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The Circular Economy and End of Life Issues with Lighting Products

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The Circular Economy and End of Life Issues with Lighting Products Electronics and lighting CLOSING MATERIAL LOOPS Jessika Luth Richter, PhD researcher 1 September 2017 Mijödialog Research Project @ IIIEE "Styrmedal och affärsmodeller för slutna materialkretlopp" "Policy instruments and business models for closed material loops" Aim to evaluate: 1. Existing policy instruments (EPR) for collection and recycling of energy efficient lighting products in Northern Europe 2. Material loop closure in the case of lighting products with particular focus on critical materials How many different metals are in a mobile phone? Elements in the iPhone Source: www.technologyreview.com/s/601491/the-all-american-iphone/ Where do the materials come from? 1 mobile phone gives rise to 86 kg of waste material Source: USGS – IVL report, 2015 Where does your phone come from? Supply chain of an iPhone Source: www.technologyreview.com/s/601491/the-all-american-iphone/ Source: Solid State Lighting Annex – Life Cycle Assessment of Solid State Lighting Final Report (2014) Energy Efficient End-Use Equipment (4E), International Energy Agency Source: Gielen, 2011 White Light Yellow phosphor (e.g. YAG/CASN – containing Y, EU, Ce)* Eu Tb Oxide oxide YEu Ce Oxide Blue LED La Oxide (e.g. InGaN) Oxide Others Others *YAG = (Y0.98Ce0.02)3Al5O12; CASN = Ca0.98Eu0.02AlSiN3) Source: EU Commission, 2014 Impacts of mining rare earths a) Mining & milling Environmental impacts: • land use • leachate into groundwater (e.g. heavy metals, arsenic, fluorides, sulphides, thorium and uranium) b) Flotation • dusts emissions ( with contents of e.g. heavy metals, thorium, uranium) • Air emission of process chemicals (SO2, HCl) • waste water generation • GHG emissions due to energy use c) Further Metallurgical Processing Project Fields Images: Images: Unknown Context in 2014 • Relatively high metal prices after global recession • Growing concern, particularly for critical materials “Circular economy approaches ‘design out’ waste and typically involve innovation throughout the value chain, rather than relying solely on solutions at the end of life of a product.” EU Commission, 2014, Towards a circular economy: A zero waste programme for Europe Manufacturing Product’s lifecycle Raw materials End-of-Life Management EPR System Fraction % End use Aluminium / other Reused or recycled 18-30% metals Mix of plastic and Recycling; energy recovery; landfill 20% metal Reused for fluorescent tubes; lamp glass; glazing; glass wool insulation; fusion agent with black copper foundry; abrasive sand for Glass 45%-80% cleaning, under layer for asphalt; sand replacement; silicon substitute Separated and reused as mercury or phosphors, separated and recycled after rare Rare earth powder earth processing; phosphors recycled in 2-3% and Hg fertilizer; powder and Hg landfilled as hazardous waste Source: UNEP, 2011 Recycling Critical elements Critical Recycling Closing loops with REE was possible Photos/images courtesy of Solvay Closed loop REE for lamps Paper II: Machacek, E., Richter, J. L., Habib, K., & Klossek, P. (2015). Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: Value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, Part A, 76–93. Global production network of REE phosphor-based energy-efficient lamps Source: Machacek, Richter, Habib, & Klossek (2015) with % indication of REE phosphor Context in 2014 • Relatively high metal prices after global recession, particularly for critical materials • Some WEEE streams became profitable for recycling without regulation • Competition for some valuable WEEE = producer concerns in meeting EPR targets and proposing EPR 2.0 • Individual targets for some WEEE streams considered (Art 7 (6)), particularly temperature exchange equipment, photovoltaic panels, small equipment, small IT and telecommunications equipment and lamps containing mercury. Value in recycling by product groups Lamps Small IT Treatment costs 120 341 (M€) Value of materials (M€) 93 1933 C02 emissions avoided -0,2 -4,8 Other environmental factors Mercury toxicity avoided - Social impacts Health risks minimised - Availability of Technology Low Med Potential Toxicity High Med. From: Magalini, F., Wang, F., Huisman, J., Kuehr, R., R., Huisman,J., Kuehr, F., Wang, F., Magalini, From: L., Lecerf, M., Hestin, V., Straalen, K., van Balde, oncollection 2014. O., StudyAkpulat, U., Sayman, equipment andelectronic electrical ofwaste rates EU Commission. (WEEE). Distance to target High High Relevance of individual Med. High targets 2013 Waste collected – IT & Com. – KG per capita Source: Eurostat Waste collected – Total WEEE - Collection % of POM Waste collected – IT & Com. – Collection % of POM No value in recycling lamps? • Small, fragile, glass, metals, plastic, mercury = Net cost for collection and recycling = Identified as priority waste stream by 2008 WEEE Directive Review (UNU) and in Art 7(6) of 2012 Recast of WEEE Directive “For gas discharge lamps, with concerns over high mercury content, incentives should be focusing on collecting more discarded products, as well as achieving high mercury removal efficiency and also promoting glass recycling at the same time.” Huisman, J., Magalini, F., Kuehr, R., Maurer, C., Ogilvie, S., Poll, J., Delgado, C., Artim, E., Szlezak, J. and Stevels, A., 2008. Review of directive 2002/96 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). UNU, Bonn. Where do used phones go? • Exported • Recycling • Hibernation Based on Tojo & Manomaivibool, 2011 Photo: Fairphone Photo: Adrian Black/Flickr •Avoided primary exploration, extraction and production •Product/component •Avoided toxic materials in reuse/repurposing nature/landfill/incineration •Take-back incentives •Development of recycling •Civic duty fulfillment infrastructure and behaviour •Used product sale Environment Consumers •Backup Product end- of-life value Society Network Actors •Legislated target achievement •Resource efficient and •Recycled material value circular economy? •Corporate social responsibility •Domestic job opportunities in •Resilient supply chains reuse/ recycling activities? •Product/component reuse value? •Secure supply of critical materials? Best Practice in the future? – Driving collection » Individual targets for products and materials – Value in secondary markets » What are the values for which stakeholders? » What is the role of government and policy? – Ecodesign » Durability and modularity .
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