Évolution Des Génomes Du Blé (Genres Aegilops Et Triticum)

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Évolution Des Génomes Du Blé (Genres Aegilops Et Triticum) Université d’Évry-Val d’Essonne Ecole Doctorale GAO : Des Génomes Aux Organismes THÈSE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en sciences De l’université d’Évry-Val d’Essonne SPÉCIALITÉ : Bioinformatique et analyse des génomes par Mathieu CHARLES le 4 janvier 2010 Évolution des génomes du blé (genres Aegilops et Triticum) au sein des Poaceae Dynamique rapide de l’espace occupé par les éléments transposables et conservation relative des gènes JURY Dr. Richard Cooke Rapporteur Pr. Alan Schulman Rapporteur Pr. Francis Quétier Président du Jury Dr. Joseph Jahier Examinateur Dr. Carène Rizzon Examinateur Dr. Patrick Wincker Examinateur Dr. Boulos Chalhoub Directeur de thèse Remerciements La thèse, quelle aventure à la fois unique, passionnante et éprouvante. Pas moins de cinq années se sont écoulées depuis mes premiers pas à l’URGV et la fin de la rédaction de ce document. Je ne pourrais dire si ces années se sont écoulées vite ou lentement, mais une chose est sûre, elles auront été remplies de moments et de rencontres inoubliables.. A commencer par celle avec Boulos qui a passé ces cinq dernières années à m’encadrer, avec la bonne dose de patience et de courage. Tu m’as fait confiance pour défendre un sujet de thèse mûri depuis des années qui te tenait à cœur. Pour cette confiance, ta bonne humeur et ton encadrement, je te remercie très sincèrement. Je tiens à remercier mes rapporteurs Alan Schulman et Richard Cooke ainsi que les autres membres du jury d’avoir accepté de se plonger quelque temps dans mon sujet de recherche, et particulièrement Francis Quétier sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible. Je remercie également Michel Caboche et Heribert Hirt de m’avoir accueilli dans l’Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale me permettant d’intégrer cette inoubliable équipe OEPG guidée par Boulos. Pendant toutes ces années, bien du monde est passé dans cette équipe, de façon éphémère ou plus durable. Tous y ont laissé leur empreinte, et il n’est pas difficile de se rappeler toutes les personnes qui m’ont accompagnées. Jérémy ‘JJ’, comment ne pas commencer par toi après tout ce que tu as donné à cette équipe pendant ces années. Ton récent départ à Rennes laisse un vide qui ne se comblera probablement jamais vraiment. Tu es probablement l’une des personnes les plus intéressantes que j’ai eu la chance de rencontrer, ne change rien. Ma petite Imen, ‘elle …’ comme dirait Ben. Ta gentillesse et ta bonne humeur ont fait de toi une collègue et amie précieuse pendant toutes ces années. Ton aventure à toi s’achève bientôt et n’hésite pas à solliciter Erwan ‘le bûcheron fantastique’ que nous avons eu la chance de rencontrer et que tu as eu le bonheur de garder au plus proche de toi. Gwen ‘pitchoune’, comme je regrette le temps où le couloir résonnait de tes pas discrets annonçant ton arrivée… Bon ok, on continue de se voir toutes les semaines avec grand plaisir alors ce n’est pas si grave. Grâce à toi, j’ai pu aussi rencontrer le Ben, et on peut dire que ça valait le coup. J’ai une pensée bien particulière pour vous deux qui n’avez pas été épargnés par les épreuves cette année et je vous transmets toutes mes amitiés en espérant que l’année à venir sera bien meilleure. Charlotte ‘Blondy-Poultry…’, tu n’es passée que rapidement à l’URGV, mais cela nous a suffit pour créer une relation d’amitié. Merci pour tous ces moments de détente passer ensemble avec Fabrice, si précieux pendant des périodes de stress. Je pense aussi à un dernier couple ayant concrétisé leur engagement : Clémence ‘Marie-Do’ et Yannick. Cette fin d’année nous a un peu éloigné mais ce n’est que pour mieux se retrouver prochainement. Je remercie aussi nos gentils permanents Nathalie, Harry et Cécile pour tous les bons moments passés ensemble et en compagnie de vos adorables familles (je n’oublie pas Marie- Rose, Camille et Marine non plus). Bon, c’est vrai qu’on n’a pas trop vu ta famille, Cécilou, mais je suis sûr qu’elle est adorable. Je n’oublie pas non plus ma fidèle comparse de la première heure, Aurélie ‘Ozrélie’, exilée en Australie. Merci pour ton soutien et pour les rudiments de biologie humide que tu as essayé de m’inculquer. Tu te lances à ton tour dans une thèse et je ne peux que te souhaiter bonne chance et bon courage. Je suis très content qu’on ait réussi à garder le contact, ton amitié m’est très chère même si la distance n’aide pas toujours à l’entretenir. Magalie ‘Coco’, Julie ‘Juliagotchi la …’, Marco ‘Ma qué Catzooo’ et Soazic ‘auteur des soazismes ©’, nous nous sommes malheureusement perdus de vue au fil des ans, mais les moments passés ensemble ne sont pas oubliés Je me contenterai malheureusement d’un remerciement global à tous les autres collègues et amis que j’ai eu la chance de connaître à l’URGV en espérant n’oublier personne. Alors merci à tous les volleyeurs : Véro ‘Mamie/Quelqu’un ?’, Clément ‘Jeune’, Nelly, ‘l’incroyable’ Jean-Philippe, Laure ‘Tigrou’, Alex, Lulu, les Sandra, les Sandrine, les Juliens, Virginie ‘TATAWA’ mais aussi Aloïs ‘Bob’ mon thésard référé, partenaire de squash, Cléa ma thésarde petite-petite-référée qui a quand même bien choisi son sujet, le vieil homme et l’ordinateur, Fred, Véro ‘super chat’, Fabien, David et Karim et j’en oublie sûrement, qu’ils m’excusent. Je remercie aussi Toufik et Alex, deux amis précieux que je n’ai pas la chance de voir souvent, même si c’est toujours avec le même plaisir. Les remerciements touchent à leur fin, et c’est le moment de remercier ma famille, en commençant par mes parents qui m’ont toujours soutenu dans ces études qui n’en finissaient pas en m’apportant leur soutien indéfectible. Je pense aussi à toi Aude, à vous trois vous m’avez offert une vie de famille heureuse, que demandez de plus ? Une famille qui ne cesse d’ailleurs de s’agrandir, de ton coté avec le petit Emile et toute la famille BEZIN mais aussi du mien, avec mes parents d’adoption d’Annecy et mon Karibouchou. Mes derniers remerciements iront bien évidemment à Odile, ma compagne depuis plus longtemps que la thèse, c’est dire. Je te dédis cette thèse à laquelle tu as largement participé que ce soit en la relisant ou en me supportant pendant tout ce temps. Sommaire Avant propos ........................................................................4 Sigles et abréviations............................................................6 Étude bibliographique ....................................................7 I Présentation du blé et de sa famille (les Poaceae) ....................8 I.1 Importance économique du blé ........................................................ 8 I.2 Evolution du blé et des autres espèces de Poaceae.......................... 8 I.2.1 Positionnement taxonomique du blé parmi les Poaceae .............................. 8 I.2.2 Evolution des génomes du blé au sein des Poaceae ..................................... 9 II Les éléments transposables....................................................12 II.1 Présentation ................................................................................... 12 II.1.1 Classification ............................................................................................. 12 II.1.2 Importance des TEs dans le blé et les autres espèces ................................ 14 II.2 Dynamique des éléments transposables........................................ 14 II.2.1 Prolifération des TEs ................................................................................. 14 II.2.2 Mécanismes d’insertion des TEs ............................................................... 15 II.2.3 Mécanismes d’élimination des TEs........................................................... 19 II.3 Rôle des TEs dans les génomes .................................................... 20 III La polyploïdie.......................................................................22 III.1 Mécanismes de formation des polyploïdes.................................. 22 III.1.1 Doublement somatique du stock chromosomique ................................... 23 III.1.2 Formation et fusion de gamètes non réduites........................................... 23 III.2 Fréquence de polyploïdisation..................................................... 24 III.3 Effets de la polyploïdie................................................................ 25 III.3.1 Effets à court terme .................................................................................. 26 III.3.2 Effets à long terme de la polyploïdie........................................................ 29 III.4 Polyploïdie et domestication des blés.......................................... 30 IV Contexte et objectifs de la thèse...........................................32 Matériels et méthodes d’annotation de séquences génomiques...................................................................35 I Introduction.............................................................................36 II Annotation des séquences génomiques..................................37 1 II.1 Couche n°1 : le programme .......................................................... 37 II.1.1 Choix de la base de données de référence ................................................. 38 II.1.2 Choix des programmes de recherche par similarité et leur paramétrage... 38 II.1.3 Création du programme d’annotation........................................................ 40 II.2 Couche n°2 : analyses de similarités complémentaires ................ 44 II.3 Couche n°3 : analyses structurales................................................ 45 II.4 Couche n°4 : prédictions et annotation
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