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Seafood Processing Byproducts in the Pacific Northwest

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Seafood Processing Byproducts in the Pacific Northwest Seafood ProcessingByproducts in the Pacific Northwest by Liz Brown Research Report Submitted To Marine Resource Management Program College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503 1995 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Commencement June 1995 This report supported by grant number NA36RG0451 (Project number R/SF-3) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to the Oregon State University Sea Grant College Program and by appropriations made by the Oregon State Legislature. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies. I would like to acknowledge the efforts of the following people: Dr. Michael Morrissey for his support, remarkably high tolerance levels,and senseof humor; Dr. Dan Selivonchick & Dr. Court Smith for their wisdom, friendship and time; Tim McFetridge of the DEQ for his continuous help; Ken Hilderbrand of Sea Grant and Hans Radtke of OCZMA for their helpful comments; The seafood processors who supplied information and insights; My MRM Family, especially Donna Obert for her continuous warmth; My Seafood Lab Family, especially Edda Magnusdottir for good fun; My many virago friends; and, for their absurdly unwavering faith in me, Lisa Heigh, Jane Work and Bob Sheldon. Seafood ProcessingByproducts in The Pacific Northwest Table of Contents Page I. Introduction.......................................... 1 A. The Fishing Industry in Oregon.....................3 1. Groundfish ..................................... 5 2. Shrimp .......................................11 3. Crab........................................13 4. Tuna.........................................16 5. Salmon.......................................17 6. Other Species................................19 B. Legislation ....................................... 22 1. Federal Water Quality Legislation............22 a. Clean Water Act ......................... 23 b. Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act ................................. 26 2. State of Oregon Legislation..................27 a. Oregon Coastal Management Program ....... 27 b. Department of Environmental Quality.....28 3. California, Washington&Alaska Legislation.34 C. Options for uses of Processing Byproducts.........36 1. Solid Byproducts .............................36 2. Wastewater ...................................43 II.Methodology..........................................46 III.Survey Results .......................................48 A.Water.............................................48 1. Use..........................................48 2. Cost ........................................51 B.Wastewater ...................................... .54 1. Sewer Use ....................................54 2. Sewer Cost ...................................55 C.Solid Byproducts..................................57 IV.Summary ..............................................62 References ...........................................66 Appendices...........................................74 i Table of Charts Figures Page 1. Oregon Commercial Fishery Landings 1970-1994...........4 2. Monthly Waste Ratios for Oregon Landings 1981..........5 3. Oregon Commercial Groundfish Landings 1970-1994........6 4. PacificWhiting Contributionto Groundfish Landings .... 7 5. Oregon Commercial Shrimp Landings 1970-1994...........11 6. Oregon Commercial Crab Landings 1970-1994.............14 7. Oregon Commercial Tuna Landings 1970-1994.............16 8. Oregon Commercial Salmon Landings 1970-1994...........18 9. Contribution of Scallops and Urchinsto "Other"Species Category Landings...................................20 10. Monthly Water Use by Seven Seafood Processing Plants..48 Tables 1. Mass Balance Steps in Surimi Processing................9 2. Proximate Analysis of Select Groundfish Waste.........10 3. Analysis of Air Dried Shrimp Meal.....................12 4. Water Use in Shrimp Production........................13 5. Proximate Analysis of Albacore Tuna ................... 17 6. Proximate Analysis of Various Salmon Parts............19 7. Proximate Analysis of Urchin Byproducts ............... 21 8. Oregon Limitations forBOD,TSS & Oil and Grease......29 9. Oregon DEQ Monitoring and Reporting Requirements......30 10. Reported Wastewater Characteristics...................32 11. Specific DEQ Standards for Effluent Discharge ......... 33 12. Loading Limitations in Oregon and California .......... 35 13. Wastewater Discharge Permit Fees for Washington Seafood Processing Industry Based on Effluent Amounts.......36 14. Steps in Extracting Chitin .......... 39 15. Best Technology for Disposal of Solid Byproducts Based on Amounts Produced.................................43 16. Replies to Original Mailed Survey, June 1994..........46 17. Responses to Telephone Interviews, October 1994.......47 18. Water Use by Gallon per Ton ........................... 49 19. Processor Responses on Water Use per Tonnage..........51 20. Computed water rates for three plants in 19 cities .... 53 21. Loading Charges for Two Northwest Cities .............. 56 22. Sewer Costs in Nine Northwest Cities Based on a MonthlyBaseWith Additional Unit Cost .............. 56 23. Methods of Disposal of Solid Byproducts for 20 Northwest Processors..........................................59 Appendices A. Byproducts Generated by Seafood Processors 1970-94....74 B. Seafood Processing Plants in Oregon, Southern Washington and Northern California..................76 C. Survey of Seafood Processors in the Pacific Northwest.77 D. Detail of Water & Sewer Rates of 19 Northwest Cities..79 E. Acronyms..............................................82 ii Seafood Processing Byproducts in The Pacific Northwest 1. INTRODUCTION A major concern in the seafood industry is processing byproducts. Industry members and researchers have been seeking methods to produce less waste, spend less money on waste disposal and more fully utilize their raw products (Claggett & Wong, 1974, Kreag & Smith, 1973, WCFDF, 1983). Solid and liquid wastes pose separate problems and require different treatments, although some characteristics are similar. The majority of the round pounds of seafood landed in Oregon is not used in primary products. In 1994 the byproduct level reached an all time high of approximately 245 million pounds of byproducts, or almost 70% of the landings based on round pounds divided by average recovery for each category (See Appendix A). Solid byproducts are used as a base for various products, some expensive to the processor while others are profitable. Difficulties with byproduct management can emerge when regulations overlap other areas, such as esthetics, growing environmental 4 concerns and competition from other businesses. Seafood processing is expensive in water use, costing from one-half to fifty gallons of fresh water for each round pound processed, depending on the species and product form 2 (Claggett & Wong, 1974) and using up to 3,600,000 gallons daily (Sheldon, 1991). A problem in Oregon is the availability of water, which is increasingly scarce and expensive. In 1992 the Pacific Northwest faced a major drought, which had been building for seven drier-than-normal winters, the last four of which were related to El Nino (Tomlinson, 1994). Coastal areas have no reserve snow pack and are especially impacted by dry winters. Rainfall in 1993 was well above average, allowing carry over in reservoirs for 1994, which was again drier-than-normal. However, recovery from a drought takes several years, even if rainfall and snowpack are normal in subsequent years (Norris, 1994). The majority of Northwest fishing occurs in summer, which is the season of lowest rainfall, encouraging seafood processors to pursue methods of cutting costs by reducing water use. An additional problem processors face is the increasingly complex responsibilities for the disposal of wastewater. There are state and federal regulations regarding amount and type of discharge, prescribed monitoring methods, and required amounts of tidal action in the area receiving the wastewater. The resulting effluent can contain from two to thirty pounds of organic solids for each thousand pounds of raw fish (Claggett & Wong, 1974). The seafood industry uses water in many ways: ice in the holds of the fishing boats; holding tanks; thawing 3 frozen product; transportation in flumes;washing away debris; cooking water and steam; coolingwater and clean up procedures. In some processing the cleanuprequires more than 75% of the plant's total water use(Goldhor & Koppernaes, 1993). Some ofthis water use is unnecessary; careful instructions to employees canreduce water use by 25-50% alone (Freeman, 1992). In order to investigate the extentof these problems, the Coastal Oregon Marine ExperimentStation Seafood Laboratory initiated a survey of water use,byproduct recovery avenues and wastedisposal methods of seafood processors. The purposeof this document is to summarizethe findings of this survey, reviewthe fishing industry in Oregon, list applicablelegislation, and make recommendations to industry. A. The Fishing Industry In Oregon Seafood processing is a dynamicindustry with plants frequently changing management andownership. There are currently thirty two seafoodrelated businesses in Oregon, with another five near the Oregonborders in California and Washington, Appendix B, rangingfrom small brokers to plants with sales of more than twentymillion dollars
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