Combat Training Thegn's Handbook

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules

Edition 8-2

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

Revision Record

Revision Date Comment

8-0 31-Jan-2015 8th Edition – First Print Run 3.6.5 Remove Lamellar as “Effective” armour for a mutual kill. 8-1 20-Mar-2015

8-2 26-Apr-2015 5.8, 5.11 Add minimum blade point/corner arc’s

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

Forward

Weave we, weave we such web-of-spears as the young war-worker waged afore-time. Forth shall we fare where the fray is thickest, where friends and fellows ’gainst foemen battle. The Song of the Valkeries Here is the 8th edition of the Combat Training manual. This latest revision is part of our ongoing effort to improve combat and combat training in “The Vikings”. It replaces all previous versions of the manual. Our rules go back a long way and we owe a huge debt to those who originated our system. They have produced a steel weapon combat that is fun and interesting for the participants as well as being exciting and informative for the public. This latest revision is mostly the work of Jon Finch and Dave Hall, to both of whom my profound thanks go. My thanks also to all those who have contributed revisions and clarifications of whom there are too many to mention. This first volume might be called the warriors handbook. It is an evolution from our previous rules, not a revolution, but there are a few changes that we should all become familiar with, so please read it carefully. It is my philosophy that what matters is training rather than the specific rules. Train your members to fight well and they will pass any assessments we make. To that end the volume two of the manual has been written to improve the clarity of and make clear the progression that a trainee warrior needs to achieve as well as help you to see how one skill provides the foundation for the next. Volume three contains the assessment requirements needed to meet the combat standards of The Vikings. But we should always remember that our training and the success of it depend upon the Recognised Combat Training Thegns and the Group Combat Training Thegns across our many Lethangs, Herreds and Felags. So thanks to all of you and I hope that this new version of the training manual will be a big help to you all. See you all on the battlefield. Skjaldborg! Ganga Fram! Jarl Konal “Ospakr” Ulfrekson High Thegn of Combat Training 18th January 2015

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 6 1.1 Combat System and Rules ...... 6 1.2 Training Guide ...... 6 1.3 Assessments Guide...... 6 2 Structure & Roles ...... 7 2.1 Training Structure ...... 7 2.2 Hierarchy ...... 8 2.3 Roles and Responsibilities ...... 9 2.3.1 Group Training Thegn ...... 9 2.3.2 Recognised Training Thegn (RTT) ...... 10 2.3.3 Core and Specialist Thegns ...... 11 2.3.4 Combat Training High Thegn ...... 12 2.3.5 Assessing Thegn ...... 13 3 Combat Rules ...... 14 3.1 Introduction ...... 14 3.2 General Safety ...... 14 3.3 Combat Locations...... 14 3.4 Permitted use of Combat Equipment ...... 14 3.5 Combat Participation ...... 15 3.5.1 General ...... 15 3.5.2 Participation Age limits ...... 15 3.5.3 Guest Combatants ...... 16 3.6 Hits and Kills ...... 17 3.6.1 Valid Hits ...... 17 3.6.2 Lethal Character ...... 17 3.6.3 Kills – the Two Hit Rule ...... 17 3.6.4 Mutual Hits ...... 17 3.6.5 The Effect of Armour ...... 17 3.6.6 Inactive equipment ...... 18 3.6.7 The Berserker...... 18 3.7 Target Areas ...... 19 3.7.1 Hit Locations on infantry ...... 19 3.7.2 Hit Locations on Cavalry ...... 20 3.8 Injuries ...... 21 3.9 Cheating ...... 21 4 Training Regime ...... 22 4.1 Basic Training ...... 23 4.2 Specialist Weapons and Advanced Training ...... 23 5 Combat equipment ...... 24 5.1 General Comments ...... 24 5.2 Equipment Safety Checks ...... 24 5.2.1 When/How Often? ...... 24 5.2.2 Who? ...... 24 5.2.3 Sharps check...... 24 5.2.4 General Equipment Checks ...... 25 5.3 Mandatory Protective Equipment ...... 25 5.3.1 Head Protection...... 25 5.3.2 Gloves ...... 25 5.3.3 Exemptions ...... 25 5.4 Optional Protective Equipment ...... 26 5.4.1 Vambraces/Arm Guards ...... 26 5.4.2 Additional forms of protection ...... 26 5.5 The Shield ...... 27 5.5.1 Technical Specifications ...... 27 5.5.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 27 5.6 Knife (Seax)/Langseax ...... 28 5.6.1 Technical Specifications ...... 28

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.6.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 28 5.7 Sword ...... 29 5.7.1 Technical Specifications ...... 29 5.7.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 29 5.8 Hand Axe ...... 30 5.8.1 Technical Specifications ...... 30 5.8.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 30 5.9 Spear (Short, Long & Great) ...... 31 5.9.1 Technical Specifications ...... 31 5.9.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 31 5.9.3 Restrictions and Notes on use - Great Spear ...... 32 5.10 Mace ...... 33 5.10.1 Technical Specifications ...... 33 5.10.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 33 5.11 Long Axe ...... 34 5.11.1 Technical Specifications ...... 34 5.11.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 34 5.12 Javelin ...... 35 5.12.1 Technical Specifications ...... 35 5.12.2 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 35 5.13 Bow and Arrow ...... 36 5.13.1 Technical Specifications - Bow ...... 36 5.13.2 Technical Specifications – Combat Arrows ...... 36 5.13.3 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 36 5.14 Crossbow and Bolts...... 37 5.14.1 Technical Specifications – Crossbow ...... 37 5.14.2 Technical Specifications – Combat Bolts ...... 37 5.14.3 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 37 5.15 Sling ...... 38 5.15.1 Technical Specifications - Sling ...... 38 5.15.2 Technical Specifications – Bullets ...... 38 5.15.3 Restrictions and Notes on use ...... 38 6 Glossary of Terms ...... 39

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

1 Introduction This handbook is the definitive reference for the combat rules of “The Vikings”. Its aim is to ensure that all Combat and Combat Training within “The Vikings” follows a standardised procedure with a uniform aim. This handbook is divided into 3 volumes; 1. Combat System and Rules 2. Training Guide 3. Assessments Guide

1.1 Combat System and Rules Volume 1 of this manual describes in detail “The Vikings”;  organisation of the Combat Thegns  roles and responsibilities of the Combat Thegns  Combat System Rules  Combat Equipment Specifications This volume also contains a very high level overview of the training and assessment regime which is described in full detail in volumes 2 & 3.

1.2 Training Guide Volume 2 of this manual describes in detail the techniques and methods to be taught at every stage of “The Vikings” Training curriculum.

1.3 Assessments Guide Volume 3 of this manual describes in detail the Combat Assessments that provide measurement of a candidate’s proficiency in the various disciplines and progress through “The Vikings” Training curriculum.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

2 Structure & Roles This section describes the organisation and the roles and responsibilities within the Combat Training department of “The Vikings”.

2.1 Training Structure The structure of “The Vikings” training organisation is shown below:

Combat Training High Thegn

Core Disciplines

Basic Combat Display Formation Advanced Thegn Combat Combat Combat Thegn Thegn Thegn

Specialist Infantry Disciplines

Spear Thegn Dane Axe Advanced 2 Thegn Weapons Thegn

Specialist Missile Disciplines Missiles Thegn

Archery Javelin Thegn Sling Thegn Thegn

Specialist Mounted Disciplines Cavalry Thegn

Others

Assessing Training Thegns Thegns Working toward RTT Status

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

2.2 Hierarchy The hierarchy of responsibility and authority within the Combat Training department is as shown below. In the event that the Combat Training High Thegn is unavailable, this devolves to the next level in the hierarchy. Wherever ranking is to be considered, the society rankings will apply;

Combat Training High Thegn

Deputies Society Ranking

Konungr High Council Jarl Specialist Thegn Silver Jarl Jarl Silver Thegn Core Thegn Sturaesman Thegn Drengr Frihals Ranking RTT Thrall

Group Training Thegn

Ranking Society Member

In this manual, wherever a specific role is called for, if the person fulfilling that role is not present at an event, the duties of that role devolve to their deputies.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

2.3 Roles and Responsibilities The responsibilities of all Trainers start at the lowest level – the Group Training Thegns and work up to those of the Combat Training High Thegn. 2.3.1 Group Training Thegn The Group Training Thegn may or may not be a Recognised Training Thegn. This description assumes they are not.

Appointment Appointed by the mechanism laid out in the Society/Lethang/Herred constitution. Health and Safety The Group Training Thegn must ensure that all training is delivered in accordance with “The Vikings” society rules, in a safe environment for the students, observers and any members of the public who may be present. They must ensure that a suitable and sufficient Risk Assessment has been prepared and submitted to the Health & Safety Team for any training venues used. Child Protection The Group Training Thegn must ensure that young people are not placed in unsuitable situations in accordance with “The Vikings” child protection policy. Training of others Responsible for the organisation and delivery of combat training for their Lethang/Herred. If not skilled in a given weapon they should seek advice on how to approach that training from the Specialism Thegn or a representative. Record Keeping The Group Training Thegn should keep records of the combat status of all combatant members of their Lethang/Herred to enable them to assess and plan the training progression of the warriors in their care. Self-Improvement Endeavour to qualify themselves in as many combat skills as possible. Endeavour towards passing the RTT assessment. Assessment Group Training Thegns are not permitted to carry out any assessments. They may recommend warriors for the following assessments:  Basic Combat  Formation  Display  Short Spear Recommendations for all other assessments require the consent of an appropriate Recognised Training Thegn. Meetings They should attend Training Thegn meetings whenever possible to receive guidance on new training techniques and to present their own ideas to their peers.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

2.3.2 Recognised Training Thegn (RTT) The RTT inherits all of the responsibilities of the Group Training Thegn in addition to the following:

Appointment RTT’s are appointed by the Combat Training High Thegn on successful completion of the appropriate assessments. The Combat Training High Thegn may at their sole discretion remove an RTT’s active status if they fail to meet suitable standards. Health & Safety RTT’s may remove from the field any combatant deemed to be unfit to fight on that day. RTT’s must ensure that correct procedures are followed in the event of an injury caused during any form of combat. RTT’s may ban any combat equipment they deem sub-standard from use. Training Methods To study the use of weapons and the training methods used with the aim of improving “The Vikings” training methods. Assessment RTTs may recommend warriors for any assessment that they are themselves qualified for. They may assess warriors (once cleared by the relevant Thegn) for:  Basic Combat  Display  Formation Combat  Short Spear (provided they have passed this assessment themselves) Meetings To regularly meet to discuss these methods and allow Trainers to present their ideas to their peers and moderate standards of training and assessment.

Note: Common abbreviation for RTT’s; RTT Recognised Training Thegn RTT(C) Recognised Training Thegn (Combat) RTT(A) Recognised Training Thegn (Archery) RTT(H) Recognised Training Thegn (Cavalry)

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

2.3.3 Core and Specialist Thegns The Core and Specialist Thegns inherit all of the responsibilities of the Recognised Training Thegn in addition to the following:

Appointment Core and Specialist Thegns are appointed by the Combat Training High Thegn on successful completion of the appropriate assessments. The Combat Training High Thegn may at their sole discretion remove a Thegn if they fail to meet suitable standards. Succession Planning The Thegn in consultation with the Combat Training High Thegn, will appoint a deputy who in due course is intended to succeed them on their retirement from the role, and represent them in their absence. More than one deputy may be appointed if deemed appropriate. Standards and Safety To maintain these in their area of responsibility. Training To instruct any and all Training Thegns who wish to focus in their specialism. To hold training sessions for this specialism as part of the Training Weekend and major events. Assessments The Thegn will advise the Combat Training High Thegn on the content and scoring of their Specialist Assessments. Assessors The Thegn will advise the Combat Training High Thegn on RTTs who should become Assessing Thegns for their Specialist Assessments. Re-assessments To re-assess any warrior who has caused an injury whilst using a weapon under the remit of one of the Core and Specialism Thegns. New Talent To actively seek out warriors who regularly use their specialist weapon to involve them in the Society’s on-going Training development. To actively seek out the assistance of those RTT’s who have a flair for instructing their specialism weapon and involve them in the process, working towards them becoming an Assessing Thegn.

In addition, the Missile Combat Thegn makes recommendations to the Combat Training High Thegn for the appointments of Archery Thegn, Sling Thegn and Javelin Thegn.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

2.3.4 Combat Training High Thegn The Combat Training High Thegn inherits all of the responsibilities of the Core and Specialist Thegns in addition to the following:

Appointment Combat Training High Thegn is appointed by the Konungr and may be removed by same at their discretion. Responsible for Maintaining the standards and safety of all combat within “The Vikings”. Training and assessing all Recognised Training Thegns and for over-seeing all the Training Thegns. The setting of all combat assessments and either examines or appoints Assessing Thegns from those eligible to conduct these assessments. Organising the events (but not the date or venue) at the Society Training weekends. Organising “The Vikings” Training Thegn weekends. Organising RTT meetings at society Major events. Ensuring that any warrior, after having been banned as a result of disciplinary action, or a health & safety concern, is re-assessed. Appoints Recognised Training Thegns Core and Specialist Weapons Thegns Assessing Thegns Succession Planning The Thegn will appoint a deputy who in due course is intended to succeed them on their retirement from the role, and represent them in their absence. More than one deputy may be appointed if deemed appropriate. Recommends To the Konungr on the appointment of Missile and Cavalry Thegns.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

2.3.5 Assessing Thegn The assessing thegn is a temporary role for the conducting of combat assessments.

Appointment Any active RTT(Combat) may assess;  Basic Combat  Display  Formation Combat  Short Spear (provided they have passed this assessment themselves) Any active RTT(Archery) may assess;  Display Archery  Basic Archery All other assessments are carried out by Assessing Thegns who are RTT’s appointed by the Combat Training High Thegn and on the recommendation of the Core and Specialist Thegns from those eligible to run these assessments. Transparency For transparency, unless an independent RTT is also present, Assessing Thegns should not conduct specialist/advanced assessments on candidates that;  they have trained in that specialism  are members of their group  members of their family Pre-Assessment The Assessing Thegn must ensure that the candidates presenting themselves for assessment;  Are current members of “The Vikings”  Have been put forward by the appropriate authority  Meet any prerequisites (e.g. gateway assessments)  Have appropriate equipment which meets the Society Technical Specifications. See Section 5 for more detail and Volume 3 - “Assessments Guide”. Assessment The Assessing Thegn will carry out the assessment as laid down by the Combat Training High Thegn in the Assessments Guide. The Assessing Thegn will only consider the candidate’s performance seen during the assessment process. Post Assessment Assessing Thegns must brief all candidates at the end of the assessment as to their strengths and weaknesses as witnessed during the assessment. If possible the Thegn should discuss these salient points with the candidate’s own Training Thegn. Documentation The Assessing Thegn is responsible for keeping a record of the assessment irrespective of result. The Assessing Thegn is responsible for ensuring that all pass results are reported to the Membership Thegn.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3 Combat Rules

3.1 Introduction These rules form the basis for all combat within events hosted by “The Vikings” and apply to all warriors at all times. At certain multi-society events hosted by “The Vikings”, a variation of these rules may be agreed to be used with the other societies. Details of such will be posted in advance through “The Vikings” regular communication channels.

3.2 General Safety At all times, safety must be the primary concern of all warriors and training thegns. When not in use, or part of a supervised static display, all combat equipment must be securely stowed out of sight. Unless specific permission has been granted, combat equipment must not be taken outside of the venue or into public, and especially not into Public Houses and Bars. Combat equipment must never be used by or against a member of the public. Combat equipment must never be used against a member of “The Vikings” who has not been trained to receive attacks or who is not in a combat environment.

3.3 Combat Locations Combat may only take place in specifically designated areas where there is little risk of harm to members of the public or their property. Where this area is in a location to which the public may gain access, this must be;  an enclosed space with controlled access (e.g. a sports hall, tennis court etc)  a marshalled double roped arena (normal for shows)  marshalled area (e.g. large open space with few members of public that can be easily marshalled). Where the combat area is a double roped arena, no part of a warrior or their equipment may touch or cross the innermost barrier. Further information on the permitted areas is covered in the Hersir and Health & Safety guides.

3.4 Permitted use of Combat Equipment All combat equipment must comply with and be used in accordance with “The Vikings” Combat Equipment Specifications as laid out in section 5 of this document. Warriors should also ensure that any weapon they intend to use is suitable for them (i.e. not too heavy etc). Warriors may only use weapons for which they have permission having passed the appropriate assessments unless they are in a training session under the direct supervision of a training thegn. Permission to use a particular weapon may be rescinded in the event that;  An RTT is of the opinion that the warrior is unsafe with the weapon.  An injury is caused by the warrior using the weapon.  The warrior has not fought or trained with the weapon at a society event for a period of 3 months. In these cases, the warriors performance with the weapon will be reviewed by a suitably qualified independent RTT and they can;  Determine if the warrior is competent and immediately requalify them. This course might also lead to reviewing the performance of any injured opponent or other third party if they are found at fault.  Perform limited remedial training and requalify the warrior.  Permanently rescind the warriors permission and require them to perform remedial training and a full reassessment to regain it.  In the event that the issue is with the weapon itself (e.g. a too heavy primary side arm), the warrior will only be prevented from using that particular weapon.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3.5 Combat Participation 3.5.1 General Every person who participates in combat activities hosted by “The Vikings” must be a society member and have been made clearly aware that they do so entirely at their own risk. All participants must be suitably equipped and qualified in accordance with “The Vikings” equipment and authenticity specifications (see section 5). Participants themselves are responsible for ensuring that they are of a suitable level of health and fitness for the activity in which they are participating, however, it is beholden on the supervising Training Officer to prevent anyone they suspect of being at risk of causing injury to themselves or others taking part. Combat participation must not be undertaken by anyone whose judgement or physical ability is impaired. Typical reasons are (but not limited to);  Advice from a physician to avoid this type of activity.  Tiredness.  The taking of medication which advises against driving/operating machinery.  Being under the influence of alcohol.  Being under the influence of other narcotic substances. Any member suspected of being under the influence of alcohol may be required to demonstrate their compliance with “The Vikings” Alcohol Policy. This will normally involve a simple test with a disposable breathalyser unit, but where this is not available; warriors may be banned from taking part in any training session or show in a combatant role at the discretion of any Society Training Thegn, or “The Vikings” Health and Safety High Thegn or their deputy. Any member at any event under the auspices of “The Vikings” found to be in possession, taking, or under the influence, of illegal substances will be disciplined in accordance with the constitution and rules of “The Vikings”. 3.5.2 Participation Age limits In order to satisfy our duty of care to children, there are limits to what activity is permitted by younger members; Warriors May use any weapon for which they are qualified and have permission. Aged 18+ May train with weapons they are not qualified to use under the supervision of a training thegn. Svein Must have permission of parent/legal guardian evidenced by signed activity consent Aged 16 and 17 form. May take part in combat training under the supervision of a training thegn. May take part in displays using primary side arm and shield only under the supervision of a Warrior. Must be identified by a white band around their Head Protection. Fostrar Must have permission of parent/legal guardian evidenced by signed activity consent Aged 13 to 15 form. May take part in combat training under the direct supervision of a training thegn. May take part in scripted missile phases of displays if suitably qualified. May NOT take part in displays in any other combatant role. During lulls in the combat, may carry water to the warriors, collect missiles and other dropped weapons and take them back behind their battle line. May loot the dead, act as if administering first aid to a fallen warrior or finish off wounded warriors. Under 13’s and Only allowed on the field once combat has ceased, and authorised by the Battle non-Combatants Captain. Children must have permission of parent/legal guardian evidenced by signed activity consent form.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3.5.3 Guest Combatants From time to time, “The Vikings” will permit Guest membership to warriors from other societies to take part in specific events. In order to participate at a “The Vikings” event as a Guest member, the Guest must;  have been pre-registered and approved in accordance with “The Vikings” rules.  have paid a guest fee and have completed a “Guest Membership Form/Receipt”  comply with all of “The Vikings” rules and regulations for the duration of the Guest membership. “The Vikings” recognises the combat and authenticity standards of a number of other societies. The limits of this recognition are available on “The Vikings” internet based documentation store. In particular, this will list which combat competencies are recognised. If the Guest;  is not a member of a listed recognised society  wishes to exercise a competency which is not listed as recognised  cannot show they are approved by the recognised society in that competency then the Guest must submit to a Guest Combat Assessment prior to participation. The society Combat Training High Thegn will appoint a suitably qualified Assessing Thegn specifically to conduct the appropriate assessment(s). The scope of the assessment is described in “Volume 3 - Assessments Guide”. The Guest may also be required to submit to a guest assessment by the Authenticity team. The Guests combat proficiency/authenticity status must be recorded on the rear of their Guest Membership Form/Receipt. Guests will only be permitted to participate on presentation of this suitably completed Guest Membership Form/Receipt.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3.6 Hits and Kills At all times, warriors must be in full control of any weapon they are wielding. All blows are expected to land on target and under control. 3.6.1 Valid Hits A Valid Hit is one which is delivered to a Target Area with Lethal Character. Any attack that does not have Lethal Character will not score a Valid Hit and may be ignored as a “flesh wound”. Appropriate reaction to all hits at all times should be displayed. 3.6.2 Lethal Character Lethal character is defined as a blow being delivered with the cutting edge or point of a weapon in such a way as to give an impression of force without inflicting real damage.  Blows should be delivered with the cutting edge or point of the weapon unless it is to the back in which case the flat of the blade should be used.  The whole body/arm should be used to deliver the blow; a flick of the wrist alone is not acceptable. 3.6.3 Kills – the Two Hit Rule In order to score a Kill on an opponent, two Valid Hits with Lethal Character must be landed within a ten second window. After receiving the first Valid Hit the warrior;  will display appropriate hit reaction  lowers their shield and weapon, and must not defend against further attack.  start a silent, slow count to 10 whilst acting wounded.  may step backwards a few steps but no more.  may be pushed around by their comrades to move them further.  must not lie down, kneel or take any other action that might be misinterpreted as ‘dying’. If the warrior’s knee touches the ground after the first valid hit they are considered to be ‘dead’ and may not take part in any further combat. The second hit;  must be a separate Valid Hit to any Target Area.  need not be from the same opponent. If, at the end of the slow count of ten, no second Valid Hit has been received, the warrior may re-join the melee, fully healed. If the first hit is a clear kill (e.g. a big showy drag across the guts) then the defending warrior should not wait for the second blow but just roll over and ‘die’, especially if in full view of an audience. Attackers should always place a coup de grace on every opponent, even if the first Valid Hit is a spectacular cut across an unarmoured stomach, thus finishing off the opponent and stopping any later debate. However, in the cut and thrust of battle the second shot might be missed and it is expected that the victim would be honourable enough to take an excellent 1-shot death under those situations rather than miraculously healing themselves. In order to prolong the “scripted” phases of battles, warriors should hold back from delivering the second kill unless a blatant opening is left. Casualties during these “scripted” phases may be recycled. 3.6.4 Mutual Hits In the event that two opponents score a Valid Hit simultaneously, this is known as a ‘Mutual Hit’. Both warriors must take the hit and react in accordance with the rules above, unless one of the warriors is armoured in which case see below. 3.6.5 The Effect of Armour Whilst warriors are encouraged to wear armour appropriate to their character portrayal, the only benefit this provides in combat is that the armoured warrior will ‘win’ in the event of a Mutual Kill if their opponent is unarmoured. For the purposes of these rules, armour is classed as maille and and does not include padded armour or lamellar armour worn alone.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3.6.6 Inactive equipment Any equipment and clothing carried by a warrior that is not held in their hand (e.g. scabbards, quivers, slung shields) by the normal hand-grip are designated as inactive, and a Valid Hit to these items is treated as if the hit was to the part of the body covered by the item and the warrior should react appropriately. 3.6.7 The Berserker The Berserker is a warrior who makes a suicidal attack in a great rage. The berserker will;  attack anyone in their path, friend or foe.  not retreat.  not defend themselves from attack.  ignore the effect of being hit on the body, however, if clearly hit on the limb, should immediately lose the use of that limb.  continue to attack until killed. The berserker should to continue to attack until they have received around 10 good hits.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3.7 Target Areas There are different Target Areas on Infantry and Cavalry to avoid hitting horses which may react in an unexpected manner if struck. 3.7.1 Hit Locations on infantry Target Area A hit to any of these areas by the metal part of any weapon, the rubber blunt on an arrow or sling bullet is a Valid Hit. Valid Hit Locations for Cuts are: 2 Shoulders, Chest & Back 4 Abdomen & Buttocks 6 Upper leg Valid Hit Locations for Thrusts are: 2 Chest & Back (not Shoulders or Spine) 4 Abdomen & Buttocks Off Target Area Deliberate attacks to these areas are not permitted. A hit to this area should be reacted to, especially in the presence of an audience but will not count as a valid hit. Off target areas are: 3 Arms 5 Groin 7 Knees & Lower Leg Banned Area A hit to a banned area is not permitted. In the event of a blow being landed in a banned area, the offending warrior should give their opponent the opportunity to kill them (by committing a suicidal attack if necessary). Banned Areas are; 1 Head

Notes:  When striking to an opponent’s back, care should be taken to avoid the spinal area and the flat of the weapon used. If possible, such blows to the rear should be delivered to the buttocks.  The hooking of any part of a warrior by any weapon (e.g. axes) is forbidden. If a hooking situation occurs and the warrior is unable to immediately disengage, the weapon should be discarded.  The hooking of weapons is allowed, but care must be taken where the weapon will land if a disarm occurs.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3.7.2 Hit Locations on Cavalry In order to minimise the risk of injury to the horse, riders may only be struck above the waist. Any blow landing on the horse or below the riders waist is banned. Cavalry must not be targeted with missile weapons. Target Area A hit to any of these areas by the metal part of any weapon, is a Valid Hit. Valid Hit Locations for Cuts are: 3 Shoulders, Chest & Back Valid Hit Locations for Thrusts are: 3 Chest & Back (not Shoulders or Spine) Off Target Area Deliberate attacks to these areas are not permitted. A hit to this area should be reacted to, especially in the presence of an audience but will not count as a valid hit. Off target areas are: 2 Arms, Abdomen & Buttocks, Groin, legs

Banned Area A hit to a banned are is not permitted. In the event of a blow being landed in a banned area, the offending warrior should give their opponent the opportunity to kill them (by committing a suicidal attack if necessary). Banned Areas are; 1 Head and Horse

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

3.8 Injuries Re-enactment combat is a contact sport, and accidents will happen which will normally only result in minor cuts and bruises. Until demonstrated otherwise, the base assumption is that the warrior wielding the weapon that caused the injury is at fault and is expected to act accordingly. In the case of minor injuries that require no medical treatment, warriors are expected to resolve any problems between themselves. Only in cases where one or both parties are not satisfied with the outcome should they consult their group Combat Training High Thegn, an RTT or “The Vikings” Combat Training High Thegn. In the case of any injury requiring medical attention the warrior who caused the injury must report it to an RTT who will carry out an investigation. (see section 3.4) If a warrior does not report themselves as being responsible for causing an injury, which they can reasonably be expected to know that they have caused, and is later identified, disciplinary action will be taken. Any warrior not honest enough to report the injury they have caused or noble enough to accept the blame gracefully, will be banned from all combat except when training under the supervision of a RTT. This ban will last until they can be reassessed on the weapon with which they originally caused the injury. It must be stressed that the warrior is not being disciplined for causing an injury - any punitive action taken by the Thegns of “The Vikings” is as a result of the warrior’s behaviour after the injury was caused.

3.9 Cheating Combat is a matter of honour among warriors. Where combatants are suspected of cheating, a verbal warning should be issued first, followed by a written warning. If further action is required, this could be a combat ban.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

4 Training Regime The training regime adopted by “The Vikings” is layered, and more advanced disciplines are accessed via the successful completion of basic level training and assessment gateways. Below is a diagram which illustrates the progression of training and the relevant assessments;

Gate 1 Gate 2 Gate 3 Gate 4 Infantry Training Progression

Display Combat Recognised Basic Combat Specialist Combat Advanced Combat Training Thegn Formation Combat (Combat)

Specialist Display Advanced 2 Combat Weapons

Specialist Long Axe

Specialist Mace

Display Combat Specialist Specialist Short Spear Long Spear Great Spear Formation Combat

Missiles Training Progression

Basic Display Specialist Archery Javelin (Missile) (Optional)

Specialist Basic Archery Advanced Archery Archery

Basic Sling Recognised (Frostri) Training Thegn (Optional) (Archery)

Basic Sling

The sections which follow only provide an overview of what is to be taught at each level, see the “Training Guide” for more specific information;

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

Basic Training This syllabus covers the basics that every warrior must know before being put forward for their Basic assessments. The specific items to be covered are;  The Vikings combat rules.  Stance and Movement.  How to strike and parry with the weapon & shield with Control, Accuracy and Flair.  Delivering and receiving kills.  How to behave in different Combat scenarios; o Single Combat to include participation in a “Battle of Champions”. o Shield Wall Combat to include the full range of unit commands. o Melee Combat. o Skirmishing.  In each of the above combat scenarios, what to do when confronted with; o Long Axe and Spear class weapons. o Missile Weapons. o Berserker. o Cavalry.

4.1 Specialist Weapons and Advanced Training Specialist and advanced weapons will cover in addition to the above basic training the following techniques (as appropriate);  Specific rules relating to use of specialist weapon  Safe disposal of weapon and the taking up of a secondary weapon  Feints  Circular Parries  Parry – Riposte and Active Shield techniques  Side arm and secondary weapon techniques  Close Quarter fighting with Seax and Shield  Advanced techniques against Long Axe and Spear class weapons  Disarms  Hunting Groups  Fighting multiple opponents

Similar training regimes are used for the Missile and Cavalry disciplines.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5 Combat equipment

5.1 General Comments This section deals with all matters pertaining to the types of combat equipment permitted to be used in events hosted by “The Vikings”;  Equipment Safety Checks  Society Technical Specifications (STS)  Restrictions on use  Notes on construction and maintenance All equipment must comply with “The Vikings” Authenticity Regulations (SAR), Society Technical Specifications (STS) and Society Health and Safety Policy (SH&SP). “The Vikings” Armourer, Authenticity High Thegn and Combat Training High Thegn (or their deputies) may together inspect and review any weapon in use or newly available from a supplier. They will collectively determine whether the weapon may be used, and impose any restrictions on its use as they see fit. If any of these thegns object to the weapon for any reason, it may not be used. Any new type of weapon not currently in use must be reviewed and collectively approved in this manner. All equipment will be examined prior to each show/training session by “The Vikings” Combat Training High Thegn or their designated representative. (see 5.2.2) Visible equipment must conform to the Society Authenticity Regulations (SAR). Note on dimensions: In the descriptions that follow, dimensions are generally given in metric units with approximate imperial conversions where appropriate. Imperial dimensions are shown as (≈ x’ y”) representing x feet and y inches. Where there is a significant discrepancy found, the metric (m or mm) dimension will be used.

5.2 Equipment Safety Checks In order to ensure that the safety of everyone participating in our combat events, the warriors equipment should be checked as specified in this section; 5.2.1 When/How Often? Equipment should be checked;  Prior to the start of each training session  At muster for each battle It is also good practice for warriors to check their own equipment;  Prior to packing to go to the event  Prior to attending each muster  Prior to storing the equipment after the event 5.2.2 Who? Inspections are the responsibility of “The Vikings” Combat Training High Thegn or their designated representative. This responsibility devolves to the highest ranking member of the Combat/Battle Captain/Health & Safety Team as appropriate; RTTs, Hersir, Training Officers, Drengr. In practice this can be anyone, preferably of Drengr rank or higher. The important thing is that it is done, not who does it! 5.2.3 Sharps check Anyone entering the battlefield should be checked thoroughly for any sharp knives/implements on their person; any found must be removed and stored in a secure place.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.2.4 General Equipment Checks All equipment must be checked to ensure that it is safe for both the wielder and all other warriors. Any weapon which is considered unsafe (either in its construction or maintenance) must be returned to a secure storage area if an immediate and safe repair is not possible: Exemptions to this would be “Shatter Shields”. Every weapon and shield must conform to both the STS and SAR. Each warrior must have adequate mandatory safety equipment and every warrior must be qualified in the use of the equipment they take on to the field.  Warriors must have adequate mandatory safety equipment.  The warrior must be qualified in the use of the equipment.  Equipment must conform to STS and SAR.  Equipment must be of sound construction (unless it is designed to fail e.g. shatter shield). If any part of a piece of equipment looks likely to fail during use, the equipment must be immediately removed until repaired.  All wooden components must be free from o splits o splinters o rot  All metal components must be free from o rust o burrs o any sharp edges

5.3 Mandatory Protective Equipment Mandatory safety equipment must be worn at all times when taking part in any combat activity unless otherwise stated. 5.3.1 Head Protection Head protection must be worn by anyone entering the arena during combat displays at shows, or otherwise participating in any form of combat at “The Vikings” events. Any combatant under the age of 18 must be identified by a white band around their Head Protection. The minimum requirement for Head Protection is a steel helmet / hardened leather skull cap, or other non- authentic materials (e.g. bump cap shell) concealed within an authentic hat, hood or wimple. All protective headgear must confirm with SAR. Head Protection must be well secured to prevent loss during combat. 5.3.2 Gloves The minimum requirement for gloves is that they provide impact protection to the hands and the full length of the fingers. The minimum recommended padding is 6mm of hard leather or equivalent. It is the responsibility of the wearer to satisfy themselves that their gloves provide adequate protection, however any society armourer, training officer or Hersir may ban the use of a set of gloves if they cannot be convinced of their efficacy. If modern gloves are used, they must be disguised to conform to SAR. In particular, any obviously modern colours should be toned down so that they are unobtrusive (for example using boot polish). 5.3.3 Exemptions Those not taking part in any hand to hand combat on the battlefield need only wear Head Protection. This list includes but is not limited to;  Archers (display only)  Slingers  Water Carriers  Standard Bearers  Musicians If approached by a warrior in combat, these participants must flee and leave the battlefield.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.4 Optional Protective Equipment Warriors may wear any form of protective clothing they feel appropriate provided that it can be worn under their authentic kit without being obvious, or, if visible conforms to SAR. 5.4.1 Vambraces/Arm Guards The recommended minimum protection is two stiff leather vambraces which cover the wrist and forearm. Since there is little direct evidence for their use in our period, where practicable these should be kept out of sight and worn under the sleeves of a tunic. 5.4.2 Additional forms of protection Warriors may also like to consider the following additional forms of protection;  Groin protection (Cricket Box)  Breast Protection (Fencing Cups/body armour)  Knee and Elbow pads  Shin Guards  Spine Protection

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.5 The Shield Authentic shields were made from wood covered in leather or cloth with a steel boss to protect the wielders hand. Round shields were in use throughout our period. Kite shields came into use in the late eleventh century. Small round bucklers were used by some Welsh/Brythonic warriors. 5.5.1 Technical Specifications  The main body or disc of a shield will be made from wood and be no thinner than 8mm.  All shields will have a protective rim made from leather or rawhide to prevent the edge from splintering. It is expected that the rim will cover the entire circumference of the shield.  Metal rims are not permitted.  Round shields o The minimum radius of the shield disc will be no less than 125mm (≈ 5”). o The maximum radius of the shield disc will be no more than 75mm (≈ 3”) past the warriors elbow when held by the centre grip. o The rear of the disc should be marked to give the impression of horizontal planked construction. o The shield will have a central metal boss with a wood or metal handgrip behind.  Kite Shields o The rounded top of a kite shield should have a maximum radius no bigger than 75mm (≈ 3”) past the warriors elbow and hand. o The top of the shield should be around the warrior’s waist height when the point is resting on the floor. o The shield may have two vertical straps for the arm so that the arm is held horizontally over the belly when fighting, (sometimes with horizontal straps to form a rectangle), or two straps at a 45 degree angle, or straps forming an X. o Kite shields may have a small steel boss, even though the design made them redundant.  The Shield boss must be either a steel dome or rounded cone of sufficient strength that a determined blow will not collapse it onto the hand beneath. Bosses that are pointed or have extensions are not permitted.  The rivets securing the boss and grip to the shield must be properly finished and peened. Bent nails are not permitted.  The grip and cavity behind the boss should be of such a size and position that a gloved hand may fit comfortably.  All shields should be faced in fabric or leather and painted, using authentically-achievable colours and designs appropriate to the period.

5.5.2 Restrictions and Notes on use Except as part of a pre-scripted combat, the shield may not be used to attack an opponent.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.6 Knife (Seax)/Langseax The knife or seax comes in many forms, and covers everything from the general utility tool to the sword-like langseax. Everyone who is not a slave should be carrying a scabbarded knife from the belt. Langseaxes may be primary combat weapons for lower-status characters. 5.6.1 Technical Specifications  Blades must be made of steel that is hardened and tempered such that it is resistant to the formation of burrs.  Blades may not be hard edge welded.  Blade edges must be of semi-circular profile and have a minimum thickness of 2 mm.  Blade points must taper to a semi-circular arc of no less than 18mm (the diameter of 5p coin 1994 or later).  The blade of a seax may be no shorter than 150mm (≈ 6”).  A seax with a blade less than 355mm (≈ 14”) in length may taper to a semi-circular arc of no less than 10mm and is classed as a short seax.  A seax with a blade greater than 460mm (≈ 18”) in length is classed as a Hadseax.  A seax with a blade greater than 530mm (≈ 21”) in length is classed as a Langseax.  Nobody should be using a seax with a blade length between 355mm (≈ 14”) and 460mm (≈ 18”).

5.6.2 Restrictions and Notes on use  Basic Combat Assessment is required.  May be used to make both cuts and thrusts.  A short Seax may be used; o in the off-hand as a defensive weapon in conjunction with a primary side arm by warriors who have passed the Advanced Combat Assessment. o in the back hand with a Long Spear (NOT with a Great Spear) but it requires the thumb and the first three fingers to touch when holding the spear and seax together.  The short seax is not classed as a primary side arm and therefore may not be used to take the Basic Combat assessment, and may not be the only weapon carried onto the field by a warrior.  The Hadseax is restricted to use by C11th Norman characters only.  The seax may not be used in the overhand “ice-pick” style.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.7 Sword The sword is a status weapon and should only be used by higher status warriors whose costume is appropriate. In addition, the style of blade and fittings should be consistent with the period the warrior represents. 5.7.1 Technical Specifications  Blades must be made of steel that is hardened and tempered such that it is resistant to the formation of burrs.  Blades may not be hard edge welded.  Blade edges must be of semi-circular profile and have a minimum thickness of 2 mm.  Blade points must taper to a semi-circular arc of no less than 18mm (the diameter of 5p coin 1994 or later).  The Society authenticity guidelines provide information on preferred styles of blade and fittings.

5.7.2 Restrictions and Notes on use  Basic Combat Assessment is required.  May be used to make both cuts and thrusts.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.8 Hand Axe The wood axe is a ubiquitous implement in the Viking period, readily available to everyone. It is an appropriate choice of weapon for lower-status combatants, especially Vikings. As these are relatively cheap, are balanced to encourage muscle development in beginners and fit well with basic costume across the entire period; it is a very good starting weapon for new members. 5.8.1 Technical Specifications  Blades may be made from mild steel.  Blades may be hard edge welded.  Blades may be case hardened.  Blade edges must be of semi-circular profile and have a minimum thickness of 3 mm.  Blade points/corners must be of a diameter of no less than 18mm (the diameter of 5p coin 1994 or later).  Head may be top or bottom hafted.  The Society authenticity guidelines provide information on the shapes of axe head used in different periods and regions.  The top third of the shaft below the head may be wrapped in leather/rawhide to prevent damage to the wood. Any such wrapping should be in the form of a stitched sheath.  In the event of any damage to the stop or shaft, or the head coming loose, the weapon must be immediately retired from use until it is repaired and made safe.

5.8.2 Restrictions and Notes on use  Basic Combat Assessment is required.  May be used to make cuts.  Thrusts may be made to the body only.  No hooking of the opponent’s body is permitted. If the axe does get caught on a limb or in clothing, the wielder should let go of the weapon to avoid causing an injury.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.9 Spear (Short, Long & Great) The spear is a common implement in the period we portray and would be readily available to everyone and all combatants are strongly encouraged to be trained to use and carry a spear. 5.9.1 Technical Specifications  Spear heads must be of a socketed construction.  Blades may be made from mild steel.  Blades may be hard edge welded.  Blade edges must be of semi-circular profile and have a minimum thickness of 2 mm.  Blade points with a thickness of 3 mm up to 4.76 mm must taper to a semi-circular arc of no less than 24.5 mm.  Blade points with a thickness of 4.76 mm or greater must taper to a semi-circular arc of no less than 22.5 mm.  Spear Length o A short spear has an overall length of up to 1.7m (≈ 5’ 6”). o A long spear has an overall length of between 1.7m and 2.3m (≈ 7’ 6”). o A great spear has an overall length of between 2.6m (≈ 8’ 6”) and a maximum of 3m (≈ 10’), or, the length at which the spearman can touch the rivet securing the head when standing alongside the spear, whichever is the shorter.  The maximum length of a spear head is 610 mm (≈ 2’), and must be secured by a nail/rivet.  The head of a great spear may not have wings.  The diameter of the shaft of a great spear must be between 25mm and 32mm (1” and 1.25”).  The top third of the shaft below the head may be wrapped in leather/rawhide to prevent damage to the wood. Any such wrapping should be in the form of a stitched sheath.  In the event of any damage to the shaft, or the head coming loose, the weapon must be immediately retired from use until it is repaired and made safe.

5.9.2 Restrictions and Notes on use  Short Spear Assessment is required to use the Short Spear.  Short Spear may not be used in conjunction with any other weapon.  Specialist Spear Assessment is required to be able to use any spear two handed.  Specialist Spear Assessment is required to use the Long Spear either one or two handed.  When using a spear two handed, the hands must be at least shoulder width apart.  Spears used one handed must be gripped between a third and two-thirds of the distance from the head to the butt, with the norm being around half way.  All spears may thrust to the body.  Winged spears may not be used to thrust past the thigh and draw back.  When using a Long Spear, a short seax may be used in the back hand provided that the thumb and first three fingers are able to touch when holding the spear and seax together.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.9.3 Restrictions and Notes on use - Great Spear  Great Spear Assessment is required to use the Great Spear.  Great Spear may only be used two handed.  Great Spear may not be used in conjunction with any other weapon.  Target Area for Great Spear o Thrusts are allowed to the abdomen and torso below the level of the target’s armpit o Slashes are allowed to the thigh above the knee up to the torso below the level of the target’s armpit

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.10 Mace The mace is a crushing weapon. During our period Norman commanders are depicted with what may be a club or heavy flanged mace. Small metal maces on a long shaft were widely used in Slav lands, probably as a cheap cavalry weapon. Warriors may only use a mace where the Society authenticity guidelines permit. 5.10.1 Technical Specifications  Heads may be made from mild steel.  The top third of the shaft below the head may be wrapped in leather/rawhide to prevent damage to the wood. Any such wrapping should be in the form of a stitched sheath.

5.10.2 Restrictions and Notes on use  Mace Assessment required to use mace.  Mace may only be used in scripted display combat and then may only be used to strike a glancing blow to the shield.  At no time may a mace be used to strike a warrior.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.11 Long Axe The ultimate weapon on the 11th century battlefield, beloved of the English Huscarl. 5.11.1 Technical Specifications  Blades may be made from mild steel.  Blades may be hard edge welded.  Blades may be case hardened.  Blade edges must be of semi-circular profile and have a minimum thickness of 3 mm.  Blade points/corners must be of a diameter of no less than 18mm (the diameter of 5p coin 1994 or later).  The maximum length of the weapon from Stop to Butt must be of such a length that the stop rests comfortably under the wielders chin with the butt touching the floor or, 1.7m (≈ 5’ 6”), whichever is the greater.  The head must be fitted from the Butt end.  The top third of the shaft below the head may be wrapped in leather/rawhide to prevent damage to the wood. Any such wrapping should be in the form of a stitched sheath.  In the event of any damage to the stop or shaft, or the head coming loose, the weapon must be immediately retired from use until it is repaired and made safe.

5.11.2 Restrictions and Notes on use  Long Axe Assessment is required.  May be used for cutting and thrusting.  May not be used for hooking limbs. If a limb is hooked and the warrior cannot immediately disengage, the axe must be discarded.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.12 Javelin Predominantly a missile weapon that may also be used as a short spear in melee. 5.12.1 Technical Specifications  Heads must be of tanged construction.  Maximum overall length of up to 1.4m (≈ 4’6”).  Heads may be: o made from mild steel. o hard edge welded.  Blade edges must be of semi-circular or bulbous profile and have a minimum thickness of 3 mm.  A blade point thickness of 3 mm up to 4.76 mm must taper to a semi-circular arc of no less than 24.5 mm.  Any blade point thickness of 4.76 mm or greater must taper to a semi-circular arc of no less than 22.5 mm.  It is recommended that the top of the shaft immediately below the head be wrapped in leather/rawhide to prevent the wooden socket splitting.  In the event of any damage to the shaft, or the head coming loose, the weapon must be immediately retired from use until it is repaired and made safe.

5.12.2 Restrictions and Notes on use  Javelin Assessment is required.  Missile use: o Eye contact must be made and acknowledgement to receive from target prior to throwing. o Target recipients shield only. o must not be thrown if the audience are close to the target or if there are bodies lying in the beaten zone. o May not be used against cavalry.  Melee use: o May be used as a short spear by any warrior who has passed Short Spear Assessment.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.13 Bow and Arrow 5.13.1 Technical Specifications - Bow  The maximum draw weight of the bow will be 35lbs @ 28” (711mm)  Bows should be made from a single stave of native northern European wood.  Bows should be of “D” cross section.

5.13.2 Technical Specifications – Combat Arrows  The arrow shafts must be: o Wooden. o Marked both top and bottom to identify the owner.  The arrow flights must: o Not be trimmed or shaped. o Have a total length exceeding 460mm (≈ 18”). o be bound onto the shaft for their entire length.  The nock must either be horn or cut directly into the shaft.  The blunts: o Must be approved rubber blunts. o Must never be fitted over a sharp point.

5.13.3 Restrictions and Notes on use  Basic Archery or Display Archery Assessment is required.  May not be used against cavalry.  Arrows must be regularly oiled to prevent shattering on impact.  Sharp and blunt arrows must not be put into the same quiver.  Recurve bows may be permitted for Eastern, Byzantine and Saracen warriors only.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.14 Crossbow and Bolts This weapon is restricted to use at later period events only. (i.e. later eleventh century and beyond). 5.14.1 Technical Specifications – Crossbow  The maximum draw weight of the crossbow is 35lbs.  The prod must be made of wood.

5.14.2 Technical Specifications – Combat Bolts  The bolt shafts must be: o Wooden. o Marked both top and bottom to identify the owner.  The bolt flights must: o Not be trimmed or shaped. o Be bound onto the shaft for their entire length. o Have 2 flights  The nock must either be horn or cut directly into the shaft.  The blunts: o Must be approved rubber blunts. o Must never be fitted over a sharp point.

5.14.3 Restrictions and Notes on use  Basic Archery or Display Archery Assessment is required.  May not be used against cavalry.  Bolts must be regularly oiled to prevent shattering on impact.  Sharp and blunt bolts must not be put into the same quiver.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

5.15 Sling This is a low class weapon and would not normally be used by warriors. Slingers should either be very low status, or else those too young to fight as warriors. 5.15.1 Technical Specifications - Sling

5.15.2 Technical Specifications – Bullets  2oz Maximum.  these must be made of a soft but firm substance that is weighty enough to allow the sling to develop enough momentum to achieve a range of 30 metres. Potatoes baked until their centre is soft are recommended. No shot or bullet may exceed 2 ounces weight. 5.15.3 Restrictions and Notes on use  Sling Assessment required to use.  May not be used against cavalry.  The sling itself may not be used to strike another warrior.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

6 Glossary of Terms Annoy the continual attack of an opponent to keep them tactically off balance. Arena the area in which public performance takes place. Arrow the missile shot from a bow. Attack offensive action against an opponent with the intention of making a valid hit. Battle drills actions carried out by units of warriors during battle with the intention of gaining an advantage over their enemies. Battlefield the area where a battle takes place. Battlefield awareness the warriors understanding of the changing threats and opportunities on the battlefield. Beat the parrying of an opponent’s weapon and then pushing it away. Beaten zone the area in which missiles fall on or around their target. Berserker a warrior whom in a great (narcotic fuelled) rage, howls like a wild animal, bites the edge of their shields, and cuts down everything they meet without discriminating between friend or foe. They are reportedly immune to fire and iron and thus take a lot of killing. Block and counter a parry and riposte. Bolt the missile shot from a crossbow. Broken time the deceiving of an opponent of the attacker’s intention by momentarily slowing or stopping of an attack before continuing with the attack in the same line. Bullet the missile shot from a sling. (Also known as shot.) Clear and strike the moving aside of an opponent’s shield with a weapon followed by an attack to the target area. Circular parry the blocking of an opponent’s attack by the defender placing their weapon in the path of their attacker’s weapon and then forcing the weapon away in a circular motion. Cold draw the pulling and releasing of a bow string without an arrow being fitted. Combat Zone the arena or training area. Control the ability to make a hit without causing damage to your opponent, their equipment or your weapon: the ability to stop the motion of a weapon when necessary. Counter attack an immediate attack into an opponent’s attack. Cross over step the act moving of one foot past the other and thus crossing the legs whilst moving between stances. See Shuffle Step Cut an attack with the edge of a weapon. Cutting weapon a weapon used primarily for cutting e.g. swords, knives, hand axes and long axes. Direct attack an attack on an opponent without changing the position (or line) of the weapon. Direct riposte the immediate attack on an opponent in the same line after successfully parrying an attack. Disarm the taking of, or rendering useless of, an opponent’s weapon immediately after a successful parry. Dodge the avoidance of a hit by moving inside or beyond the reach of an opponent’s weapon. Draw weight the amount of power needed to pull a bow string back to a given distance.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

Drawing back the movement of a thrusting weapon after it has been laid on the target area to make a valid hit. Eights the eight basic attacks, consisting of cuts directed to the head, right shoulder, left shoulder, right waist, left waist, right thigh and left thigh plus a thrust to the stomach. En garde the default position of the warrior’s weapon(s) and shield when in the stance and ready to receive an attack. Eye contact ensuring that the warrior who is about to receive a javelin is ready to do so. Felagi Comrade/Companion - the warrior on either side of a third in a unit whose job it is to defend that warrior. Feint the deceiving of an opponent as to the point of attack. Fighting Distance The distance a warrior needs to be from their opponent to land a valid hit without stepping or the need for leaning. Fighting Line An invisible line joining two warriors directly to each other along which most fighting is done. Flat Shot a low angle missile shot launched directly at an opponent. Florentine an advanced style of fighting in which the warrior uses 2 primary side arms, typically a sword and hand axe or two hand axes. Footwork the movement and positioning of the warrior’s feet. Free style combat combat with no predetermined (scripted) outcome. H&S Health & Safety. Hand held weapons weapons designed to hit an enemy while being held in the warrior’s hands. E.g. Swords, knives, hand axes, long axes and spears. Head snap a quick glance to the left and right for the purpose of maintaining battlefield awareness. High angle the path of a missile launched at an angle of greater than 45o to the ground. Hit the striking of an opponent on any part of the body. Hit reaction the response to any hit to indicate that the warrior has received a wound or kill. Hooking the act of passing the head of an axe or wings of a spear behind an object and pulling against it. Inactive Equipment items on a warriors person that are not currently in use in their hand. E.g. Scabbards, slung shields, quivers. Indirect attack an attack made on an opponent where the position (or line) of the weapon is changed as the attack is made. Indirect riposte the immediate attack on an opponent where the position (or line) of the weapon is changed as the attack is made after successfully parrying an attack. Kill the effect of a valid hit. Laid on the placing of a thrusting weapon on the target area prior to drawing back for a valid hit. Lethal character an attack delivered in such a way as to give the impression that the warrior receiving the blow has suffered a hit that would inflict a death wound. Line of attack the path the weapon takes when making an attack. Lob Shot a missile shot launched at a high angle at an opponent. Low angle the path of a missile launched at an angle of less than 45o to the ground. Melee hand to hand combat between two opposing groups of warriors. Missile objects which is launched at the enemy during ranged combat. E.g. arrow, shot, bullet or javelin.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

Missile weapons weapons designed for ranged combat to hit an enemy at a distance exceeding the reach of the warrior when holding a hand held weapon. E.g. Bows, javelins and slings. Mutual Hit when two opponents score simultaneous Valid Hits on each other. Off hand weapon when using two weapons the weapon held in the hand the warrior would normally hold their shield. Off target area that part of the body towards which it is not permitted to direct a hit and which if struck does not score a valid hit. Opponent the enemy warrior. Parry the blocking of an attack by placing a weapon or shield in the path of the attacking weapon. Phased combat combat by a group of warriors who do not all attack at once but by a series of attacks in “phases”. Point of Attack the intended target area that a weapon will strike on an opponent. Pole arm weapons designed to be used in two hands. E.G. Spears and long axes. Primary side arm swords, langseaxes and hand axes used in one hand are primary side arms. Ranged combat combat with missile weapons that exceeds the range of hand held weapons. Reach the range at which a weapon may strike an opponent without the attacker having to break their stance or lean forward. Receiving the actions carried out by a warrior when having missiles shot at them. Riposte the immediate attack on an opponent after successfully parrying an attack. SAR Society Authenticity Regulations Scripted combat combat which has a predetermined (scripted) outcome. Secondary side arm a knife used either with a primary side arm, or instead of it. Shot the missile shot from a sling. (also known as a bullet.) Shuffle step the act moving between stances leading with the foot closest to the destination without crossing the legs whilst moving. See Cross over Step. Sidearm any weapon a warrior can hang from a belt or baldric. Skirmisher a warrior who fights in a loose formation with the intention of harassing the enemy during their deployment, or between attacks by the main force, with missile weapons or by rushing in and striking them once or twice with hand held weapons before withdrawing. Society Event any training session or show that is organised and run in accordance with “The Vikings” rules. Stance the position of a warrior’s body during combat. STS Society Technical Specifications Sweep the taking of the opponent’s weapon by stepping back from an attack and passing your weapon over the attacker’s to force their weapon to travel further along its line of attack than they intended. Target the object of ranged combat. Target area that part of the body which if hit by a weapon will score a valid hit and therefore a kill. Telegraph the clear indication, by the attacker, of where an attack is intended to hit. Thrust an attack with the point of a weapon. Thrust past an attack with a thrusting weapon that goes past the target area and is then laid on and drawn back to make a valid hit. Thrusting weapons weapons used primarily for thrusting. E.g. spears and javelins.

Combat Training Thegn’s Handbook Combat System and Rules Edition 8-2

Training the instruction or practice of combat techniques. Training area any place that is set aside (temporarily or permanently) for training. Valid Hit the striking of an opponent with a weapon to the target area resulting in a kill or wound as part of the 2 Hit Rule. Volley the loosing of missiles, by two or more missile armed warriors by command. Warrior an adult who takes part in combat.