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Topic 2: Cells and Cell Processes Cells: Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. **There Are 2 Exceptions to the Cell Theory 1. the First Cell

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Topic 2: Cells and Cell Processes Cells: Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. **There Are 2 Exceptions to the Cell Theory 1. the First Cell Topic 2: Cells and Cell Processes Cells: Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. **There are 2 exceptions to the Cell Theory 1. The first cell could not come from a previous existing cell 2. Viruses are not made up of cells but they do contain genetic material. Viruses reproduce inside another cell, called the cell. Organelles: Specialized subunits within the cell that has a specific function Cells can be separated into 2 broad categories o o **The average person is made up of approximately 100 trillion cells and 200 different eukaryotic cell types** Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Both Theory of Endosymbiosis Eukaryotic cells containing organelles (like mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved when free-living prokaryotes took up permanent residence inside other larger prokaryotic cells (about 2 billion years ago) This became the origin of complex eukaryotic cells leading to the evolution of all multi-celled organisms Organelle Function Cytoskeleton Proteins that support and shape the cell Microtubules Make up cilia, flagella and spindle fibers Microfilaments Made up of actin and help support the shape of the cell Cytoplasm Fluid like portion Located between the and the__________________ Holds the organelles in place Nucleus Stores and protects the genetics information (DNA) Also contains the __________________________ Nucleolus Responsible for the production of _______________________________ Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell Supplies __________________________ to the cell through the process of _____________________________________ Contain their own DNA and ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Highly folded organelle Involved in the production of ________________ and _________________ Two types o Rough ER: ______________________ are attached to the ER o Smooth ER: no ________________________ attached Ribosomes Responsible for producing ___________________________ Located in the _____________________________ or on the _____________ Golgi apparatus The UPS of the cell Modifies, sorts and delivers ____________________________ Vacuole Fluid filled sac Stores necessary materials for the cell ***Much larger in _______________ cells than _________________ cells Chloroplasts Carry out _________________________ in plant cells Have their own DNA and ribosomes Cell wall Strong layer that protects, supports and shapes the cell NOT found in animal cells Centrosomes Produces _________________________ Contains _________________________ Centrioles: important during cell division and made up of microtubules ONLY found in __________________________ Lysosomes Contain enzymes that protect the cell from foreign invaders Breaks down damaged cell parts Peroxisomes Contain catalase (which converts hydrogen peroxide into water with the release of oxygen atoms) Cell membrane (plasma Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell membrane) Cell membranes are selectively permeable Selectively permeable: ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Consists of a double layer of ___________________________________ Phospholipid o Charged phosphate group o Glycerol o 2 fatty acid chains Fluid Mosaic model: current model showing structure of cell membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins o Cholesterol: strengthens the cell membrane o Proteins: helps transport materials and sends signals across the membrane . Acts as enzymes . Acts as receptors o Carbohydrates: used as an identification marker Question 1: Label the following organelles A: F: B: G: C: H: D: I: E: Cell Communication Cell membranes secrete molecules and contain carbohydrates on the outside surface that can act as signals to communicate with other cells Receptor: protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response o The receptor binds to only certain molecules o Two types . Intracellular: protein located within the cell that binds to a molecule that has crossed the cell membrane Ex: . Membrane: protein located within the cell membrane that binds to a molecule Receptor that sends a message to the inside of the cell Ex: Question 2: Answer the following questions with letters of the appropriate organelles based on the diagram below a) Organelle that produces proteins and lipids b) Part of the cell membrane composed of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail c) Identification markers found on the outside of the cell membrane d) Embedded protein that allows certain materials to pass into and out of the cell e) Organelles that performs cellular respiration f) Organelle that sorts and ships proteins Question 3: Organize the following terms from smallest to largest: Cells organ systems tissues Organelles organs organism Cell Transport Concentration: the number of molecules of a substance in a given volume Concentration gradient: the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another 1. Passive transport: no cellular energy is used in order for a particle to cross the membrane i. Particles move from an area of to an area of in order to maintain homeostasis ii. Diffusion: type of passive transport iii. Osmosis: diffusion of through a membrane 1. Water molecules move from a concentration of water to a concentration of water until equilibrium is reached 2. Active transport: process by which molecules use energy ( ) to move the concentration gradient (from concentration to concentration) Types: Endocytosis: o Pinocytosis: o Phagocytosis: . Ex: Exocytosis: Contractile vacuole: Tonicity: measure of pressure of two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane 1. Hypertonic solution: solution in which concentration of solutes is greater than concentration of solutes the cell. This causes water molecules to move of the cell. RESULT: 2. Hypotonic solution: solution in which concentration of solutes is less than the concentration of solutes the cell Water will move the cell RESULT: 3. Isotonic solution: solution in which concentration of solutes the cell is to the concentration of solutes the cell Question 4: What type of solution was this cell placed in? Explain why this happened. What functions must an organism carry out in order to be considered living? Life Functions 1. a. b. c. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Metabolism: Homeostasis: .
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