Published by: Contents Forward 1 Forward
Creation of a 3R-Oriented, Sustainable Society
1. The Need for Creating a 3R-Oriented Society 2 2. Present Situation of Waste in Japan 4
Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society In the course of economic activities based on mass-production/consumption/disposal, Japan has been discharging an enormous amount of waste, and is currently facing various problems, such as a shortage of 1. Legislative System 10 2. Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society 13 final disposal sites and the adverse environmental effects of inappropriate waste disposal. There is a 3. Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources 16 concern over the depletion of resources and energy for the future due to the change of the global 4. Waste Management Law 20 economic status resulting in a surge of resource price such as oil and iron. 5. Containers and Packaging Recycling Law 22 In order to overcome the problem of environment as well as the resource problem, it is essential to 6. Home Appliance Recycling Law 27 7. End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law 30 establish a sustainable society by promoting, what is called, “3Rs”; reduction of waste generation, reuse 8. Construction Material Recycling Law 32 of parts, and recycling of used products as raw materials. 9. Food Recycling Law 34 Japanese government currently strives for making active efforts to confront environmental and 10. Green Purchasing Law 36 resource constraints by establishing appropriate laws and guidelines. They include Containers and 11. METI Industrial Structure Council: Guidelines for Waste Treatment and Recycling 38 12. Governance of Waste and Recycling 40 Packaging Recycling Law, Home Appliance Recycling Law, Construction Materials Recycling Law, Food 13. Environmental Labels and Identification Marks 42 Recycling Law, End-of-Life Vehicles Recycling Law, Green Purchasing Law, Promotion of Utilization of 14. Design for Environment (DfE) 44 Recycled Resources and Waste Disposal Law. Most importantly, however, establishing a society, in 15. Global materials recycling 47 which environmentally-concerned economic activities are highly appreciated through implementation of Present Situation of Recycling the 3Rs of each one of citizens by penetrating it into a range of economic activities and social engagement, should be sought for. 1. Glass Bottles 48 In accordance with the proposal presented in the report “Vision for a recycling economy” prepared at 2. Steel Cans 49 3. Aluminum Cans 50 the Industrial Structure Council, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has been promoting the 4. PET Bottles 51 “3R” policy in order to shift the society of mass-production/consumption/disposal to a sustainable 5. Plastics 52 economic system. This handbook features the outline of legislation concerning the creation of a 6. Styrofoam 53 sustainable society and the trends of the 3Rs in individual fields. We hope that it will be helpful for those 7. Paper 54 8. Vehicles and motorcycles 55 who engage in 3R-related activities. 9. Lead batteries for Vehicle 57 10. Compact Secondary Batteries (Rechargeable Batteries) 58 11. Cellular phones and Personal Handy Systems (Cell-phones) 59 12. Personal Computers 60
Others
The month for promoting 3Rs 61 Support system 62
1 Creation of a 3R-Oriented, Sustainable Society
1 The Need for Creating a Sustainable Society Japan utilized about 2.07 billion tons of resources in total, purpose of mining raw mineral ores. The amount of those consuming 410 million tons of energy and discharging 580 resources which are byproducts is estimated at about 740 million tons of waste in producing 1.18 billion tons of million tons at home and about 2.88 billion tons* abroad. In the course of economic activities based on mass- circumstances, it is necessary to promote measures concerning products. Most of the 1.04 billion tons of resources As outlined above, in order to achieve sustainable production/consumption/disposal, Japan is facing various waste disposal and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling). accumulated in Japan, which are utilized as roads, bridges, development in the 21st century, Japan should take measures problems, such as a shortage of final disposal sites and the Furthermore, environmental problems have recently and buildings, will be industrial waste in about 10 years. in relation to problems concerning waste and enforce the 3Rs adverse environmental effects of hazardous substances, as expanded, due to industrial pollution on a global level, Meanwhile, the amount of resources that were recycled and as its top priority. It is an urgent task to establish a new well as concern over depletion of mineral resources in the including long-term environmental effects of hazardous reused was about 210 million tons and subsequently remained economic system that is favorable for both the environment future. These environmental and resource constraints are at substances such as dioxin, PCB, and endocrine-disrupting at a low level, accounting for only slightly over 10% of the and the economy. the level in which a restriction of economic activities or chemicals, as well as global warming. total amount of resources utilized. More specifically, for the sustainable development of Japan, reduction of the size of the economy would be caused. (2) Resource constraints There is also a "hidden flow" of resources that are byproducts it is essential to get out of the conventional economic system (1) Environmental problems In the 20th century, human beings mined and consumed in the process of mining intended resources and discharged as that is based on mass-production/consumption/disposal and In Japan, as much as 440 million tons of waste is generated limited mineral resources such as oil and metal at a rapid pace. wastes, such as the soil of mountains leveled for the purpose create a Sustainable economic system and society, while every year, and the number of remaining sustainable years of As a result, the current number of sustainable years is about of mining aggregate used for civil engineering and promoting "environmentalization of industry" (incorporating final disposal sites is rapidly dwindling: 13.1 years for 40 years for oil and about 50 years for copper. construction, and surface soil or rocks removed for the measures for environmental and resource constraints into general waste and 4.5 years for industrial waste. Under these According to the overview of Japan's material balance, business activities) and "industrialization of the environment" (generating market value through measures for environmental Fig. I-1 Environmental Problems Fig. I-2 Japan's Material Balance (FY 2001) and resource constraints) through effective use of the power of the private sector. *Related to industry/manufacturing Unit: million tons/year • Global warming ( ): proportion of resource use (%) *Source: White Paper on Sustainable Society (FY2005), Ministry of the Environment • Acid rain Global environmental problems • Ozone layer depletion • Marine pollution Resources used Production Consumption 2,059 (100.0) • Trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste • Residual organic pollutants *Natural ecological environmental problems Oil 215 (10.4) Energy • Destruction of tropical rain forests consumption • Extinction of wildlife species 348 (16.9) Imported Coal 158 • Desertification Imported products resources (7.7) *Pollution problems in developing countries 649 (31.5) Iron ore Exported 156 (7.6) 142 (6.9) Regional environmental 126 (6.1) problems *Traditional pollution problems caused by industries Others • Air pollution 150 (7.3) • Water pollution • Soil contamination Consumed and stored in total • Noise, vibration, odor Energy 1,255 (61.0) • Ground settlement Rock saving 592 (28.8) CO2 Dioxin *Natural ecological environmental problems Products from from and CO2 • Destruction of the natural environment in Japan 1,269 (61.6) Domestic shipments Stored in Japan 1,113 (54.1) incineration incineration reduction *Problems related to chemical substances 1,099 (53.4) [mostly buildings, bridges, Treatment processing, disposal, recycling through *Urban and domestic environmental problems Domestic industrial plants, etc.] the 3Rs resources Food consumption 1,129 (54.8) 65 (3.2) Lost in processing Lost in processing Gravel 175 (8.5) 65 (3.2) 263 (12.8) Consumed, discarded [Note] Problems 156 (7.6) Municipal waste 84 (4.1) MSW: 52, human waste: 29, Energy and [ Community r ecycling: 2.8 ] Municipal concerning waste Energy and Limestone Recycled 47 (2.3) waste disposal resource 182 (8.8) Byproducts 42 (2.0) 10 (0.5) and the 3Rs (aiming saving resource saving Food 54 (2.6) Electricity/gas/heat/water93 (4.5) Total Others 38 (1.9) Sludge 187 (9.1) disposal for a Sustainable through Note: Construction 76 (3.7) 52 (2.5) Industrial waste 400 (19.4) Industrial Economic Systems) the 3Rs 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Agriculture 90 (4.4) Disposal 42 Recycled 280 (13.6) Animal excrement 90 (4.4) waste disposal Mining 14 (0.7) Steel 26 (1.3) Pulp/paper 27 (1.3) Construction waste 57 (2.8) 42 (2.0) Others 73 (3.5) Others 66 (3.2)
Recycled Byproduct *Minimization of energy and resource utilization *Energy-saving Recycled (Industrial Recycled 42 (2.0) • Energy-saving (Used resource) waste origin) (Municipal waste origin) • 47 (2.3) 8 (0.4) Reduce (waste) • New energies 183 (8.9) • Alternative energies Recycled 280 (13.6) • Reuse (parts, products, etc.) *Resource saving
• Recycle (waste)
Proper intermediate treatment (Source: Clean Japan Center) (measures to reduce dioxin, heavy metal, toxic wastes) *Minimization of final disposal volume (Source: Clean Japan Center)
2 3 Creation of a 3R-Oriented, Sustainable Society
2 Present Situation of Waste in Japan [2] Waste treatment amount of recyclable resources recovered by citizen groups, In the total amount of MSW treated in FY 2003, 47.4 was 9.16 million tons. Some 1.86 million tons of MSW were (1) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) million tons underwent intermediate treatment by delivered to direct final disposal without going through municipalities such as incineration, comminution and intermediate treatment (direct landfill) and 36.76 million tons [1] Total amount of municipal solid waste discharged around FY1985, but remained almost flat during the period selection, while 2.27 million tons were directly delivered to were reduced through intermediate treatment (see Fig. I-4). The total amount of municipal solid waste discharged from FY1989 to FY2003. The downward trend seen after recycling industries, collectively accounting for 96.4% of the The share of MSW directly incinerated in the total amount (MSW: wastes discharged from households) in FY 2003 was FY1979 was in line with the influence of the second oil shock, total amount of MSW treated (rate of waste reduced in of MSW treated increased considerably to FY1989 and it has 51.61 million tons, accounting for 139 times as much as the and the trend that went upward to reach a peak in FY1990 has treatment). Out of 47.4 million tons of MSW delivered to continued to increase slightly since then. The share of MSW volume of the Tokyo Dome Stadium (0.3 tons per m3), the per flattened and subsequently seems to be in parallel with the intermediate treatment facilities, 4.06 million tons were recycled through intermediate treatment has also been capita/day amount being 1,106g (see Fig. I-3). bubble economy and its collapse. In the future, however, we reused after treatment. The total amount of MSW recycled, increasing slightly. Consequently, the share of direct final The total amount of MSW discharged and the per should endeavor to reduce waste generation in an economic the sum of the amount of MSW recycled through intermediate disposal (final landfill) of MSW has been decreasing (see Fig. capita/day amount of discharge started to increase rapidly boom or bust. treatment, the amount of MSW directly recycled, and the I-5).
Fig. I-4 Flow of MSW Treatment in Japan (FY 2003)
Fig. I-3 MSW Discharge (10,000 tons/year) Collected by Total amount citizen groups recycled 5,500 2.83 M tn. 9.16 M tn. Total amount of MSW discharge 5,236 5,210 5,160 5,145 5,161 5,120 5,161 5,077 5,115 Recycled Per capita/day amount of MSW discharge 5,044 5,054 5,069 [2.81 M tn.] [8.64 M tn.] 4,997 5,020 5,030 Direct recycling after treatment 5,000 2.27 M tn. 4,839 4.06 M tn. (4.4 %) (7.9 %) 4,647 10.31 M tn. 2.33 M tn. 3.5 M tn. 4,462 4,448 4,475 (20.0 %) 4,500 4,394 (4.5 %) (6.8 %) 4,319 4,304 4,345 4,264 4,266 Treatment residue 4,153 4,063 10.65 M tn. (g/capita/day) Intermediate (20.7 %) Planned treatment treatment 4,000 1,200 51.44 M tn. 47.4 M tn. 1,132 (92.0 %) Reduced 1,120 1,118 1,124 1,114 1,118 1,114 1,112 1,114 1,111 36.76 M tn. 6.8 M tn. 1,104 1,103 1,106 1,105 1,106 (71.3 %) (13.2 %) 1,082 1,100 Total discharge 51.39 M tn. 46.89 M tn. 1,049 51.61 M tn. (100 %) (91.1 %) Final disposal 1,040 36.58 M tn. 1,028 1,032 1,028 after treatment 1,007 999 (71.1 %) 6.59 M tn. 989 993 986 [51.61 M tn.] 980 981 1,000 Direct final disposal (12.8 %) Total final disposal 1.86 M tn. 8.45 M tn. (3.6 %) (16.4 %)
900 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (FY) In-house treatment 2.23 M tn. 9.03 M tn. 0.17 M tn (4.3 %) (17.6 %) Note : Total MSW discharge = MSW collected + MSW directly delivered + MSW treated in-house. According to the "Basic Policy for Comprehensive and Systematic Promotion of Measures for Reduction and Other Proper Treatment of Waste" under the Waste Management Law, the amount of MSW discharged is calculated by deducting the "amount of MSW treated in-house" from the "total amount of MSW discharged" and adding "the amount of recyclable resources collected by citizen groups." Therefore, the amount [0.22 M tn.] discharged for FY 2003 is 54.27 million tons. Source: Ministry of Environment, Discharge and Treatment of MSW (in FY 2003), November 4, 2005 (revised) Notes: 1. The total amount of MSW treated does not correspond to the "amount of scheduled treatment" due to errors in measurement. [ ] : the amount of FY2002 2. Rate of waste reduced in treatment (%) = [(intermediate treatment) + (directly recycling)] / (total MSW treated) x 100 Source: Ministry of Environment, Discharge and Treatment of MSW (in FY 2003), November 4, 2005 (revised)
4 5 Creation of a 3R-Oriented, Sustainable Society
Fig. I-5 Waste Treatment Methods [4] Final disposal sites regionally uneven, the number of remaining sustainable years Figures in parentheses are percentages Amount of MSW treated As of FY 2003, there were 2,039 final disposal sites for may differ among regions (see Fig. I-7). (thousand tons) Direct incineration Recycling through intermediate treatment Direct recycling Direct final disposal 3 60,000 MSW. The remaining capacity was 137.08 million m and the national estimated number of remaining sustainable years was 52,090 51,961 51,445 51,538 51,107 51,191 50,443 50,573 13.2 years. As the distribution of final disposal sites is 49,282 49,717 49,114 49,338 49,664 49,899 5.9 5.3 4.3 3.6 50,000 48,597 7.5 6.7 8.6 4.4 10.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 12.5 11.5 3.1 3.6 17.0 14.9 14.4 19.9 12.4 12.1 12.8 13.9 41,511 41,531 21.1 13.4 11.5 11.6 Fig. I-7 Remaining Capacity and Number of Remaining Sustainable Years of Final Disposal Sites for MSW 12.8 3 12.0 12.3 (million m ) 196 (years) 40,000 10.2 10.7 11.3 200 6.7 192 15 26.4 5.8 Remaining capacity Number of remaining sustainable years 37.1 171 3.0 167 30,000 164 164 13.2 157 13.1 157 154 157 2.5 149 151 151 153 150 12.5 142 12.3 12.3 145 77.4 78.2 78.1 12.2 78.0 77.9 78.1 78.4 137 20,000 72.7 74.3 74.3 75.5 76.3 76.9 73.1 73.4 12 70.6 11.2 60.4
10,000 100 10.0
9.4
0 8.7 9 1980 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (FY) 8.5 7.9 8.2 8.1 Notes: 1. Direct recycling is a category introduced in 1998, and refers to the amount of MSW that is directly delivered to recycling industries without 50 8.0 7.8 going through recycling facilities. 7.6 2. Until FY1997, the amount of "direct recycling" was included in the amount of "recycling through intermediate treatment." Source: Ministry of Environment, Discharge and Treatment of MSW (in FY 2003), November 4, 2005 (revised)
0 6 [3] Recycling Fig. I-6 Recycling Rate 1980 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (FY) (%) 16.8 Note: 17.0 Remaining capacity at the end of the fiscal year In FY 2003, 2.27 million tons of MSW Number of remaining sustainable years = 15.9 (Total final disposal in the fiscal year / Weight of landfill waste) were separately collected and directly 16.0 15.0 (Weight of landfill waste = 0.8163) 15.0 recycled by municipalities, 4.06 million tons 14.3 Source: Ministry of Environment, Discharge and Treatment of MSW (in FY 2003), November 4, 2005 (revised) were recycled through intermediate 14.0 13.1 treatment, and 2.83 million tons were 13.0 12.1 Final landfill/Facility for exudative water treatment collected by citizen groups for recycling. 12.0 11.0 The total amount of MSW recycled, 11.0 10.3 9.8 aggregating all of the above, was 9.16 10.0 9.1 million tons (see Fig. I-4). The recycling rate 9.0 8.0 was 16.8%, about 3.7 times higher than 8.0 7.3
FY1989. Fig. I-6 shows that the rise of the 7.0 recycling rate was accelerated by the effect 6.1 6.0 5.3 of the Containers and Packaging Recycling 5.0 4.5
Law that partly came into force in 1997. 4.0 However, recycling has yet to be promoted 3.0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (FY) sufficiently for some kinds of MSW such as Note: (MSW directly recycled + MSW recycled after intermediate treatment + MSW collected by citizen groups) kitchen garbage. Recycling rate = X100 Total MSW treated and MSW collected by citizen groups The amount of "MSW recycled after intermediate treatment" is the amount of iron, aluminum, etc. recovered and recycled through treatment of recyclable waste and bulky waste. Source: Ministry of Environment, Discharge and Treatment of MSW (in FY 2003), November 4, 2005 (revised)
6 7 Creation of a 3R-Oriented, Sustainable Society
(2) Industrial Waste Fig. I-9 Amount of Industrial Waste Discharged by Industry and Category (FY 2003)
[1] Total amount of industrial waste discharged disposal has been decreasing gradually (see Fig. I-8). By industry By category Transportation machinery equipment Waste plastic Glass/concrete/ceramic scrap 4,273 (1.0) 4,132 (1.0) The total amount of industrial waste discharged in Japan in Based on the estimate by the Ministry of Environment as to Food Others 5,462 (1.3) 28,315 (6.9) Waste oil 3,817 (0.8) 10,201 (2.5) Wood scrap 5,915 (1.4) Others 12,284 (3.0) FY 2003 was about 412 million tons, remaining almost flat the amount of final disposal in FY 2002 (40 million tons) and Ceramics Electricity/ Metal scrap 10,464 (2.5) gas/heat/ 9,044 (2.2) since FY 1990. The amount of industrial waste recycled has the remaining capacity of final disposal facilities as of April water and Ash dust Mining sewage 15,190 (3.7) 13,945 (3.4) not fluctuated significantly, while the amount of industrial 2003, the national average number of remaining sustainable 92,248 (22.4) Chemicals Slag 19,398 (4.7) waste reduced through intermediate treatment has been years of final disposal facilities is 4.5 years. Thus we are 17,037 (4.1) Construction Total Total Sludge Iron and steel waste 411,623 411,623 190,379 increasing gradually, and therefore the amount of final facing a severe situation. 30,724 (7.5) 59,246 (100.0) (100.0) (46.3) Agriculture (14.4) Pulp/paper/ 90,589 (22.0) paper processing Construction Animal excrement Fig. I-8 Industrial Waste Discharge 36,601 (8.9) 75,006 Unit: thousand tons/year 88,977 Amount of discharge (18.2) Figures in parentheses (21.6) (10,000 tons) are percentages. 50,000 Recycled Reduced Final disposal Source: Ministry of Environment, Discharge and Treatment of Industrial Waste (in FY 2003), November 8, 2005 (revised)
(42,600) (41,200) (41,500) (40,800) (40,000) (40,600) (40,000) (39,300) (39,500) (39,800) (40,300) (39,700) (40,500) (39,400) (40,500) [3] Flow of Industrial waste treatment intermediate treatment, which were further reduced to about 128 40,000 3,000 6,000 6,700 4,500 4,200 Of the total amount of industrial waste discharged (about 412 million tons and then recycled or finally disposed (see Fig. I-10). 6,800 5,800 5,000 4,000 8,000 6,900 8,900 9,100 8,900 8,400 million tons), about 88 million tons were directly recycled (21% Finally, 49% of the total amount of industrial waste of the total), and about 308 million tons were delivered to discharged was recycled and 7% was finally disposed (see Fig. 30,000 18,000 I-10). 18,500 17,900 17,700 17,500 17,200 Figures in parentheses are data for FY 2002 17,800 18,700 17,900 17,900 14,900 15,300 Fig. I-10 Flow of Industrial Waste Treatment in Japan (FY 2003) 15,500 15,700 17,000 Direct recycling Total amount 88 M tn. recycled 20,000 201 M tn. (21%) (49 %) Treatment Recycled after 182 M tn. residue treatment 128 M tn. 113 M tn. (46%) 20,100 Total discharge Intermediate (31%) (27%) 10,000 treatment 16,900 17,200 17,100 18,400 18,300 18,200 412 M tn. 15,100 15,800 16 ,100 15 ,600 15,600 18,100 308 M tn. 14,700 15,000 (100.0%) (75%) Reduced Final disposal 180 M tn. after treatment 15 M tn. 393 M tn. (44%) (100.0%)] (4%) 172 M tn. 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 (1996) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (FY) (44%) (*1) (*2) (*2) (*2) (*2) (*2) (*2) (*2) Direct final Total final disposal disposal Notes: 1. The amount of discharge(*1) shown above is the amount in FY 1996 according to the "target amount of waste reduction" set by the 15 M tn. 30 M tn. government to be achieved by FY 2010 (decided by the government on September 28, 1999) under the Basic Policy for Measures against (4%) (7 %) Dioxin (decided by the Ministerial Meeting on Measures Against Dioxin). 40 M tn. 2. The amount of discharge(*2) for FY 1997 and after is calculated under the same conditions as 1 above. Note: The aggregate total may not correspond to the total amount because figures for individual amounts are rounded off. (10%) * The aggregate total may not correspond to the total amount because figures for individual amounts are rounded off. Source: Ministry of environment, Discharge and Treatment of Industrial Waste (in FY 2003), November 8, 2005( revised) Source: Ministry of Environment, Discharge and Treatment of Industrial Waste (in FY 2003), November 8, 2005 (revised) [4] Final disposal Sites Fig. I-11 Remaining Capacity and Number of Remaining Sustainable Years of Final Disposal Sites for Industrial Waste As of April 1, 2003, the remaining capacity of final (thousand m3) (year) 250,000 5 disposal sites for industrial waste was about 181.78 million [2] Amount of discharge by industry and by category 211,059 3 3 4.5 m , an increase of about 2.37 million m (1%) over the 200,000 190,312 183,937 The amount of discharge by six industries: 176,089 179,408 electricity/gas/heat/water and sewage, agriculture, previous year. The national average number of remaining 181,780 150,000 4.3 sustainable years of final disposal sites was 4.5 years. (see Fig. construction, pulp/paper/paper processing, iron and steel, and 3.9 4 chemicals accounted for about 80% of the total amount of I-11) 100,000 3.7 industrial waste discharged (see Fig. I-9). 50,000 3.3 In terms of category, sludge, animal excrement, and 3.2 3 0 construction waste accounted for about 80% of the total 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 (FY) amount of industrial waste discharged (see Fig. I-9). Notes: Number of remaining sustainable years= Remaining capacity (m3)/ amount of final disposal (tons) (conversion ratio between ton and m3 =1)
Source: Ministry of environment, Discharge and Treatment of Industrial Waste (in FY 2002), January 21, 2005( revised)
8 9 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
1 Legislative System Fig. II-2 Legislative System in Line with the Life Cycle of Product
Life Cycle of Product In the more than ten years since the "Law for Promotion of Vehicles Recycling Law " came into force (see Fig. II-1). Legislative System Role of Parties Concerned Utilization of Recycled Resources (amended to the Law for Law for Promotion of Effective Businesses Production • 3R-oriented designs Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources)" came into Utilization of Resources (Resource-saving, Long-life) force in 1991, practices and policies concerning waste • Reuse, Promoting Recycling reduction and promotion of recycling have been generally • Labeling materials reviewed, and a legislative system is currently being developed in this field. In January 2005, the "End-of-Life National government, national organizations Consumption/Use Green Purchasing Law and local authorities. Fig. II-1 Legislative System for Promoting the Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society • Taking the lead in purchasing environmentally friendly products.
Put into force in January 2001 To ensure material recycling in society; Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Business Material-Cycle Society (basic framework law) to reduce consumption of natural resources; to reduce environmental burden Collection/Recycling Law for Promotion of Effective • Self collection Utilization of Resources •Basic principles •Obligations of the national and local governments, businesses and citizens •Measures to be taken by the national government Consumers Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society ; Basis of other national plans Containers and Packaging • Properly discharging Recycling Law • Properly paying, etc. Proper waste management Promotion of recycling Home Appliance Recycling Law [Establishment of a general scheme] Amended in December 2003 Put into force in April 2001 Food Recycling Law Law for Promotion of Effective Waste Management Law Utilization of Resources Construction Material Recycling Law
1. Reduction and recycling of by-products 1. Proper waste management End-of-Life Vehicles 2. Utilization of recyclable resources and reusable 2. Regulations for setting up waste disposal facilities Recycling Law parts 3. Regulations on waste disposal businesses 3. Product designing and manufacturing with 4. Establishment of standards for waste management awareness of the 3Rs 5. Measures to control improper disposal 4. Product labeling for separate collection of waste 6. Development of facilities through participation of 5. Voluntary take-back and recycling of used products the public sector 6. Promotion of effective utilization of by-products Businesses/Municipalities Waste Waste Management Law • Properly discharging of waste [Regulations in accordance with the characteristics of specific products]
Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (basic framework law) Containers and Construction End-of-Life Food Packaging Home Appliance Material Vehicles Recycling Law Recycling Law Recycling Law Recycling Law Recycling Law Put into force in April 2000 Put into force in April 2001 Put into force in May 2001 Put into force in May 2002 Put into force in January 2005
• Selected discharge of • Consumers bear collection Construction contractors • Car owners bear recycling waste by consumers and recycling costs Businesses that take charge of: cost • • manufacture, process and • Separate collection of Retailers take back used Sorting dismantled • Manufactures take back containers and packaging home appliances from sell food products take construction materials; and recycle fluorocarbons, by municipalities consumers charge of recycling food and air bags and shredder • Recycling of containers • Manufacturers recycle waste • Recycling construction dust and packaging by used home appliances material waste • Related businesses take businesses that back and provide end-of- manufacture and use them The national government shall take the initiative in life vehicles Green Purchasing Law promoting procurement of recycled products, etc.
Put into force in April 2001
10 11 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
Under these laws, as well as the "Guidelines for Waste Treatment promulgated in 1999, and the system for reporting release and 2 Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society and Recycling (By Product Category and Industry Sector)" transfer of chemical substances was introduced. Under this system, developed by the METI Industrial Structure Council (see page 38), which corresponds to the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register [1] Title of the law: Fundamental Law for Establishing a (1) Subjects to be regulated measures are being taken to cover all types of waste (see Fig. II-3). (PRTR) System implemented by the OECD, businesses identify the Sound Material-Cycle Society The law states that it shall be applicable to "waste" in For the purpose of controlling environmental pollution caused by amount of various kinds of toxic chemical substances released into [2] Date put into force: January 2001 (promulgated in June general, valuable or valueless, and that efforts should be made business and industrial activities, the Soil Contamination the environment, as well as the amount of such substances contained 2000) to prevent products from generating waste materials and to Countermeasures Law was promulgated in 2002 and put into force in in waste and transferred out of their property, and report these [3] Purpose: Providing a basic framework and clarifying the promote recycling of such waste materials generated by January 2003. With respect to chemical substances, the "Law for amounts to the national government, which gathers and publishes process for establishing a sound material-cycle society focusing on their utility as "recyclable resources." Promoting Management of Release of Chemical Substances" was such data. Outline of the Law (2) Parties to be regulated Fig. II-3 Laws and Guidelines to Control Waste The law provides for individual roles to be played by The law attributes responsibility to the national and local citizens, businesses, municipalities and the national governments, businesses and citizens. It clearly stipulates that Municipal solid Industrial waste
Implementing comprehensive measures in manufacturing, Kitchen processing, selling, and repairing stages through: Chemicals: 5% Basic Plan for establishing a sound material-cycle society Food Recycling Law waste (1) Reducing waste generation, • Setting out basic policies for establishing a sound material-cycle society and measures to be taken comprehensively and systematically to this end. (business (business (2) Reusing parts, and Mining: 3% waste only) /household): (3) Recycling about 30% Others: Basic policies for establishing a sound material-cycle society 10% • Taking measures to reduce waste generation • Establishing public facilities • Taking measures for proper recycling and disposal • Encouraging local governments to develop proper • Promoting the use of recycled products of waste policies • Encouraging voluntary initiatives by private-sector • Promoting education and training Effective utilization of resources Annual total: about 400 M tn. Annual total: about 50M tn. • Promoting pre-assessment of products and organizations • Tackling obstacles to environmental conservation containers • Taking measures to eliminate obstacles to • Promoting science and technology • Conducting surveys environmental conservation • Supporting measures taken by local governments Green Purchasing Law • Taking economic measures for waste reduction • Taking measures for international cooperation
12 13 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
(3) Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (4) Extended producer responsibility ingredients of products, and [3] take back and recycle The Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle measures for waste generation restraints, reuse, reuse after In discussions on 3R-related policies and systems, designated products after they are disposed of. Society was developed in March 2003 in comprehensively treatment, disposal and so forth are well balanced. Based on "Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)" is often used. Having studied extended producer responsibility as an promoting the policies related to Establishing a Sound the past trend with regard to technology innovation and Extended producer responsibility means that producers bear a environmental policy approach since 1994, the OECD Material-Cycle Society as planned. demand structure of goods and services, numerical targets are certain degree of responsibility for proper recycling and developed and published a guidance manual for OECD In this Basic Plan, three indices of different phases of the set as attainable levels when implementing measures with management of the products that they produced even after the members in 2001. material flow are defined as “entry”, “recycled” and “exit” maximum effort based on the basic plan in terms of material products are used and disposed of. toward realization of a Sound Material-Cycle Society in which cycling. More specifically, in order to contribute to prevention of waste generation as well as recycling and proper disposal of (1) Material productivity (=GDP/Amount of natural resources) recyclable resources, producers are required to [1] design
Fig. II-5 Material productivity (Unit: 10,000 yen/t) recycling-oriented products, [2] indicate the materials or With regard to “entry”, an index is defined as “material productivity” representing how effectively material is used (how much affluence is produced with less resource) by industries and people’s life. The Table II-1 Extended Producer Responsibility under the OECD "Extended Producer Responsibility: Guidance Manual for Governments" numerical target was doubled from FY1990 [210,000
yen/t], and aimed at a 40% increase FY2000 [280,000 [1] Definition "An environmental policy approach in which a producer's responsibility, physical and/or financial, for a product yen/t] in FY2010 [390,000 yen/t]. In FY2003, the is extended to the post-consumer stage of a product's life cycle". This approach has the following features: material productivity was 316,000 yen/t. (a) The responsibility is transferred from local governments to the producer. (b) Producers consider the environmental impact when designing their products.
(2) Usage rate of Recycled Goods (=Usage rate of recycled goods / Transfer the financial and/or physical responsibility of waste management from local governments and the general [2] Primary effect (Usage rate of recycled goods + amount of natural resources used) taxpayer to the producer, encourage positive changes in material selection and in the design aspects of a product. Fig. II-6 Usage rate of Recycled Goods (Unit: %) Appropriate signals can be sent to the producer to internalize a substantial portion of the external environmental cost of With regard to “recycled”, an index is defined as the product. “usage rate of recycled goods” representing how much resources input are cyclically used (reuse and reuse [3] Major Objective (a) Source reduction (natural resource conservation/material conservation) (b) Waste prevention after treatment). The numerical targets are set as (c) Design of more environmentally compatible products follows: a 80% increase from FY1990 [8%]; a 40% (d) Closure of material-use loops to promote sustainable development increase from FY2000 [10%]; and a 14% increase in FY2010 [14%]. It was 11.3% in FY2003. [4] Sharing responsibility Sharing responsibility among parties concerned in the product chain from production to disposal is an inherent key of EPR.
[5] Specific policy (a) Take-back and recycling of products (3) Final disposal instruments and measures (b) Deposit/refund scheme (c) Material taxes as earmarked taxes Fig. II-7 Amount of final disposal (Unit: Million tn.) (d) Advance disposal fee With regard to “exit”, an index is defined as (e) Criteria for users of recycled products “amount of final disposal” (land-filled waste) (f) Leasing representing an urgency in need of final disposal sites.
The numerical targets are set as follows: a 75% [6] EPR and PPP The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) states that the polluter should bear the expenses of preventing and controlling decrease from FY1990 [110M tn.]; a 50% decrease pollution to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state. from FY2000 [56M tn.]; and 28 million tons in In contrast, EPR seeks to solve problems by holding producers responsible for the entire life cycle of a product. Inconsistency between EPR and PPP can be completely prevented by clearly defining their roles. FY2010. The amount of final disposal was 40 million tons in FY2003. Source: OECD, Extended Producer Responsibility: Guidance Manual for Governments (2001) (compiled by the Clean Japan Center)
14 15 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
3 Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources 2 Designated resources-reutilizing industry Required to use recyclable resources and reusable parts • Paper manufacturing • Glass container • Construction • Rigid PVC pipes and • Copier manufacturing manufacturing pipe fitting manufacturing [1] Title of the law: Law for Promotion of Effective [2] Consumers Utilization of Resources • Using products as long as possible [2] Date put into force: April 2001 (promulgated in June • Using products containing recyclable resources 2000) • Cooperating for separated collection [3] Purpose: Comprehensively promoting reduction of waste, • Cooperating with measures taken by the national and local reuse of parts, and recycling of used products as raw governments as well as by businesses materials [3] National and local governments 3 Specified resources-saved product Required to ensure rational use of raw materials, prolong product life and reduce generation of Outline of the Law • Taking financial measures used products
The law provides for measures to be taken by businesses, • Promoting the use of recyclable resources in procurement • Automobiles • Home appliances • Personal computers • Pachinko machines (television sets, air conditioners, refrigerators, (including CRTs and liquid crystal displays) (Including rotary types) such as 3R-related measures in the production stage, 3R • Promoting science and technology development washing machines, microwave ovens, clothes dryers) consideration in the product designing stage, labeling for • Endeavoring to gain the understanding of the public separated collection, and development of a system for (2) Industries and products to be regulated self-collection and recycling by manufacturers. The law requires that businesses take measures to apply the (1) Responsibilities of parties concerned 3Rs (reduction, reuse and recycling) under specific criteria [1] Businesses (ministerial ordinances) with respect to 10
• Rationalize use of raw materials with the aim of reducing designated/specified industries and 69 product items • Metal furniture • Gas and oil appliances (metal storage furniture, shelves, office desks and (oil heaters, gas cookers with grills, switch-on gas water heaters, bath heaters with gas burners, used products and by-products. (covering about 50% of municipal and industrial waste). swivel chairs) oil-fired water heaters) • Using recyclable resources and reusable parts • Promoting the use of used products and by-products as recyclable resources and reusable parts • "Recyclable resources": Used products or by-products (waste) generated in plants that can be used as raw materials "Reusable parts": Used goods that can be used as the parts or part of the products 4 Specified reuse-promoted product Required to promote the use of recyclable resources or reusable parts (designing and manufacturing products that can be easily reused or recycled) 1 Designated resources-saving industry Required to reduce generation of by-products (by ensuring rational use of raw materials and promoting use of by-products as recyclable resources) • Automobiles • Home appliances • Personal computers • Pachinko machines • Copying machines • Pulp and paper • Inorganic chemical manufacturing • Iron-making and steel-making/rolling (television sets, air conditioners, (including CRTs and liquid crystal displays) (Including rotary types) (excluding salt manufacturing) and organic refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, clothes dryers) chemical manufacturing
• Metal furniture • Gas and oil appliances • Bathroom units and kitchen systems (metal storage furniture, (oil heaters, gas cookers with grills, switch-on gas shelves, office desks and water heaters, bath heaters with gas burners, • Primary copper smelting and refining • Automobile manufacturing (including motorized bicycle manufacturing) swivel chairs) oil-fired water heaters)
16 17 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
• Devices using compact rechargeable batteries 6 Specified resource-recycled products Required to promote self-collection and recycling (electric power supply devices, power tools, guide lights, fire alarm systems, security alarm devices, electric assisted bicycles, electric powered wheelchairs, printers, portable data collecting devices, cordless phones, facsimile devices, telephone switchboards, communication devices for mobile phones, communication devices for MCA systems, communication devices for simplicity radio transmission, radio sets for amateurs, video cameras, headphone stereos, electric vacuum cleaners, electric shavers, electric therapeutic apparatuses, electric bubble generators, electric toys) • Compact rechargeable batteries • Personal computers (compact sealed lead batteries, sealed nickel-cadmium batteries, sealed (including CRTs and liquid crystal displays) nickel-metal-hydride batteries, lithium batteries)
Devices in which compact rechargeable batteries (specified resources-recycled products) are used as parts
Required to promote self-collection and recycling of compact rechargeable batteries
• 29 items including electric power supply devices and power tools (The same as those in which compact rechargeable batteries are used in the category of specified resources-reutilized products)
5 Specified labeled product Required to be labeled to facilitate separated collection
• Steel cans, aluminum cans (beverages and liquors) • PET bottles (beverages, liquors, soy sauce)
• PVC construction materials • Paper containers and packaging • Plastic containers and packaging (rigid PVC pipes, spouting and window frames, (excluding paper-packs for beverages, which (excluding PET bottles for beverages liquors, PVC flooring and wallpaper) do not use aluminum and containers and soy sauce) packaging made of corrugated cardboard)
• Compact rechargeable batteries (compact sealed lead batteries, sealed nickel-cadmium batteries, sealed nickel-metal-hydride batteries, lithium batteries) 7 Specified by-product Required to promote the use of by-products as recyclable resources
• Coal ash generated by the electricity industry • Soil and sand, concrete lumps, asphalt-concrete lumps or lumbers generated by the construction industry
Pb Ni-Cd Ni-MH Li-ion
18 19 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
Fig. II-8 Flow under the Waste Management Law 4 Waste Management Law Providing financial assistance for establishing and maintaining disposal facilities (MSW) [1] Title of the law: Waste Management and Public Cleaning (2) Responsibilities of businesses Law (Waste Management Law) [1] Businesses shall bear the responsibility of properly Municipalities Direct Dischargers Responsible for MSW disposal (citizens and businesses) [2] Date put into force: October 2005 (promulgated in May managing waste materials generated in their activities or Disposing of waste 2005) entrust such management in writing to licensed waste disposal • Formulating MSW • Cooperating with disposal plans municipalities [3] Purpose: To preserve the living environment and improve businesses. public health by preventing waste generation, promoting [2] Businesses are also required to follow the flow of waste • Implementing MSW Contract • Preventing waste management Entrusting Disposing proper waste management (transportation, disposal, recycling, materials that they discharge until their final disposal in Prefectures • National of waste Reducing waste (including cities where public health • etc.) and maintaining a clean living environment. accordance with the "Manifest" (waste management sheet). government centers are located) Instructing businesses discharging a vast quantity Giving Giving Outline of the Law [3] Businesses discharging a vast quantity of waste of waste to develop waste Licensed • Formulating basic advice • Formulating waste advice reduction plans disposal The law provides for the definition of waste, permission (businesses that discharged 1,000 tons or more of industrial policies disposal plans business Licensing Disposing for engaging in the waste disposal business, permission for waste or 50 tons or more of specially controlled industrial • Giving policy instructions of waste • Setting waste • Granting licenses for establishing waste disposal facilities, and setting of the waste waste in the previous year) need to develop a waste disposal disposal criteria establishing waste disposal facilities (or disposal criteria (see Fig. II-8). plan. • Setting criteria for accepting applications Giving guidance, supervision or orders (1) Definition of waste [4] Except for incineration under the waste disposal standards, disposal facilities for the establishment Businesses discharging in respect of municipal industrial waste The law defines "waste" as "refuse, bulky refuse, ashes, (incineration under) other laws or ordinances, or incineration • Setting entrustment facilities) Responsible for industrial waste disposal criteria sludge, excreta, waste oil, waste acid, waste alkali, carcasses inevitable for public interests or social custom, businesses Giving licenses, guidance • Granting licenses for or supervision Licensed Entrusted disposal • Developing waste reduction and other filthy and unnecessary matter, which are in solid or shall be prohibited from incinerating waste and shall be • Technological engaging in waste disposal plans required from development, disposal business liquid state." In other words, "waste" means things that punished for violating this prohibition. business businesses discharging a information-gathering vast quantity of waste become useless because they can no longer be used by their (3) Permission of disposal facilities • Giving policy orders • Cooperating with owners or sold to others for value. Businesses shall obtain permission for establishing a waste municipalities Entrusted disposal • Preventing waste Whether a thing falls under the definition of waste is disposal facility under this law even in the case of engaging in Waste disposal centers • Reducing waste comprehensively judged in light of its nature, the condition of recycling provided under the Home Appliance Recycling Law • Submitting manifests • Entrusting waste its discharge, the ordinary way of handling it, whether it has or the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law. disposal in accordance any commercial value, and its owner's intention. For example, (4) Special schemes Providing financial assistance for establishing and maintaining disposal facilities with entrustment criteria if used tires are piled up in an open field and left untouched Licenses for engaging in a waste disposal business or (Industrial waste) Source: Ministry of Environment, White Paper on Recycling-Oriented Society (2003) for as long as about 180 days, they are regarded as waste. establishing waste disposal facilities shall not be required
Among waste materials discharged in business activities, under two special schemes, National Permit System and the Table.II-2 Outline of the Special Schemes for Waste Disposal Businesses and Facilities 20 kinds of waste materials, such as ashes, sludge, animal Disposal and Recycling Approval Scheme (see Table II-2). National Permit System Disposal and Recycling Approval Scheme excrement discharged in the livestock industry, waste oil, The National Permit System was created as an enhanced • Under this system, local waste management permits are not necessary • Businesses approved by the Minister of Environment as carrying out waste acid, waste alkali, and animal bodies discharged in the version of the original Wide-Area Disposal and Recycling Details of the scheme for entities that have received authorization from the Minister of the disposal and recycling of designated waste materials in accordance Environment as businesses that conduct waste management over a with the criteria shall not be required to obtain a license for engaging in livestock industry, are defined as industrial waste, and other Designation Scheme, with the aim of promoting better waste wide area. a waste disposal business or for establishing waste disposal facilities. kinds of waste materials are defined as municipal solid waste. management (based on the amended law, which entered into Waste materials effect on 1 December, 2003). Waste that falls under either of the following categories: MSW subject to the 1. Items those are not likely to have a harmful impact on the human • Used rubber tires (recycled as raw materials for cement) scheme living environment as a result of their decomposing easily under • Plastic waste (recycled as iron-making reducer) normal transport conditions, evaporating, or otherwise undergoing • Meat and bone waste ( recycled as raw materials for cement) changes in their physical properties. 2. For products that have become waste, if entities that conduct Industrial waste manufacturing, processing or sales operations of the said products • Used rubber tires (recycled as raw materials for cement) also conduct treatment of said waste items, a reduction in the volume • Plastic waste (recycled as iron-making reducer) of said waste, and other proper management can be ensured. • Construction inorganic sludge (recycled as materials for building super (high-standard) levees) MSW • Sludge containing silicon (recycled deoxidizer for fused steel) • Waste spring mattresses • Waste personal computers • Waste rechargeable batteries Stipulated by notice of the Ministry of the Environment
20 21 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
Fig. II-10 Three Recycling Routes Fig. II-11 Scheme under the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (Designated body route; PET bottles) 5 Containers and Packaging Recycling Law 1 2 3
Designated (1) Overview Self-collection route Designated body route Independent route Consumers Supply products Designated user Provide bottles Manufacturers of products that Manufacturers manufacture (selectively (soft drink 1 2 (PET bottle use containers and packaging of containers Designated discard bottles) manufactures) [1] Title of the law: Law for Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling Manufacturers of Manufacturers Designated manufactures/users Specified manufactures) food, soft drinks, of bottles, PET manufactures/users (obliged to recycle manufactures/users of Containers and Packaging (Containers and Packaging Recycling Law) alcohol, soap, bottles, paper containers and packaging) paint, medicine, bags and other Perform the recycling obligation [2] Date put into force: December 1995 (promulgated in June 1995) cosmetics bags Competent Minister Competent Minister approves the (pay recycling costs) approves collection Entrusting to perform independent [3] Purpose: Clarifying the role-sharing in managing waste of containers methods applied the obligation collection route by specified as a whole Retailers and manufactures/users Importers and packaging discharged as MSW from households, i.e., consumers 3 wholesalers 4 Collection Entrusting for sorting waste materials when discarding them, municipalities carrying out Businesses Businesses importing Designated body recycling Collect Designated body using containers containers, importing used bottles (Japan Containers and Packaging sorted collection, and businesses recycling collected waste, with the aim of and packaging products in containers Recycling Association) when selling or packaging, or using containers Entrusting ensuring proper management of waste and effective use of resources products or packaging for imported products
Selling recycled products through reduction of MSW and adequate use of recyclable resources. Retailers Recycling businesses Recycling businesses Conclude a contract Pay recycling costs Schools, religious organizations, 5 and restaurants that provide Outline of the Law take-out services Municipalities The law provides for a collection and recycling system in which municipalities Recycling Clothes Municipalities (sorted collection and (sorted collect business manufactures, storing containers and packaging) bottles) take charge of carrying out sorted collection of containers and packaging (sorted Delivering (recycling) etc. used bottles and discarded by consumers) and businesses take charge of recycling such collected containers and packaging (see Figs. II-10 and II-11). • Entrustment to the designated body Consumers (selectively discarding waste) The Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association is a body designated (1) Containers and packaging under the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law as engaging in recycling containers and packaging collected "Containers" means things in which products are contained (including bags), separately by municipalities, by entrustment of designated manufacturers/users. Designated manufacturers/users shall be regarded as recycling containers and Fig. II-12 Methods for Recycling Waste from Containers and Packaging under the Recycling Obligation and "packaging" means things used to wrap products. packaging when they conclude a recycling contract with the designated body to Category Recycling method Examples of Recycled products The Containers and Packaging Recycling Law defines containers and packaging as perform their obligation under the contract. The designated body shall also be entrusted by municipalities to recycle containers and packaging on behalf of the "containers and packaging for commercial products, which become unnecessary municipalities (recycling these to be recycled by businesses that are excluded from •Glass containers the application of the law). when the said products have been consumed or when the said containers and •Construction and civil Glass bottles Crushed into cullets engineering materials packaging have been removed from the products." • 60% of domestic waste is from containers and packaging (2) Containers and packaging subject to the law In Japan, the amount of waste per annum is 51.61 million tons (in FY2002), of which waste discharged from households "Containers" subject to the law include glass containers, PET bottles, paper •Fibers containers, plastic containers (including styrene foam trays and plastic bags), and is 34.53 million tons, accounting for 66.9%. Containers and Palletized, etc •Plastic sheets •PET bottles "packaging" subject to the law includes packaging and wrapping materials, all of packaging discharged from households account for about 60% PET bottles which are discharged from households, under the following conditions. of domestic waste in terms of volume. Polyester raw materials [1] Those that can generally be regarded as containers or packaging, based on Fig. II-9 Share of Waste from Containers and Packaging in the Total •Paperboards Amount of Household Waste (in terms of volume, FY2002) Sorted by socially accepted ideas, shall be subject to the law. + RDF paper-making material •Construction materials Metal Others Examples: Caps of PET bottles, covers of pudding cups, wrapping film used for Paper •Refuse-derived fuel 1.2% 10.1% Paper containers and packaging Glass 16.6% Used for manufacturing construction food trays 0% boards of material woven + RDF from crushed recycled paper [2] Those used for providing services rather than used as containers or packaging Plastic 4.6% of products shall be excluded. Raw materials for plastic products •Plastic products Waste other than containers including imitation Examples: Bags used for cleaning services, containers used for home delivery and packaging 38.9% Liquefaction wood and palettes Paper services • Industrial raw 23.0% Containers and Plastic containers and packaging Blast furnace reducing agent packaging 61.1% materials [3] Those that are still necessary even when the products are removed from them Gasification shall be excluded. Plastic 40.8% Coal materials substitute for the coke oven Examples: CD cases, camera cases Metal 2.8% (3) Businesses to be regulated Glass 0.8% * Steel cans, aluminum cans, paper cartons, and corrugated cardboard are subject to the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, but they have yet to be subject to the recycling obligation. The law specifies that businesses (manufacturers/users) that are to be regulated Source: Ministry of Environment, Actual condition survey of utilizing waste from containers and packaging and its disposal and business report about effect verification (2003) are obliged to recycle containers and packaging.
22 23 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
(2) Present Situation of Recycling
Of a total of 3,053 municipalities in Japan (as of October 1, 2004 % (see Fig. III-8). PET bottles are voluntarily collected by Fig. II-15 Volume of Containers and Packaging Recycled (Volume of Those Delivered to Recycling Businesses)
including Tokyo 23 wards), the number of those carrying out sorted manufactures and the collection rate exceeds 62% by adding 810,000 (tons) 500,000 collection and recycling under the Containers and Packaging tons (data provided by a manufactures’ association) collected in Recycling Law has been increasing steadily, mainly with respect to FY2004. The volume of PET bottles collected and then recycled in 400,000 the items included in the scope of regulation by the law in 1997 (see was 231,000 tons (see Fig. II-15), of which 148,000 tons (see Fig. II- Fig. II-13). The ratio of municipalities carrying out sorted collection 16(d)) were recycled and sold via the designated body (see Fig. II-11). and recycling to the total number of municipalities in FY2004 was 92 With respect to paper containers/packaging and plastic 300,000 % for glass bottles, 25 % for paper containers/packaging, 92 % for containers/packaging, which were included in the scope of regulation PET bottles and 58 % for plastic containers/packaging, all of these in 2000, the volume of those separately collected in FY2004 was 200,000 four items being subject to the sorted collection and recycling under 69,000 tons and 471,000 tons (see Fig. II-14), while the volume of
the law. those recycled was 60,000 tons and 455,000 tons (see Fig. II-15), of 100,000 The volume of PET bottles collected separately in FY2004 was which 27,000 tons and 310,000 tons (see Fig. II-16 (e)(f)) were 238,000 tons (see Fig. II-14), of which the collection rate exceeded 46 recycled and sold via the designated body, respectively 0 Glass bottles of Paper containers/ Plastic containers/ Colorless glass bottles Amber glass bottles PET bottles other colors packaging packaging Fig. II-13 Number of Municipalities Carrying Out Sorted Collection FY1997 275,119 228,170 95,190 - 19,330 - 3,000 FY1998 303,240 256,227 123,227 - 45,192 - FY1999 307,237 272,559 134,084 - 70,783 - 2,500 FY2000 334,549 294,959 150,139 26,310 117,877 77,568 FY2001 339,443 298,785 152,965 44,675 155,837 180,306 FY2002 337,888 293,240 156,856 54,145 183,427 268,640 2,000 FY2003 345,208 297,510 157,217 69,508 204,993 384,865 FY2004 334,659 291,868 157,145 59,668 231,377 455,487 1,500 * "Volume of containers and packaging recycled" means the volume delivered by municipalities to recycling businesses in accordance with recycling plans. Source: Ministry of Environment
1,000 Fig. II-6 Trends in the Volume of Containers and Packaging Recycled Figures in square parentheses: volume sales of recycled products via the Designated Body and the Use of Recycled Products Figure in round parentheses: percentage of the total volume of sales of recycled products 500 (a) Colorless glass bottles (b) Amber glass bottles 0 Glass bottles of Paper containers/ Plastic containers/ Colorless glass bottles Amber glass bottles PET bottles (tons) Raw materials for glass bottle Other uses (tons) Raw materials for glass bottle Other uses other colors packaging packaging 120,000 150,000 FY1997 1,610 1,610 1,535 - 631 - [44,905] [57,425] [63,838] [73,804] [90,333] [94,341] [104,672] [101,566] [46,374] [70,157] [88,532] [103,701] [121,696] [123,439] [119,042] [121,707] FY1998 1,862 1,866 1,784 - 1,011 - 34,227 38,554 FY1999 1,991 1,992 1,915 - 1,214 - (31.2%) 11,998 11,951 17,905 (28.1%) FY2000 2,618 2,631 2,566 343 2,340 881 (10.1%) (9.8%) 2,904 (19.0%) FY2001 2,725 2,737 2,706 404 2,617 1,121 100,000 (3.2%) FY2002 2,795 2,807 2,740 525 2,747 1,306 120,000 19,404 FY2003 2,911 2,922 2,872 748 2,891 1,685 (18.7%) FY2004 2,815 2,826 2,788 772 2,796 1,757 9,666 3,416 9,689 Note: "Plastic containers / packaging" means all kinds of plastic containers and packaging, including white (styrofoam) trays. Source: Ministry of Environment (9.2%) 15,137 (4.6%) (9.5%) 80,000 (17.1%) Fig. II-14 Volume of Containers and Packaging Collected 1,337 (2.1%) 90,000 (tons) 500,000 57 2,806 (0.1%) (4.0%)
60,000 95,006 979 91,877 400,000 (90.8%) (2.2%) 76,436 (90.5%) 107,044 109,756 87,429 (81.0%) 1,391 84,885 (89.9%) (90.2%) 60,000 87,469 70,388 (96.8%) (3.0%) (68.8%) 84,297 (71.9%) 300,000 (95.4%) 40,000 62,501 73,395 (81.3%) 57,368 (97.9%) (82.9%) (99.9%) 67,351 200,000 (96.0%) 43,926 (97.8%) 30,000 44,983 20,000 (97.0%) 100,000
0 0 0 Glass bottles of Paper containers/ Plastic containers/ 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) Colorless glass bottles Amber glass bottles PET bottles other colors packaging packaging *The description of “bottle to bottle” is revised as “raw materials for glass bottle” as of FY2003. FY1997 292,775 243,916 107,533 - 21,361 - FY1998 322,284 274,374 136,953 - 47,620 - FY1999 326,110 290,127 149,332 - 75,811 - FY2000 352,386 312,539 164,551 34,537 124,873 100,811 FY2001 355,157 311,993 162,481 49,723 161,651 197,273 FY2002 348,698 304,172 163,903 57,977 188,194 282,561 FY2003 356,977 309,857 165,011 76,878 211,753 401,697 FY2004 346,671 301,262 166,076 69,197 238,469 471,488 Source: Ministry of Environment
24 25 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
(c) Glass bottles of other colors (d) PET bottles 6 Home Appliance Recycling Law Raw materials for glass bottle Other uses Textiles Plastic sheets Bottles Molded products Others (tons) [26,531] [53,564] [58,936] [87,183] [92,734] [100,037] [94,051] [97,205] (tons) [8,398] [23,909] [39,605] [68,575] [94,912] [112,485] [124,298] [147,698] 100,000 160,000 1,965 (1) Overview (1.3%)
4,239 140,000 (2.9%) [1] Title of the law: Law for Recycling of Specified Kinds of (3) Responsibilities of parties concerned 3,944 1,576 (3.2%) (1.3%) 23,351 Home Appliances (Home Appliance Recycling Law) [1] Consumers (Those who use home appliances shall pay 80,000 (15.8%) 5,314 1,993 120,000 (4.7%) (1.8%) [2] Date put into force: April 2001 (promulgated in June 1998) for recycling costs.) 11,312 (9.1%) [3] Purpose: Clarifying the role-sharing between consumers, • Appropriate disposal 5,330 3,032 77,389 (5.6%) (3.2%) 606 78,982 100,000 retailers and home appliance manufacturers in managing used • Payment of costs for collection and recycling (79.6%) (0.6%) 60,000 (84.0%) 94,705 54,589 (37.0%) home appliances disposed of by households, with the aim of [2] Home appliance retailers (Those who sell home appliances 87,549 (94.7%) 50,021 (94.4%) 381 45,632 (40.2%) 80,000 3,802 2,723 (0.4%) (40.5%) promoting waste reduction and recycling. shall collect and transport them.) 79,880 (5.5%) (4.0%) (91.6%) Outline of the law • Taking back home appliances, which they have sold, from 40,000 37,510 (39.5%) 50,347 60,000 258 326 businesses that dispose of them 41,781 (85.4%) 1,265 (0.7%) (0.5%) The law provides for a collection and recycling system in (78.0%) (5.3%) 2,530 • Taking back home appliances at the request of consumers 320 (6.4%) 23,407 which home appliance retailers take charge of collecting used (1.3%) (34.1%) 63,554 40,000 87 57,445 who buy new ones to replace old ones and proper delivering 1,112 (1.0%) 58,940 (43.0%) 20,065 (46.2%) home appliances and home appliance manufacturers take (13.2%) 211 179 (52.4%) 20,000 (75.6%) (0.5%) 48,659 366 (0.9%) (51.3%) of collected home appliances to the manufacturers and (4.4%) charge of recycling collected appliances (see Fig. II-17). 5,218 11,450 38,317 19,816 (28.9%) 20,000 756 (21.8%) (55.9%) importers 15,069 (20.4%) 11,783 (9.0%) (16.0%) 16,895 (1) Home appliances to be regulated (22.0%) 8,589 25,188 • Issuing home appliance recycling coupons*3 to 6,466 7,303 5,185 5,332 (70.7%) (63.6%) (14.6%) 6,077 (24.4%) (8.4%) (5.6%) (5.30%) [1] Air conditioners 0 0 (72.4%) manufacturers and the designated body and sending copies 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) [2] Television sets (limited to CRT-types) to dischargers [3] Refrigerators, freezers*1 • Displaying the costs of collecting and transporting in shop [4] Washing machines windows (2) Recycling [3] Home appliance manufacturers and importers (Those who (e) Paper containers/packaging (f) Plastic containers/packaging White trays "Recycling" means removing parts and materials from used manufacture home appliances shall recycle them.) White trays Papermaking materials Materials other than papermaking materials Refuse-derived fuel Materials Liquefaction Blast furnace Coke Gasification (Materials, liquefaction) home appliances and reusing them as parts or raw materials • Taking back home appliances, which they have (tons) [10,230] [20,793] [24,358] [29,881] [27,163] (tons) [43,830] [118,470] [180,162] [256,150] [309,537] manufactured or imported, from retailers 30,000 300,000 White trays for new products or assigning them, with or without charge, to 2,897 • Recycling these home appliances (9.70%) 280,000 Materials Liquefaction 52,203 those who will reuse them. "Recycling" includes thermal 1,022 0 (16.9%) 1,907 (0.4%) (0%) Materials Liquefaction recycling or using waste as fuel. However, it is currently • Publishing the costs for recycling these home appliances (7.0%) 260,000 1,023 0 15 (0.3%) (0%) (recycling fees) (0.05%) 28,076 required to satisfy a certain recycling level*2 only in terms of 24,000 240,000 (11.0%) 3,917 203 White trays White trays [4] Designated body (Association for Electric Home (16.0%) (0.8%) 220,000 Materials Liquefaction recycling of waste as parts or raw materials of new products. 921 3 Appliances) 200,000 (0.5%)(0.0%) 4,295 137,980 • Recycling home appliances whose manufacturers are 157 (20.7%) White trays (44.6%) 18,000 (0.7%) 180,000 120,767 unknown or those entrusted by specific manufacturers Materials Liquefaction (47.1%) 160,000 777 95 11,188 (manufacturers whose production volume is less than 900,000 (0.7%)(0.0%) (6.2%) 1,196 26,969 140,000 Recycling level required under the law units for air conditioners, 900,000 units for television sets, (5.7%) (90.25%) White trays 25,053 12,000 (92.2%) 120,000 Materials Liquefaction 91,175 Air conditioner Television set 450,000 units for refrigerators, and 450,000 units for (50.6%) 60% 55% 520 13 55,870 20,284 100,000 (1.2%)(0.0%) 7,529 washing machines) 3,118 58,811 (18.0%) (83.3%) (6.4%) (23.0%) (30.5%) 9,771 Preferably Preferably [5] Municipalities 80,000 (22.3%) 50,631 6,426 Definitely Definitely (42.7%) 46,621 5,847 (2.1%) 2,566 15,301 24,656 638 (25.9%) • Delivering home appliances, which they have collected, to 6,000 60,000 (1.5%) (2.3%) (25.1%) (73.6%) (56.3%) 42,306 6,828 manufacturers and the designated body, as well as recycling them 40,000 (35.7%) (3.8%) 4,546 3,348 56,035 4,882 7,886(6.7%) 41,626 (18.1%) (44.4%) 20,000 (7.6%) (11.1%) 23,426 (16.2%) Recycling rules *1 Refrigerators became subject to the regulation as of April 2004. 9,246(7.8%) (13.0%) 0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) Refrigerator-freezer Washing machine Weight of materials recycled 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) 2000 *2 Recycling rate= Weight of units treated for recycling
Source: Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association *3 Association for Electric Home Appliances operates the home Preferably Definitely Preferably Definitely appliance recycling coupon system, which is convenient for paying and collecting recycling fees. Recycling fees may be paid and 50% 50% collected via retailers or by postal transfer.
26 27 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
(2) Present Situation of Recycling Fig. II-18 Recycling by Manufacturers/Importers and the Designated Body (FY2004) ■ Air conditioners ■ Television sets ■ Refrigerators ■ Washing machines Among used home appliances disposed of by households, 64% to 82% (see Fig. II-18). All these recycling rates Number of units taken back Number of units (thousand units) at designated take-back sites (tons) treated for recycling (%) Recycling rate 4,000 180,000 80 about 18 million units of air conditioners, television sets, exceeded the target levels under the Home Appliance 82 3,786 161,131 81 3,500 70 68 refrigerators and washing machines, the four items included in Recycling Law (see page 27). 150,000 64 3,000 60 2,801 2,813 the scope of regulation by the law in April 2001, were With regard to the composition of the weight of materials 120,000 2,500 50 disposed of annually at the time of enforcement of the law. Up recycled, iron, copper, aluminum and glass account for the 103,200 2,000 90,000 85,764 40 to now, it is estimated that 70.8% of such used home majority of the total although depending on products (see Fig. 1,814 79,044 1,500 30 60,000 appliances are treated and disposed of as waste, 4.9% are sold II-19 and II-20). 1,000 20
30,000 weight of materials recycled in Japan as second-hand goods and 24.3% are exported as CFCs used as refrigerants for air conditioners, and Recycling rate = 500 10 weight of units treated for recycling second-hand goods. refrigerators/freezers and CFCs in the heat insulator of 0 0 0 Source: Association for Electric Home Appliances Since the law was put into force, the four items have been refrigerators/freezers are also collected and decomposed. taken back by retailers or municipalities, and then recycled by The ratio of home appliances illegally discarded to the Fig. II-19 Weight of Materials Recycled by Manufacturers/Importers and the Designated Body (FY2004) manufacturers/importers or the designated body (Association number of units taken back has varied between 1% and 2% • Air conditioners, recycled: 64,939 tons • Television sets,recycled: 83,868 tons • Refrigerators, recycled: 103,546 tons • Washing machines, recycled: 58,710 tons for Electric Home Appliances) at 45 recycling plants for home during the last few years (see Fig. II-21). The total number of Other valuable materials Other valuable materials Iron 8,167 Other valuable materials Other valuable materials appliances. the four items illegally discarded in April - September 2004 3,185 9,823 Copper 3,835 10,888 8,903 Mixture of non-ferrous Aluminum 123123 Iron metal and iron 19,401 Mixture of non-ferrous Mixture of non-ferrous In FY 2004, manufacturers/importers or the designated was 172,327 (2,526 municipalities, 128.42 million people: Mixture of non-ferrous 25,878 metal and iron 10,893 metal and iron metal and iron Aluminum Iron Iron body took back a total of about 11.22 million units (7.2% 99% of total population). This was a decrease of 0.2% 30,396 CRT glass 1,100 380 Copper 71,608 Aluminum 37,668 Copper 60,818 Aluminum 1,267 445 Copper 4,137 increase compared to the previous year) of the four items at compared to the same term of the previous year. Continued 1,340 789 take-back sites, and the recycling rates for the four items were investigation of the actual situation is needed. Note: * Total weight of parts and materials that have already been treated so as to be assignable, with or without charge. Source: Association for Electric Home Appliances * “Other valuable materials” include printed boards and other plastics.
Fig. II-20 Composition of Home Appliances Fig. II-17 Flow of Recycling of Used Home Appliances Others Air conditioners Others Television sets Refrigerators Others Washing machines (coppere alloy, aluminum alloy) (aluminum/ aluminum alloy, gas) (printed boards, gas, other alloys) 3.6% 9.5% Printed boards 7.8% Others (other alloys) 9.6% Disposers Aluminum/ 8.2% (44 million households, 18 million units / year [four items] aluminum alloy 8.6% Iron/ iron alloy Appropriate disposal 8.8% Disposal Payment of cost for collection and recycling Iron/ iron alloy Plastic Glass Iron/ iron alloy Plastic 45.9% Plastic Iron/ iron alloy 17.5% Plastic 63.2% 49.0% 34.7% 16.2% 55.7%
Copper Obligation to take back Secure reliable copper alloy [1] Taking back home appliances that retailers themselves have sold 18.5% [2] Taking back home appliances at the request of consumers who buy new transportation under ones to replace old ones the manifest system Source: Association for Electric Home Appliances Retailers 80,000 home appliance stores (5,500 large stores) Fig. II-21 Trends in the Number of Units Illegally Discarded (total of four items) Municipalities Obligation to deliver 2.5% Collection, transportation
2.0% Designated take-back sites Issuance / publication 1.5% 380 designated take-back sites
45 recycling plants 1.0% FY2003 Obligation to take back FY2004 [1] When parties obliged to Taking back home appliances Recycling fees (large home appliance 0.5% take back are unkuown that they themselves have Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. [2] When entrusted by SMEs manufactured or imported manufacturers) Recycling Air conditioner: 3,675 yen Surveillance of Source: Ministry of Environment Manufacturers Television set: 2,835 yen Designated body Refrigerator Freezer: 4,830 yen the implementation
Importers Municipalities Washing machine: 2,520 yen
Obligation to recycle used home appliances according to the recycling criteria.
28 29 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
7 End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law Fig. II-23 Concept of the ELV Recycling Law
[1] Title of the law: Law on Recycling of End-of-Life [4] Auto dismantling businesses Evidence of the disposal (Information of recycling completed) Vehicles (ELV Recycling Law) Dismantling ELVs properly in accordance with the recycling [2] Date put into force: January 1, 2005 (promulgated in July standards, collecting airbags and handing over ELVs to car
2002) manufacturers/importers *1 Certified Car owners [3] Purpose: construct a recycling system to ensure recycling [5] Shredding businesses (new car) and proper disposal of ELVs by role-sharing of businesses Shredding dismantled ELVs (press, cutting and shredding) in Recycling beginning with car manufacturers. accordance with the recycling standards, handing over free Used car Outline of the law shredder dust (waste remaining after shredding dismantled Claiming costs Capital management The law provides role-sharing between car owners, ELVs) to car manufacturers/importers companies Car owners ELV-collecting businesses, car manufacturers, and car [6] Car manufacturers/importers (Japan Automobile Payment Recycling Promotion Center) importers to build a recycling- oriented society in which Collecting and recycling CFCs, airbags and shredder dust Obligation to deliver/ take back ELVs waste is reduced and resources are used with care. from ELVs that are manufactured and imported by ELV (1) Vehicles to be regulated themselves. Registered ELV-collecting businesses All types of four-wheel vehicles (including large vehicles (3) Payment of recycling fee (Retailers, maintenance and commercial vehicles, such as trucks and buses) [1] Fees shall be paid upon purchasing new cars for those who service companies) (2) Responsibilities of the parties concerned purchase new cars from January 2005, and paid at the first Obligation ELV to deliver [1] Car owners (end users) periodic inspection of every in-use vehicle from January 2005 Obligation to deliver/take back CFCs Registered Payment of recycling fee, delivering end-of-life vehicles to for those who already purchased cars by the end of 2004. In CFC-collecting ELV-collecting businesses that are registered with local the case of disposing of cars without undergoing a periodic Payment for collection of CFCs businesses Information Management Center Center) (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion authorities inspection, fees shall be paid to ELV - collecting businesses Obligation manifest electronic Report through ELV to deliver [2] ELV - collecting businesses when ELVs are handed over to them. Car manufactures/importers themselves or by entrustment (Carrying out recycling to other companies) Obligation to deliver/take back airbags Recyclable Taking back ELVs from end users and then delivering them [2] Recycling fees are determined on every car by individual Licensed parts to CFC-collecting businesses and auto - dismantling car manufacturers/importers, depending on the possible Auto-dismantling businesses businesses. quantity of shredder dust and CFCs, number of airbags and Payment for collection of airbags [3] CFC - collecting businesses simplicity of taking off airbags. ELV Obligation scraps to deliver Collecting fluorocarbons properly from ELVs in accordance [3] The average fee for recycling shall be disclosed by car Obligation to deliver/ Licensed take back shredder dust Metal, etc. with the recycling standards, and handing over ELVs to car manufacturers/importers. Visit the websites provided by car Shredding manufacturers/importers manufacturers/importers, or http://www.jars.gr.jp for businesses automobile recycling system. Used parts market metal market and recycled Fig. II-22 Recycling Uses of ELVs body Designated recycling (Japan Automobile Recycling Center) Promotion
• Engine (iron, aluminum) iron products in general, aluminum products • Cooling liquid (alcohol) supporting fuel oil for boiler incinerators • Wire harness (copper) copper products • Battery (lead) battery Flow of information • Engine oil (oil) supporting fuel oil for boiler incinerators • • Flow of ELVs *1 including car owners already registered • • Windows (glass) Glass wool *2 Third parties shall be involved in case of absence of a party responsible for recycling. • Additionally, financial support for measures for island areas and • Front bumper (resin) Flow of payment illegal disposal is implemented. bumper, interior/exterior parts, and toolboxes •
• Suspension (iron, aluminum) auto parts, iron products in general
• Tires (rubber) raw/fuel materials for cement • Rear bumper (resin) bumper, interior/exterior parts, and Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry toolboxes • Transmission (iron, aluminum) iron products in general, aluminum parts • Wheels (irons, aluminum) • Gear oil (oil) supporting fuel oil for boiler incinerators auto parts, iron products in general, aluminum parts • Catalytic converter (precious metal) catalytic converter Source: Japan Automobile Manufactures Association
30 31 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
8 Construction Material Recycling Law Fig. II-26 Flow of Sorted Demolition and Recycling
[1] Title of the law: Law on Recycling Construction-Related (2) Construction materials to be regulated (As of the Formerly … Final disposal Mixed waste Materials (Construction Material Recycling Law) end of October 2005) Mincing demolition
[2] Date put into force: May 2002 (promulgated in May 2000) • Concrete • Obligatory Illegal dumping [3] Purpose: To promote sorting and recycling of designated • Construction materials consisting of concrete and iron • Sorted Demolition and recycling construction materials which are discharged in the process of • Wood* • Concrete masses Recycling Sorted demolition • Recycled aggregate demolishing buildings • Asphalt concrete • Asphalt masses • Wood generated • Recycled asphalt mix beams • Wooden tips * It is allowable to reduce (incinerate) wood if the construction site is and so on more than 50 km away from the nearest recycling facility. from construction Outline of the law Source: Committee for the Promotion of Recycling of Construction By-products, (2004) The law provides for the process of sorted demolition and • These materials account for about 80% of the total amount Fig. II-27 Flow of Sorted Demolition and Recycling: from placement of order to implementation recycling carried out by contractors and the contractual of construction waste (see Fig. II-24). procedures to be followed by the client and the prime *A client who fails to make prior notification or follow a change order shall be punished with fines. contractor for construction works (see Fig. II-27) Prior notification Fig. II-24 Amount of Construction Waste Discharged, Prefectural (1) Construction works to be regulated by Product Category (FY2002) Client Governor (developing a sorted Mixed construction waste Others demolition plan) Type of construction Standard size 3 million tons (4%) (metal scraps, plastics waste, paper waste) [Change order] 1 million tons (2%) 80m2 or more Wood generated Demolition of a building (total floor space) in construction 5 million tons (6%) Entrustment to municipalities 500m2 o or more Construction of a new building or extension Advice, recommendation, (total floor space) Construction sludge Written report 8 million tons (10%) order, collection of reports, 100 million yen or more Repairing or remodeling (renovating) of a building on-the-spot inspection (contracting fee) Explanation Contract Concrete mass 5 million yen or more Total Other construction work (civil engineering work) 35 million tons (contracting fee) 83 million tons (42%) Contractor Notes: Asphalt Prime contractor (formulates Prime contractor 1. Demolition work means demolishing parts of a building, such as the foundation, foundation concrete mass a construction plan and • Implementation of sorted demolition (confirms the 30 million tons (36%) explains to the client) and recycling piles, walls, posts, roof trusses, bases, diagonal framing, floor covers, roof plates or horizontal completion of the • Management of construction work by recycling and framing, which support the weight of the building or its live load, snow, wind pressure, earth Disclosure Contract the technical manager reports to the pressure or hydraulic pressure, or earthquake or other vibration or impact. • Provision of signs on the construction site client) 2. Work for demolishing part of a building or constructing part of a new building or extension Subcontractor shall be subject to the regulation if the total floor area of the part concerned falls under the Note: The aggregate total may not correspond to the total amount because figures for individual amounts are rounded off. standard size. Reconstruction work shall be regarded as a combination of demolition and construction of a new building (or extension). Source: Ministry of land, Infrastructure and Transport Source: Committee for the Promotion of Recycling of Construction By-products
Fig. II-25 Relationship Between Construction By-products, Recycled Resources and Waste Fig. II-28 Example of Recycling of Concrete Aggregate Construction By-products Recycled resources Feature 2
Products that can be (Law for Promotion of Revives good aggregate Waste used as resources Effective utilization of Resources) Concrete building contained in concrete waste from demolition (Waste Management Law) Ready-mixed Products that can be used concrete plant • Masses of concrete Demolition site directly as raw materials Final disposal site • Masses of asphalt and concrete Stone pit Products that cannot • Wood generated from Construction be use as resources • Soil generated from construction • Slag from Construction • Iron slag • Toxic substances and dangerous • Mixed waste from Construction objects Coarse/fine aggregate Natural aggregate High-quality aggregate Road-bed materials collecting plant Feature 1 Feature 3
= Recycling of these items is mandatory under the Construction Material Recycling Law Restrains destruction of nature Reduces environmental burden caused by mining of natural Cement plant Crushing caused by final disposal Construction by-products are products generated as byproducts from construction; they include recycled resources and waste. aggregate resources
Source: Committee for the Promotion of Recycling of Construction By-products, (2004)
32 33 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
Fig. II-30 Related Businesses and their Role in Food Recycling 9 Food Recycling Law Food-related businesses Play the main role of recycling as discharger of food waste. The Food-related law requires that businesses take measures to recycle intentionally. [1] Title of the law: Law Concerning Promotion to Recover the recycling rate to 20 % higher. businesses Utilization of and Utilize Recyclable Food Resources (Food Recycling Penalties shall be imposed on those discharging 100 tons or recyclable Recycling businesses Law) more of food waste annually shall in the case of not achieving Agriculture and food resources Businesses that recycle food waste and play the role of linking farm products food-related businesses and users of fertilizers and animal feeds. [2] Date put into force: May 2001 (promulgated in June 2000) this minimum 20 % rate through the following order of The law requires that they provide proper information and carry out environmentally oriented activities. [3] Purpose: To prevent and reduce food waste discharged process: advice, disclose and order. Agriculture, from food-related businesses, thereby decreasing the amount [Aims to increase the recycling rate to 20% by FY2006] forestry and Recycling businesses fishing businesses Fertilizers and Agriculture, forestry and fishing businesses for final disposal, as well as to promote recycling of such [1] Prevention: preventing generation of food waste animal feeds The law requires that use recycled fertilizers and animal feeds, and waste as fertilizers and animal feeds. [2] Recycling: using food waste as raw materials of fertilizer, provide agriculture and farm products to food-related businesses for achieving recycling between food production and consumption. Outline of the law animal feeds, oil and fat products or methane. The law provides for measures to be taken by food-related • Fertilizers: compost made by aerobic fermentation, organic businesses. fertilizer made by drying
(1) Food waste to be regulated • Animal feeds: feed for livestock or aquarium fish made by Table II-3 Amount of Food Waste Generated and Recycled (FY2004) [1] Unsold or uneaten food waste generated in the process of pressure steaming, aerobic fermentation or dehydration Recycling Waste generated Reduction of Reduction Recycled distribution and consumption through frying a year rate generation in quantities (3) Oil and (10,000 tons) (1) (2) Fertilizer Animal Methane (1)+(2)+(3) [2] Leftover plant and animal food generated in the process of • Oil and fat products: cooking oil, soap feeds fat products manufacturing, processing and cooking food products • Methane: biogas made by anaerobic fermentation of kitchen 65% Food manufactures 490 5% 5% 75% (excluding kitchen waste discharged from households) waste (composed of methane gas (about 60%) and carbon (100) (55) (42) (0) (3) (2) Food-related businesses to be regulated dioxide gas (about 40%)), used as fuel 35% [1] Businesses engaged in manufacturing/processing food [3] Reduction: reducing the amount of food waste by Food wholesalers 75 6% 2% 43% (100) (42) (57) - (1) products for wholesale or retail sales dehydration, drying, fermentation or carbonization (roasting) * e. g. Food manufacturers, greengrocerers, department stores, supermarkets (4) Responsibility of consumers 23% Food retailers 260 4% 1% 28% [2] Restaurants and other food-service businesses Consumers shall prevent generation of food waste by (100) (41) (49) (1) (9) * e. g. Cafeterias, restaurants, hotels, Japanese-style hotels, wedding centers, floating improving their methods of buying and cooking food and by restaurants % using recycled products. Food-service businesses 310 3% 2% 2 17% (3) Responsibilities of food-related businesses (100) (45) (40) (2) (13) All Food-related businesses engaged in manufacturing and (5) Responsibility of the national and local governments The national and local governments shall implement distributing food products or providing restaurant services % Total 1,136 4% 3% 39 46% shall carry out recycling of food waste (through prevention of measures to promote recycling of recyclable food resources. (100) (52) (43) (0) (5) waste generation, and reduction of final disposal), and raise Note: The aggregate total may not correspond to the total amount because figures for individual amounts are rounded off. Source: Department of Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and Fisheries, "Actual condition survey on utilization of recyclable food resources", (2005)
Fig. II-31 Waste disposal system by methane fermentation Kitchen waste kitchen waste Methane Methane gas is Fig. II-29 Food Waste and Recyclable Food Resources including outdated 1 2 sorting machine 3 fermentation 4 used as energy Food waste includes leftover plant and animal food generated in the process of packed food products manufacturing and cooking food products and unsold or uneaten food waste generated in the process of distribution and consumption. Food waste • Mixed kitchen waste put in • Separated into organic and other • Decomposed into methane gas and water • Boiler fuel, etc. the machine matter, crushed into slurry Production stage Animal and plant waste (Food manufacturing) Secondary Released as Utilization of 5 treatment of water sewage water Distribution stage discharge Liquid fertilizer Unsold food and food waste Recycled Recyclable (Food Distribution) Food Resources Food waste that can be used Consumption stage fertilizers, animal feeds and so on is Slag Fertilize Cooking leftovers and 6 (restaurants and households) named "Recyclable Food Resources" in the Law. uneaten food
34 35 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
Table II-4 Designated Procurement Items and Criteria (201 in total)
Designated procurement item 10 Green Purchasing Law Category Criteria (Cabinet Decision on February 8, 2005)
[1] Title of the law: Law Concerning the Promotion of Eco- Outline of the law 8 items including information paper (copy paper, diazo-type paper), printing paper, Composition of recycled pulp Paper friendly Goods and Services by the State and Other Entities The law provides that the national government, national hygienic paper (toilet paper, facial tissue) Degree of whiteness, etc. Authorities (Green Purchasing Law) organizations and local authorities shall take the lead in 76 items including mechanical pencil, ball point pens, scissors, dust blowers, glue, files, [2] Date put into force: April 2001 (promulgated in May purchasing eco-friendly goods, while businesses shall choose Stationery Use of recycled plastic, thinned binders, desk mats, windowed envelopes, blackboard dusters, can/bottle crushing machines 2000) eco-friendly goods when purchasing goods, to the greatest wood, plant-origin plastic, global warming potential [3] Purpose: To create and develop markets for recycled possible extent (see Fig. II-32). Office Furniture 10 items including chairs, desks, shelves, coat hooks, umbrella stands, blackboards products and other products with a reduced environmental Designated procurement items impact. The law designates the types of eco-friendly goods on OA Machines 11 items including copiers, printers, facsimile machines, display devices, digital printers which priority should be placed in procurement and judgment Home appliances Refrigerators, freezers, refrigerators with freezer, electrically heated toilet seat Fig. II-32 Green Purchasing Law criteria with respect to 201 items (see Table II-4). Air conditioners Air conditioners, gas-heat pump systems, heaters Energy efficiency • Businesses engaged in manufacturing, importing or selling goods or providing services shall endeavor to provide the necessary information for identifying environmental impact of goods or services Water heaters Electric hot water heaters, gas-water heaters, oil-fired water heaters, gas cookers Businesses, concerned. (general responsibility) citizens • When purchasing or leasing goods or receiving services, businesses and citizens shall endeavor to choose environmentally friendly Lighting Fluorescent lighting apparatuses, fluorescent light tubes products to the greatest possible extent. (general responsibility)
Automobiles Vehicles Gas emissions, fuel consumption ETC devices, VICS devices • When procuring goods or services, the national government and organizations shall endeavor to choose eco-friendly goods in order to promote the shift of demand to recycled products. Fire extinguisher Fire extinguishers Use of recycled extinguishing agent • The national government shall establish the basic policy for promoting National procurement of eco-friendly goods by the national government and Providing appropriate independent administrative agencies. Manufactures/ environmental government/ Uniforms and • National organizations (the Diet, courts, ministries, independent information on goods or Uniform, work clothes retailers Work clothes organizations administrative agencies, etc.) shall prepare and publish the policy for services they provide procurement of environmentally friendly products each fiscal year in accordance with the basic policy. At the end of every fiscal year, they Interior fixtures shall arrange and publish the actual results of procurement and report Carpets, curtains, blankets, futons, bed frames, mattresses Use of resin recycled from PET them to the Ministry of the Environment. and bedding bottles
Work gloves Work gloves • Local governments shall take measures to promote the shift of demand to eco-friendly goods. Local • Prefectures and municipalities shall prepare the policy for procurement Other fiver goods Tents, tarpaulins, protective netting government of eco-friendly goods each fiscal year and endeavor to procure goods or services in accordance with the procurement policy. (obligation to implement the policy) Use of solar energy, Facilities Photovoltaic generation systems, fuel batteries, solar thermal systems, kitchen waste disposers Reduction of kitchen waste
Public works Green procurement their green procurement criteria in 2002 and included heavy Green procurement generally means that, when metals and halogen compounds such as cadmium (Cd), lead [1] Recycled materials (44 items including particle boards, ceramic-quality tiles, blast purchasing raw materials, manufacturers preferentially (Pb), mercury (Hg) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), Public works furnace cement, permeable concrete, heat-insulating window sashes/doors, Usage degree of recycled choose eco-friendly goods or procure products from which are contained in materials and parts, as common projects automatic water taps, light control systems, and sewage sludge fertilizer) materials, emitted gas and noise manufacturers that implement environmental items to be disclosed. [2] Construction machinery (low-emission type, low-noise type) considerations. In other words, it means procuring Furthermore, the EU will enforce the RoHS Directive [3] Method of construction (6 items including recycling of concrete masses and road surface layer) materials and parts from manufacturers that have (regulating specific toxic substances contained in electronic [4] Special-purpose items (drainage paving, transparent paving and tree planting on the roof) established systems for environmental management and equipment imported into the EU) in July 2006 to prohibit prohibited substance management. home appliances and communication devices from Contents of technical qualifications and diagnoses, kitchen waste disposal, Large manufacturers have developed their own "green containing Pb, Hg, Cd, and Cr6+ as well as two kinds of Br Services Energy-saving diagnoses, cafeterias, printing, tire retread, car repair procurement criteria" and started taking measures (bromine)-based flame retardants. Accordingly, some composition of recycled paper, tire accordingly. For example, 18 large Japanese manufacturers have already started to implement retread, use of recycled car parts information/communication device manufacturers unified green procurement in a stricter manner. Source: Ministry of Environment , White paper on Recycling-Oriented Society (2005) Note: For green purchasing, environmental labels such as Eco-Mark (certified by the Japan Environment Association) and Eco-Leaf (used by the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry) are important information sources to distinguish Eco-friendly goods.
36 37 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
11 METI Industrial Structure Council: Guidelines for Waste Treatment and Recycling Example of a guideline for waste treatment and recycling (Revised in October 2005)
In the Guidelines for Waste Treatment and Recycling (by regulate 35 product categories and 18 sectors in total. Pachinko machines, etc. • Progress of measures implemented (overview) Product Category/Sector), the Industrial Structure Council The Guidelines play two roles: [1] a collection of voluntary 1. Considerations to be taken into designing and manufacturing toward 3R indicates measures to be taken by businesses for waste measures to be undertaken with respect to product categories • Overview of the guideline • Reduction in usage of ABS resin and plywood and the number of parts for frames • Implementation of research on types of resin and amount of treatment and recycling, with the aim of promoting voluntary and sectors that are not regulated under recycling-related laws, 1. Considerations to be taken into designing and manufacturing toward 3R environmental burden (e.g. lead) used [1] Implementation of the product assessment • Material labeling for resin parts which weigh 100g and more. For the [2] Disclosure of the conditions and effects due to the measures carried out actions. and [2] implementation guidelines with respect to product parts less than 100g is labeled to a maximum extent. [3] Commonization and standardization to prolong the life of products The Guidelines were first developed in 1990 with respect categories and sectors that are regulated under recycling- eligible for repairing 2. Material recycling [4] Reduce varieties of materials and amount of lead FY2001: 41.4% (actual) to 14 product categories and 10 sectors. After repeated related laws. Industries aim at achieving the numerical targets [5] Standardized labeling of materials FY2002: 51.9% (actual) FY2003: 63.6% (actual) revisions for improvement and enhancement of the contents, for recycling set in the guidelines as quickly as possible. 2. Goals of material recycling FY2001: 35%, FY2005: 55%, FY2007: 75% 3. Measures for distribution and disposals they were revised in October 2005 for the seventh time to In Tokyo Metropolis, a new collection system in which the machines are 3. Measures for distribution and disposals delivered to manufacturers at collection sites by area blocks was launched Adopt a nationwide system of collection and recycling and, maintain in October 2003 and its area expanded to be nationwide. and expand collection sites 4. Promotion of R&D (1) Guidelines by product category (35 commodities) 4. Promotion of R&D The system for facilitating reusable parts is strengthened. R&D for parts reuse based on the concept of easy disposal, reduction of Paper Glass bottles Steel cans Aluminum cans shredder dust and the law to prevent irregularity 5. PR activity Publicizing measures taken for recycling through industry newsletters 5. PR activity and exhibitions Instruct and enlighten the appropriate disposal and publicize recycling Plastics Automobiles Motorbikes Tires status implemented by the businesses New collection Pachinko parlors/ distributors • Revision of the guideline Used Bicycles Home electrical appliances Spring mattresses Office furniture system Collect at delivery Route collection machines (Setting numerical goals for recycling) Pachinko machines replacement center • (Sorting and storage of collected machines) A goal for material recycling is set as; 75% in FY2007. Machine of Carpets Futons Dry cell batteries, button batteries Small secondary batteries, etc. Machine of its own (Measures for distribution and disposals) its own Maintain and expand collection sites in order to increase collection New Recycling businesses through the collection system. Lead batteries for automobiles machines Cassette gas cylinders Aerosol cans Small gas cylinders Request Recycled parts and two-wheel vehicles for disposal Manufacturers Fire extinguishers Pachinko game machines, etc. Personal computers and Copying machines peripheral devices
• Progress of measures implemented (Overview) Construction materials Bath tubs and bathroom units Kitchen components Cellular phones and PHS Iron ore industry (Development of recycling iron and steel slag) Amount of iron and steel slag generated: 36.74 million tons in FY2004 Fore more details, see "Guidelines for Fluorescent tubes Vending machines Single-use cameras • Overview of the guideline (35.90 million tons in FY2003) Waste Treatment and Recycling (By Final disposal of iron and steel slag: 390,000 tons in FY2004 (370,000 Product Category)", METI 1. Goal to reduce final disposal Meet a goal of a 50% decrease in final disposal in FY2010 in tons in FY2003) comparison with FY1998 Effective use of iron and steel slag: 98.9% in FY2004 (99.0% in FY2003) 2. Recycling of iron and steel slag Measures to further increase utilization [1] Promotion of research/study to further increase utilization of iron steel slag • Further increased maritime usage of iron and steel slag and started R&D to strengthen (2) Guidelines by sector (18 businesses) [2] PR activities to encourage utilization fishing environment by repairing environment and improving ocean current • Designated procurement item for Green Purchasing Law (electric furnace Iron and steel Paper/pulp manufacturing Chemicals Glass sheet manufacturing 3. Acceptance of materials from other industries With regard to waste plastic (including waste plastic, waste tires, ASR, oxidizing slag aggregate, FY2005) etc.), an acceptance system is developed aiming at accepting one million Enlightenment • Efforts have been made to enrich the content of the web site with the Textiles Nonferrous metal manufacturing Electricity Automobile manufacturing tons in 2010 given that conditions including a system of goods collection are met. purpose of dissemination of iron and steel slag products. A new web site for beginners is completed. Electronic/ electric device Car part manufacturing Oil refineries Distribution (million tons) Final disposal (goal and actual amount) manufacturing 250 228 • Revision of the guideline 200 Leasing Cement manufacturing Rubber product manufacturing Coal mining (Goal to reduce final disposal) 150 • Continually strive for achieving the goal of a 50% decrease in final Factory-produced housing 123 disposal in FY2010 in comparison with FY1998 Gas Fore more details, see "Guidelines for 100 100 manufacturing Waste Treatment and Recycling (By 75 (Recycling of iron and steel slag) Industry Sector)", METI 72 72 71 50 • Promote research/study to further increase utilization of iron steel slag 50 • Strengthen PR activities to encourage utilization
0 (Acceptance of materials from other industries) FY1990 FY1996 FY1998 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2005 FY2010 • (Estimation) (Estimation) With regard to the acceptance of waste plastic, make an effort to achieve Note: Final disposal is a sum total of slag, dust and sludge. a goal of accepting one million tons in 2010 given that conditions including a system of goods collection are met.
38 39 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
12 Governance of Waste and Recycling
“Guideline for governance of waste and recycling for asking dischargers for weightier responsibilities. In the case 2. Points to be considered in governance of waste and recycling discharge of the waste by the corporation, the significance of dischargers” is developed by Industrial Structure Council of the prefectural boundary between Aomori and Iwate, both Governance of waste and recycling is a concept of an ideal establishing a cooperative relationship with broader varieties of Environment Meeting and Subcommittee for recycling in prefectural governments took the following steps: reported approach for a corporation (discharger) to increase the corporate parties concerned including subsidiaries, partner corporations, September 2004 in order to properly instruct dischargers to and levied fees on dischargers; disclosed the name of the value through improvement of corporate brand image and reduced retailers, disposal and recycling businesses to pursue appropriate promote appropriate disposal and recycling of the waste. company which is confirmed to have perpetrated illegal management risk by preventing an inappropriate discharge of waste treatment of the waste is highlighted. Coordination with disposal 1. Background of development of Guideline for disposal; and ordered the said company to remove the waste by the corporation. The guideline has three specific points to and recycling businesses has greater significance because it will governance of waste and recycling from the site. Violation of law such as illegal dumping may consider. enable the discharger to properly carry out disposal and recycling In recent years, some major cases of illegal dumping cause a company to risk management of the company due to Necessity of a company-wide approach, where not only the through opinion exchange about better methods of sorting, including Teshima, Kagawa Pref. (1990), the prefectural its degraded image of the corporate brand. personnel in charge of waste management on site but also entire treatment and recycling of waste. boundary between Aomori and Iwate (2002), Yokkaichi city, Upon these facts “Guideline for governance of waste and organization from the top management to employees are involved The third point to consider is the idea of provision and sharing Mie Pref. (2005) have been revealed and caused serious social recycling” is assembled with the concepts including in disposal and recycling of waste, is presented as a primary point. information with a variety of third parties such as customers, problems. importance of compliance, views of social responsibility of a The importance to promote appropriate disposal, among others, consumers, investors including stockholders of the corporation, Subsequently, Waste Disposal Law is revised thereby corporation and necessity to address the issue with a through active involvement of top management by securing local community including local communities about approach made standpoint of corporate management. personnel and budget for the waste control department and by the corporation. This effort allows the corporation to receive
Fig. II-33 Outline of governance of waste and recycling requiring a company-wide approach, is emphasized. reasonable assessment over the approach made by them which help Secondary, in order to mitigate the risk of inappropriate them further improve governance of waste and recycling. (1) Establishing an in-house system to develop and (3) Provision and sharing information enhance the governance of waste and recycling about approach of the corporation Fig. II-34 Flow followed by a discharger to practice the governance of waste and recycling
Top management Customers/ Parties involved in governance of waste and recycling of the discharger Provide information (publicize the result) consumers Local Customers/ Local Interactive communication consumers Investors community Present the management philosophy community Progress report on Require a company-wide approach Assessment from the market and society Investors Obtain personnel and budget waste management Provision of information (publicize the result) Interactive communication Waste control department Assessment from the market Top and society Recycling Final disposal management Require a Communicate company-wide approach Daily activity report Review governance details Obtain personnel company-wide rules Assuring appropriate and budget waste disposal seeking for a higher level of the approach at the final stage Waste control • Presenting the management philosophy department Assuring Intermediate (compliance) and requiring a company-wide approach materials toward the governance of waste and Personnel in charge of waste management on site recycled treatment recycling of the discharger Establishing a system Assessment of the result • Securing personnel and budget to practice appropriate disposal and • Assessment over the progress made recycling Developing a plan Collection against the goal (2) Establishing a system involving broader and carrying • Extract issues to be improved and varieties of parties concerned feedback • Establishing an in-house system to promote the Practice of the governance governance and setting company-wide rules and goals Waste management of waste and recycling • Establishing a coordination system with subsidiaries, on the supply-chain partner corporations and disposal/recycling businesses of the discharger Distribution Procurement of Business Thorough dissemination of Establishing a coordination system raw material activity and retailing waste sorting control (e.g., manufacturing) Selection of disposal/recycling Subsidiaries/ partner corporations businesses and Personnel in charge entrustment contract of waste management Disposal/ recycling businesses Waste management Partner on site Thorough manifest control carried out by an entire Subsidiaries Suppliers and retailers business group corporations • Implementation of sorting control over the waste • Selection of appropriate disposal/recycling contactors and proper sharing of information • Appropriate utilization of manifest
40 41 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
Environmental Labels and Identification Marks Industrial associations and companies also use their own Fig. II-38 Eco-Leaf 13 original identification marks to indicate recycled products and materials to be selectively collected. "Environmental Labels and Declarations" is a claim (2) Type II environmental labels Fig. II-37 Identification Marks representing environmental aspects of the product and service The type II Environmental labels is a type in which Products made of recycled paper of which general principles are provided by ISO14020 self-declaration is made by businesses in accordance with ISO Products recycled from PET bottles (Green Mark) "Environmental labels and declarations - General principles", 14021(Environmental labels and declarations -Self-declared a standard issued by International Organization for environmental claims- Type II environmental labeling) issued Standardization (and JIS (Japan Industrial Standard) Q 14020) in 1999 and JIS Q 14021 established in 2000. Since assuring Council for PET Bottle Recycling Paper Recycling Promotion Center No.XX-04-001 as a stimulator to promote supply and demand of eco-friendly reliability is essential in self-declared environmental claims http://www.petbottle-rec.gr.jp http://www.prpc.or.jp Product registration number products and services and possibility of continuous market- and vague or unclear environmental claim would mislead Products made of recycled paper Products made of paper Representing a product with an environmental label granted (100% made of recycled paper) recycled from milk cartons oriented improvement of the environment. It can be presented consumers, definition is provided to the following twelve and indicating a data registration number in the form of statements, symbols or graphics made on terms. product or packaging labels, product literature, technical bulletins, advertising, publicity or similar applications. Council for Gomi Zero Partnership Japan Milk Carton Recycling Association Compostable http://www.gomizero.jp http://www.packren.org JIS categorizes the environmental labels into three types Paper containers Corrugated cases based on the ISO standard. Degradable (1) Type I: Environmental labels Designed for disassembly The type I Environmental label is a label granted by Extended life product third-party bodies operated in accordance with ISO 14024 Committee for Milk Container Environmental Corrugated Case Recycling Council Issueshttp://www.yokankyo.jp http://www.jcca.gr.jp/jp/index8a.html (Environmental labels and declarations -Type I environmental Recovered energy R bottle Energy saving labeling- Principles and procedures) issued in 1999 and JIS Q Recycled content
14024 established in 2000. In this system, third-party Preconsumer materials, postconsumer materials, accreditation bodies establish criteria among the recycled material, collected (recycled) materials
environmental friendliness of products in comparison with Japan Glass Bottle Association The Energy Conservation Center other similar products in light of the entire life cycle for Reduced energy consumption http://www.glassbottle.org http://www.eccj.or.jp specific kinds of commodities, and certify some products as Reduced resource use (3) Type III environmental labels environmentally friendly in accordance with the criteria. The type III environmental label indicates qualitative data Reduced water consumption Predetermined marks can be attached to certified products. on the environmental impact of products through the entire "Eco-Mark" in Japan, "Blue Angel" in Germany and Reusable and refillable life cycle, from gathering of resources to manufacturing, use, "Nordic Swan" in North European countries are included in Waste reduction and disposal/recycling, calculated by the life cycle assessment Type I labels. (LCA) method and using predetermined environmental "Eco-Mark" service is provided by the Japan Environment indicators in accordance with ISO/TR 14025; indication of Association (http://www/jears.or.jp) which started its service The type II label is based on self-declarations by businesses qualitative environmental data, a technical report issued in in 1989 with 7 product items of "spray products in which the of their environmental consideration, indicating how March 2004. Although only a few countries adopt the type III Assessment of overall recycling process designated CFC is not used". They cover 42 product environmentally friendly their products are, in the form of environmental labels, preparations toward effectivation of the categories and 5,000 brands as of January 2005 as a result of statements, symbols or graphics. Additionally, "Mobius Loop" ISO standard as of December 2006 is in progress. annual extension of subject product categories and certified is a symbol claiming "Recyclable" or "Recycled Content." As an example, Eco-Leaf is an environmental label that has products. been used in "Eco Leaf Program" since June 2000 by Japan Fig. II-35 Eco-Mark Fig. II-36 Mobius Loop Environmental Management Association for Industry (http://www.jemai.or.jp). 41 cineraria by product category are laid down and 330 product items are registered and publicized in the program.
(Source: Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry)
42 43 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
14 Design for Environment (DfE)
(1) Toward realization of green product chain Considering the current development of global trend of Integrating environmental aspects into product). IEC, In reducing environmental burden and minimizing material chain" in which environmental considerations are accelerated division of labor and market globalization, International Electrotechnical Commission started to study consumption and amount of waste generated through the incorporated through "green manufacturing" by manufacturers satisfying DfE based on the global point of view is critical. environmental standards covering a variety of products entire life cycle of the product (from material acquisition and and it will be assessed by green consumers and green markets. ISO as international standards, therefore, provide Guide 64 seeking for international alignment at the WG2 of a new utilization to recycling and disposal of end-of-life product), it Use of a range of information about environmental (Guide for the inclusion of environmental aspects in product technical committee (TC111). is essential to take the concept of the 3Rs into the designing considerations taken into the product is essential to realize it. standards) and TR14062 (Environmental management - and manufacturing, design for environment (DfE). For efficient use of such information by each party concerned Although the idea of energy saving in the light of global visualization and communication of each stage of the product (3) Product assessment guidelines applied by warming should be incorporated into DfE in addition to the life cycle (i.e., material procurement, production, industrial associations design and manufacturing requiring efficient material distribution/retailing, consumption/purchase, discharge/taking In 1994, the Industrial Structure Council established the pre-evaluation under their own guidelines. consumption, controlling waste amount, detoxification and an back and reusing/recycling) is needed. Such information in "Guidelines for Preparing Pre-Evaluation Manuals in Product Product assessment (pre-evaluation) means that easy disassembly, bear in mind that the nature of those design addition to the traditional information about functions and Designing to Contribute to the Promotion of the Use of manufacturers, prior to production, investigate, estimate and aspects may conflict with each other. price will become new evaluation criteria at the market Recycled Resources" as a reference for manufacturers to evaluate the safety and resource/environmental impact of their By adopting DfE, a positive effect leading a variety of resulting in bearing vital power to further stimulate the achieve DfE. products in the stages of production, distribution, use, industries to promote development of eco-friendly products businesses who are properly evaluated and enabling them to Industrial associations developed "product assessment discharge, and recycling/disposal, and amend their product seems to be spreading. Effective material usage through produce more innovation. guidelines" applicable to their products in accordance with the designs and production methods as necessary, thereby cyclical use by utilizing recycled material made from used Council Guidelines. They implement DfE by conducting reducing the resource/environmental impact. products in the same product category increases at some manufacturers. Table II-5 Establishment/Revision of Product Assessment Guidelines of Industrial Associations Accelerating to expand a sound material-cycle society Name of association Condition of product assessment guidelines Name of association Condition of product assessment guidelines economic society demands materialization of "green product Japan Automobile July 1994 Guidelines for Pre-Evaluation in the Japan Luminaires Association Sept. 2001 Product Assessment Manual: Manufacturers Association Product Designing Stage for (http://www.jlassn.or.jp) Luminaires revised (to include 3R (2) Provision of product information (http://www.jama.or.jp) Promotion of Recycling established programs) In order to integrate DfE into the economic system and microwave ovens, clothes driers), PCs, copiers, metal Dec. 2001 Judgment Criteria Guidelines on Japan Game Machine Association, Japan Jan. 1998 Product Assessment Manual Prevention of Generation of Used Electric Game Machine Association established benefit the entire company, clear standardization in labeling furniture, gas/oil equipment, bathroom units, pachinko Products/Use of Recycled and assessment indices for DfE facilitating each entity machines. Items required labeling for separate collection Resources or Parts established Japan Game Machine Association July 2001 Product Assessment Manual involved in the product life cycle is vital. include; PET bottles, steel cans, aluminum cans, plastic tray revised (to include 3R programs) March 2002 Product Assessment Manual Guidelines Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources Japan Bicycle Promotion packaging, paper container packaging and compact secondary Institute on Bicycles revised (to include 3R Japan Electric Game Machine Association Aug. 2001 Product Assessment Manual therefore designates product items in which the 3Rs are batteries. Moreover, a new information disclosure system (http://www.jbpi.or.jp) programs and the statements on (http://www.nichidenkyo.or.jp) revised (to include 3R programs) electric-assisted bicycles) considered. Items include; automobiles, home electric with information of materials contained in the product is Japan Electronics and Sept. 2000 Environmental Designing appliances (television sets, refrigerators, washing machines, planned to be introduced in July 2006. Association for Electric Home March 2001 Product assessment Manual: Information Technology Assessment Guidelines for Appliances Electric Home Appliances revised Industries Association Information Processing Devices Fig. II-39 Identification of materials contained (http://www.aeha.or.jp) (to include 3R programs) (http://www.jeita.or.jp) revised (to include 3R programs)
Sept. 2004 Product assessment Manual: Product Japan Business Machine and March 2000 Research Report on the Guidelines assessment Manual: Electric Home Information System Industries for Preparing Product Assessment Appliances revised (3rd edition) established Association Manual (copiers, etc.) established (http://www.jbmia.or.jp) (including 3R programs) Japan Office Institutional April 2001 Guidelines on Environmental Furniture Association Measures for Office Furniture Japan Industrial Association of March 2001 Assessment Guidelines: Subject materials contained (labeling is obligatory) Subject materials not contained (labeling is optional) (http://www.joifa.or.jp) revised (to include 3R programs) Gas and Kerosene Appliances Gas/Kerosene Appliances revised (http://www.jgka.or.jp) (to include 3R programs) *Notes: The symbol presented in left side shall be attached to the body and packaging of the subject product items (PCs, air April 2001 Product Assessment Manual: Japan Gas Association conditioners, television sets, refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, clothes driers) containing subject materials (lead and lead compounds, mercury and mercury compounds, hexavalent chromium compounds, cadmium Metal Furniture established (http://www.gas.or.jp/default.html) and cadmium compounds, polybromo-biphenyls, polybromo-diphenyl ether). June 2002 JOIFA Environmental Self-Action Plan revised
44 45 Legislation and Policies to Promote Creation of a 3R-Oriented Society
15 Global materials recycling
Table II-5 Establishment/Revision of Product Assessment Guidelines of Industrial Associations (continued) Exporting recycled material from Japan to Asia grows oriented economic structure, technological innovation and its Name of association Condition of product assessment guidelines Name of association Condition of product assessment guidelines rapidly and there is an increasing demand for proper waste dissemination is established. Environmental pollution under
Japan Association of Kitchen & Bath June 2003 Product Assessment Manual: Bath Japan Vending Machine March 2002 Product Assessment Manual: Vending Machines disposal management of Japanese businesses having local the name of promotion of 3Rs shall never be permitted. From (http://www.kitchen-bath.jp) Units revised Manufacturers Association revised (to include 3R programs) _ Title renamed to offices overseas. Under these circumstances, in order to the view point that environmental pollution should be avoided, Japan Reinforced Plastics Society, (http://www.jvma.or.jp) Product Assessment Guideline: Vending Machines (Bath Tub Division) (http://www.jrps.or.jp) achieve amount control of the material used in the area proactive measures are necessary to respond to worsened Japan Bath Unit Association March 2004 Product Assessment Guideline: Vending Machines together with economic growth in Asia, a significant goal for problems of waste disposal thereby preventing the pollution revised (reviewing the assessment table) more efficient material use by attaining a more recycling- caused by improper treatment/recycling of wastes. Japan Association of Kitchen & Bath April 2001 Product Assessment Manual: (http://www.kitchen-bath.jp) Kitchen Components established Communication and Information Feb. 2004 Product Environmental (including 3R programs) Network Association of Japan Assessment Guidelines for Cellular (http://www.ciaj.or.jp) Phones/PHS revised Fig. II-42 Sustainable material-cycle economic society in Asia Japan Electric Lamp July 2002 Product Assessment Manual: Manufactures Association Lamps and Stabilizers revised Aerosol Industry Association of Japan Aug. 2002 design Guidelines for Easily Well established cooperation among countries and enhanced (http://www.jelma.or.jp) (including 3R programs) (http://www.aiaj.or.jp) Recyclable Aerosol Containers efficient use of materials promote restrained material usage and hinder the spread of the environmental pollution Note: Based on interviews with the industrial associations concerned Source: Industrial Structure Council, October 13, 2005 (revised) Country A Country B (4) Examples of DfE Production Consumption [1] Materials Company B uses easily-recyclable materials for personal In order to promote recycling of resin materials used for computers, such as magnesium-alloy cases and halogen-free (1) (1) auto parts, Company A unifies part materials while plastics. Disposal/ Consumption (a) Production Disposal/ encouraging more frequent use of easily-recyclable recycling recycling thermoplastic resin including polypropylene resin.
Fig II-40 Use of Recycling-oriented materials (b)
Magnesium alloy
(1) Shifting to a material-cycle economic structure by each country Halogen-free (2) Establishing a proper material recycling system in Asia (a) Advanced material recycling network of manufacturers, etc. (b) Management of contamination in terms of the global materials recycling trade scheme
Recycled plastic
As to the materials such as glass cullet for CRTs of which With regard to the trans-boundary movement of recycled efficient usage can be expected due to its industrial structure materials, ensuring a distribution/recycling system assures if returning the process overseas, trans-boundary recycling reliably established traceability is essential. should also be sought for. In such a case, exporting needs to (1) A system (route of recycled materials) allowing efficient [2] Recycling-oriented designs and material indication dismantled by using single materials and indicates as many be permitted on the premise that preventive measures against material use and proper disposal including residual waste is Company C designs office chairs that can easily be materials as possible, thereby promoting the recycling of the pollution are taken. On the contrary, since advanced established by partied concerned. materials. Fig II-40 Recycling-oriented chair techniques of waste disposal are yet to be realized in Asian (2) Countermeasures against environmental pollution are countries, Japan can take charge of some areas of disposal taken in every aspect of all the said systems. with advanced technologies and infrastructure thereby (3) There is a system providing a way to confirm that the enabling detoxification and efficient utilization of materials. recycled materials move according to the said system.
46 47 Glass Bottle Recycling Association Japan Steel Can Recycling Association Present Situation of Recycling (http://www.glass-recycle-as.gr.jp) (http://www.rits.or.jp/steelcan/)
1 Glass Bottles 2 Steel Cans
Glass bottles are recycled in two ways: by repeatedly using FY1989 and had already reached 90.7% by FY2004, The weight of steel cans recycled in 2004 was about available nationwide) returnable bottles such as beer bottles, large-size bottles, and exceeding the 85%-level that was expected to be achieved by 790,000 tons and the recycling rate was 87.1%, exceeding the [4] Used in a variety of products and recyclable milk bottles, and by collecting one-way bottles, such as FY2005 under the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization 85% level targeted in the Guidelines for Waste Treatment and within the same category food/seasoning bottles, drink bottles, medicine/vitamin drink of Resources (see Fig. III-1). The amount of glass bottles Recycling by Product Categoly (see Fig. III-4). Thus, The number of drink cans consumed in 2004 was 31.1 bottles, and reusing them as raw materials for glass bottles selectively collected and recycled under the Containers and recycling of steel cans is going smoothly, for the following billion, of which 41.0% were steel cans. Steel cans are pressed (cullets) (see Fig. III-2). Packaging Recycling Law was 770,000 tons (FY2004). reasons. into scraps and used as materials for electric and steel The cullet use rate has been increasing every year since [1] Further dissemination of separate collection furnaces in iron-making plants. They are also used as (system itself) at each municipality materials for automobiles, home appliances, railroads, and Fig. III-1 Amount of Glass Bottles Produced, Amount of Cullets Used and Cullet Use Rate [2] Steel selection is easily done with magnetized ships as well as construction materials for buildings and
(10,000 tons) Glass bottles produced (10,000 tons) Cullets used (10,000 tons) Cullet use rate (%) (%) selector bridges (see Fig. III-5). 300 100 90.3 90.7 [3] More facilities to recycle steel (74 iron mills are 261.0 82.0 83.3 242.9 244.5 244.0 73.9 78.6 77.8 250 237.0 235.1 80 231.0 221.0 216.0 220.2 223.3 65.0 67.4 61.3 54.4 56.2 55.5 55.6 197.5 190.6 200 60 Fig. III-4 Weight of Steels Cans Consumed, Weight of Cans Recycled and Recycling Rate 51.8 182.0 49.2 47.6 47.9 173.8 (tons) 168.9 156.1 155.4 1,500,000 87.5 87.1 1,458,648 85.2 86.1 (%) 143.6 145.6 145.9 149.8 141.6 142.5 140.8 141.0 140.9 1,437,834 1,475,006 1,420,761 1,422,420 84.2 150 40 Steel cans used 1,399,591 82.5 82.9 133.2 135.7 136.9 126.6 130.5 1,359,741 1,351,478 119.7 125.1 Steel cans recycled 1,332,756 113.6 115.5 77.3 80 79.6 1,284,546 1,268,928 Recycling rate 1,249,942 73.8 100 1,207,302 1,215,357 1,200,000 69.8 1,117,872 1,126,749 1,100,220 1,075,265 50 61.0 1,047,960 1,059,572 1,051,397 1,055,237 1,026,802 1,030,000 1,022,800 972,648 975,850 975,451 56.8 60 948,644 898,565 911,224 908,397 900,000 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) 50.1 829,010 816,806 795,000 796,921 791,298 Note: Ccullets are made by crushing glass bottles that are collected as recyclable waste and sorted by color. 43.6 44.8 721,000 Amount of cullets used 39.4 39.5 39.9 40.7 Amount of cullets used = amount of cullets used in plants + amount of cullets used in the community 38.0 38.1 654,000 Cullet use rate = 36.6 40 Amount of glass bottles produced Source: Japan Glass Bottle Association 581,000 600,000 33.2 509,000 460,000 428,000 409,000 Fig. III-2 Flow of Recycling of Glass Bottles (FY2003) Fig. III-3 Ratio of Cullets Supplied for Other Uses (FY2004) 382,791 385,733 389,000 Unit = 10,000 tons Others 7.3% Civil engineering/ 341,000 Cullets collected from the community 20 (source cullets) Secondary concrete construction materials 300,000 Flow of recycling of returnable bottles 100 products 1.6% 8.8% Used for glass wool Cullets collected from municipalities 77 Flow of recycling of one-way bottles Designated bodies 36 Others 0.8% Glass short fiber Bodies other than those designated 41 Cullets collected from businesses 23 33.4% Amount of secondary Roadbed waste materials, Road Raw 6 materials materials 0 backfilling 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) materials 41.8% 49.4% Notes: 1. Data up to 1998 are the amount of cans produced for the weight of cans consumed and the Weight of steel cans recycled 35.3% Recycling rate = Others amount of can scraps used for the weight of cans collected. Paving Weight of steel cans consumed 15.3% 2. Steel cans include food/drink cans, general cans, and 18-liter cans. Amount of returnable bottles aggregate Burnt tiles Source: Japan Steel Can Recycling Association Bottle cullets 190 11 5.7% 0.7% (Returnable bottles stored 66)
For other uses 14 Used for asphalt paving Fig. III-5 Flow of Recycling of Steel Cans (in 2004) (Unit: 1,000 tons) Amount of primary waste 26 Iron and steel Iron scrap Bottle cullets manufacturers disposers 80 Returnable bottles Recycled products *859 *859 21 791 Cullets from Aluminum covers, plants Returnable bottles 52 foreign materials discharged 68 12 Some portion Exports 2 Discharged Bottles collected (from blast furnace Imports 126 Disposers in the from businesses Raw materials 126 manufactures) private sector 65 (46.3%) *398 Dumped, Glass bottles produced One-way bottles One-way bottles Bottles uncollected 156 156 discharged 42 Steel cans scattered, etc. Products 182 156 Supplied by can Food manufacturers/bottles Food 49 distribution consumed Discharged Local manufacturers Food cans 629 908 Imports 26 Exports 5 General cans 125 from households governments 18-liter cans 30 (53.7%) *461 Source: Glass Bottle Recycling Association Source: Glass Bottle Recycling Association *Including aluminum covers for drink cans Source: Japan Steel Can Recycling Association
48 49 Japan Aluminum Can Recycling Association Council for PET Bottle Recycling (http://www.petbottle-rec.gr.jp) Present Situation of Recycling (http://www.alumi-can.or.jp) Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association (http://www.jcpra.or.jp)
3 Aluminum Cans 4 PET Bottles
The weight of aluminum cans consumed, the weight of 261,000 tons and the recycling rate was 86.1%, with PET bottles used for soft drinks, soy sauce and alcohol are to 81,000 tons recycled from businesses, which has been cans recycled and the recycling rate have been increasing year businesses being asked for their continuous cooperation and to be labeled under the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization confirmed by the Council for PET Bottle Recycling, is added. by year (see Fig. III-6) as the rate of canned beer and the rate conduce educational activities in order to achieve the 85% of Resources (see page 18). The majority, 95%, of such PET Through sorted collection of PET bottles, carried out by of aluminum cans for drinks other than beer have been level set for by 2006 under the Guidelines for Waste bottles is used for soft drinks, 2% for soy sauce and 2% for municipalities via the designated body under the Containers and increasing. About 59% of the amount of drink cans consumed Treatment and Recycling by Product Category. The weight of alcohol. Some 36,000 tons of PET bottles were also produced Packaging Recycling Law (Japan Containers and Packaging in 2004 were aluminum cans. The recycling rate of aluminum aluminum cans reused as materials was 161,000 tons in 2004 for seasoning, cosmetics, and detergents (in 2004). Recycling Association: see Fig. II-11), about 148,000 tons of cans has been improving due to: and the can-to-can rate was 61.7%. Aluminum cans are also [1] the spread of sorted collection, reused for automobile engine blocks, motor housings, As for PET bottles that have been labeled since the resin was recycled (in FY2004), of which about 43% was used [2] the large number of users of recycled cans, and deoxidizers for iron-making and materials for pots and frying Containers and Packaging Recycling Law was put into force in for carpets and other textile products, and about 43% as sheets [3] the ease of recycling aluminum cans. pans (see Fig. III-6 and III-7). 1997, the amount of PET bottles produced, the amount of for egg cartons (see Fig. III-9 and III-10). Retailers also In FY2004, the amount of aluminum cans recycled was bottles separately collected and the collection rate have been recovered PET bottles independently (see Fig. II-10). increasing rapidly, as the amount of PET bottles produced for Bottle-to-bottle recycling by chemical decomposition was Fig. III-6 Weight of Aluminum Cans Consumed, Weight of Cans Recycled (Collected), and Recycling Rate soft drinks increases and the number of municipalities carrying actualized by 2003. The aim of this technology is to decompose (tons) (%) 303,169 100 out sorted collection of PET bottles under the Containers and used PET bottles into materials for PET resin such as monomers 300,000 292,392 283,402 297,047 275,751 Aluminum cans consumed Aluminum cans recycled (collected) 271,298 274,660 271,034 Packaging Recycling Law increases significantly (see Fig. (dimethyl terephthalate or bishydroxyethyl terephthalate), and 265,541 Recycling rate (%) 264,655 86.1 247,815 80.6 82.8 83.1 81.8 III-8). polymerize these materials again to make PET resin for PET 250,000 78.5 242,908 80 74.4 234,522 243,071 260,965 72.6 The collection rate of PET bottles is 62.3% in FY 2004 if the bottles. 70.2 216,549 214,107 201,086 65.7 199,460 201,730 200,000 197,824 61.1 190,381 180,256 57.8 173,802 60 Fig. III-8 Amount of PET Bottles Produced, Amount of Bottles Selectively Collected, Collection Rate, 161,185 53.8 and Number of Municipalities Carrying Out Sorted Collection 149,035 147,560 151,453 150,000 (tons) (Number of municipalities)3,000 2,617 2,747 2,891 2,796 43.1 2,340 41.2 41.5 41.7 42.5 42.6 500,000 PET bottles selectively collected PET bottles produced (%) 39.2 40.2 40.6 40.6 513,712 116,258 40 Collection rate (%) Number of municipalities 2,000 436,556 35.0 109,644 106,488 carrying out sorted collection 1,214 402,727 412,565 100,000 30.1 400,000 1,011 1,000 631 361,944 80 26.3 77,723 332,202 69,986 68,612 60,482 62,150 62,766 300,000 0 53,645 20 281,927 48.5 60 50,000 45.6 46.4 38,940 35,945 40,629 45.442 45,498 218,806 40.1 31,680 28,848 200,000 34.5 211,753 238,469 21,789 24,549 172,902 188,194 40 15,994 18,226 161,651 11,093 150,282 142,110 10,231 10,836 123,798 22.8 124,873 0 0 100,000 16.9 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) 9.8 75,811 20 1.8 2.9 47,620 Weight of aluminum cans collected 528 0.4 1,366 0.9 2,594 5,094 21,361 Note: Recycling rate = 0 Weight of aluminum cans consumed 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) Source: Japan Aluminum Can Recycling Association Notes: 1. The amount of bottles produced is based on data provided by the Council for PET Bottle Recycling. 2. The amount of bottles separately collected and the number of municipalities carrying out sorted collection are based on data provided by the Ministry of Environment. Amount selectively collected (* The amount of bottles collected is the amount collected by municipalities.) •Collection rate = 3. The amount of bottles produced and the amount of bottles separately collected are only for bottles that are to be labeled under the law (bottles used for soft drinks, soy Amount produced sauce and alcohol), excluding those used for seasoning, edible oil and detergents. Fig. III-7 Flow of Recycling of Aluminum Cans (FY2004) Source: Council for PET Bottle Recycling Cans consumed: 303,000 tons(18.52 billion cans) Cans recycled: 261,000 tons (15.91 billion cans) 211,000 tn Local governments Recycling facilities, For aluminum cans Fig. III-9 Products Recycled from PET Bottles Fig. III-10 Amount and Use of Products Recycled from PET Bottles unburnable waste 161,000 tn.(61.7%) General 24,000 tn disposal facilities 158,000 tn. Actual data provided by Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association Recycling households (tons) [147,698] Taken away from stations businesses For die-casting 1,965 249,000 tn. for sorted discharge 53,000 tn. Collecting 140,000 4,239 Collected by citizens businesses (secondary alloy 43,000 tn. Others (plastic bands, etc.) (town clubs volunteers, schools, etc.) manufacturers, [124,298] 23,351 By households 33,000 tn. 33,000 tn. etc.) 120,000 Molded goods (plant pots, etc.) [112,485] 1,576 Collected by aluminum 1,993 3,944 ware manufactures For dioxidizers, etc. Bottles (for non-food products such as detergents) 5,314 11,312 Offices 5,000 tn. 606 and supermarkets 5,000 tn. 57,000 tn. 100,000 Sheets (egg cartons, etc.) [94,912] Plants 3,314 12,000 tn. Textiles (clothing, carpets) 5,080 54,589 Railroads/buses 363 Hotels 80,000 45,632 50,021 Bottlers, Waste [68,575] Leisure facilities Export and cleaning disposal 42,000 tn. 2,723 37,459 Restaurants landfill, etc. 60,000 3,802 Shopping centers 30,000 tn. businesses 30,000 tn. businesses 326 By businesses Others 54,000 tn. [39,605] 23,407 58,940 40,000 258 48,696 2,530 63,554 [23,909] 57,445 87 179 38,317 Notes: 366 320 11,450 20,000 756 1,265 1. The total amount of aluminum cans recycled is calculated by the Association based on the survey result reported by secondary alloy manufacturers. [8,398]1,112 211 25,188 2. The total amount of aluminum cans consumed is calculated by the Association based on the data provided by METI and other surveys. 6,077 5,218 0 16,895 3. The total amount of aluminum cans recycled according to routes is estimated by the Association. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) Source: Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association Weight of cans reused for cans Can-to-can rate = Source: Japan Aluminum Can Recycling Association Weight of cans recycled Source: Council for PET Bottle Recycling
50 51 Plastic Waste Management Institute Japan Expanded Polystyrene Recycling Association Present Situation of Recycling (http://www.pwmi.or.jp) (http://www.jepsra.gr.jp)
5 Plastics 6 Styrofoam
Some important points with respect to recycling of plastic including trays (72,000 tons). Meanwhile, the amount of plastic Styrofoam in a broad sense is divided into three types, waste. The amount of EPS collected and recycled has been waste are as follows. scraps exported in 2004 was 680,000 tons, up 130,000 tons from according to the manufacturing method: expanded increasing year by year, reaching 71,800 tons (material [1] The effective use rate reached 60%. the previous year, which indicates that the international recycling polystyrene (EPS) or styrofoam in a narrow sense; recycling) with the material recycling rate at 41.0% in 2004. [2] Reuse of general waste plastic and amount of waste plastic system is being established, with China taking a leading role. polystyrene paper (PSP); and extruded polystyrene (XPS). Collected EPS waste is recycled as ingots (about 80% is recycled to produce RDF is significantly increasing. Active movements toward waste reduction and reuse can also These three types of styrofoam are used and treated in final exported), reused as packaging, videocassettes or synthetic [3] Export of plastic scraps is increasing. be seen in the plastic industry. Resin manufacturers and processing disposal differently. wood after being palletized, or used as mortar additives after The amount of plastic waste generated in 2004 was 5.19 businesses are making concerted efforts for technological (1) EPS: It is used for containers for agricultural or fishery crushing. Thermal recycling such as incineration for power million tons as MSW and 4.94 million tons as industrial waste. Of development, such as thinning PET bottles and shopping bags and products or buffer packaging for home appliances and OA generation was carried out for 28.3% of domestic distribution the 6.11 million tons of plastic waste used effectively, 1.81 million unifying the grades for materials of car bumpers. equipment, and generally discharged from businesses. The (2004). Chemical recycling, such as reduction in blast furnacing, tons were used as raw materials (material recycling), 300,000 tons amount of EPS supply decreased slightly from about liquefaction or gasification, also started in 2001 (see Fig. III-14). Fig. III-11 Amount of Plastics Produced and Discharged were used for liquefaction, gasification or blast furnacing (thousand tons) 240,000 tons in 1991 to about 200,000 tons in 2002. The Fig. III-13 Amount of EPS Supplied, by use (thousand tons/year) 17,500 (194,000 tons in 2004) (chemical recycling), the majority of both (2.11 million tons), MSW amount of domestic distribution has been about 170,000 to Construction/ Industrial waste civil engineering 29.5 550,000 tons were used as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), including 15,000 Domestic consumption of resin products 180,000 tons (see Fig. III-14), of which 58% is used for Resin produced (15%) raw material/fuel for cement (thermal recycling); 2.15 million tons containers for fresh fish or vegetables/fruit, 27% for 12,500 Buffering 53 Containers 111.5 were incinerated for power generation from waste (thermal buffering, and the rest for construction/civil engineering (27%) (58%) recycling), and 1.29 million tons were incinerated for heat 10,000 (see Fig. III-13). application (thermal recycling). (See Fig. III-12) Of the 1.81 7,500 EPS waste is collected through wholesale markets, and million tons used as plastic materials, 900,000 tons were contained large home appliance stores and supermarkets or by 5,000 Source: Japan Expanded Polystyrene Recycling Association in finished products (the remaining 910,000 tons were businesses engaging in intermediary treatment of industrial production/processing waste), the majority of which was used in 2,500 Fig. III-13 Amount of EPS Supplied, by use (thousand tons/year) 2,400 1,000 1,200 1,700 PET bottles (387,000 tons), followed by packaging film (103,000 0 (tons) Chemical recycling 71,800 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (FY) 66,300 68,800 68,000 70,000 Others 63,900 3,000 tons) and agricultural use (75,000 tons) and polyethylene foam Notes: 1. The estimation method was changed in 1994: the amount of production/processing waste has been 56,800 60,400 2,300 4,000 5,500 3,700 5,400 included in the total amount since then. Crushed 55,000 1,200 60,000 51,600 6,800 6,900 4,800 5,300 2. Domestic consumption of resin products = amount of resin produced – amount of resin exported + Pellets 48,900 2,600 2,600 7,200 15,000 amount of resin imported – amount of liquid resin – amount of processing waste + amount of 2,300 7,300 15,300 14,800 50,000 Ingots 2,200 9,000 14,400 14,500 recycled resin input – amount of resin products exported and amount of resin products imported 38,300 13,700 33,200 11,100 11,100 10,900 Source: Plastic Waste Management Institute 40,000 1,300 29,500 15,200 39,900 42,000 42,500 46,000 500 10,000 7,800 10,700 38,300 40,400 Fig. III-12 Flow of Recycling of Plastic Waste (2004) (Unit: 10,000 tons) 30,000 400 9,200 36,000 Stages of producing resin, processing products and placing products on the market Stage of discharging waste Stage of managing waste 9,200 5,000 27,800 27,500 28,200 20,000 4,500 22,000 MSW Total waste 4,500 19,000 *4 Breakdown of MSW by industry (519) *5 Breakdown of industrial waste (488) 15,400 Plastic materials 10,000 Others 5.4% Processing/ 46 Plastic materials ecycling 181 0 Electric/machinery 3.6% production waste Liquefaction/gasification/blast furnacing 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (year) 18.3% Electric/ 28 18% machinery Material r Recycling rate 17.4% 20.1% 24.2% 27.3% 28.7% 30.2% 31.2% 33.2% 34.9% 37.8% 39.1% 39.3% 41.0% Domestic articles Others 4.1% 25.1% RDF Domestic distribution 170 165 158 179 180 182 182 182 183 176 176 173 175 Resin 21.4% Domestic articles 3.6% 7 Liquefaction/gasification/blast furnacing produced ecycling Supplied 232 225 223 224 225 226 213 212 209 201 197 193 194 Containers and Agricultural forestry, fishery 3.8% Incineration for power generatio 30 (Unit: 1000 tons) 1,446 packaging Containers and 188 Amount recycled Transportation 8.3% packaging 3% Note:Material recycling rate = Source: Japan Expanded Polystyrene Recycling Association 69.6% 22.5% Incineration for heat application Chemical r Domestic distribution Construction 34 materials RDF Plastic waste Resin exported 14.3% Simple incineration 128 55 effectively 415 Landfill 5% 611 (2) PSP: It is used for many kinds of food containers such as Containers and Packaging Recycling Law. Food trays, a Resin imported *4 91 60% 133 Resin products Domestic Incineration for power generation trays, noodle cups, natto containers, and packed-meal cases. typical example of PSP food containers, are collected by the
used and ecycling Resin products exported consumption of MSW 215 discharged 68 resin products 519 Industrial waste The amount of PSP food containers produced annually is industries concerned or by individual tray manufacturers at 923 21% Resin products imported 1,136 U s e d
Plastic materials Thermal r 138 Total plastic about 140,000 tons, accounting for about 0.3% of domestic supermarkets or packaging stores in cooperation with such waste discharged 135 Incineration for heat application Liquid resin 1,013 Liquefaction/gasification/blast furnacing 129 waste. Some food containers are made of resin other than stores (self-collection system; see Fig. II-10). The rate of * 1 127 100% 2 13% *5 Processing waste Processing/ Processing/ RDF PSP. By estimate, the total amount of food containers self-collected PSP trays exceeds 19% of the amount of 68 production production waste Industrial 49 Incineration for power generatio Simple incineration Production waste waste discharged waste Not used 27 142 accounts for about 7% of the domestic consumption of production. (Source: Japan Polystyrene Foamed Sheet 23 91 91 494 Plastic waste Incineration for heat application 14% not used 96 resin products (about 11 million tons) (see Fig. III-12). Industry Association) 402 Resin * 1 The amount of production waste is not included in the amount of resin production. Simple incineration Not used Landfill 40% recycled * 2 The amount for this year is based on that of materials recycled from the previous year (164) except for the 16 261 PSP food containers are mainly discharged from (3) XSP: It is used as heat-insulating construction materials amount exported(68). 96 Landfill * 3 The aggregate total may not correspond to the total amount because figures for individual amounts are 26% 170 households and separately collected by municipalities as and discharged by construction operations rounded off. * 2 Source: Plastic Waste Management Institute one of the commodities to be regulated under the
52 53 Paper Recycling Promotion Center Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Present Situation of Recycling (http://www.prpc.or.jp) (http://www.jama.or.jp)
7 Paper 8 Vehicles and motorcycles
Since the Industrial Structure Council formulated the Action (see Fig. III-17). In 2004, the number of vehicles owned was 74.66 million while circumstances, the End-of-life Vehicle Recycling Law is enacted as Plan for Promotion of Paper Recycling in January 2001, the Under the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, 69,197 the number of disused vehicles has remained almost unchanged in of January 2005. As the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization parties concerned have been promoting paper recycling. tons of used paper containers were separately collected by the past decade at around 4 million a year (see Fig. III-18). The of Resources includes automobiles in the specified resource-saving municipalities (see Fig. II-11) and 59,668 tons were recycled in recycling system for end-of-life vehicles has already been products and the specified reuse-promoting products, the automobile Outline of the Action Plan for Promotion of Paper Recycling 2004 (Source: Ministry of Environment, http://www.env.go.jp). established in the form of infrastructure for collecting iron scraps. industry works on the recycling of resin parts, development of • Paper manufacturing businesses shall promote paper recycling with the aim of achieving the self-imposed goal to increase the paper-recycling Recycled paper is used for many kinds of paper products such In this system, the collection rate is nearly 100% and the recycling recycling technology in consideration of the discarding stage, rate to 60% by FY2005. as toilet paper and telephone books. rate has reached 80% (see Fig. III-19). In May 1997, the Ministry of development of new materials and car structures that will contribute • Paper-using businesses shall collect and provide information necessary to develop easily recyclable paper products and to promote the use of About 80% of the total amount of recycled paper is used for International Trade and Industry (the current Ministry of Economy, to recycling, and implementation of material marking. recycled paper. corrugated cases, newspapers, and magazines. Slightly less than Trade and Industry) published the End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling • The Paper Recycling Promotion Center shall increase awareness and Fig. III-18 Number of Disused Vehicles and Used Vehicles exported provide information concerning paper recycling among consumers, 1% of the total recycled paper is also used as trays for eggs or Initiative, which set specific numerical targets such as improving Number of disused vehicles Number of vehicles Number of businesses and local governments. (10,000 units) and used vehicles exported newly registered vehicles owned (10,000 units) vegetables/fruit and heat-insulating construction materials. the recycling rate for end-of-life vehicles to 95% or over by 2025 1,000 8,000 • The national government and the Paper Recycling Promotion Center 7,399 7,4227,466 7,265 7,341 shall promote recycling of paper containers/packaging and use of and reducing the amount of end-of-life vehicles dumped into 7,081 7,212 900 6,880 7,000 recycled paper for other products. Fig. III-16 Generation and Distribution of Recycled Paper (2004: thousand tons/%) 6,685 7,000 landfill to 1/5 of the amount in 1996. 6,501 800 6,326 Pulp production 10,649 Pulp export 180 5,9916,166 Shredder dust generated from end-of-life vehicles (waste 6,000 696 708 Pulp import 2,383 700 752 687 673 In 2004, the production of paper/paperboard reached 30.89 Pulpwood consumption Pulp consumption remaining after shredding dismantled ELVs) was mainly used as 647 653 (1,000 m3) Paper/paperboard import 1,961 Paper/paperboard export 1,439 DP 10,303 589 586 596 591 583 585 5,000 million tons, the majority of which is consumed domestically Import 24,761 landfill. But the shortage of final waste disposal facilities means we 600 579 Total 35,064 Paper/paperboard production Paper/paperboard consumption Used paper 552 30,691 31,376 uncollected 531 522 521 560 Paper/ 9,869 502 513 507 504 515 541 (see Fig. III-15). Consumption 18,536 paperboard supply need to decrease the quantity of shredder dust used as landfill. 500 486 495 4,000 30,855 (31.5%) 478 Consumption 160 Collection by citizens Used paper discharged from households is collected by (town clubs, schools, kids clubs, etc.) Furthermore, fees are needed when car owners dispose of cars 400 3,000 citizens or at collection spots or places of exchange for toilet Collection by local governments because of the rising landfill fee and changes in the fee for iron Collection by newspaper distributors Households ers 300 paper. Used paper discharged from industries is collected by scraps. Under these circumstances, the recycling system of ELVs 2,000 Collection spots 200 tsuboage businesses (engaged in collecting mainly industrial Recycled pulp sales Collecting Community* was in disarray at one time, and there was concern about illegal *199 businesses (Mainly wholesalers districts) 1,000 Used paper supply to paper manufactur 100 Small sites* waste) or specialized purchasers. In 2004, 21.51 million tons of Intermediate businesses (Mainly small shopping area, ces of used paper disposal. (including collecting agents) office buildings, stations and markets) Sour Used paper collected 0 0 used paper was collected and about 18.54 million tons of Large sites* It contributes to global warming when car air conditioners and ect suppliers Tsuboage businesses (Factories of corrugated papers, 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Dir (including general trading companies) paper containers, printing, bookbinding, publishers, Notes: 1. Number of disused vehicles and used vehicles exported = number of vehicles owned in the previous recycled paper was consumed (see Fig. III-16). Both the paper 18,553 newspaper companies, 21,507 CFCs are not treated properly. Airbags are an obstacle in car department stores and supermarkets) (68.5%) year + number of vehicles newly registered in the present year - number of vehicles owned in the Used paper imports Used paper exports present year collection rate and the paper recycling rate (rate of used paper 81 2,835 dismantling and need professional treatment. In view of these 2. Breakdown of the number of disused vehicles and used vehicles exported is unknown due to lack of eligible statistics. Note: Figure with * is estimated on the condition that 80% of used paper was recycled as pulp. Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association to the total paper-making raw materials) have been increasing Source: Monthly Report of Paper, Printing, Plastics Products and Rubber Products Statistics, Japanese Trade Monthly Sheet Fig. III-19 Flow of Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles and the Current Recycling Rate year by year, reaching 68.5% and 60.4% in 2004 respectively Source: Paper Recycling Promotion Center
Dealers Reused parts Recycled as parts (about 18,000) 20-30% 20-30% ers 25% (engines, body parts, Fig. III-17 Paper Collection Rate and Paper Recycling Rate electrical components) Fig. III-15 Paper production by type of paper (2004) (%) Used car dealers Recycled Other paperboard 2.1% 80 Dealers (about50,000) Recycled parts as materials Construction paper 0.8% Paper collection rate Recycled paper consumption + Recycled pulp consumption 70% Total production 30,892 MM tn Paper collection rate = about 15% Yellow chip, colored Total consumption of textile materials (pulp + recycled paper + recycled pulp +others) 5% 50-55% Car manufactur (engines, catalysts, paperboard 0.7% Paper recycling rate 70 Amount of used paper collected domestically (delivery to manufacturers* + export - import) nonferrous metals, tires) Recycling rate 80% Paper recycling rate = Auto repair shops White paperboard Newspapers Amount of paper/paperboard consumed domestically (supply from manufacturers* - export + import) (about80,000)
5.6% 12.0% *Delivery to manufacturers* includes the amount of recycled pulp delivered (converted into recycled paper). New car sales: about 5.5 million End-of-life 60 vehicle scraps End users Discarded on streets (only outer frames Shredder dust (about 140)
edder businesses 20-25%
Dismantling businesses (about 5,000) without engines or tires) Paperboard 50 55-65% Local governments Shr Corrugated cases 39.2% Paper 30.1% 60.8% Printing/ 40 Dealers information paper CFC12
Car importers Airbags 36.8% HFC134a Landfill/incineration 30 CFC collection Proper airbags
Other paper 3.4% Packing paper 3.1% Imported car sales: about 280,000 system disposal system 20 Toilet paper 5.5% 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (year) Note: The same businesses may operate as a dealer, used car dealer, or auto repair shop. Source: Annual Report of Statistics on Paper/Pulp End-of -life vehicle Weight of vehicles supplied for recycling Source: Annual Report of Statistics on Paper/Pulp = Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry recycling rate Weight of vehicles collected
54 55 Present Situation of Recycling Battery Association of Japan (http://www.baj.or.jp)
9 Lead batteries for Vehicle
Motorcycle manufacturers that are members of Japan motorcycle importers established a voluntary motorcycle 25 million vehicle batteries for new vehicles or Fig. III-22 Structure of vehicle batteries Automobile Manufacturers Association and participating recycling system in October 2004. maintenance are brought into Japanese market annually. The life of vehicle batteries is roughly 3-5 years depending on usage. System of motorcycle recycling Due to the nature of vehicle batteries, plastic such as There are 190 (designated) collecting sites for disused polypropylene and large amount of lead and sulfuric acid is motorcycles in Japan. Businesses dealing with the disused contained in it so that a proper disposal, therefore, is vital. motorcycles recycling system (15,000 shops) are clearly Fig. III-20 Motorcycle recycling system identified with the sticker so that users can readily recognize. For disposal/recycling of disused motorcycles, 14 facilities are properly established nationwide. Proper treatment is provided to the motorcycles in consistency with the instruction manual developed by participating manufacturers and importers. The current recycling system of vehicle batteries is necessarily met and possibility that disused batteries would Since recycling fee is paid at the time of purchase when established. The members of the Battery Association of Japan become chargeable if the market price of lead had buying a new motorcycle bearing a recycling label, that are battery manufacturers voluntarily purchase recycled significantly dropped. In view of these circumstances, the motorcycle shops take the motorcycle without charging a user lead batteries and take back and recycle them and 20 million reports are collected and sorted at the joint meeting of the with the fee when it is disused. For motorcycles without lead batteries are expected taken back annually. Central Environment Council in order to assure the recycling label, users pay the fee for recycling. Although this system exerted some effectiveness and effectiveness of collection and recycling of imported batteries An electronic information system is introduced by the functionality, there was a concern that collection of batteries and establish a continuous and stable system which is less designated body to collect the motorcycle, disposal/recycling became stagnant due to increased amount of imported vehicle susceptible to the trend of the lead market. facilities and management company for more efficient batteries of which recycling requirements were not management of recycling fees, information and distribution of motorcycles. Traditional manifest is replaced by the control voucher (recycling fee receipt integrated) to manage Fig III-23 Present recycling system of vehicle batteries Fig. III-24 Amount of lead collected the distribution until it is taken for recycling. (1000 tons) 250
200
150 Recycling data Fig. III-21 Flow of disposal/recycling of disused motorcycles (by weight) The number of motorcycles bearing a recycling label 100 brought into market is 178 in total as of the end of March 50 2005 accounting for 28% of the total of motorcycles shipped 0 by participating businesses within Japan. The number of 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (FY) disused motorcycles taken back by the designated bodies is Source: Battery Association of Japan Source: Yearbook of Mining, Non Ferrous Metals, and Products Statistics (to December 2001)/ 1,456 by September 2005. The disposed portion categorized Iron and Steel, Non-ferrous metal, and Fabricated Statistics (from January 2002) as general waste is 66% while 34% is categorized as industrial waste. Recycling rate of scooters is 84.5% whereas the rate of motorcycles is 86.7%.
56 57 Japan Battery Recycling Center (http://www.jbrc.com) Telecommunications Carriers Association (http://www.tca.or.jp) Communications and Information Telecommunications Carriers Association (http://www.tca.or.jp) Network Association of Japan (http://www.ciaj.or.jp) Communications and Information Network Association of Japan (http://www.ciaj.or.jp) Present Situation of Recycling Battery Association of Japan (http://www.baj.or.jp)
10 Compact Secondary Batteries (Rechargeable Batteries) 11 Cellular phones and Personal Handy Systems (Cell-phones)
Center (JBRC), which consists of manufacturers of compact The number of subscribers of cell-phones in Japan exceeds Fig III-27 Cell-phone collection shop There are many types of batteries/cells, as shown in Fig. rechargeable batteries and manufacturers of equipment that uses 90 million as of the end of March 2005 resulting in a 70% III-25. such batteries and Mobile Recycling Network which consists of dissemination rate against population. Many subscribers tend Telecommunications Carriers Association and Communications to purchase latest models within a short time of period (2 to Fig. III-25 Types of Batteries/Cells and Information Network Association of Japan. Compact 2.5 years) and many cell-phones are disposed. Type Uses Cell-phones use rare metals such as gold, silver and Guiding light, electric shavers, video rechargeable batteries are collected from cooperative shops such Nickel-cadmiun batteries cameras, blood pressure meters as electric appliance home improvement retailers and bicycle palladium as well as general metals of copper, aluminum or Electric tools, video cameras, Nickel metal hydride batteries headphone stereo sets shops, and registered businesses engaging in electric works and iron. On top of it, some parts contain toxic material, e.g., Secondary Cellular phones, laptop batteries Lithium iron batteries computers, video cameras building maintenance, municipalities, and schools, and mobile GaAs which requires extra-careful treatment since it will be Rechargeable Hand-held vacuum cleaners, Compact sealed lead batteries USP(uninterruptible power supply) phone retailers, and then converted by recycling contractors into environmental burden if disposed as non-burnable waste. Fig. III-28 Flow of recycling of cell-phones Batteries Automobile batteries Automobiles, businesses nickel, cadmium, cobalt, lead, and iron. The amount of compact The Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources rechargeable batteries collected has been increasing year by year, obliges collection and recycling of batteries (compact Consumers Secondary use Manganese dry cells Clocks, flashlights, television Request for collection sets, remote controllers and in FY2004, 5,278 tons in total of such batteries were collected secondary batteries). is made at initial contact, Take back
purchase and cancellation Collect Bring in Alkaline dry cells Flashlights, headphone stereo sets, digital cameras (see Fig. III-1). The recycling rate differs among types of compact Recycling of cell-phones is promoted by Mobile Recycling PR and enlightenment Alkaline button-type cells Primary Game machines rechargeable batteries, ranging from 50% to 77% (FY2004). Network which consists of cell-phone manufacturers and PR and enlightenment batteries campaign Distributors and Single use Silver oxide cells Digital thermometers *JBRC collects nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride telecommunication carriers. Body of cell-phones, rechargers cell-phone shops Publicize data of recycling Rice cookers, fully automatic •Amount collected Lithium primary cells cameras, electronic notebooks batteries, lithium ion batteries, and compact sealed lead batteries and batteries are voluntarily collected at distributors at no •Amount recycled 8,700 sites (as of Mar. 2005) •Recycling rate Air cells Hearing aid devices for four home-use items (cordless phones, headphone stereo sets, cost and they are recycled as metal materials. •Collection rate Cell-phone operators ÒEnvironmental Impact Assessment for cellular phones and Collectable items: video cameras and hand-held vacuum cleaners). Organizer Cell-phone body + Report the amount collected TCA: Telecommunications recharger + secondary battery Mobile Recycling Network collects lithium batteries for cellular PHSÓ is established as a guideline for the manufacturers and Carriers Association
CIAJ: Communications Collected items Among these types of batteries/cells, the Law for Promotion of phones. assessments are implemented. and Information Network Association of Japan Manufacturers Effective Utilization of Resources stipulates that compact Recycling businesses rechargeable batteries (nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel metal Fig. III-26 Collection Box of Compact Rechargeable Batteries (JBRC) hydride batteries, lithium ion batteries, and compact sealed lead Please put used compact rechargeable batteries (domestic use only) into the recycling boxes located at shops that are members of the batteries) shall be collected and recycled by manufacturers of Table III-2 Factual data of recycling of cell-phones Rechargeable Battery Recycling Club. You can search for these FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 compact rechargeable batteries, and collected by manufacturers of collection spots on the JBRC Website.(http://www.jbrc.com). equipment that uses such batteries (29 items; see page 18). Amount collected (one thousand units) 13,615 13,107 11,369 11,717 8,528 Collection and recycling of compact rechargeable batteries is Weight collected (t) 819 799 746 821 677 Cell-phone body carried out by the Japan Portable Rechargeable Battery Recycling Amount recycled (t) - 151 138 155 129 Recycling rate (%) - 19 19 19 19
Table III-1 Amount of Compact Secondary Batteries (Rechargeable Batteries) Collected Amount collected (one thousand units) 3,128 4,231 3,355 4,387 3,181
Voluntary Disposed Recycled Recycling Statutory Weight collected (t) 328 361 251 319 288 collection(t) (t) (t) rate(%) target(%) Recharger Amount recycled (t) - 83 57 75 52 975 878 647 73.7 Nickel-cadmiun batteries 60 (888) (799) (587) (77.0) Recycling rate (%) - 23 23 24 23 110 99 76 78.8 Amount collected (one thousand units) 11,847 11,788 9,727 10,247 7,312 Nickel metal hydride batteries 55 (94) (85) (66) (77.0) Weight collected (t) 304 264 193 187 159 226 216 119 66.1 Lithium iron batteries 30 Battery (241) (221) (124) (58.1) Amount recycled (t) - 139 102 103 84 3,939 3,938 1,970 60.0 Compact sealed lead batteries 80 Recycling rate (%) - 53 53 55 53 (9,962) (3,062) (1,981) (50.0) Notes: Collection rate is calculated at the time of new purchase and cancellation of the contract using the following formula. 5,278 5,159 2,831 Total (5,185) (5,067) (2,758) Amount recycled is calculated by the following formula. Amount recycled = recycling rate _ weight collected Notes: The upper figures are actual data of FY2004 while figures in parenthesis indicate a sum of FY2003 based on the data publicized by JBRC, Battery Association of Japan, Telecommunications Carriers Association and Recycling rate = Rate of metal content of the cell-phone Communications and Information Network Association of Japan (Mobile Recycling Network) Source: Japan Portable Rechargeable Battery Recycling Center
58 59 Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association Present Situation of Recycling (http://www.pc3r.jp) Others
12 Personal Computers October is a month for promoting 3Rs
"The month for promoting 3Rs" was originally "the month for promoting recycling" in the light 1R in the Law for the In accordance with the Law for Promotion of Effective Center (JBRC) and Japan Post designating post offices as Promotion of Utilization of Recycled Resources enacted in October 1991. Subsequently, more comprehensive approach is Utilization of Resources enacted in April 2001, computer collection spot of disused PCs from households so that the demanded through 3Rs (Reduce of wastes, Reuse and Recycling), not only 1R, in order to overcome the constraint of environment manufacturers have been required to design products that PCs are collected through "Eco Yu Pack", parcel service for and material and keep sustainable development. Basic ideas of 3Rs is defined by the Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling- consider the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle), and are also disused PC collection. The number of computers collected based Society and specific approaches of 3R is provided in the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, successor obliged to collect and recycle disused computers for business from households reached a total of 227,000 in 2004. of the Law for the Promotion of Utilization of Recycled Resources, and then extensive effort have been made to disseminate 3Rs use. Manufacturers have also been required to collect and since 2004 when the month is renamed to "The month for promoting 3Rs". recycle computers discharged from households. Accordingly, computers sold on or after October 1, 2003, and discharged • The 3R Logo from households are, in principle, to be collected at This is the logo created in 2003 by the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Promotion Association to encourage active participation and Fig. III-29 Number of computers collected from households cooperation in 3R activities. designated collection spots, free of charge, and recycled. (units) Computers subject to collection are; desktop PCs including 80,000 Oct. 2004 - Sep. 2005
Fig. III-30 Flow of Collection and Recycling of Disused Home-use Computers About the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Promotion Association
Recycling Promotion Association, the predecessor of the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Promotion Association, was established in September 1991 aiming at developing a sound material-cycle society and carrying out extensive national recycling activities through close cooperation among governments, consumers and industries. The organization changed its name to Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Promotion Association in June 2002 and carry out extensive national activities especially in October, the month for promoting 3Rs.
Major activities (1) Implement the month for promoting 3Rs in October (2) Recognition of distinguished people in promoting 3Rs Headquarters Clean Japan Center 6th floor, No. 16 Kowa Building, 1-9-20 Akasaka, Minatoku, Tokyo 107-0052 Tel: 03 (6229) 1031 http://www.cjc.or.jp Japan Environment Association 2nd floor, Prime Kanda Building, 1-11-9 Azabudai, Minatoku, Tokyo 106-0041 Tel: 03 (5114) 1251 http://www.jeas.or.jp
60 61 Others
Support system 1 Subsidy system 6 Eco-town Project (1) Support scheme for medium and small size companies and venture companies (R&D project for practical applications) Subsidy is provided to partially cover the construction fee to build a recycling facility in which local public organizations and Financial support is provided with R&D project implemented by medium and small size companies through public private businesses cooperate. The subsidy rate varies depending on the project; a half of the cost is subsidized for the application invitation. The rate of the financial support is within two thirds of the entire R&D cost with the upper limit of 45 M yen. of the first state-of-the-art technology in Japan; and one thirds for a pacesetting project. Subsidy for municipalities Overview of the project: (2) Subsidy for R&D project of local industry creation (support projects 3R practical application) Subsidy for R&D project for local industry creation. It supports R&D project for the benefit of establishing a sound Objective: material-cycle society through practical application of 3R and activating local economy by creating a new industry or (1) Regional development through activation of environmental industries making most of regional industrial experiences business. The duration for the project is 2 years or less and the rate of the financial support is within two thirds of the entire (2) Establishing a sound material-cycle society through control of waste amount and promotion of recycling considering R&D cost. (One project receives the subsidy between 30M to 100M yen a year.) regional uniqueness
Procedure: 2 Financing system Areas approved for Eco-town project (1) Municipalities develop their own "Eco-town plan (As of September 2005: 25 regions) Loans offered by Development Bank of Japan, Okinawa Shinko Kaihats Kiyu Koko (public loan corporation), Japan Finance -city plan harmonized with environment-" with their Corporation for Small Business, and National Life Finance Corporation unique features integrated. Loans with low interest are available at introduction of new equipment for the benefit of 3Rs if such an activity satisfies a (2) METI and the Ministry of Environment jointly certain degree of requirements. approve the plan that can be a role model for other municipalities. 3 Tax break system (3) Financial support is provided with local public organizations and private businesses with regard to Taxes including special initial depreciation of equipment, property tax and business office tax is diminished at introduction of the construction of a recycling facility for the benefit new equipment for the benefit of 3Rs if such an activity satisfies a certain degree of requirements. of promoting a pacesetting sound material-cycle society according to the approved plan. 4 Support system by Energy Saving Law and Law for Supporting Recycling Note: Although the approval system for eco-town project (2) is continuously put in place, the financial support (3) was abolished due to Activities including introduction of new equipment and R&D for the benefit of 3Rs; purchasing new equipment; R&D to the structural reform as of FY 2005. streamline energy use; and overseas project to restraint CO2 emission caused by energy consumption in view of energy saving, are Eco-town project schematic structure eligible to receive support system such as low interest loan, guarantee of liabilities and special cases applied to medium and small Eco-town project size companies on the premise that such an activity satisfies a certain degree of requirements. National government
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ministry of the Environment
5 Environmental community business Joint approval Eco-town plan developed Discover the environmental community business in which local industries and citizens cooperate through public invitation and by municipalities Support by municipalities Implementation by municipalities support them to launch and grow their business as a role model business. Structural business Practical business • Build advanced recycling facilities • PR and enlightenment • Strengthen R&D centers • Provide information
Implementation and investment Participation
Local businesses Citizens
More details with regard to (1) , [1] and [2], contact engineering department of the local bureau of economy and industry More details with regard to (2) and (3), call 03 (3501) 1511 (Recycling Promotion Dept. Industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment Bureau, METI) More details with regard to (4), (5) and (6), call 03 (3501) 1511 (Harmonized Industry Promotion Dept. Industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment Bureau, METI)
62 63 Local contact
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry METI Hokkaido Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department METI Chugoku Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department Environmental Protection Administration Division Environmental Protection and Recycling Division 2-1-1 Kitahachijo Nishi Kitaku Sapporo city 060-0808 6-30 Hacchobori Nakaku Hiroshima city 730-8531 Tel: 011-709-1754 (direct) Tel: 082-224-5676 (direct) http://www.hkd.meti.go.jp/information/kanene/kankyo.htm http://www.chugoku.meti.go.jp/policy/energy.html
METI Tohoku Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department METI Shikoku Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department Recycling Industry Promotion Division Environmental Protection and Recycling Division 3-3-1 Honcho Aobaku Sendai city 980-8403 1-10-6 Bancho Takamatsu city 760-8512 Tel: 022-263-1206 (direct) Tel: 087-834-3954 (direct) http://www.tohoku.meti.go.jp/kankyo/index.htm http://www.shikoku.meti.go.jp/1_sesaku/index.html#kankyo
METI Kanto Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department METI Kyushu Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department Environmental Protection and Recycling Division Environmental Protection and Recycling Division 1-1 Shintoshin Chuoku Saitama city 330-9715 2-11-1 Hakataeki higashi Hakataku Fukuoka city 812-8546 Tel: 048-600-0292 (direct) Tel: 092-482-5471 (direct) http://www.kanko.meti.go.jp/seisaku/kankyo/recycle/index.html http://www.kyushu.meti.go.jp/seisaku/recycle/frame.htm
METI Chubu Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department Okinawa General Bureau Department of Economy, Trade and Industry Environmental Protection and Recycling Division Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Division 2-5-2 Sannomaru Nakaku Nagoya city 460-8510 2-21-7 Maeshima Naha city 900-8530 Tel: 052-951-2768 (direct) Tel: 098-864-2065 (direct) http://www.chubu.meti.go.jp/kankyo/index.htm http://www.ogb.go.jp/move/pickup/kankyo/01.htm
METI Kinki Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Department Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Environmental Protection and Recycling Division Industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment Bureau 1-5-44 Otemae Chuoku Osaka city 540-8535 Recycling Promotion Division Tel: 06-6966-6018 (direct) 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki Chiyodaku Tokyo 100-8901 http://www.kansai.meti.go.jp/kankyo.html Tel: 03-3501-4978 (direct) http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/recycle/
Visit the website to study more about “3R policy”. Update of activities, legal information, and statistical information is available.
http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/recycle/
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