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Tonicity Calculations: an Aid to Understanding Valter Travagli* Review Article iMedPub Journals Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Education 2018 http://www.imedpub.com/ Vol.1 No.1:6 Tonicity Calculations: An Aid to Understanding Valter Travagli* Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chief of the Post-Graduate School of Hospital Pharmacy, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Via Aldo Moro, 2 53100 Siena, Italy *Corresponding author: Valter Travagli, Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chief of the Post-Graduate School of Hospital Pharmacy, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Via Aldo Moro, 253100 Siena, Italy, Phone: +39 0577 234317; Fax: +39 0577 234258; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: December 12, 2017; Accepted date: January 18, 2018; Published date: January 22, 2018 Citation: Travagli V (2018) Tonicity Calculations: An Aid to Understanding. J Pharm Prac Edu Vol.1, No.1:6. Copyright: ©2018 Travagli V. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. “insults” referable to phenomena of osmosis is important for physiological purposes must meet the requisite of not provoking Abstract morphological variations in the cells they meet. As we know, the term “osmosis” theoretically identifies the diffusive passage of a Isotonicity is an important requisite mainly for parenteral solvent (usually water) through a membrane that is only aqueous-based pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, permeable to the solvent (ideal semipermeable membrane) ophthalmic, nasal, auricular dosage forms together with situated between two solutions with different concentrations of irrigations meet such a requirement. The main purpose of this report is to present an advanced informative support to particles of solutes. From a clinical point of view, the a challenging subject in relation to pharmaceutical phenomenon belongs entirely to the concept of homeostasis, formulation. The understanding of the theoretical and has been dealt with in various works [1,2]. However, there fundamentals professionally distinguishes the work of the do not seem to be any works in the literature, that deal with the pharmaceutical formulator, which in this way has la problem in an exhaustive and/or, at the same time, practical possibility to put into practice such information with more manner from a formulation perspective [3-5]. The knowledge. Such a feature is of certain concern from an pharmaceutical preparations affected by the phenomenon of informative perspective when specific software or online facilities are used to solve tonicity problems. osmotic tolerance are aqueous preparations [6-8]: • For ophthalmic use, where a lack of isotonicity leads to Firstly, this paper will give a precise definition of the irritation or, as in the case of contact lenses, sticking to the concepts used. Then, it will introduce the osmometry from eye, burning, dryness, photophobia; a pathophysiological outlook, in order to set such an issue in the context of its practical implications. The necessity to • For parenteral use, where the effects largely depend on the achieve isotonicity will then be dealt with by illustrating the degree of deviation from isotonicity, the site of rational processes, including arithmetic calculations, administration, the quantity administered and the method of involved in the production of accurate formulations. A administration; critical presentation of the various methods of adjusting the • For auricular use; tonicity of a solution (ΔTf, osmotic factor, Equivalent method, V-value) with the use of some simple applied • For nasal use; examples will be reported. • For irrigation, especially in the treatment of very deep and extensive wounds. Keywords: Isotonicity; Pharmaceutical calculation; It is important to bear in mind that, although it is important to adjust the tonicity as precisely as possible (in the blood, for Colligative properties example, extreme hypertonicity leads to shrinkage and plasmolysis, while marked hypotonicity presents the Introduction phenomenon of swelling, with possible loss of intracellular material and haemolysis in extreme cases), this requisite still The tonicity of a solution may be defined as the characteristic leaves the formulator a margin for manoeuvre. The fact that the represented by the effects that the solution has on the cells tolerate slightly hypertonic preparations better than slightly morphology of the cells that it comes into contact with. In fact, hypotonic preparations may also be taken into consideration the subject of tonicity deals with modifications of the “tone” of (Figure 1). the cells. i.e. of the normal morphological state of a cell following contact with a solution containing a given concentration of dissolved particles, regardless of the nature (e.g. species, charge state, dimension) of the particles. In short, all pharmaceutical preparations in which the absence of © Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License | This article is available from: http://www.imedpub.com/journal-pharmacy-practice-education/ 1 Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Education 2018 Vol.1 No.1:6 available volume, the number of moles of solute, universal gas constant, and absolute temperature. The essential difference with ideal gases lies in the fact that for them the system pressure is directly generated by the gas molecules, while in the case of solutions it is generated by the variation of free energy in the system, i.e. in relation to the number of particles formed during the process of solubilization. Before we deal with the technological aspects of the formulation of pharmaceutical preparations that meet the requisite of tonicity, we should bear in mind that for some preparations osmotic characterization represents a topic of physiopathological interest that regards total parenteral Figure 1: Schematic representation of erythrocyte behaviour nutrition (TPN), enteral hyperalimentation, infant formula in hypertonic (left); isotonic (middle); hypotonic (right) preparation, diagnosis of pathological conditions at the level of solutions urinary tract and other secretion sites. Furthermore, some medicinal products are based upon osmotic action for therapeutic effects. In fact, there are numerous oral and Furthermore, the cell membrane does not in reality behave as parenteral commercial preparations based upon hypertonicity an ideal semipermeable membrane towards solvents or towards [15]. some of the particles dissolved in them. For this reason, a differentiation exists in the terminology between iso-osmoticity, These include intravenous mannitol 20% to promote osmotic which identifies a solution characterised by the same number of diuresis; urea 30% to reduce intracranial and intraocular dispersed particles, and isotonicity, which implies the pressure; the same urea but at a concentration of 40-50% for maintenance of morphological characteristics of cells with the termination of pregnancy; sodium chloride 1.8-5% in the respect to a reference solution. A solution can thus be iso- treatment of severe acute dilutional hyponatraemia (and sodium osmotic without necessarily having to be isotonic [9,10]. In this chloride 20% for the termination of pregnancy, like urea). sense it is useful to bear in mind that as well as water, other Furthermore, glucose 25-50% is used in peritoneal dialysis, solvents and co-solvents, such as ethanol, glycerine and although nowadays other hypertonic dialysates such as lactate propylen glycol, are used as drug delivery vehicles. These and bicarbonate are preferred. Finally, glycerol 50%, isosorbide compounds also contribute to altering some of the properties of up to 70-80% and up to 10 g magnesium sulphate or magnesium the resulting solutions, although it is not possible to know in hydroxide are also used per os. advance what their contribution will be in terms of tonicity Another aspect regarding the potential of osmotic pressure [11,12]. For this reason, all the aspects that are dealt with below that involves both the pharmaceutical industry and academic are to be considered applicable to solutions with pharmaceutical structures is its technological application in the field of grade water as their only solvent. therapeutic systems in modified-release drugs. In fact, osmotic As previously indicated, the physiological evaluation of the pressure can be employed as the driving force in a device in condition of isotonicity (also identified in terms of osmotic order to obtain osmotic pumps as a useful device in drug tolerance) by the observation of morphological changes in the delivery [16-19]. erythrocytes differs from quantitative evaluation by means of It is also necessary to deal with conditions of hypertonicity in analytical methods based on osmotic pressure, i.e. the pressure the case of parenteral preparations for intramuscular which would need to be exerted to halt the diffusion of water administration that contain a greater quantity of active principle through a semipermeable membrane [13]. than necessary to achieve isotonicity (e.g. some β-lactam This aspect is very important at a theoretical level, in order to antibiotics). understand the typical properties of the solutions in terms of However, professionals whose work is dedicated to the analogies with the concepts of ideal gas behaviour, as previously formulation of pharmaceutical preparations characterised by described by J. H. van’t
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