Turk J Agric For 30 (2006) 387-398 © TÜB‹TAK

Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild ( L. and Triticum L.)

Alptekin KARAGÖZ, Necmi P‹LANALI, Turgay POLAT Central Research Institute for Field Crops, P.O. Box: 226, 06042 Ankara -

Received: 20.03.2006

Abstract: Wild wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) populations were collected from different regions of Turkey and characterized for 5 basic traits, in order to study their agro-morphological characteristics and variation among populations. Material of the study consisted of 112 populations of wild wheat and 12 populations of cultivated wheat. Cultivated einkorn (T. monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) and cultivated (T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Shrank) Thell.) were used as checks for Triticum species. Among the Aegilops material studied, Ae. tauschii Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) has not been defined in the flora of Turkey before and is characterized agromorphologically for the first time in this study. Materials were transplanted to Haymana-Ankara Research Farm of the Central Research Institute for Field Crops after being germinated in a greenhouse in fall 2002. Populations were characterized for height, number of days to heading, growth habit, number of stems per plant and spike length. All observations and measurements were performed on the same randomly selected . Mean values and coefficient of variation were computed for all the populations. The highest variation was recorded for number of stems, while the lowest was for plant habit. Clusters based on a Euclidian similarity matrix ranked the species according to the sections they are located in. Considerable variation was observed, even between populations collected from nearby sites. It was concluded that existing ex-situ conservation programs should take into consideration that fact by sampling over short distances in order to capture as much of the variation as possible.

Key Words: Wild wheat, Aegilops, Triticum, characterization, variation

Kimi Yabani Bu¤day (Aegilops L. ve Triticum L.) Türlerinin Agro-Morfolojik Karakterizasyonu

Özet: Yabani bu¤day (Aegilops L. ve Triticum L) populasyonlar› Türkiye’nin de¤iflik bölgelerinden toplanarak, befl temel özelli¤i ve populasyonlar aras› farkl›l›klar› ortaya koymak amac›yla agro-morfolojik yönden karakterize edilmifltir. Bu¤day›n 112 yabani ve 12 kültür örne¤i bu çal›flman›n materyalini oluflturmufltur. Yabani siyez (T. monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) ve yabani gernik (T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Shrank) Thell.) örnekleri, Triticum türleri için kontrol olarak kullan›lm›flt›r. Materyal içinde yer alan Ae. tauschii Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) türü Türkiye’nin floras›nda daha önce tan›mlanmam›fl olup ilk kez bu çal›flmayla agromorfolojik karakterizasyonu yap›lm›flt›r. Tohum örnekleri 2002 y›l› sonbahar›nda serada çimlendirildikten sonra, Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araflt›rma Enstitüsü’nün Haymana’daki Araflt›rma ve Üretme Çiftli¤ine dikilmifltir. Populasyonlar bitki boyu, baflaklanma gün say›s›, geliflme formu, bitki bafl›na sap say›s› ve baflak uzunluklar› bak›m›ndan karakterize edilmifltir. Tüm ölçüm ve gözlemler, rastgele seçilen 5 bitki üzerinde yürütülmüfltür. Her populasyon için ortalamalar ve varyasyon katsay›lar› hesaplanm›flt›r. En yüksek de¤iflim katsay›s› sap say›s›nda, en düflü¤ü ise geliflme formunda bulunmufltur. Kümeleme Analizi türlerin kendi özel gruplar›nda yer ald›¤›n› göstermifl, birbirine çok yak›n alanlardan toplanan örnekler aras›nda bile farkl›l›klar oldu¤u saptanm›flt›r. Bu durumda ex-situ koruma programlar›n›n mümkün olan en genifl varyasyonu yakalayabilmeleri için k›sa mesafelerde örnekleme yapmalar›n›n gerekli oldu¤u sonucuna var›lm›flt›r.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Yabani bu¤day, Aegilops, Triticum, karakterizasyon, de¤iflim

* Correspondence to: [email protected]

387 Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species

Introduction has also been a matter of discussion among scientists. It Rapid changes in climatic and environmental was claimed by Dvorák (1998) that the B genome is conditions constitute significant threats to cultivated related to the genome of Ae. speltoides. Recently, Gitte et crops for adaptation to newly emerging conditions. Due al. (2006) declared that the hitherto enigmatic B genome to universal problems such as air and soil pollution, is derived from Ae. speltoides and the A genome is depletion of the ozone layer, and global warming, it is derived from T. urartu. There is full consensus on the inevitable that popular cultivars of today are not likely to donor of the D genome, which is Ae. tauschii (Kimber and be able to cope with these challenges in the near future. Feldman, 1987; Waines, 1997; Gitte et al., 2006). Stress conditions played a major role in the evolution of The genus Aegilops (except Aegilops mutica Boiss.) living things. Wild relatives of cultivated crops that have consists of 5 sections: Sitopsis (6 spp.), Aegilops (8 spp.), been sustaining under intensive stress conditions for Vertebrata (5 spp.), Cylindropyrum (2 spp.) and thousand of years, by modifying themselves to adapt to Comopyrum (2 spp.) (Van Slageren, 1994). newly emerging conditions, constitute a considerable Kün (1979) agro-morphologically characterized and source (Nevo et al., 2002). Present conditions call for evaluated some pathological and technological characteristics urgent measures. The study of plant material with of 222 wild wheat species. The study was performed under desired traits through characterization programs is an the following 5 headings: (1) evolution and nomenclature of essential step for effective utilization of crop germplasm. wheat, (2) studies to give male sterility characteristics to Long before the development of sophisticated wheat, (3) role of wild wheat in gaining disease resistance, methods for gene introgression between wild and (4) role of wild wheat in giving quality traits to wheat, and cultivated, Gökgöl (1935) reported that northern (5) capability of wild wheat in natural vegetation. In that European countries had already begun to test the wild study, it was reported that all populations of Ae. speltoides relatives in their breeding programs. var. speltoides, Ae. speltoides var. ligustica and Ae. biuncialis Playing a significant role in feeding the world were resistant to yellow rust; plant height ranged between population, wheat is considered a fundamental crop. 26.8 (Ae. umbelleulata) and 97.7 cm (Ae. mutica); spike Wheat is assumed to have originated from the Fertile length ranged between 27.2 (Ae. umbellulata) and 273.1 Crescent (Harlan, 1981). Wild relatives of wheat are quite mm (Ae. mutica); and protein content of the species was up widespread in Turkey, especially in the southeast. It is to 32.6% (Ae. umbellulata). agreed that diploid wheat was first cultivated in Peflkircio¤lu (1996) characterized and evaluated 13 Karacada¤, which is located in southeast Turkey, and soon Aegilops and 3 wild Triticum species of Turkish origin for dispersed to the other parts of the world (Heun et al., their agro-morphological, pathological, and quality traits. 1997; Diamond, 1997; Nesbit and Samuel, 1998; Lev- Among the material, plant height ranged between 16.6 Yadun et al., 2000). Triticum L. and Aegilops L. have (Ae. juvenalis) and 112.0 cm (Ae. mutica); spike length several species in 3 ploidy levels, namely diploid (2n = 14), ranged between 2.4 (Ae. ovata) and 23.3 cm (Ae. tetraploid (2n = 28) and hexaploid (2n = 42). Davis mutica); protein content ranged between 19.9% (Ae. (1985) reported that 16 Aegilops and 4 wild Triticum speltoides) and 26.2% (Ae. juvenalis). species exist in Turkey. Kimber and Feldman (1987) state Wild relatives of crops play a significant role in the that the number of wild wheat relatives is 27 in the world, development of cultivars with desired characteristics. 20 of which are in Turkey. Having adapted to a variety of Srivastava and Damania (1989) reported that wild harsh conditions accompanied by heavy grazing by relatives provide valuable genes for disease resistance, domestic animals, wild wheat species have sustained their high protein content, tillering, drought resistance and diversity to date. other economically desirable attributes. Lange and The evolution of modern wheat and the relation with Balkema-Boomstra (1988) stated that progenitors of Aegilops species have been the concern of many scientists cultivated species should be considered an important for many years. Three genomes, namely A, B (S) and D, source of variability for breeding genetic bases of took part in the evolution of modern . The donor cultivated crops. Efficient utilization of these species of the A genome is assumed to be T. urartu (Valkoun et requires detailed knowledge of their genetic, cytogenetic al., 1997; Gitte et al., 2006). The donor of the B genome and agromorphological characteristics.

388 A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT

The primary aim of this study was to examine the replaced by modern cultivars. Data on the place of origin agromorphological characteristics of wild wheat species and altitude of the populations are given in Table 2. (Aegilops and Triticum) including the primary relatives Among the populations tested, Ae. tauschii Coss. var. that have a potential to be used in breeding programs. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) samples were collected from fianlıurfa province. This species of the genus Aegilops has Materials and Methods not been described in the flora of Turkey and is characterized for the first time in this study. The material consisted of 124 wheat populations, 112 of which were collected in marginal areas of southeast Seeds of the material were germinated in the and east Turkey. Scientific names of the experimental greenhouse in September 2001 and transplanted at material, their genomes, and number and status of the Haymana-Ankara Research Farm of the Central Research samples are given in Table 1. Wild materials were Institute for Field Crops in October 2001. Each plot was collected during 2 major periods, 1987 (K›z›ltan et al., 3 m long; distance between rows was 35 cm and between 1990) and 1994-1998 (Karagöz, 1996), and several plants was 20 cm (Delacy et al., 2000: Karagöz and others. During the first mission, wild wheat material in Zencirci, 2005; Zencirci and Karagöz, 2005). Plots were areas lower than 550 m around Atatürk Dam was not replicated. The material was characterized for the collected. During 1994-1998, almost all of the marginal following 5 major discriminating characters (IBPGR, areas of Ceylanp›nar State Farm, where elevation is 330- 1978; IBPGR, 1985) during 2002. 550 m, were covered. In the meantime, wild wheat Plant height: from ground level to end of spike material in north and northeastern parts of Karacada¤ excluding awns at maturity (cm). Mountain with an elevation range of 800-1600 m were Days to heading: number of days when 50% of the also collected. Some of the previously collected wild plants of each plot headed (Jan. 1 = 1). wheat material of Eastern Anatolian origin was included in the study. Cultivated materials were collected from Growth habit: 1: upright, 3: semi prostrate, 5: remote villages, where landraces have still not been prostrate

Table 1. Scientific name of the experimental material, number and status of the samples.

Scientific name Abbreviation Genome No. of Section of Status populations Aegilops spp.

Aegilops speltoides Tausch var. speltoides Ae. speltoides S 14 Sitopsis Wild Tausch var. ligustica (Savign.) Fiori. Ae. ligustica S 9 Sitopsis Wild Aegilops biuncialis Vis. Ae. biuncialis UM 11 Aegilops Wild Zhuk. Ae. columnaris UM 16 Aegilops Wild L. Ae. triuncialis UC 22 Aegilops Wild Req. ex Bertol. Ae. neglecta UM, UMUn 2 Aegilops Wild Zhuk. Ae. umbellulata U 14 Aegilops Wild Boiss. Ae. crassa DM 2 Vertabrata Wild Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) Ae. tauschii D 2 Vertabrata Wild Aegilops vavilovii (Zhuk.) Chennav Ae. vavilovii DMS 2 Vertabrata Wild Triticum monococcum L. subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell. T. aegilopoides A 3 - Wild Triticum urartu Tum. ex. Gand. T. urartu A 2 - Wild Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccoides (Körn. ex Asch. & Graebn.) T. dicoccoides AB 13 - Wild Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. T. dicoccon AB 8 - Cultivated Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum T. monococcum A 4 - Cultivated

389 Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species

Table 2. Data on place of origin and altitude of the populations.

No. Pop. No. Species Province Alt. (m) No. Pop. No. Species Province Alt. (m)

1 TUR 00047 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman410 63 TUR 01036 Ae. umbellulata fianl›urfa 510 2 TUR 00051 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman410 64 TUR 01072 Ae. umbellulata fianl›urfa 475 3 TUR 00102 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman400 65 TUR 01577 Ae. umbellulata fianl›urfa 560 4 TUR 00307 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman585 66 TUR 01769 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman800 5 TUR 00385 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman455 67 TUR 00787 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman475 6 TUR 00407 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman470 68 TUR 02220 Ae. umbellulata Erzincan 1110 7 TUR 00483 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman450 69 TUR 02632 Ae. umbellulata fianl›urfa 400 8 TUR 00633 Ae. biuncialis Ad›yaman590 70 TUR 01214 Ae. vavilovii fianl›urfa 500 9 TUR 00788 Ae. biuncialis fianl›urfa 475 71 TUR 01248 Ae. vavilovii fianl›urfa 525 10 TUR 01406 Ae. biuncialis fianl›urfa 525 72 TUR 00488 Ae. speltoides Ad›yaman460 11 TUR 01615 Ae. biuncialis fianl›urfa 450 73 TUR 00623 Ae. speltoides Ad›yaman620 12 TUR 00015 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman410 74 TUR 00634 Ae. speltoides Ad›yaman590 13 TUR 00053 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman410 75 TUR 00903 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 575 14 TUR 00110 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman630 76 TUR 01523 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 525 15 TUR 00211 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman415 77 TUR 01636 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 485 16 TUR 00227 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman540 78 TUR 01690 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 550 17 TUR 00319 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman585 79 TUR 01725 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 600 18 TUR 00674 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman655 80 TUR 01765 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 800 19 TUR 00772 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 475 81 TUR 02556 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 450 20 TUR 00773 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 485 82 TUR 02764 Ae. speltoides Adana 1100 21 TUR 00794 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 455 83 TUR 02785 Ae. speltoides Gaziantep 850 22 TUR 00814 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 580 84 TUR 03425 Ae. speltoides Hatay 900 23 TUR 00936 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 485 85 TUR 03499 Ae. speltoides fianl›urfa 480 24 TUR 01000 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 525 86 TUR 00301 Ae. ligustica Ad›yaman585 25 TUR 01134 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 475 87 TUR 02210 Ae. ligustica Erzincan 1180 26 TUR 01178 Ae. columnaris fianl›urfa 550 88 TUR 02774 Ae. ligustica fianl›urfa 450 27 TUR 00358 Ae. columnaris Ad›yaman480 89 TUR 03387 Ae. ligustica Diyarbak›r 800 28 TUR 01161 Ae. crassa fianl›urfa 475 90 TUR 03352 Ae. ligustica Diyarbak›r 750 29 TUR 02605 Ae. crassa fianl›urfa 480 91 TUR 03354 Ae. ligustica Diyarbak›r 775 30 TUR 02554 Ae. tauschii fianl›urfa 480 92 TUR 03355 Ae. ligustica Diyarbak›r 790 31 TUR 02770 Ae. tauschii fianl›urfa 400 93 TUR 03374 Ae. ligustica Diyarbak›r 800 32 TUR 00002 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman410 94 TUR 03384 Ae. ligustica Diyarbak›r 800 33 TUR 00103 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman400 95 TUR 02440 T. dicoccon Sinop 1100 34 TUR 00252 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman530 96 TUR 02453 T. dicoccon Sinop 1200 35 TUR 00343 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman515 97 TUR 02456 T. dicoccon Sinop 1000 36 TUR 00366 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman480 98 TUR 03558 T. dicoccon Sinop 1100 37 TUR 00402 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman470 99 TUR 03560 T. dicoccon Kastamonu 1200 38 TUR 00430 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman595 100 TUR 03562 T. dicoccon Kastamonu 1200 39 TUR 00454 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman540 101 TUR 03564 T. dicoccon Kastamonu 1100 40 TUR 00544 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman530 102 TUR 03565 T. dicocconKastamonu1050 41 TUR 00569 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman575 103 TUR 00842 T. dicoccoides fianl›urfa 580 42 TUR 00632 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman590 104 TUR 02637 T. dicoccoides fianl›urfa 480 43 TUR 00728 Ae. triuncialis Ad›yaman475 105 TUR 03346 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 750 44 TUR 00879 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 550 106 TUR 03358 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 725 45 TUR 01037 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 510 107 TUR 03362 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 750 46 TUR 01098 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 475 108 TUR 03369 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 740 47 TUR 01177 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 550 109 TUR 03371 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 740 48 TUR 01257 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 525 110 TUR 03376 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 750 49 TUR 01396 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 575 111 TUR 03388 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 700 50 TUR 01407 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 525 112 TUR 03391 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 700 51 TUR 01687 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 550 113 TUR 03396 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 700 52 TUR 01776 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 825 114 TUR 03399 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 690 53 TUR 01778 Ae. triuncialis fianl›urfa 850 115 TUR 03402 T. dicoccoides Diyarbak›r 690 54 TUR 00066 Ae. neglecta Ad›yaman400 116 TUR 00241 T. aegilopoides Ad›yaman650 55 TUR 00983 Ae. neglecta fianl›urfa 445 117 TUR 00741 T. aegilopoides Ad›yaman570 56 TUR 00223 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman540 118 TUR 00803 T. aegilopoides fianl›urfa 530 57 TUR 00224 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman550 119 TUR 02412 T. monococcum Sinop 800 58 TUR 00270 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman555 120 TUR 03559 T. monococcum Karabük 1020 59 TUR 00355 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman515 121 TUR 03561 T. monococcum Kastamonu 1150 60 TUR 00417 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman595 122 TUR 03563 T. monococcum Karabük 1020 61 TUR 00708 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman830 123 TUR 00734 T. urartu Ad›yaman570 62 TUR 00729 Ae. umbellulata Ad›yaman475 124 TUR 00853 T. uratru fianl›urfa 590

390 A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT

Number of stems: counted at maturity Results and Discussion Spike length: length of spikes excluding awns at Depending on the size of samples, noticeable variation maturity (mm). was found for plant height, growth habit, number of Observations were performed on 5 randomly taken stems, and spike length. The observed variation implies plants from each population. Variety specific that populations could provide a variety of genotypes for characteristics such as spike density, and awnedness were further studies. Very high CV values have been obtained not taken into consideration since there was no variation in some of the characteristics such as growth habit, in such characteristics. Likewise, days to maturity trait number of stems, and spike length. Dotlacil et al. (2000) was also discarded because of its high similarity with days considered a minimum 10% CV a sign of wide diversity in to heading. wheat landraces and obsolete varieties. Values obtained in each trait are given below: Mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and range were computed for each population by Plant height: means of the Tarist statistical program; and cluster Plant height is an important characteristic in wheat analysis based on a Euclidian similarity matrix was breeding. Modern high yielding wheat cultivars are computed on average values of populations by means of shorter than landraces and old cultivars. A wide range of the Minitab statistical program. The similarity variation was observed in Ae. speltoides, Ae. columnaris dendrogram for the species is given in Figure 1. and Ae. umbellulata species, with CV values above 10%

T. aegilopoides

T. urartu

T. monococcum Triticum T. dicoccoides

T. dicoccon

Ae. ligustica

Ae. aucheri Sitopsis

Ae. vavilovü

Ae. tauschü Vertebrata

Ae. crassa

Ae. triuncialis

Ae. columnaris

Ae. neglecta Aegilops

Ae. umbellulata

Ae. biuncialis

64 76 88 100 Figure 1. Cluster analysis based on a Euclidian similarity matrix for the species.

391 Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species

(Table 3). The mean values given by Kün (1979) are a and TUR 01687 (Ae. triuncialis) (190 days) for late few centimeters shorter than our figures, and totally heading; and TUR 00842 and TUR 02637 (T. harmonious in Ae. ligustica. Our figures are compatible dicoccoides) (155 days) for early heading with those given by Peflkircio¤lu (1996) for Ae. triuncialis Vertebrata species were the earliest ones, followed by and Ae. umbellulata, and comparable for A. columnaris, Aegilops and Sitopsis. Wild Triticum species were a few Ae. biuncialis and Ae. neglecta. Our values for T. days earlier than the cultivated ones (Table 3). Ae. crassa aegilopoides, T. urartu and T. dicoccoides are higher than was the earliest species, followed by Ae. tauschii. Tall Peflkircio¤lu’s (1996) findings and generally shorter than growing species seemed to have headed latest of all. The Van Slageren’s (1990) figures except for Ae. speltoides highest variation was observed in Ae. speltoides. populations. Differences in plant height figures are supposed to have been caused by the origin of the Heading time of all the species is totally compatible samples. with those reported by Kün (1979) and Peflkircio¤lu (1996). A larger range was observed in Ae. triuncialis, Among the T. dicoccoides samples, fianlıurfa origin Ae. speltoides and Ae. columnaris (Table 3). A similar material formed a separate cluster, with lower plant trend was reported for Ae. triuncialis and Ae. umbellulata height values. Wild wheat material taken from lower by Kün (1979). In comparison with the results of wild elevations of Karacada¤ is considerably taller than the wheat evaluation studies conducted in , Ae. tauschii others. Damania (1993) reported a similar trend in T. samples were 2 days earlier in Ankara conditions, while dicoccoides, i.e. robust early maturing types are growing Ae. columnaris, Ae. vavilovii, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. neglecta in warmer habitats and more slender later blooming and Ae. triuncialis samples were 10.6-30.6 days later for types at higher elevations. heading (Van Slageren and Sweid, 1991). Contrasting Our findings are in harmony with those reported by results have been reported by Humeid et al. (1998) and Humeid et al. (1988) for Aegilops species. In the Van Slageren and Sweid (1991). Ae. triuncialis was meantime, Turkish origin T. dicoccoides samples tested in reported to be the earliest heading by Van Slageren and Syria were 23.0 cm shorter than those in Turkey. The Sweid (1991), while it was found to be the latest heading lack of information about the collecting sites does not one by Humeid et al. (1988). Figures reported by van allow us to make any meaningful comment about this. Slageren and Sweid (1991) are harmonious with our Extreme values for this trait were observed for Ae. findings only in terms of order of heading time by umbellulata and T. urartu (Table 3). Among the Aegilops species. species, the highest variation was observed in Ae. Among the Ae. triuncialis population samples, extreme umbellulata. Regarding the Triticum species, wild values for this trait were observed in TUR 01396 (139 material was taller than the cultivated material (Table 3). days) and TUR 01687 (190 days). Both of the Mean values for this trait were the smallest for the populations were collected from nearby habitats at section Aegilops, followed by Vertebrata and Sitopsis. almost the same altitudes. Remarkable variations among Very close values were observed in Sitopsis material for the neighboring populations suggest significant genetic this trait (Table 4). differences between them. Days to heading: Growth habit: Under favorable conditions, a longer vegetation Among the characters observed, the highest variation period suggested higher yield, but, in areas like Central was observed in growth habit, with 0.00% to 55.98% Anatolia where a dry period is inevitable after spring, CV values. All the Triticum species excluding T. earliness of the cultivated material is becoming more dicoccoides were upright. Ae. ligustica was almost important. The lowest SD and CV values were detected upright, while Ae. speltoides was near semiprostrate. Ae. for this trait (Table 3). This implies that variation among tauschii was prostrate. The rest of the Aegilops material the population was not large enough for days to heading. ranked between near semiprostrate (Ae. triuncialis) and Noticeable populations for this trait were TUR 03391 near prostrate (Ae. biuncialis) (Table 3). (T. dicoccoides) (175 days), TUR 01636 (187 days) and Ae. columnaris, Ae. ligustica and T. dicoccoides TUR 01690 (Ae. speltoides) (187 days), and TUR 00366 showed a high degree of variation for this characteristic,

392 A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT

Table 3. Mean, minimum, maximum, SD and CV for plant height, days to heading, growth habit, number of stems and spike length of the species.

Species Plant Days to Growth Number Spike height heading habit of stems length

Mean77.23 160.41 2.26 68.96 128.81 SD 2.15 3.27 0.34 3.97 6.38 Ae. speltoides CV 10.40 7.63 55.98 21.56 18.53 Min. 46 144 1 22 72 Max. 105 187 5 170 185

Mean76.31 152.07 1.47 60.18 95.22 SD 1.80 1.98 0.20 8.69 3.26 Ae. ligustica CV 7.08 3.91 40.91 43.33 10.28 Min. 64 140 1 12 67 Max 105 161 3 203 145

Mean39.07 148.47 4.18 58.24 34.58 SD 1.08 1.60 0.35 2.97 1.08 Ae. biuncialis CV 9.15 3.58 2.92 16.94 10.32 Min. 27 143 3 30 23 Max 55 158 5 102 45

Mean41.49 153.44 3.93 74.01 43.40 SD 1.28 2.02 0.30 4.57 4.24 Ae. columnaris CV 12.29 5.27 40.24 24.71 39.08 Min. 24 140 1 27 25 Max 54 175 5 198 111

Mean37.00 158.90 3.00 47.40 31.40 SD 1.40 1.90 0.00 0.40 0.80 Ae. neglecta CV 5.35 1.69 0.00 1.19 3.60 Min. 22 157 3 21 26 Max. 41 174 3 67 37

Mean44.92 154.27 3.42 68.23 58.16 SD 0.96 1.96 0.17 5.55 2.28 Ae. triuncialis CV 9.98 5.96 23.54 38.18 18.36 Min. 30 139 3 15 25 Max 53 190 5 175 79

Mean30.49 151.86 3.83 59.69 28.47 SD 8.89 1.72 0.32 5.13 1.45 Ae. umbellulata CV 10.97 4.24 30.79 32.14 19.03 Min. 21 140 3 21 18 Max 54 159 5 133 45

Mean41.90 137.20 3.00 10.60 67.10 SD 1.10 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.10 Ae. crassa CV 3.71 0.41 0.00 5.34 0.21 Min. 32 135 3 7 54 Max 50 138 3 15 79

393 Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species

Table 3. Mean, minimum, maximum, SD and CV for plant height, days to heading, growth habit, number of stems and spike length of the species (continued).

Species Plant Days to Growth Number Spike height heading habit of stems length

Mean38.10 140.00 5.00 28.50 75.50 SD 2.10 0.00 0.00 8.50 1.50 Ae. tauschii CV 7.79 0.00 0.00 42.18 2.81 Min. 31 140 5 12 64 Max 62 140 5 73 88

Mean49.80 142.40 3.00 24.50 110.00 SD 0.60 1.20 0.00 6.30 4.40 Ae. vavilovii CV 1.70 1.19 0.00 36.37 5.66 Min. 47 140 3 12 66 Max 55 144 3 78 135

Mean109.40 159.33 1.00 27.67 133.60 SD 6.16 1.38 0.00 2.71 9.53 T. aegilopoides CV 9.75 1.50 0.00 16.96 12.35 Min. 43 155 1 11 93 Max 132 162 1 67 173

Mean119.70 159.60 1.00 25.00 103.50 SD 3.50 0.60 0.00 5.80 4.90 T. urartu CV 4.14 0.53 0.00 32.81 6.70 Min. 103 151 1 17 95 Max 134 165 1 35 115

Mean88.68 162.02 1.92 21.74 96.68 SD 2.36 1.01 0.23 1.24 3.40 T. dicoccoides CV 9.61 2.24 42.78 20.51 12.70 Min. 50 155 1 7 55 Max 110 175 3 55 142

Mean98.35 165.65 1.00 39.50 86.70 SD 7.26 1.05 0.00 2.77 5.21 T. monococcum CV 14.77 1.26 0.00 14.03 12.02 Min. 64 162 1 13 65 Max 113 169 1 79 98

Mean81.70 163.90 1.00 29.85 73.23 SD 3.76 1.08 0.00 1.58 2.33 T. dicoccon CV 13.03 1.86 0.00 15.00 9.01 Min. 44 161 1 10 61 Max 112 170 1 65 90

394 A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT groups.

Triticum and

Aegilops Table 4. Mean, SD and CV values for Plant Height Days to heading Growth habit No. of stems Spike length MeanSD CV MeanSD CV MeanSD CV MeanSD CV Mean SD CV 38.59 6.0 16.78 153.39 7.80 5.12 3.49 1.21 31.78 61.51 32.09 32.09 39.20 15.98 36.51 Sitopsis 76.77 7.1 9.11 156.24 11.04 7.03 1.86 1.12 57.55 64.57 19.93 30.41 112.02 25.54 22.08 WildCultivated 105.93 90.03 9.85 13.03 9.85 15.36 160.32 164.78 2.45 3.81 1.53 2.31 1.31 1.00 0.87 0.00 25.74 00.00 30.47 34.68 22.71 34.68 67.25 18.60 111.26 79.96 18.45 9.56 14.49 12.44 Aegilops Vertebrata 43.27 7.21 15.78 139.87 3.41 2.41 3.67 1.03 28.17 20.70 40.42 40.42 84.46 24.30 30.37 groups groups

Aegilops Triticum

395 Agro-Morphological Characterization of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) Species

with CV values over 40% (Table 3). Regarding the group in this regard, followed by wild and cultivated collection sites, Ae. columnaris (TUR 00110) and Ae. Triticum species. The most productive Aegilops sections speltoides (TUR 03499) samples were the most variable were Aegilops and Sitopsis (Table 4). ones, with this character ranking from 1 to 5. fianlıurfa Our findings were quite compatible with those origin materials were generally semiprostrate. Significant reported by Peflkircio¤lu (1996) for section Aegilops and variation was also observed in T. dicoccoides samples. All section Vertebrata species. Considerable differences were of the cultivated Triticum species were upright, while wild recorded for section Sitopsis and wild Triticum species ones were close to upright. Among the Aegilops species, between our findings and the references cited. Our the section Sitopsis was close to upright while the figures were significantly higher than the values reported sections Aegilops and Vertebrata were almost by Humeid et al. (1998) and Van Slageren and Sweid semiprostrate (Table 4). (1991). It is thought that the main difference is caused by The materials collected on Karacada¤ Mountain in the higher tillering capacity of Turkish material. Diyarbakır province were the most variable ones, ranking Spike length: between 1 and 3. This is mainly due to the altitudes of the collecting sites. Material from lower elevation areas High variation was observed in all the species except tended to be more upright. Our observations are for Ae. neglecta, Ae. crassa, Ae. vavilovii, Ae. tauschii and compatible with those reported by Damania (1993) in T. urartu. Extreme values were obtained in Ae. this regard. High degree of CV values and considerable umbellulata, Ae. columnaris and Ae. speltoides species for differences between the populations collected from this character. While Ae. neglecta and Ae. biuncialis were relatively nearby areas are an indication of genetic shorter than average, Ae. vavilovii and Ae. ligustica were diversity between populations. Therefore, in areas with the tallest heading ones (Table 3). very high genetic diversity it is worth collecting from very Among the Aegilops sections and Triticum groups, the close distances. Our findings are compatible with those section Sitopsis gave the highest values, followed by wild published by Peflkircio¤lu (1996), except for minor Triticum species. The section Aegilops gave the minimum differences caused by the index used for scoring. average value. Cultivated Triticum group and section Number of stems: Vertebrata were ranked in between (Table 4). This is rather an important characteristic for Our findings were compatible with the figures sustainability of species in the wild, since the number of reported by Kün (1979) and Peflkircio¤lu (1996) for Ae. stems is related to the number of spikes and consequently ligustica, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. triuncialis and Ae. neglecta; the number of seeds produced by each species. Among and compatible with those given by Peflkircio¤lu (1996) the accessions, the most remarkable ones were TUR for A. columnaris, Ae. umbellulata and T. urartu. In the 01636 (Ae. speltoides), TUR 00301 and TUR 02210 (Ae. rest of the material we observed higher values for all but ligustica), and TUR 01776 (Ae. triuncialis) for their high Ae. crassa. The insufficient number of samples for Ae. tillering capacity; and TUR 00307 (Ae. biuncialis) and crassa does not allow us to make a meaningful comment TUR 00053 (Ae. columnaris) for their low number of about it. tillers. T. dicoccoides populations TUR 00842 and TUR Cluster analysis based on a Euclidian similarity matrix 02637 also showed higher tillering capacity than the for 5 characters ranked the species meaningfully (Figure others. 1). The dendrogram is compatible with diagrammatic There was very high degree of variation in this trait representation sectional organization of Aegilops species for all species except Ae. crassa and Ae. neglecta (Table (Van Slageren, 1994). Species of the section Aegilops 3). It is generally the case that members of the section were in the first cluster, followed by the sections Vertebrata are not abundant in nature and they are also Vertebrata and Sitopsis. The last cluster was formed by a difficult section for collecting sufficient amount of Triticum species. The highest similarity was observed seeds, because of the scarcity of the stems they produce. between Ae. biuncialis and Ae. umbellulata (91.6%). Very What is observed in situ has also been reflected in field high similarity values were detected between Ae. conditions. Vertebrata species were the least productive biuncialis and Ae. triuncialis (88.3%), Ae. columnaris and Ae. triuncialis (87.7%), Ae. crassa and Ae. tauschii

396 A. KARAGÖZ, N. P‹LANALI, T. POLAT

(85.5%), T. dicoccon and T. dicoccoides (82.2%), and variation as possible. Samples from certain parts of Ae. speltoides and Ae. ligustica (71.7%). fianlıurfa and Adıyaman provinces as well as the whole of As a result of this study, we can conclude that there Karacada¤ Mountain and nearby areas should be collected was significant agro-morphological variation between the and characterized in a systematic manner. populations for the traits studied. The high degree of variation found in the material collected along short Acknowledgments distances suggests that ex-situ conservation programs should take into consideration that fact by sampling over We sincerely appreciate the help of our colleagues short distances in order to capture as much of the Gülay Sa¤lam and Hale Sümen during the field research.

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