DOCSLIB.ORG

Old English Ecologies: Environmental Readings of Anglo-Saxon Texts and Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Old English Ecologies: Environmental Readings of Anglo-Saxon Texts and Culture Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-2013 Old English Ecologies: Environmental Readings of Anglo-Saxon Texts and Culture Ilse Schweitzer VanDonkelaar Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Recommended Citation VanDonkelaar, Ilse Schweitzer, "Old English Ecologies: Environmental Readings of Anglo-Saxon Texts and Culture" (2013). Dissertations. 216. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/216 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OLD ENGLISH ECOLOGIES: ENVIRONMENTAL READINGS OF ANGLO-SAXON TEXTS AND CULTURE by Ilse Schweitzer VanDonkelaar A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Western Michigan University December 2013 Doctoral Committee: Jana K. Schulman, Ph.D., Chair Eve Salisbury, Ph.D. Richard Utz, Ph.D. Sarah Hill, Ph.D. OLD ENGLISH ECOLOGIES: ENVIRONMENTAL READINGS OF ANGLO-SAXON TEXTS AND CULTURE Ilse Schweitzer VanDonkelaar, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2013 Conventionally, scholars have viewed representations of the natural world in Anglo-Saxon (Old English) literature as peripheral, static, or largely symbolic: a “backdrop” before which the events of human and divine history unfold. In “Old English Ecologies,” I apply the relatively new critical perspectives of ecocriticism and place- based study to the Anglo-Saxon canon to reveal the depth and changeability in these literary landscapes. Overall, this interdisciplinary study of Anglo-Saxon texts brings together literary and environmental sources and modes of inquiry to explore the place of humans (and non-humans) within the natural environments of Anglo-Saxon England, as well as the ways in which natural cycles and processes are reflected in Anglo-Saxon literature and culture. Looking to Old English scriptural, hagiographical, epic, gnomic, and elegiac poetry, as well as homilies, prayers, and philosophical and didactic works, I locate imagined or figurative landscapes in these texts. Employing ecocritical theory, I find intersections between these figurative spaces—the mead-hall, the conventional “center” of human society in the Anglo-Saxon world, as well as the lonely worlds of exile (water, wood, and wilderness), and the grave, the earthly body’s final “home”—and their actual counterparts. Ultimately, the project confronts the conventional reading of the Anglo-Saxon worldview of earth’s impending and inevitable decay with evidence that cyclical and seasonal views of time pervade the works of the period. By juxtaposing my ecological readings with archaeological reports and landscape histories, I am able to expose the paradoxes of finding one’s literary, actual, and ecological place(s) in an Anglo-Saxon landscape that is always in flux, yet trapped in stasis. © 2013 Ilse Schweitzer VanDonkelaar ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, many thanks to my excellent committee: Dr. Jana Schulman, Dr. Eve Salisbury, Dr. Richard Utz, and Dr. Sarah Hill, for agreeing to see me through to the end of this project, for their support, and for their insightful commentary. I am especially grateful to Eve, for her thoughtful feedback throughout my writing process, and to Jana, for reading through what felt like a thousand chapter drafts and for helping me to write the dissertation I wanted to write. Second, I am extremely grateful to the WMU Department of English and to the WMU Graduate College for finding and providing assistantships and financial support for me beyond what I deserved. To my friends and colleagues who provided support of another kind — thanks to Dr. Karen Vocke, Chris Triezenberg, Theresa Whitaker, Dr. Lisa Horton, Greg Laing, Adrienne Redding, and Jamie McCandless for emotional support and for applying peer pressure in the form of dissertation writing groups. Finally, more thanks than I can express to my family, Joan Wiley Schweitzer, Robert Schweitzer, and Eden Schweitzer, who encouraged me to finish. And, of course, to my husband, Dr. Curtis VanDonkelaar, who kept me (relatively) sane through this process and who keeps reminding me, “see... I told you could do it.” Ilse Schweitzer VanDonkelaar ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................ii LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: AN ARGUMENT FOR ECO-ANGLO-SAXONISM............1 Background and Methodology...........................................................................3 Definitions........................................................................................................13 Chapter Summaries..........................................................................................16 II. NO PLACE LIKE HOME.....................................................................................23 Cosmic Hall, Communal Home.......................................................................24 Limitations of Mixed Literary and Archaeological Studies............................31 A Guest is in the Hall.......................................................................................33 Hall and Home, Farm and Field.......................................................................38 Verbal Transformations in Agricultural Literature..........................................47 Entertainment, Edification, Exchange, Escape?..............................................59 III. THE ORDER OF THINGS...................................................................................78 Ordering the World..........................................................................................80 Everything in its Place.....................................................................................85 Poetic Architecture...........................................................................................93 Slipping Out of Place.....................................................................................102 Moving Through Time...................................................................................115 iii Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Orderly Performance......................................................................................120 There and Back Again...................................................................................124 IV. THE PATHS OF EXILE.....................................................................................127 Exile as Universal..........................................................................................129 The Poetry of Exile........................................................................................133 I Wonder as I Wander....................................................................................137 The Song of Myself.......................................................................................148 Ofer hwæles eþel: the Whale’s Home, the Human’s Home..........................156 Paths Without End.........................................................................................170 V. INTO THE WILD................................................................................................174 Guthlac’s Westen...........................................................................................182 A Wilderness of Wanderers..........................................................................190 “A Hideous Fen of a Huge Bigness”.............................................................196 Centering the Margins....................................................................................205 Wilderness and Exile.....................................................................................209 VI. FINAL DESTINATIONS....................................................................................218 Bodily Breakdown.........................................................................................221 Houses of Bone..............................................................................................235 The Homely Grave.........................................................................................239 What Remains................................................................................................249 Linear and Cyclical Time...............................................................................261 iv Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Enigmatic Creation........................................................................................267 Circling Back.................................................................................................276 VII. CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................... ......278 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................285 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Guthlac and Tatwine travel by boat. From Harleian Guthlac Roll Y.6. ...................216 2. Guthlac and Pega. From Harleian
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Examination of the Role of Wealhtheow in Beowulf
    Merge Volume 1 Article 2 2017 The Pagan and the Christian Queen: An Examination of the Role of Wealhtheow in Beowulf Tera Pate Follow this and additional works at: https://athenacommons.muw.edu/merge Part of the Other Classics Commons Recommended Citation Pate, Tara. "The Pagan and the Christian Queen: An Examination of the Role of Wealhtheow in Beowulf." Merge, vol. 1, 2017, pp. 1-17. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ATHENA COMMONS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Merge by an authorized editor of ATHENA COMMONS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Merge: The W’s Undergraduate Research Journal Image Source: “Converged” by Phil Whitehouse is licensed under CC BY 2.0 Volume 1 Spring 2017 Merge: The W’s Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 1 Spring, 2017 Managing Editor: Maddy Norgard Editors: Colin Damms Cassidy DeGreen Gabrielle Lestrade Faculty Advisor: Dr. Kim Whitehead Faculty Referees: Dr. Lisa Bailey Dr. April Coleman Dr. Nora Corrigan Dr. Jeffrey Courtright Dr. Sacha Dawkins Dr. Randell Foxworth Dr. Amber Handy Dr. Ghanshyam Heda Dr. Andrew Luccassan Dr. Bridget Pieschel Dr. Barry Smith Mr. Alex Stelioes – Wills Pate 1 Tera Katherine Pate The Pagan and the Christian Queen: An Examination of the Role of Wealhtheow in Beowulf Old English literature is the product of a country in religious flux. Beowulf and its women are creations of this religiously transformative time, and juxtapositions of this work’s women with the women of more Pagan and, alternatively, more Christian works reveals exactly how the roles of women were transforming alongside the shifting of religious belief.
    [Show full text]
  • TERMS for ​BEOWULF Wyrd
    TERMS FOR BEOWULF ​ Wyrd: a concept in Anglo­Saxon culture roughly corresponding to fate or an individual’s destiny ​ (derived from weorþan, which means “to become.” ​ ​ Comitatus: The bond / contract between the Chieftan/Lord and his vassals. The Lord’s vassals ​ are a band of loyal/noble followers; men who have sworn to defend the Chieftan with their lives in exchange for protection, victory, and spoils. TRADITIONALLY, in this relationship, the vassals promise at least 40 days of military service, money for the Lord’s eldest daughter’s dowry, money if the Lord’s eldest son is knighted, money if the lord goes on a crusade, money for the Lord’s ransom if he is captured, advice if asked. Symbel – a rite of Anglo­Saxon paganism – sometimes referred to as a “drinking rite.” It is a ​ symbolic ritualistic celebration. During this celebration, attendees are seated by order/rank of importance. The ritual begins with a FORESPEECH in which the host welcomes his guests and provides context/reason for the gathering. It is followed by the POURING, which is when the Lady of the house pours mead to the men – in order of rank. She starts by pouring mead into the horn. This act represents the idea of “watering the world tree” and bringing the past to the present. Once the POURING is complete, the FULLS commences. The FULLS is a series of boasts about the three most important gods to the situation at hand. The FULLS is followed by the MINNI, which is a toast to dead ancestors. Next comes the GIFT­GIVING when the host presents important/worthy attendees with gifts to recognize them.
    [Show full text]
  • The English Language
    The English Language Version 5.0 Eala ðu lareow, tæce me sum ðing. [Aelfric, Grammar] Prof. Dr. Russell Block University of Applied Sciences - München Department 13 – General Studies Winter Semester 2008 © 2008 by Russell Block Um eine gute Note in der Klausur zu erzielen genügt es nicht, dieses Skript zu lesen. Sie müssen auch die “Show” sehen! Dieses Skript ist der Entwurf eines Buches: The English Language – A Guide for Inquisitive Students. Nur der Stoff, der in der Vorlesung behandelt wird, ist prüfungsrelevant. Unit 1: Language as a system ................................................8 1 Introduction ...................................... ...................8 2 A simple example of structure ..................... ......................8 Unit 2: The English sound system ...........................................10 3 Introduction..................................... ...................10 4 Standard dialects ................................ ....................10 5 The major differences between German and English . ......................10 5.1 The consonants ................................. ..............10 5.2 Overview of the English consonants . ..................10 5.3 Tense vs. lax .................................. ...............11 5.4 The final devoicing rule ....................... .................12 5.5 The “th”-sounds ................................ ..............12 5.6 The “sh”-sound .................................. ............. 12 5.7 The voiced sounds / Z/ and / dZ / ...................................12 5.8 The
    [Show full text]
  • Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a Gastrointestinal Disease Characterized by Acute Or Chronic Diarrhea, Is Caused by Protozoan Parasites in the Genus Giardia
    Giardiasis Importance Giardiasis, a gastrointestinal disease characterized by acute or chronic diarrhea, is caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Giardia. Giardia duodenalis is the major Giardia Enteritis, species found in mammals, and the only species known to cause illness in humans. This Lambliasis, organism is carried in the intestinal tract of many animals and people, with clinical signs Beaver Fever developing in some individuals, but many others remaining asymptomatic. In addition to diarrhea, the presence of G. duodenalis can result in malabsorption; some studies have implicated this organism in decreased growth in some infected children and Last Updated: December 2012 possibly decreased productivity in young livestock. Outbreaks are occasionally reported in people, as the result of mass exposure to contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals (e.g., in child care centers). People are considered to be the most important reservoir hosts for human giardiasis. The predominant genetic types of G. duodenalis usually differ in humans and domesticated animals (livestock and pets), and zoonotic transmission is currently thought to be of minor significance in causing human illness. Nevertheless, there is evidence that certain isolates may sometimes be shared, and some genetic types of G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B) should be considered potentially zoonotic. Etiology The protozoan genus Giardia (Family Giardiidae, order Giardiida) contains at least six species that infect animals and/or humans. In most mammals, giardiasis is caused by Giardia duodenalis, which is also called G. intestinalis. Both names are in current use, although the validity of the name G. intestinalis depends on the interpretation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Religious Ritual: Migration and Adaptation in Early Medieval Britain
    Dynamics of Religious Ritual: Migration and Adaptation in Early Medieval Britain A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Brooke Elizabeth Creager IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Peter S. Wells August 2019 Brooke Elizabeth Creager 2019 © For my Mom, I could never have done this without you. And for my Grandfather, thank you for showing me the world and never letting me doubt I can do anything. Thank you. i Abstract: How do migrations impact religious practice? In early Anglo-Saxon England, the practice of post-Roman Christianity adapted after the Anglo-Saxon migration. The contemporary texts all agree that Christianity continued to be practiced into the fifth and sixth centuries but the archaeological record reflects a predominantly Anglo-Saxon culture. My research compiles the evidence for post-Roman Christian practice on the east coast of England from cemeteries and Roman churches to determine the extent of religious change after the migration. Using the case study of post-Roman religion, the themes religion, migration, and the role of the individual are used to determine how a minority religion is practiced during periods of change within a new culturally dominant society. ii Table of Contents Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………...ii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………iv Preface …………………………………………………………………………………….1 I. Religion 1. Archaeological Theory of Religion ...………………………………………………...3 II. Migration 2. Migration Theory and the Anglo-Saxon Migration ...……………………………….42 3. Continental Ritual Practice before the Migration, 100 BC – AD 400 ………………91 III. Southeastern England, before, during and after the Migration 4. Contemporary Accounts of Religion in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries……………..116 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Author's Accepted Manuscript AQY-RE-18-124 Accepted 6/12/18
    Author’s Accepted Manuscript AQY-RE-18-124 Accepted 6/12/18 to appear in Antiquity and subject to further type/proofing edits. Please cite final version. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Cambridge University Press Memories of Migration? So-called “Anglo-Saxon” Burial Costume of the Fifth Century AD James M. Harland. DFG-Kolleg-Forschergruppe, “Migration and Mobility in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages,” Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Keplerstraße 2, 72074 Tübingen, Germany. [email protected]. Abstract It is often alleged that wearers of the burial kit which began to appear in lowland Britain in the fifth century AD began to construct new forms of ethnic community by doing so. This article considers the empirical basis for this assertion, and assesses it in light of approaches to ethnic constructivism proposed by Rogers Brubaker (2004) and Andreas Wimmer (2013). The article finds the basis for such assertions lacking, and appeals for the development of new interpretative approaches to the study of early medieval mortuary archaeology in Britain. Introduction Ethnic identity is a situational construct which fashions communities through real and fictive stories and memories. Studies of early Anglo-Saxon burial archaeology have long recognized this, and scepticism of the putatively “Germanic” culture of graves in England can be found as early as Hills (1979). Early doubts, however, largely depended upon the absence of empirical evidence rather than querying of the categories proposed, and most works pre-2000 simply took a constructivist approach to culture historical interpretation (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Leeds Studies in English
    Leeds Studies in English New Series XLII © Leeds Studies in English 2012 School of English University of Leeds Leeds, England ISSN 0075-8566 Leeds Studies in English New Series XLII 2011 Edited by Alaric Hall Editorial assistants Helen Price and Victoria Cooper Leeds Studies in English <www.leeds.ac.uk/lse> School of English University of Leeds 2011 Leeds Studies in English <www.leeds.ac.uk/lse> Leeds Studies in English is an international, refereed journal based in the School of English, University of Leeds. Leeds Studies in English publishes articles on Old and Middle English literature, Old Icelandic language and literature, and the historical study of the English language. After a two-year embargo, past copies are made available, free access; they can be accessed via <http://www.leeds.ac.uk/lse>. Editorial Board: Catherine Batt, Chair Marta Cobb Victoria Cooper, Editorial Assistant Alaric Hall, Editor Paul Hammond Cathy Hume, Reviews Editor Ananya Jahanara Kabir Oliver Pickering Helen Price, Editorial Assistant Notes for Contributors Contributors are requested to follow the MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses, 2nd edn (London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 2008), available at <http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/download.shtml>. Where possible, contributors are encouraged to include the digital object identifiers or, where a complete free access text is available, stable URLs of materials cited (see Style Guide §11.2.10.1). The language of publication is English and translations should normally be supplied for quotations in languages other than English. Each contributor will receive a free copy of the journal, and a PDF of their article for distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Nematodes of Birds of Armenia
    Annals of Parasitology 2020, 66(4), 447–455 Copyright© 2020 Polish Parasitological Society doi: 10.17420/ap6604.285 Review article Nematodes of birds of Armenia Sergey O. MOVSESYAN1,2, Egor A. VLASOV3, Manya A. NIKOGHOSIAN2, Rosa A. PETROSIAN2, Mamikon G. GHASABYAN2,4, Dmitry N. KUZNETSOV1,5 1Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow 119071, Russia 2Institute of Zoology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology NAS RA, P. Sevak 7, Yerevan 0014, Armenia 3V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozem State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Zapovednyi, Kursk district, Kursk region, 305528, Russia 4Armenian Society for the Protection of Birds (ASPB), G. Njdeh, 27/2, apt.10, Yerevan 0026, Armenia 5All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants - a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya str., 28, Moscow 117218, Russia Corresponding Author: Dmitry N. KUZNETSOV; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The review provides data on species composition of nematodes in 50 species of birds from Armenia (South of Lesser Caucasus). Most of the studied birds belong to Passeriformes and Charadriiformes orders. One of the studied species of birds (Larus armenicus) is an endemic. The taxonomy and host-specificity of nematodes reported in original papers are discussed with a regard to current knowledge about this point. In total, 52 nematode species parasitizing birds in Armenia are reported. Most of the reported species of nematodes are quite common in birds outside of Armenia. One species (Desmidocercella incognita from great cormorant) was first identified in Armenia.
    [Show full text]
  • Saxon Warrior 2019.Qxp Page 7/5/19 2:13 Pm Page 256
    Saxon Warrior_2019.qxp_Page 7/5/19 2:13 pm Page 256 Saxon Warrior (JPN) Bay 2015 16.1 hh GENTILDONNA (Bertolini; Lyphard's Special). Horse of VIVLOS (Machiavellian; Nureyev). Champion Older Mare Race Record the Year in Japan in 2012 & 2014. Leading 3YO Filly on in Japan in 2017. 4 wins, $11,173,393, Kyoto Shuka Sho- Age Starts Wins 2nds 3rds 2012 WTR (Long). 10 wins, $19,285,691, Japan Cup-G1- G1, Meydan Dubai Turf-G1. 23 3 - - twice, Nakayama Arima Kinen-G1, Hanshin Oka Sho- KIZUNA (Storm Cat; Damascus). Champion 3YO Colt in 36 1 2 1 G1, Meydan Dubai Sheema Classic-G1. Japan in 2013. 7 wins, $5,443,938, Tokyo Yushun-G1, SATONO DIAMOND (Orpen; Southern Halo). Head of the Longchamp Prix Niel-G2, Kyoto Shimbun Hai-G2. 942 1 2016 WTR (Ext.). Leading 3YO Male on the 2016 WTR HARP STAR (Falbrav; Tony Bin). Leading 3YO Filly on the (Long). Champion 3YO Colt in Japan in 2016. 8 wins, 2014 WTR (Int.). 5 wins, $3,808,942, Hanshin Oka Sho- Stakes won: £713,094, €454,080 $10,546,736, Nakayama Arima Kinen-G1, Kyoto Kikuka G1, Sapporo Kinen-G2, Niigata Nisai S.-G3. Sho-G1, 2d Tokyo Yushun-G1. DANON PREMIUM (Intikhab; Danehill). Champion 2YO 1st The Two Thousand Guineas-G1, Newmarket (1m) MIKKI ISLE (Rock of Gibraltar; Nureyev). Champion Colt in Japan in 2017. 5 wins, $2,759,652, Hanshin Asahi defeating Tip Two Win & Masar Sprinter & Miler in Japan in 2016. 8 wins, $6,033,008, Hai Futurity S.-G1, Chukyo Kinko Sho-G2.
    [Show full text]
  • Tinamiformes – Falconiformes
    LIST OF THE 2,008 BIRD SPECIES (WITH SCIENTIFIC AND ENGLISH NAMES) KNOWN FROM THE A.O.U. CHECK-LIST AREA. Notes: "(A)" = accidental/casualin A.O.U. area; "(H)" -- recordedin A.O.U. area only from Hawaii; "(I)" = introducedinto A.O.U. area; "(N)" = has not bred in A.O.U. area but occursregularly as nonbreedingvisitor; "?" precedingname = extinct. TINAMIFORMES TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Great Tinamou. Nothocercusbonapartei Highland Tinamou. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou. Crypturelluscinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou. Crypturellusboucardi Slaty-breastedTinamou. Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou. GAVIIFORMES GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon. Gavia immer Common Loon. Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon. PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptusdominicus Least Grebe. Podilymbuspodiceps Pied-billed Grebe. ?Podilymbusgigas Atitlan Grebe. Podicepsauritus Horned Grebe. Podicepsgrisegena Red-neckedGrebe. Podicepsnigricollis Eared Grebe. Aechmophorusoccidentalis Western Grebe. Aechmophorusclarkii Clark's Grebe. PROCELLARIIFORMES DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarchechlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross. (A) Thalassarchecauta Shy Albatross.(A) Thalassarchemelanophris Black-browed Albatross. (A) Phoebetriapalpebrata Light-mantled Albatross. (A) Diomedea exulans WanderingAlbatross. (A) Phoebastriaimmutabilis Laysan Albatross. Phoebastrianigripes Black-lootedAlbatross. Phoebastriaalbatrus Short-tailedAlbatross. (N) PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma neglecta KermadecPetrel. (A) Pterodroma
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Saxon Literary Landscapes Literary Anglo-Saxon
    ENVIRONMENTAL HUMANITIES IN PRE-MODERN CULTURES Estes Anglo-Saxon Literary Landscapes Heide Estes Anglo-Saxon Literary Landscapes Ecotheory and the Environmental Imagination Anglo-Saxon Literary Landscapes Environmental Humanities in Pre‑modern Cultures This series in environmental humanities offers approaches to medieval, early modern, and global pre-industrial cultures from interdisciplinary environmental perspectives. We invite submissions (both monographs and edited collections) in the fields of ecocriticism, specifically ecofeminism and new ecocritical analyses of under-represented literatures; queer ecologies; posthumanism; waste studies; environmental history; environmental archaeology; animal studies and zooarchaeology; landscape studies; ‘blue humanities’, and studies of environmental/natural disasters and change and their effects on pre-modern cultures. Series Editor Heide Estes, University of Cambridge and Monmouth University Editorial Board Steven Mentz, St. John’s University Gillian Overing, Wake Forest University Philip Slavin, University of Kent Anglo-Saxon Literary Landscapes Ecotheory and the Environmental Imagination Heide Estes Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: © Douglas Morse Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Layout: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 944 7 e-isbn 978 90 4852 838 7 doi 10.5117/9789089649447 nur 617 | 684 | 940 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The author / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2017 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise Dictionary of Middle English
    A Concise Dictionary of Middle English A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat A Concise Dictionary of Middle English Table of Contents A Concise Dictionary of Middle English...........................................................................................................1 A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat........................................................................................................1 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................3 NOTE ON THE PHONOLOGY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH...................................................................5 ABBREVIATIONS (LANGUAGES),..................................................................................................11 A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH....................................................................................12 A.............................................................................................................................................................12 B.............................................................................................................................................................48 C.............................................................................................................................................................82 D...........................................................................................................................................................122
    [Show full text]