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Balancing Development, Sector Competitiveness, and Challenges of Complying with the EU Environmental Aquis

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Balancing Development, Sector Competitiveness, and Challenges of Complying with the EU Environmental Aquis THE WORLD BANK GROUP Public Disclosure Authorized Turkey: Balancing Development, Sector Competitiveness, and Challenges of Complying with the EU Environmental Aquis Analysis of Household Appliances Sector and Implementation of Waste Public Disclosure Authorized Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (2002/96/EC) Sector Note Public Disclosure Authorized Sustainable Development Department Turkey Country Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized 1 Contents Abbreviation list............................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Objectives and Audience ........................................................................................................................ 19 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Limitations .......................................................................................................................................... 21 2. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ........................................................................ 23 Background and Objective of the Directive ............................................................................................ 23 Experience with Implementing WEEE Directives, Lessons Learned from EU and Other Countries .... 25 Experiences from the EU Member States ........................................................................................... 25 Collective versus Competitive Systems .............................................................................................. 27 Collection and Logistics...................................................................................................................... 27 Fee Structures ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Financial Guarantees and Freeriding ............................................................................................... 29 Individual Producer Responsibility (IPR) and Ecodesign .................................................................. 29 Product Scope and Producers .............................................................................................................. 29 An Overview of Actual Performance in EU-27 Member States ......................................................... 31 Directive Improvements ...................................................................................................................... 35 Factors Impacting the Operation of Compliance Schemes ................................................................. 36 The Recast Directive and Other Ongoing Developments ................................................................... 36 Examples of International Experience ................................................................................................ 38 3. Overview of the Sector, Future Projections and Key Issues ................................................................... 41 Generic .................................................................................................................................................... 41 Economic Outlook .............................................................................................................................. 42 Key Issues for the Sector .................................................................................................................... 45 Environmental Profile of the Sector .................................................................................................... 45 4: WEEE in Turkey ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Turkey‘s Context for Implementation of WEEE .................................................................................... 48 Transposition of WEEE Directive in Turkey .......................................................................................... 49 2 Implementation Challenges .................................................................................................................... 50 Estimation of WEEE Quantities in Turkey ............................................................................................. 51 Total Costs of Compliance .................................................................................................................. 57 Total Costs of Compliance with Collection Targets ........................................................................... 58 Implications on competitiveness ......................................................................................................... 65 Spatial Distribution of WEEE and Collection Alternatives ................................................................ 66 WEEE and the Industry .......................................................................................................................... 69 5. Managing the Next steps ......................................................................................................................... 71 References ................................................................................................................................................... 77 Annexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 79 Table 1: Amount of WEEE Collected and Treated in EU27 in 2005 as a Percentage of WEEE Arising .. 31 Table 2. Overall Economic Impact across EU-27 Member States Assuming Full Implementation ........... 33 Table 3. Differentiated Targets for Collection, Recycling and Treatment.................................................. 35 Table 4: Main Companies of the White Goods Sector ............................................................................... 41 Table 5: Economic Value of International Trade in the White Goods Industry (US$ thousands) .............. 43 Table 6: Breakdown of Exports in White Goods Sector ............................................................................. 44 Table 7: Energy Consumption of Different White Goods Produced by BSH Group ................................. 46 Table 8: Estimated Waste Quantities for Large Household Appliances for 2007 ..................................... 52 Table 9: Estimated Waste Quantities for Different EEE Categories for 2007 ............................................ 52 Table 10: Growth and Population Assumptions 2007-2016 ....................................................................... 54 Table 11: Projection of Waste Quantities to 2018 ...................................................................................... 56 Table 12: Component Costs of Recycling WEEE in Turkey by Product Category in 2012 (‗000 €) ......... 60 Table 13: Total Cost of Compliance with Collection Targets (million €, unless otherwise specified) ...... 64 Table 14. Production and Product-weight Information from One Major Company ................................... 65 Figure 1: Breakdown of WEEE Arising in the EU in 2008 ........................................................................ 23 Figure 2: Amount of WEEE Collected in Member States (2008) .............................................................. 32 Figure 3: Breakdown of Technical Costs for the Five Main Product Categories (derived from long running systems in 2005) ............................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 4: Total Production by the White Goods Industry (number of units) .............................................. 43 Figure 5: Production and Exports of White Goods Industry ....................................................................... 43 Figure 6: Exports and Imports of the Turkish White Goods Industry ........................................................ 44 Figure 7: Technical and Additional Component Costs by Major Product Category (€/ton) ...................... 57 Figure 8: Total Cost of Recycling WEEE in Turkey by Product Category in 2012 (million €) ................. 61 Figure 9: Cost of Recycling by Product Category in 2012 (€/kg) .............................................................. 62 Figure 10: Composition of Total Cost by Product Category 2007-2018 (percent) ..................................... 63 Figure 11: Draft Map of Geographic Distribution of WEEE in Turkey ..................................................... 67 Figure 12: Actions Steps to Prepare for WEEE compliance ....................................................................... 71 3 Box 1: Producers Obligations
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