NSW SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Preliminary Determination

The Scientific Committee, established by the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (the Act), has made a Preliminary Determination under Section 22 of the Act to support a proposal for the inclusion of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland in the NSW South Western Slopes, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Sydney Basin Bioregions as a Critically Endangered Ecological Community in Part 2 of Schedule 1A of the Act and as a consequence to omit reference to Tablelands Snow Gum, Black Sallee, Candlebark and Ribbon Gum Grassy Woodland in the South Eastern Highlands, Sydney Basin, South East Corner and NSW South Western Slopes Bioregions from Part 3 of Schedule 1 of the Act.

Tablelands Snow Gum, Black Sallee, Candlebark and Ribbon Gum Grassy Woodland in the South Eastern Highlands, Sydney Basin, South East Corner and NSW South Western Slopes Bioregions was listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the Act in April 2011. Since that time, additional information has become available and the Committee is of the opinion that the determination of this community should be amended with regard to the additional information and the need to reassess the status of the community. The name of the community has been changed to be more consistent with the assemblage of species which characterises the community and the description has been amended to clarify the intent of the determination.

This determination contains the following information: Parts 1 & 2: Section 4 of the Act defines an ecological community as “an assemblage of species occupying a particular area”. These features of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland in the NSW South Western Slopes, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Sydney Basin Bioregions are described in Parts 1 and 2 of this Determination, respectively.

Part 3: Part 3 of this Determination describes the eligibility for listing of this ecological community in Part 2 of Schedule 1A of the Act according to criteria as prescribed by the Threatened Species Conservation Regulation 2010.

Part 4: Part 4 of this Determination provides additional information intended to aid recognition of this community in the field.

Part 1. Assemblage of species

1.1 Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland in the NSW South Western Slopes, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Sydney Basin Bioregions (hereafter referred to as the Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland) is characterised by the assemblage of species listed below.

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Acacia dealbata Eucalyptus tereticornis Acacia melanoxylon Eucalyptus viminalis Acaena echinata Geranium solanderi Acaena novae-zelandiae Gonocarpus tetragynus Acaena ovina Goodenia hederacea Acrotriche serrulata Haloragis heterophylla Aristida ramosa Hydrocotyle laxiflora Asperula conferta Hypericum gramineum Asperula scoparia Juncus australis Astroloma humifusum Juncus filicaulis Austrostipa bigeniculata Juncus subsecundus Austrostipa densiflora Kunzea parvifolia Austrostipa scabra Leptorhynchos squamatus Bossiaea prostrata Leptospermum myrtifolium Bothriochloa macra Lomandra filiformis Calocephalus citreus Luzula densiflora Carex appressa Melichrus urceolatus Carex inversa Microlaena stipoides Chrysocephalum apiculatum Microtis unifolia Convolvulus angustissimus Opercularia hispida Desmodium varians Panicum effusum Dichelachne crinita Pimelea curviflora Dichelachne micrantha Plantago gaudichaudii Dichondra repens Plantago varia Dichopogon fimbriatus Poa labillardierei Elymus scaber Poa meionectes Epilobium billardierianum Poa sieberiana Eragrostis brownii Pultenaea subspicata Eryngium rostratum Rytidosperma duttonianum Eucalyptus aggregata Rytidosperma laeve Eucalyptus amplifolia Rytidosperma penicillatum Eucalyptus bridgesiana Rytidosperma pilosum Eucalyptus cinerea Rumex brownii Eucalyptus dalrympleana Schoenus apogon Eucalyptus dives Scleranthus biflorus Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Solenogyne dominii Eucalyptus mannifera Solenogyne gunnii Eucalyptus melliodora Themeda australis Eucalyptus ovata Tricoryne elatior Eucalyptus pauciflora Viola betonicifolia Eucalyptus radiata Vittadinia muelleri

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Eucalyptus rubida Wurmbea dioica Eucalyptus stellulata

1.2 The total species list of the community across all occurrences is likely to be considerably larger than that given above. Due to variation across the range of the community, not all of the above species are present at every site and many sites may also contain species not listed above.

Characteristic species may be abundant or rare and comprise only a subset of the complete list of species recorded in known examples of the community. Some characteristic species show a high fidelity (are relatively restricted) to the community, but may also occur in other communities, while others are more typically found in a range of communities.

The number and identity of species recorded at a site is a function of sampling scale and effort. In general, the number of species recorded is likely to increase with the size of the site and there is a greater possibility of recording species that are rare in the landscape.

Species presence and relative abundance (dominance) will vary from site to site as a function of environmental factors such as soil properties (chemical composition, texture, depth, drainage), topography, climate, and through time as a function of isturbance (e.g. fire, logging, grazing) and weather (e.g. flooding, drought, extreme heat or cold).

At any one time, above ground individuals of some species may be absent, but the species may be represented below ground in the soil seed bank or as dormant structures such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, rootstocks or lignotubers.

The species listed above are vascular plants, however the community also includes micro-organisms, fungi and cryptogamic plants as well as vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. These components of the community are less well documented.

Part 2. Particular area occupied by the ecological community

2.1 The assemblage of species listed in Part 1.1 above which characterises the Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland in the NSW South Western Slopes, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Sydney Basin Bioregions. These Bioregions are defined by SEWPaC (2012) Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, Version 7. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion- framework/ibra/maps.html

2.2 It is the intent of the Scientific Committee that all occurrences of the ecological community (both recorded and as yet unrecorded, and independent of their condition) that occur within these bioregions be covered by this Determination.

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Part 3. Eligibility for listing

3.1 Reasons for determining eligibility for listing

3.1.1 Clearing for agriculture has caused a very large reduction in geographic distribution of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland and has also caused severe fragmentation. The community includes and closely corresponds to map unit p22 of Tozer et al. (2010) and vegetation group 153 of Gellie (2005). Estimates of current and pre-European distribution of these two communities provide the best available estimate of the reduction in geographic distribution of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland. Tozer et al. (2010) estimate that map unit p22 has been 80- 95% cleared. Gellie (2005) estimates that vegetation group 153 has been 98% cleared. Overall, it is likely that there has been a decline of at least 80% in the geographic extent of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland over the last 200 years, an appropriate time span for assessing a reduction in the distribution of a community which is mostly woodland. Many remnants are subject to ongoing degradation and risk of further clearing, for agriculture or urban and rural residential development (Crooks in litt. July 2009). ‘Clearing of native vegetation’ is listed as a Key Threatening Process under the Act.

3.1.2 Many remnants of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland are small and have substantially reduced native species richness and a high proportion of exotic species. Many have been degraded due to grazing by domestic livestock and associated activities. Intensive livestock grazing, especially if combined with fertilizer application, causes an increase in exotic annuals, loss of native tussock grasses and decreased abundance of native forbs (Tremont and McIntyre 1994; Hobbs and Yates 1999; McIntyre et al. 2002; Prober et al. 2002; Garden et al. 2003; Clarke 2003; Lunt et al. 2007) and changes vegetation structure (Hobbs and Yates 1999). These changes consequently change the fauna associated with the plant community (Maron and Lill 2005). In many cases, decline is continuing. Restoration of the ground stratum of temperate grassy communities requires intensive remediation (Prober et al. 2002; 2005), so it is unlikely that the extent of widespread decline is reversible in any practical sense or at any reasonable time scale.

3.1.3 Other factors which may cause degradation or decline of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland include grazing by feral herbivores, especially the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and the Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus), invasion by exotic perennial grass species, including Eragrostis curvula (African Lovegrass), Nassella neesiana (Chilean Needlegrass), and Nassella trichotoma (Serrated Tussock) and altered fire regimes. ‘Competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)’, and ‘Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses’ are listed as Key Threatening Processes under the Act. Lack of fire may be limiting the recruitment of herbaceous and woody species as fire acts as a cue to break seed dormancy for many grassy woodland species (Clarke et al. 2000; Hill and French 2003; Clarke and French 2005).

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3.2 Criteria for listing Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland is eligible to be listed as a Critically Endangered Ecological Community in accordance with Section 12 of the Act as, in the opinion of the Scientific Committee, it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in New South Wales in the immediate future, as determined in accordance with the following criteria as prescribed by the Threatened Species Conservation Regulation 2010:

Clause 17 Reduction in geographic distribution of the ecological community The ecological community has undergone, is observed, estimated, inferred or reasonably suspected to have undergone or is likely to undergo within a time span appropriate to the life cycle and habitat characteristics of its component species: (a) a very large reduction in geographic distribution.

Clause 19 Reduction in ecological function of the ecological community The ecological community has undergone, is observed, estimated, inferred or reasonably suspected to have undergone or is likely to undergo within a time span appropriate to the life cycle and habitat characteristics of its component species: (a) a very large reduction in ecological function, as indicated by any of the following: (d) change in community structure, (e) change in species composition, (f) disruption of ecological processes, (g) invasion and establishment of exotic species, (h) degradation of habitat, (i) fragmentation of habitat.

Professor Michelle Leishman Chairperson NSW Scientific Committee

Exhibition period: 30/05/04 – 25/07/14 Proposed Gazettal date: 30/05/14

Part 4. Additional information about the ecological community The following information is additional to that required to meet the definition of an ecological community under the Act, but is provided to assist in the recognition of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland in the NSW South Western Slopes, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Sydney Basin Bioregions in the field. Given natural variability, along with disturbance history, Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland may sometimes occur outside the typical range of variation in the features described below.

4.1 Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland is usually a woodland or open woodland, but may sometimes (about one quarter of known occurrences) be a grassland, either because trees are naturally absent or have been removed. Less commonly, it may have an open forest structure, especially where trees are regenerating after clearing. Where trees are present, they are mostly between 5 m

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and 20 m in height, but sometimes may be up to 25 m (Gellie 2005, Tozer et al. 2010). There is usually either a sparse shrub layer or no shrub layer. The ground layer is usually moderately dense to dense and dominated by grasses and other herbs. Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and Grassland falls within the structural formations of Grassy Woodlands and Grasslands and the vegetation classes of Subalpine Woodlands, Tableland Clay Grassy Woodlands and Temperate Montane Grasslands (Keith 2004).

4.2 The ground cover vegetation of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland usually contains Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis), often as one of the dominant or abundant species. Rarely, Kangaroo Grass may be entirely absent. Other grasses which may be locally common include Poa spp., Austrostipa spp., Rytidosperma spp. and Microlaena stipoides, although only one or a few of these may be common, or none may be present.

4.3 In any selected plot between 0.04 and 0.1 ha in size, in an area of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland, usually a minimum of 38% of the vascular plant species present will be species listed in the assemblage in Part 1.1 (D. Binns in litt. Feb. 2014). There may be a lower proportion if the plot size varies from the range 0.04 to 0.1 ha or if the plot is purposely selected to minimise or reduce the proportion of species from the listed assemblage. Species which occur in many areas and which are most likely to be encountered, although usually not dominant, include Asperula conferta, Chrysocephalum apiculatum, Gonocarpus tetragynus, Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Hypericum gramineum, Leptorhynchos squamatus and Lomandra filiformis.

4.4 Where trees are present, Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland is usually dominated by one or both of the tree species Eucalyptus pauciflora (Snow Gum) and E. rubida (Candlebark). Other tree species which may be locally common or sometimes dominant include E. stellulata (Black Sallee), E. viminalis (Ribbon Gum), E. bridgesiana (Apple Box) E. aggregata (Black Gum), E. parvula (Small-leaved Gum) and E. ovata (Swamp Gum).

4.5 Many of the characteristic species of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland also occur to some extent in other communities. In particular, several of the dominant tree species, notably Eucalyptus pauciflora (Snow Gum), E. rubida (Candlebark) and E. viminalis (Ribbon Gum), are widespread and occur commonly in other communities, for example vegetation groups 68, 73, 74, 82, 85, 86, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107 and 124 (Gellie 2005) and map units e30, p54, p66, p73 and p338 (Tozer et al. 2010). In most cases, areas of any of these communities are not considered part of this determination. Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland may be distinguished from most of these communities by its structure (many of the other communities have a forest structure with substantially taller trees), associated tree species and understorey floristic composition. Tree species which are characteristic of some of these communities but are not known to occur, or rarely occur, in Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland include Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus fastigata and Eucalyptus robertsonii (Gellie 2005, Tozer et al. 2010). Shrub or understorey species which may characterise other communities but which are not known to occur, or rarely occur, in Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and

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Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland include Coprosma hirtella, Coprosma quadrifida, Dianella tasmanica, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Lomatia myricoides, Monotoca scoparia, Persoonia chamaepeuce, Platylobium formosum, Polyscias sambucifolia and Tasmannia lanceolata (D. Binns in litt. February 2014). The presence of one or more of these species may be indicative of a community which is not part of this determination.

4.6 Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland occurs on valley floors, in and on margins of frost hollows, on footslopes, plateaux and undulating hills, mainly between approximately 600 m and 1100 m elevation. It generally does not occur on ridges or areas of moderate to steep slopes. It occurs on a variety of substrates including granite, basalt, metasediments and Quaternary alluvium. Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland occurs as a part of a mosaic of native vegetation communities including, wetlands, grasslands and sclerophyll forests. It mostly occurs in areas with average annual rainfall of 650-950 mm.

4.7 A number of Endangered Ecological Communities listed under the Act are known to intergrade with Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland and are thus considered to be related. These include: Southern Highlands Shale Woodlands in the Sydney Basin Bioregion; Tableland Basalt Forest in the Sydney Basin and South Eastern Highlands Bioregions; White Box Yellow Box Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland; and Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands and Australian Alps Bioregions. Areas which are intermediate are considered to be covered by one or other determination and are part of the determination to which they are most closely related by plant species composition. The Endangered Ecological Community Ribbon Gum, Mountain Gum, Snow Gum Grassy Forest/Woodland of the New England Tableland Bioregion has a similar overstorey composition to Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland but differs in its understorey floristic composition and the distributions do not overlap.

4.8 The grassland variant of Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland is included within the endangered ecological community listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 as ‘Natural Temperate Grassland of the Southern Tablelands of NSW and the Australian Capital Territory’. However the Commonwealth listing advice excludes some patches, here regarded as Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland, on the basis of condition or structure thresholds (including patch size, ground cover and tree density).

4.9 Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland has been recorded from the local government areas of Bathurst, Blayney, Bega Valley, Blue Mountains, Bombala, Cabonne, Cooma-Monaro, Eurobodalla, Goulburn-Mulwaree, Lithgow, Oberon, Orange, Palerang, Shoalhaven, Snowy River, Tumbarumba, Tumut, Upper Lachlan, Wingecarribee and Yass Valley (within the South Eastern Highlands, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, and NSW South Western Slopes Bioregions [sensu SEWPaC (2012)]) however unrecorded stands of the ecological community may occur elsewhere in these Bioregions.

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4.10 Tablelands Snow Gum, Candlebark and Kangaroo Grass Grassy Woodland is known or likely to contain the following threatened animal and plant species listed under State and Commonwealth threatened species legislation:

Scientific Name Common Name Status Baloskion longipes Vulnerable Caladenia tessellata Endangered Calotis glandulosa Vulnerable Discaria nitida Vulnerable Diuris aequalis Endangered Diuris ochroma Endangered Diuris pedunculata Endangered Dodonaea procumbens Vulnerable Eucalyptus aggregata Vulnerable Eucalyptus parvula Endangered Euphrasia collina ssp. muelleri Endangered Euphrasia scabra Endangered Leucochrysum albicans var. tricolor Endangered (EPBC) Monotoca rotundifolia Endangered Prasophyllum canaliculatum Critically Endangered Prasophyllum petilum Endangered Prasophyllum sp. ‘Majors Creek’ Critically Endangered Rulingia prostrata Endangered Rutidosis leiolepis Vulnerable Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides Endangered Swainsona sericea Vulnerable Thesium australe Vulnerable Xerochrysum palustre Vulnerable (EPBC) Callocephalon fimbriatum Gang-gang Cockatoo Vulnerable Climacteris picumnus victoriae Brown Treecreeper Vulnerable (eastern subspecies) Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella Vulnerable Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle Vulnerable Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin Vulnerable Melanodryas cucullata cucullata Hooded Robin (south- Vulnerable eastern form) Pyrrholaemus saggitatus Speckled Warbler Vulnerable Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail Vulnerable Ninox strenua Powerful Owl Vulnerable Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl Vulnerable Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Eastern False Pipistrelle Vulnerable Myotis macropus Southern Myotis Vulnerable Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Eastern Bentwing-bat Vulnerable Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad-nosed Bat Vulnerable Dasyurus maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll Vulnerable Phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed Phascogale Vulnerable Cercartetus nanus Eastern Pygmy-possum Vulnerable Petaurus australis Yellow-bellied Glider Vulnerable Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider Vulnerable

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Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Vulnerable Aprasia parapulchella Pink-tailed Legless Lizard Vulnerable Suta flagellum Little Whip Snake Vulnerable Varanus rosenbergi Rosenberg’s Goanna Vulnerable Litoria verreauxii alpina Alpine Tree Frog Endangered Paralucia spinifera Bathurst Copper Butterfly Endangered (Purple Copper Butterfly)

References:

Clarke PJ (2003) Composition of grazed and cleared temperate grassy woodlands in eastern Australia: patterns in space and inferences in time. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 5-14.

Clarke PJ, Davison EA, Fulloon L (2000) Germination and dormancy of grassy woodland and forest species: effects of smoke, heat, darkness and cold. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 687-700.

Clarke S, French K (2005) Germination response to heat and smoke of 22 Poaceae species from grassy woodlands. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 445-454.

Garden DL, Ellis NJS, Rab MA, Langford CM, Johnston WH, Shields C, Murphy T, Holmberg M, Dassanayake KB, Harden S (2003) Fertiliser and grazing effects on production and botanical composition of native grasslands in south-east Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 843-859.

Gellie NJH (2005) Native vegetation of the Southern Forests: South-east Highlands, Australian Alps, South-west Slopes and SE Corner bioregions. Cunninghamia 9, 219- 253.

Hill SJ, French K (2003) Response of the soil seed-bank of Cumberland Plain Woodland to heating. Austral Ecology 28, 14-22.

Hobbs RJ, Yates C (1999) ‘Temperate eucalypt woodlands in Australia: biology, conservation, management and restoration.’ (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney)

Keith DA (2004) ‘Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes: the native vegetation of New South Wales and the ACT.’ (Department of Environment and Conservation: Sydney)

Lunt ID, Eldridge DJ, Morgan JW, Witt GB (2007) Turner Review. A framework to predict the effects of livestock grazing and grazing exclusion on conservation values in natural ecosystems in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 54, 401-415.

McIntyre S, McIvor JG, Heard KM (2002) ‘Managing and Conserving Grassy Woodlands.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)

Maron M, Lill A (2005) The influence of livestock grazing and weed invasion on habitat use by birds in grassy woodland remnants. Biological Conservation 124, 439-450.

ESTABLISHED UNDER THE THREATENED SPECIES CONSERVATION ACT 1995

Contact Address: C/o PO Box 1967 Hurstville BC NSW 1481 Telephone: (02) 9585 6940 Facsimile: (02) 9585 6606 NSW SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prober SM, Thiele KR, Lunt ID (2002) Identifying ecological barriers to restoration in temperate grassy woodlands: soil changes associated with different degradation states. Australian Journal of Botany 50, 699-712.

Prober SM, Thiele KR, Lunt ID, Koen TB (2005) Restoring ecological function in temperate grassy woodlands: manipulating soil nutrients, exotic annuals and native perennial grasses through carbon supplements and spring burns. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 1073.

Tozer MG, Turner K, Keith DA, Tindall D, Pennay C, Simpson C, MacKenzie B (2010) Native vegetation of southeast NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. Cunninghamia 11, 359-406.

Tremont RM, McIntyre S (1994) Natural grassy vegetation and native forbs in temperate Australia: structure, dynamics and life histories. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 641- 658.

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Contact Address: C/o PO Box 1967 Hurstville BC NSW 1481 Telephone: (02) 9585 6940 Facsimile: (02) 9585 6606