third largest industrial economy in the

Page 43 of 44 World Navies circa 1859 – from Hans Busk and Other Sources – Part I – The Rest of the World world in 1859 and the second largest by the middle of the 1860s. By about 1880, the US industrial economy had about tripled in size and reached the level of Britain in 1860.

Of all the navies of the world at this time, the USN is probably the best documented on the web and in print so there’s no point adding anything much.

Perhaps the best two places to start looking on the web are the Haze Gray and Underway website at: http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/battleships/ and in particular, look at the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships at the Haze Gray site http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/ and the official US Navy History site at: http://www.history.navy.mil/index.html

The USA and Britain used the same definitions of inches and pounds (and, so far as ships and guns appear to be concerned, tons and hundredweights too). Where guns were rated by weight of shot there was no confusion. For guns rated in inches the USN used the nominal diameter of the bore and the RN used the nominal diameter of the shot. This meant that a US 8-inch gun would fire about 64-65lb solid shot and a British one 67-69lb solid shot. Hardly a great difference but it's another demonstration of the fact that every navy did things their own way.

Part II Part II (a separate document) continues with the Navy of Great Britain.

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