Osmotic Balance What Happens and Why?
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Hyperosmotic Hyposmotic Isosmotic Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Taking care of business Go to this page and enter room SJ123: http://tinyurl.com/PhysClicker Take 2 minutes to complete this survey: http://tinyurl.com/PhysDis Online quiz this weekend: Released Thursday night or early Friday morning and will be due Monday morning at 9am. Lab next week: We will meet in the first floor lobby of the Tech building (right next to Science Complex) for lab next week. We’re going to try to apply some of the stuff we’ve learned so far in a simulated clinical environment. It’ll be cool. Online discussions: Reminder-please post ANY questions you might have about anything related to the class to the weekly discussion. Happy to help! Homeostasis Recap Membrane Dynamics Chapter 5 Super duper Super duper hyper osmotic hyper osmotic What will happen to cell? A. Swell up B. Shrivel C. Stay the same D. I don’t know Our patient for the day https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3uWg4KjX4Y Name: Matilda Age: 78 In hospital for severe dehydration Staff puts her on IV of pure water Soon after IV: Severe fatigue Dizzy Yellow eyes Iced tea analogy On board Describing how concentrated a solution is: Molarity= moles solute / Liters solution Osmolarity= osmoles solute / Liters solution 1) NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl- 1 mole of NaCl = 2 osmoles of NaCl 2) Glucose does not dissociate in water Diffusion, osmosis, concentration.... WHO CARES?!?!? Hippotonic (hypotonic) solution makes cell swell like a hippo Table 5.3 Tonicity of Solutions Tonicity describes the volume change of a cell Differences between osmolarity and tonicity Differences between osmolarity and tonicity •Osmolarity = concentration of particles in a solution. -
Ionic Basis of Axonal Excitability in an Extreme Euryhaline Osmoconformer, the Serpulid Worm Mercierella Enigmatic a (Fauvel) by A
f. exp. Biol. (1977). 67, 205-215 205 With 6 figures Printed in Great Britain IONIC BASIS OF AXONAL EXCITABILITY IN AN EXTREME EURYHALINE OSMOCONFORMER, THE SERPULID WORM MERCIERELLA ENIGMATIC A (FAUVEL) BY A. D. CARLSON* AND J. E. TREHERNE Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge (Received 10 October 1976) SUMMARY Despite the extreme fluctuations in blood concentration experienced by this marine osmoconformer, essentially 'conventional' ionic mechanisms are involved in conduction by the giant axons in isosmotic conditions. The resting axonal membrane approximates to an ideal potassium electrode, + with a 58-8 mV slope for decade change in [K ]o above 10 mM. The action potential overshoot shows a 55-8 mV decline with decade reduction in [Na+]0 and the action potentials are blocked by tetrodotoxin at around 5X io~7 M. The rising phase and overshoot of the action potential remain constant at potassium concentrations up to the relatively high level of 30 mM found in the blood, indicating an unusual absence of sodium inactivation over a wide range of resting potentials. Relatively rapid, symmetrical movement of potassium ions between the bathing medium and the axon surface is deduced from the potential changes induced by alterations in [K+]o. Outward movement of sodium ions (*Q.B = 33-5 s) occurs at a similar rate to that of potassium, but inward movement of Na+ is relatively slow and complex. It is con- cluded that the ability of axons to function in dilute media must involve specific adaptations to osmotic and ionic stress. INTRODUCTION Unlike most nerve cells which have been studied, those of marine osmoconformers may experience large fluctuations in osmotic and ionic concentration. -
Resting Metabolic Rate, Critical Swimming Speed, and Routine Activity of the Euryhaline Cyprinodontid, Aphanius Dispar, Acclimated to a Wide Range of Salinities
590 Resting Metabolic Rate, Critical Swimming Speed, and Routine Activity of the Euryhaline Cyprinodontid, Aphanius dispar, Acclimated to a Wide Range of Salinities Itai Plaut* salt marshes, intertidal pools, etc.) show physiological adap- Department of Biology, University of Haifa at Oranim, tations that enable them to tolerate and survive extreme salinity Tivon 36006, Israel levels and ¯uctuations. Most studies on the physiological and behavioral effects of Accepted 6/5/00 euryhalinity and salinity have been done either with a narrow range of salinity, usually subranges between freshwater and full- strength seawater (Igram and Wares 1979; Nelson et al. 1996; Young and Cech 1996; Morgan et al. 1997; Kolok and Sharkey ABSTRACT 1997; Morgan and Iwama 1998; Plaut 1998, 1999a, 1999b; Shi- Specimens of the euryhaline cyprinodontid ®sh, Aphanius dis- kano and Fujio 1998) or under acute exposures to salinity par, collected in salt ponds, were acclimated to salinities of ¯uctuations (Davenport and Vahl 1979; Moser and Miller !1 (freshwater), 35 (seawater), 70, 105, and 140 ppt for 4 wk 1994). Data on the effects of long-term acclimation to extreme before measurement of oxygen consumption, critical swim- salinities (above seawater) on ®sh are rare. Recent studies have ming speed, and routine activity level. Oxygen consumption included only two species, the milk®sh, Chanos chanos (Swan- was similar in !1, 35, and 70 ppt (0.18 5 0.07 , 0.17 5 0.06 , son 1998), and the sheephead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus and0.16 5 0.04 mL h21 g21, respectively [ mean 5 SD ]) but (Haney and Nordlie 1997; Haney et al. -
Osmosis and Osmoregulation Robert Alpern, M.D
Osmosis and Osmoregulation Robert Alpern, M.D. Southwestern Medical School Water Transport Across Semipermeable Membranes • In a dilute solution, ∆ Τ∆ Jv = Lp ( P - R CS ) • Jv - volume or water flux • Lp - hydraulic conductivity or permeability • ∆P - hydrostatic pressure gradient • R - gas constant • T - absolute temperature (Kelvin) • ∆Cs - solute concentration gradient Osmotic Pressure • If Jv = 0, then ∆ ∆ P = RT Cs van’t Hoff equation ∆Π ∆ = RT Cs Osmotic pressure • ∆Π is not a pressure, but is an expression of a difference in water concentration across a membrane. Osmolality ∆Π Σ ∆ • = RT Cs • Osmolarity - solute particles/liter of water • Osmolality - solute particles/kg of water Σ Osmolality = asCs • Colligative property Pathways for Water Movement • Solubility-diffusion across lipid bilayers • Water pores or channels Concept of Effective Osmoles • Effective osmoles pull water. • Ineffective osmoles are membrane permeant, and do not pull water • Reflection coefficient (σ) - an index of the effectiveness of a solute in generating an osmotic driving force. ∆Π Σ σ ∆ = RT s Cs • Tonicity - the concentration of effective solutes; the ability of a solution to pull water across a biologic membrane. • Example: Ethanol can accumulate in body fluids at sufficiently high concentrations to increase osmolality by 1/3, but it does not cause water movement. Components of Extracellular Fluid Osmolality • The composition of the extracellular fluid is assessed by measuring plasma or serum composition. • Plasma osmolality ~ 290 mOsm/l Na salts 2 x 140 mOsm/l Glucose 5 mOsm/l Urea 5 mOsm/l • Therefore, clinically, physicians frequently refer to the plasma (or serum) Na concentration as an index of extracellular fluid osmolality and tonicity. -
OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber ......................................................................... -
Growth Rate and Turgor Pressure
Plant Physiol. (1974) 54, 863-869 Growth Rate and Turgor Pressure AUXIN EFFECT STUDIED WITH AN AUTOMATED APPARATUS FOR SINGLE COLEOPTILES' Received for publication March 22, 1974 and in revised form July 5, 1974 PAUL B. GREEN AND W. RAYMOND CUMMINS2 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/54/6/863/6074159 by guest on 28 September 2021 ABSTRACT scripts indicate that the value is characteristic of steady rate, as distinguished from values accompanying transients between Because turgor pressure is regarded as the driving force for steady rates. cell extension, any general theory of plant growth requires In equation 1 increasing pressure inevitably raises rate. Since quantitative information on the relationship between steady auxin has not been found to raise the osmotic concentration of irreversible growth rate and turgor pressure. To investigate responding excised tissue (21), it appears not to act via changes contrasting views of this relation an automated apparatus was in the P term. It could raise steady rate by either raising m, constructed which perfused both the outer and inner epidermis (Fig. la) or lowering Y, (Fig. lb), or both could change. If r, of a single coleoptile while its growth rate was continuously is a linear function of (P - Y) as in equation 1 and Figure 1, recorded. Turgor was altered abruptly by perfusing with solu- the mode of action should be easily ascertained. If the true re- tions of varying tonicity. With specially grown rye coleoptiles lation were concave upward, the mode of action of auxin action the half-time of the osmo-elastic response was reduced to 2 (curve shifting versus curve steepening) would be less obvious minutes or less. -
Effects of Ocean Acidification and Salinity Variations on the Physiology of Osmoregulating and Osmoconforming Crustaceans
Journal of Comparative Physiology B (2018) 188:729–738 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-018-1167-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Effects of ocean acidification and salinity variations on the physiology of osmoregulating and osmoconforming crustaceans Andressa Cristina Ramaglia1 · Leandro Mantovani de Castro1 · Alessandra Augusto1,2 Received: 10 August 2017 / Revised: 16 May 2018 / Accepted: 24 May 2018 / Published online: 11 June 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Survival, osmoregulatory pattern, oxygen consumption, energy spent on metabolism, ammonia excretion, type of oxidized energy substrate, and hepatosomatic index were evaluated in decapods (an osmoregulating crab, Callinectes danae, and an osmoconforming seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) exposed to carbon dioxide-induced water acidification (pH 7.3, control pH 8.0) and different salinities (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40‰) for 3 days. Compared to the animals kept at controlled pH, exposure to reduced pH resulted in the loss of osmoregulatory capacity in C. danae at all salinities, except for some hyporegulation at 40‰, and reduced oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion at 20 and 40‰. Xiphopenaeus kroyeri remained an osmoconformer in all evaluated conditions, except for some hyporegulation at 40‰, and when exposed to the reduced pH, it presented changes in oxygen consumption at all salinities and reductions in ammonia excretion at 20 and 35‰ compared to the control animals. Both species use protein as the main energy substrate and decrease the hepatosomatic index when exposed to reduced pH relative to the control. The observed changes may be associated with changes in the activity of enzymes related to osmoregulation, the use of amino acids as osmotic effectors of cell volume control and recovery, and the Bohr effect, and, because the gills are multifunctional organs related to osmoregulation, the changes may be related to acid– base control, nitrogen excretion, and respiration, with a change in one of these functions bringing about changes in the others. -
Osmolarity and Tonicity: an Inquiry Laboratory Using Plant Material
Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching Proceedings of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education Vol. 32, 135-150, 2011 Osmolarity and Tonicity: An Inquiry Laboratory Using Plant Material Dee U. Silverthorn Integrative Biology, One University Station C0930, University of Texas, Austin TX 78712 ([email protected]) The difference between osmolarity and tonicity is a difficult concept for students to understand and often for fac- ulty to teach. We adapted techniques from the traditional potato-plug laboratory to create an inquiry laboratory that demonstrates the principles of osmolarity and tonicity. Students design two experiments: first, they must try to determine the internal osmolarity of their plant material, and second, they test whether a particular solute is a penetrating solute for plant cells. The inquiry level can be adjusted by the instructor. Keywords: osmolarity, osmosis, tonicity, solutions, plant cells, sugar transport, urea Introduction The difference between osmolarity and tonicity is a dif- This laboratory exercise teaches students how penetrating ficult concept for students to grasp. The coverage of tonicity solutes affect tonicity and challenges their understanding by in most introductory biology textbooks is perfunctory at best asking them to design an experiment to determine whether and sometimes inaccurate or misleading. Yet a clear under- a solute (sucrose, glucose, or urea) is penetrating for plant standing of the difference between the osmolarity of a so- cells. This information is not something they can easily look lution and its tonicity is essential for pre-health-professions up on the web, so they must make predictions based on their students because tonicity is the basis for the appropriate understanding of tonicity. -
Topic 2: Cells and Cell Processes Cells: Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. **There Are 2 Exceptions to the Cell Theory 1. the First Cell
Topic 2: Cells and Cell Processes Cells: Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. **There are 2 exceptions to the Cell Theory 1. The first cell could not come from a previous existing cell 2. Viruses are not made up of cells but they do contain genetic material. Viruses reproduce inside another cell, called the cell. Organelles: Specialized subunits within the cell that has a specific function Cells can be separated into 2 broad categories o o **The average person is made up of approximately 100 trillion cells and 200 different eukaryotic cell types** Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Both Theory of Endosymbiosis Eukaryotic cells containing organelles (like mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved when free-living prokaryotes took up permanent residence inside other larger prokaryotic cells (about 2 billion years ago) This became the origin of complex eukaryotic cells leading to the evolution of all multi-celled organisms Organelle Function Cytoskeleton Proteins that support and shape the cell Microtubules Make up cilia, flagella and spindle fibers Microfilaments Made up of actin and help support the shape of the cell Cytoplasm Fluid like portion Located between the and the__________________ Holds the organelles in place Nucleus Stores and protects the genetics information (DNA) Also contains the __________________________ Nucleolus Responsible for the production of _______________________________ Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell Supplies __________________________ to the cell through the process of _____________________________________ -
Osmoregulation in Freshwater Fish Freshwater Fish Face Two Problems: They Tend to Lose Ions and Gain Water
INTRODUCTION Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. It can be contrasted with fish anatomy, which is the study of the form or morphology of fishes. In practice, fish anatomy and physiology complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or component parts and how they are put together, such as might be observed on the dissecting table or under the microscope, and the later dealing with how those components function together in the living fish. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_physiology Osmoregulation in Fish: Definitions Homeostasis = maintaining steady state equilibrium in the internal environment of an organisms Solute homeostasis = maintaining equilibrium with respect to solute (ionic and neutral solutes) concentrations Water homeostasis = maintaining equilibrium with respect to the amount of water retained in the body fluids and tissues Definitions, continued Osmotic concentration Total concentration of all solutes in an aqueous solution measured in units of osmolal osmolals = 1 mole of solute/liter of water milliosmolals = 1/1000th of one osmolal Osmoregulation in different environments Challenge to homeostasis depends on steady state concentration of solutes in the body fluids and tissues as well as concentration of solutes in the external environment marine systems: environment concentration = 34 - 36 parts per thousand salinity = 1000 mosm/l freshwater systems: environment concentration < 3 ppt salinity = -
The Role of Osmotic Stress (Salinity Shock) in Protecting the Great Lakes from Ballast- Associated Aquatic Invaders
The Role of Osmotic Stress (Salinity Shock) in Protecting the Great Lakes from Ballast- Associated Aquatic Invaders Technical Report Prepared for the U.S. Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation U.S. Department of Transportation November 30, 2012 David F. Reid, Ph.D. Consulting Scientist Ann Arbor, Michigan [email protected] (This page left blank intentionally) Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background: Ballast Water Exchange And Saltwater Flushing ..................................... 2 2.1 Ballast Water Exchange ........................................................................................2 2.2 Saltwater Flushing – the NOBOB Problem ..........................................................7 2.3 The Discovery Rate Record ..................................................................................9 3. The Benefits and Limitations of Osmotic (Salinity) Shock ........................................... 12 3.1 Osmoregulation ...................................................................................................12 3.2 Osmosis, Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators ................................................12 3.3 Salinity Tolerance (physiological stress, osmotic shock, salinity shock) ...........14 4. Recent Field and Laboratory Studies of Salinity -
Cell Membrane & Tonicity Worksheet
NAME__________ ANSWER KEY ___________________ DATE_________________ PERIOD_________ Cell Membrane & Tonicity Worksheet Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions The cell membrane is also called the PLASMA membrane and is made of a phospholipid SKETCH AND LABEL a phospholipid coloring BI-LAYER. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water attracting) HEADS and two the heads red and the hydrophobic (water repelling) TAILS. The head of a phospholipid is made of an alcohol and tails blue. GLYCEROL group, while the tails are chains of FATTY ACIDS. Phospholipids can move SIDEWAYS and allow water and other NON-POLAR molecules to pass through into or out of the cell. This is known as simple PASSIVE TRANSPORT because it does not require ENERGY and the water or molecules are moving WITH the concentration gradient. Another type of lipid in the cell membrane is CHOLESTEROL that makes the membrane more fluid. Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are PROTEINS that also aid in diffusion and in cell recognition. Proteins called INTEGRAL proteins go all the way through the bilayer, while PERIPHERAL proteins are only on one side. Large molecules like PROTEINS or carbohydrates use proteins to help move across cell membranes. Some of the membrane proteins have carbohydrate PARTS attached to help cells in recognize each other and certain molecules. List 4 functions of the cell or plasma membrane: a. CELL SIGNALING b. SELECTIVE TRANSPORT c. EXCRETION OF WASTES d. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT Correctly color code and identify the name for each part of the cell membrane. Letter Name/Color Letter Name/Color __ A ___ Phospholipid bilayer (no color) __ H ___ Peripheral protein (red) __ B ___ Integral protein (pink) __ I ____ Cholesterol (blue) __ F ___ Fatty acid tails (orange) __ C___ Glycoprotein (green) __ G ___ Phosphate heads (yellow) __ E ___ Glycolipids (purple) Match the cell membrane structure or its function with the correct letter from the cell membrane diagram.