S2610 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 20, 1997 changed cannot be over-emphasized. The Laboratory examinations are constantly ances. I hope that this plan will help wording in all MAU dictation is carefully subject to extraordinarily vigorous challenge guide congressional and White House thought out, discussed, peer reviewed often through cross-examination and the presen- negotiators during their upcoming times, and results from correct interpreta- tation of expert testimony by defense wit- budget talks. tions of the data. Any dictation signed out nesses. With that, Mr. President, I hope all by the MAU Unit Chief or his designee The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. should not be changed in any manner with- of our colleagues come back fully BROWNBACK). The Senator from Vir- out the proper notification and consent of reenvigorated and ready to start pro- the AE. ginia. ducing some results. In my opinion, SSA * * * chose to ignore Mr. ROBB. Thank you, Mr. President. I yield the floor. this longstanding practice, a practice that f The PRESIDING OFFICER. Who everyone else adheres to. seeks time? BALANCE THE BUDGET It is clear that SSA * * * does not under- Mr. GRASSLEY addressed the Chair. stand the scientific issues involved with the Mr. ROBB. Mr. President, leadership The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- interpretation and significance of explosives often involves seizing the moment. And ator from Iowa. and explosives residue composition. He therefore should realize this deficiency and right now the moment is a realbut rap- f idly fleeting chance to actually bal- differentiate between his personal opinions COL. JOHN BOYD and scientific fact. An expert’s opinion ance the Federal budget. For those of should be based upon objective, scientific us who have long been dedicated to Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. President, I am findings and be separated from personal stopping the Federal Government from very sad to report that Air Force Col. predilections and biases. spending more than it takes in, the John Boyd died in West Palm Beach, In order to identify a given material, it is moment is now. While we’re away from FL, on March 9, 1997. necessary for the examiner to acquire suffi- Washington during the recess, I hope He was 70 years old. cient data using acceptable scientific tech- He passed away after a long and dif- niques/protocols and instrumentation to spe- that we will use this time to prepare ourselves for serious work on the budg- ficult fight with cancer. cifically identify it. If that level of data is His remains were laid to rest today not acquired or does not exist, then complete et when we return. We cannot let an- identification is not possible and words such other opportunity to do what’s right in Arlington Memorial Cemetery. John was a native of Erie, PA. But as ‘‘consistent with’’ or ‘‘similar to’’ are pass us by. John came to Iowa to go to college. used. This is nothing new. It is taught in our I recognize the fear on both sides. Iowa is where his Air Force career colleges and universities. It is a standard set The President is understandably reluc- began. by MAU based on experience/background, tant to embrace a necessary change in education, discussions, research and peer re- He won an athletic scholarship to the view of the analytical procedures in place. the Consumer Price Index because of University of Iowa and enrolled in the By rewording AE dictation, SSA * * * places its effect, however minimal, on bene- Air Force ROTC program. an examiner in the position where he/she fits for a large and vocal segment of After graduating in 1951, he went to would be required to advise the court that the population. The Republican Party flight school. He earned his wings and the report overstates the findings and there- is reluctant to scale back its calls for a began flying the F–86 Saber jet. fore is incorrect. massive tax cut because of a similar ef- Then he went to Korea with one goal: A FBI Laboratory report is evidence. Often fect on an equally vocal segment of times the report itself is entered into evi- shoot down a MiG. dence during the trial proceedings. The fact their supporters. Fortunately, for everyone concerned, that SSA * * * did make unauthorized But simple math dictates that both that conflict came to an end before his changes in these reports could have resulted must occur if we are truly interested in wish came true. in serious consequences during legal proceed- balancing the budget and keeping it in But to John that was one of the big- ings and embarrassment to the Laboratory balance over the long term. And the re- gest disappointments of his life. as well as the entire FBI. ality is that entitlements have got to Mr. President, I am proud that John In conclusion, SSA * * * committed errors be curbed, and the resulting savings Boyd was educated in Iowa. which were clearly intentional. He acted ir- He was a great American who dedi- responsibly; he should be held accountable; have got to go to reducing the deficit, he should be disciplined accordingly. The not tax cuts. cated his life to public service. problems regarding AE alterations by SSA The Speaker of the House has taken I would like to honor him by speak- ** * are verified. All of the AE dictation fur- a bold step by expressing a willingness ing briefly about some of his most im- nished to SSA * * * by SSA WHITEHURST to surrender tax cuts until the budget portant accomplishments. has been reviewed. The causes, reasons and is balanced. I hope the President will First and foremost, John Boyd was a events which led to the occurrence of the er- meet this bold step by expressing his legendary Air Force fighter pilot. rors has been discussed. The appropriate ad- willingness to reconsider an adjust- But John was no ordinary jet jockey. ministrative action, in my opinion, should be He applied his vast intellect to under- that SSA * * * be given a letter of censure. ment in the CPI, or some other means to accomplish the same goal. stand the dynamics of air combat ma- As meetings take place over the neuvering at which he excelled. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, To do that, though, he had to teach FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, course of the congressional recess, I Washington, DC, November 8, 1995. would encourage both sides to use as a himself calculus so he could work the FBI Director Louis J. Freeh today released starting point the Centrist Coalition formulas to quantify the problem. This was the problem he saw. the following statement: budget developed last year by a biparti- The FBI looks forward to working with the Why did the heavier and slower san group of Senators, including my- Blue Ribbon Panel named today. The FBI American F–86 achieve near total will assist the panel in every manner pos- self. domination of the superior MiG–15 en- sible to ensure an objective review of our ex- The Centrist plan, known also as the countered in Korea? aminations and policies. Chafee-Breaux plan, was the only budg- John wanted an answer to the ques- Over the past several years, Special Agent et in the Senate last year that received Frederic J. Whitehurst has raised a variety tion. bipartisan support. In fact, the Cen- After doing some truly original and of concerns about forensic protocols and pro- trist plan received 46 votes. And to me, cedures employed in the FBI Laboratory. pioneering work, he began advancing a The FBI has vigorously investigated his con- that seems like a logical place to start. theory. cerns and is continuing to do so. The FBI Our plan used conservative economic His tactical ‘‘Aerial Attack Study’’ alone has reviewed more than 250 cases in- assumptions, a rational reduction in became the bible for air-to-air combat volving work previously done by the Labora- the Consumer Price Index, and a mod- training. tory. To date, the FBI has found no evidence est tax cut. We did not have, within It was instrumental in the creation tampering, evidence fabrication or failure to our coalition, universal agreement on of the Fighter Weapons School at report exculpatory evidence. Any finding of all aspects of the plan. Personally, I Nellis Air Force Base, NV. such misconduct will result in tough and have always wanted to postpone even That’s the Air Force equivalent of swift action by the FBI. The FBI Laboratory conducts over one modest tax cuts until we actually the Navy’s ‘‘Top Gun’’ program. million examinations per year and our ex- achieve balance. But, I believe it pro- John being John, he never slacked perts testify hundreds of times annually in vides a reasonable roadmap now of how off. He kept right on working and de- state and federal courts of law. At trials, FBI to get from here to a budget that bal- veloping his theory of aerial combat. March 20, 1997 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S2611 He wanted to take it to a higher The Wall Street Journal and Boston It helped our top military leadership plane. Globe had already published major re- understand the advantages of maneu- And he did. ports on Spinney’s briefing. A number ver warfare. Those ideas were used to It culminated in the Energy Maneu- of other newspapers had it and were defeat Iraq. verability Theory. ready to roll. And finally, Col. David Hackworth This was a very important piece of The press knew this was a substan- has devoted his weekly column to John work. tial and credible piece of work. Boyd. It is entitled: ‘‘A Great Airman’s John Boyd’s Energy Maneuverability John’s behind-the-scenes maneuver- Final Flight.’’ Theory was seminal in the develop- ing finally led to a dramatic hearing I ask unanimous consent to have ment of two of our premier fighters: that was held in the Senate Caucus these reports printed in the RECORD. first the F–15 and then the F–16. Room in February 1983. Mr. President, we have lost a great That theory helped to shape the de- It was an unprecedented event. American—a true patriot. I will miss sign of those two very important air- It was the only joint Armed Services/ him. planes. Budget Committee hearing ever held. There being no objection, the mate- So, Mr. President, John Boyd was In a room filled with TV cameras and rial was ordered to be printed in the truly a giant in the field of air warfare. bright lights, Spinney treated the com- RECORD, as follows: When I first met John in early 1983, mittee to a huge stack of his famous [From the New York Times, Mar. 13, 1997] he was applying his genius in an en- spaghetti charts. COL. JOHN BOYD IS DEAD AT 70; ADVANCED AIR tirely different field. This was Spinney’s bottom line: The COMBAT TACTICS He had retired from the Air Force final bill of Weinberger’s 1983–87 de- (By Robert McG. Thomas, Jr.) and had set up shop over in the Penta- fense plan would be $500 billion more Col. John R. Boyd, a legendary Air Force gon. than promised. It was devastating. fighter pilot whose discovery that quicker is He was given a small consulting con- Mr. Spinney’s outstanding perform- better than faster became the basis of a far- tract and a cubbyhole-size office to go ance won him a place on the cover of reaching theory that helped revolutionize with it. Time Magazine on March 7, 1983. American military strategy, died on March 9 His Pentagon cubbyhole was the And it effectively put an end to Wein- at a hospital in West Palm Beach, Fla. He birthplace of some very important berger’s plan to pump up the defense was 70 and had lived in Delray Beach. ideas. budget. The cause was cancer, his family said. That’s when I met John Boyd. He was Two years later, my amendment to To combat pilots of the late 1950’s, it was always high noon in the skies above the Ne- just beginning his reform crusade. freeze the defense budget was adopted vada desert. A pilot, a crack instructor at He was the leader of the Military Re- by the Senate. Nellis Air Force Base, perhaps, or a hotshot form Movement. If John Boyd hadn’t come to my of- Navy flier passing through would get on the At that point in time, I was wrestling fice and told me about Chuck Spinney, radio to call him out and within minutes with the Reagan administration’s plan the hearing in the Senate Caucus Room Colonel Boyd would have another notch in to pump up the defense budget. might not have taken place. his belt. I was searching for an effective strat- And if that hearing hadn’t happened They did not call him 40-second Boyd for egy to freeze the defense budget. like it did, I doubt we would have suc- nothing. From 1954 to 1960 virtually every Cap Weinberger was the Secretary of ceeded in putting the brakes on Wein- combat pilot in the country knew that Colo- Defense, and he kept asking for more nel Boyd, a former Korean War pilot who berger’s spending plans. helped establish the Fighter Weapons School and more money. The Plans/Reality Mismatch hearing at Nellis, had a standing offer: take a posi- The DOD budget was at the $210 bil- was just one episode in the history of tion on his tail, and 40 twisting, turning sec- lion level that year. the military reform movement, but it onds later he would have the challenger in But Cap Weinberger had plans to is the one that brought me and John his own gun-sights or pay $40. Colonel Boyd push it first to $300, then $400, and fi- together. never lost the bet in more than 3,000 hours of nally to $500 billion. There were many others. John was flying time. The money sacks were piled high on always the driving force behind the A high school swimming champion who the steps of the Pentagon. scenes, giving advice, planning the won an athletic scholarship to the Univer- It seemed like there was no way to sity of Iowa, Colonel Boyd, a native of Erie, next move, and always talking with Pa., had superior reflexes and hand-eye co- put a lid on defense spending—that is the press. ordination, but what made him invincible in until John Boyd walked in my office. John Boyd always set an example of mock combat was something else. To this day, I don’t know how he got excellence—both morally and profes- At Nellis he taught himself calculus so he there. Ernie Fitzgerald may have intro- sionally. could work out the formulas that produced duced us. I don’t quite remember. Mr. President, since John died, there his repertory of aerial maneuvers and led to But John had a secret weapon. have been several articles published his 1960 report, ‘‘Aerial Attack Study,’’ the His secret weapon was Chuck Spin- about some of his exploits. bible of air-to-air combat. ney. There was a truly beautiful obitu- His combat experience was limited to a few Chuck was an analyst in the Penta- missions in Korea, but they were enough to ary—if such a thing exists—in the produce a breakthrough insight. Wondering gon’s office of Program Analysis and March 13 issue of the New York Times. why the comparatively slow and ponderous Evaluation, or PA&E. It describes John’s vast contributions American F–86’s achieved near total domina- He had a briefing entitled ‘‘Plans/Re- to air warfare. tion of the superior MIG–15’s, he realized ality Mismatch.’’ Second, there is a more colorful that the F–86 had two crucial advantages: John’s plan was to use Spinney’s ma- piece, which will appear in the March better visibility and a faster roll rate. terial to expose the flaws in Wein- 24 issue of U.S. News and World Report. This, in turn, led Colonel Boyd to develop berger’s plan to ramp up the defense That one is written by Jim Fallows what he called the OODA Loop, to denote the budget. and is entitled ‘‘A Priceless Original.’’ repeated cycle of observation, orientation, So I asked DOD for Mr. Spinney’s Mr. Fallows describes some of John’s decision and action that characterized every encounter. The key to victory, he theorized, briefing but ran smack into a stone important contributions against the was not a plane that could climb faster or wall. backdrop of his unusual character higher but one that could begin climbing or At first, the bureaucrats tried to pre- traits. change course quicker—to get inside an ad- tend it didn’t exist. Then, there is the letter from the versary’s ‘‘time/cycle loop.’’ For example, Dr. Chu, Spinney’s Marine Corps Commandant, General The fast-cycle combat theory, expanded by boss, characterized Spinney’s briefing Krulak. Colonel Boyd into a lecture he later deliv- as nothing more than: ‘‘Scribblings and General Krulak describes John as ered hundreds of times, has since been widely writings gathered up and stapled to- ‘‘an architect’’ of our military victory applied to fields as diverse as weapons pro- over Iraq in 1991. curement, battlefield strategy and business gether.’’ competition. Well, that didn’t wash. It just added That’s an oblique reference to John’s One implication of the theory was that the fat to the fire. ‘‘Patterns of Conflict’’ briefing. This best fighter plane was not necessarily the DOD could no longer suppress the piece of work had a profound impact on one with the most speed, firepower or range. truth. U.S. military thought. Colonel Boyd, who enrolled at Georgia Tech S2612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 20, 1997 after his Nellis tour, was helping a fellow many abroad. In this way he touched so the modern military. After Boyd died last student with his homework over hamburgers many lives, many of them destined to ascend week of cancer at age 70, the commandant of and beer one night when he had an insight to the very highest levels of military and ci- the Marine Corps called him ‘‘a towering in- that led to a way to quantify his ideas. The vilian leadership. tellect who made unsurpassed contributions resulting Energy Maneuverability Theory, Those of us who knew John Boyd the man to the American art of war.’’ Yet until late which allows precise comparisons of maneu- knew him as a man of character and integ- in his life, the military establishment re- verability, is now a standard measure of aer- rity. His life and values were shaped by a sisted Boyd and resented him besides. ial performance. selfless dedication to Country and Service, Boyd was called up for military service Assigned to the Pentagon in 1964, Colonel by the crucible of war, and by an unrelenting during the Korean War and quickly dem- Boyd became an important figure in a move- love of study. he was the quintessential sol- onstrated prowess as an Air Force fighter ment that started in response to $400 ham- dier-scholar—a man whose jovial, outgoing pilot. More important, he revealed his fas- mers and other headline excesses of Defense exterior belied the vastness of his knowledge cination with the roots of competitive fail- Department spending and soon expanded to and the power of his intellect. I was in awe ure and success. U.S. Planes and pilots, he question the need for many hugely expensive of him, not just for the potential of his fu- realized, did better in air combat than they weapons systems. ture contributions, but for what he stood for should have. In theory, the Soviet-built MiG Although he had allies in the Pentagon, as an officer, a citizen, and as a man. they fought against was far superior to the Congress and business, Colonel Boyd’s ideas As I write this, my mind wanders back to F–86 that Boyd flew. The MiG had a higher often went against the grain of a military-in- that morning in February, 1991, when the top speed and could hold a tighter turn. The dustrial bureaucracy devoted to the procure- military might of the United States sliced main advantage of the F–86 was that it could ment of the most advanced, most expensive violently into the Iraqi positions in Kuwait. change from one maneuver to another more and (not coincidentally, he felt) most profit- Bludgeoned from the air nearly round the rapidly, dodging or diving out of the MiG’s able planes. clock for six weeks, paralyzed by the speed way. As the planes engaged, Boyd argued, Although his design ideas helped give the and ferocity of the attack, the Iraqi army the F–86 could build a steadily accumulating F–15 a big, high-visibility canopy, his major collapsed morally and intellectually under advantage in moving to a ‘‘kill position’’ on triumph was the F–16, a plane lacking many the onslaught of American and Coalition the MiG’s tail. of the F–15’s high-tech, expensive features, forces. John Boyd was an architect of that Boyd extended his method—isolating the but which is far more agile and costs less victory as surely as if he’d commanded a real elements of success—while maintaining than half as much, allowing for the purchase fighter wing or a maneuver division in the his emphasis on adaptability. In the late of many more of them for a given expendi- desert. His thinking, his theories, his larger 1950s, he developed influential doctrines of ture. than life influence, were there with us in air combat and was a renowned fighter in- Top Air Force officers were so opposed to Desert Storm. He must have been proud at structor. In the 1960s, he applied his logic to the concept of producing a plane that did not what his efforts wrought. the design of planes, showing what a plane expand on the F–15’s cutting edge technology So, how does one pay homage to a man like would lose in maneuverability for each extra that Colonel Boyd and some civilian allies John Boyd? Perhaps best by remembering bit of weight or size—and what the nation developed it in secret. that Colonel Boyd never sought the acclaim lost in usable force as the cost per plane The plane was hailed for its performance in won him by his thinking. He only wanted to went up. Within the Pentagon, he and mem- the Persian Gulf war, a war whose very make a difference in the next war . . . and he bers of a ‘‘Fighter Mafia’’ talked a reluctant strategy of quick, flexible response was did. That ancient book of wisdom—Prov- Air Force into building the F–16 and A–10— based largely on ideas Colonel Boyd had been erbs—sums up John’s contribution to his na- small, relatively cheap, yet highly effective promoting for years. tion: ‘‘A wise man is strong, and a man of aircraft that were temporary departures Colonel Boyd, who maintained that the knowledge adds to his strength; for by wise from the trend toward more expensive and lure of big-money defense contracts invari- guidance you will wage your war, and there complex weapons. ably perverted weapons assessment, was so is victory in a multitude of counsellors.’’ I, Warrior virtues. After leaving the Air personally fastidious that during his years in and his Corps of Marines, will miss our coun- Force as a colonel in 1975, Boyd began the the Pentagon he became known as the Ghet- sellor terribly.—Proverbs 24:5–6 study of long historical trends in military to Colonel because he lived in a basement Sincerely, success through which he made his greatest apartment. C.C. KRULAK, mark. He became a fanatical autodidact, He carried his notion of propriety to such General, U.S. Marine Corps, reading and marking up accounts of battles, an extreme that when he retired in 1975 and Commandant of the Marine Corps. beginning with the Peloponnesian War. On his Air Force pension, he lived modestly, began some of his most productive work, as EDITOR’S NOTE: Col. John Boyd, who re- working from a small, book-crammed apart- a Pentagon consultant, he insisted that his tired from the Air Force in 1975, died March ment. He presented his findings in briefings, family live on his retirement pay. Initially 9 at age 70. A fighter pilot of legendary abil- which came in varying lengths, starting at offering to work full time without pay, he ity, Boyd was the author of several pivotal four hours. Boyd refused to discuss his views was persuaded to accept one day’s pay every explorations of warfighting theory, including with those who would not sit through a two-week pay period, because he had to be on ‘‘Destruction and Creation’’ (1976), ‘‘Patterns whole presentation; to him, they were dilet- the Pentagon payroll to have access to the of Conflict’’ (1981), and ‘‘Conceptual Spiral’’ tantes. To those who listened, he offered a building, before retiring in 1988. (1991). He is survived by his wife, Mary; three While still in the Air Force, Boyd was worldview in which crucial military quali- sons, Stephen, of Springfield, Va., Scott, of largely responsible for the early design of ties—adaptability, innovation—grew from Burke, Va., and Jeff, of Delray Beach, Fla.; the F–15 and F–16 fighters, and contributed moral strengths and other ‘‘warrior’’ virtues. two daughters, Kathryn, of Delray Beach and significantly to the design of the A–10 close Yes-man careerism, by-the-book thought, Mary Ellen Holton of Centerville, Va.; a air support aircraft. His ‘‘energy maneuver- and the military’s budget-oriented ‘‘culture brother, H.G. Boyd of Pompano Beach, Fla.; ability theory’’ is still in use in designing of procurement’’ were his great nemeses. Since he left no written record other than a sister, Marion Boyd of Erie, and two grand- aircraft for maximum performance and ma- the charts that outlined his briefings, Boyd children. neuverability. was virtually unknown except to those who Boyd is probably best known for develop- had listened to him personally—but that [From Inside the Pentagon, Mar. 13, 1997] ing the concept of the ‘‘OODA Loop,’’ short group grew steadily in size and influence. for ‘‘observe, orient, decide, act’’—effectively LETTER TO THE EDITOR Politicians, who parcel out their lives in 10- a guide to anticipating enemy moves in a TO THE EDITOR: I was deeply saddened to minute intervals, began to sit through his fast-paced battle and heading them off at the learn of the passing of Colonel John Boyd, briefings. The Marine Corps, as it recovered pass. The term was widely used during the USAF (Ret.). How does one begin to pay from Vietnam, sought his advice on morale, 1991 Persian Gulf war in reference to the U.S. homage to a warrior like John Boyd? He was character, and strategy. By the time of the force’s ability to get ‘‘inside’’ Iraq’s decision- a towering intellect who made unsurpassed gulf war, his emphasis on blitzkrieglike contributions to the American art of war. In- making cycle. Boyd is considered the father of the Air ‘‘maneuver warfare’’ had become prevailing deed, he was one of the central architects in Force’s original ‘‘fighter mafia’’ and, after doctrine in the U.S. military. As a congress- the reform of military thought which swept his retirement, a key leader of the military man, Dick Cheney spent days at Boyd’s the services, and in particular the Marine reform movement in the 1980s. briefings. As defense secretary, he rejected Corps, in the 1980’s. From John Boyd we an early plan for the land war in Iraq as learned about competitive decision making [From U.S. News & World Report, March 24, being too frontal and unimaginative—what on the battlefield—compressing time, using 1997] Boyd would have mockingly called ‘‘Hey did- time as an ally. Thousands of officers in all dle diddle, straight up the middle’’—and in- A PRICELESS ORIGINAL our services knew John Boyd by his work on sisted on a surprise flanking move. what was to be known as the Boyd Cycle or (By James Fallows) John Boyd laughed often, yet when he OODA Loop. His writings and his lectures True originality can be disturbing, and turned serious, his preferred speaking dis- had a fundamental impact on the curriculum John Boyd was maddeningly original. His tance was 3 inches from your face. He bran- of virtually every professional military edu- ideas about weapons, leadership, and the dished a cigar and once burned right through cation program in the United States—and on very purpose of national security changed the necktie of a general he had buttonholed. March 20, 1997 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S2613 He would telephone at odd hours and resume simply copied Boyd’s playbook, and the Ma- The Bowl Alliance operates outside a harangue from weeks before as if he’d rines were brilliant during their attack on the purview of the National Collegiate never stopped. But as irritating as he was, he Kuwait. Athletics Association [NCAA]. The was more influential. He will be marked by a As USMC Col. Mike Wyly tells it, Boyd Bowl Alliance was created in 1993 when small headstone at Arlington Cemetery and ‘‘applied his keen thinking to Marine tactics, an enormous impact on the profession of and today we are a stronger, sharper Corps.’’ the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Big arms. His example inspired many. He affected ev- East Conference, the Big 12 Conference, eryone with whom he came in contact. He the Southeastern Conference and Notre [From King Features Syndicate, Mar. 18, trained a generation of disciples in all the Dame came together and took it upon 1997] services, and they are carrying on his good themselves to provide and acquire DEFENDING AMERICA, A GREAT AIRMAN’S work, continuing to serve the truth over self. teams to participate in the major bowl For those who know, the name Boyd has FINAL FLIGHT games. These Bowl Alliance con- already become a synonym for ‘‘doing the (By David H. Hackworth) right thing.’’ His legacy will be that integ- ferences have contracts with the tele- Col. John R. Boyd of the United States Air rity—doing the hard right over the easy vision networks and large corporate Force is dead. wrong—is more important than all the stars, sponsors—Federal Express, Tostitos, Future generations will learn that John all the plush executive suites and all the and Noika. Champions from each alli- Boyd, a legendary fighter pilot, was Ameri- bucks. ance conference are automatically ca’s greatest military thinker. He’s remem- God now has the finest pilot ever at his guaranteed a berth in one of the major bered now by all those he touched over the side. And He, in all His wisdom, will surely last 52 years of service to our country as not bowl games. The nonalliance con- give Boyd the recognition he deserves by ferences remaining out in the cold are only the original ‘‘Top Gun,’’ but as one promoting him to air marshal of the uni- smart hombre who always had the guts to verse. the Western Athletic Conference stand tall and to tell it like it is. For sure, we can all expect a few changes [WAC], the Big West Conference, Con- He didn’t just drive Chinese fighter pilots in the design of heaven as Boyd makes it a ference USA, the Mid American Con- nuts while flying his F–86 over the Yalu better place, just as he did planet earth. ference and the 11 Independent teams. River during the Korean War, he spent dec- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- The Bowl Alliance claims its purpose ades causing the top brass to climb the walls ator from Kentucky. is to create optimal matchups and and the cost-plus, defense-contractor rack- identify and national champion. Con- eteers to run for cover. f sidering the 1996 selections for the bowl He was not only a fearless fighter pilot ANTITRUST IMPLICATIONS OF THE with a laser mind, but a man of rare moral games, I question if quality matchups courage. the mission of providing America COLLEGE BOWL ALLIANCE is the true goal. Last season, TV view- with the best airplane came first, closely fol- Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, ers saw No. 20 Texas lose to No. 7 Penn lowed by his love for the troops and his con- Senator BENNETT of Utah, Senator State 38–15 in the Fiesta Bowl. Texas’ cern for their welfare. Many of the current THOMAS and Senator ENZI of Wyoming, record was 8–4. The Orange Bowl show- crop of Air Force generals could pull out of and I have been working on a matter cased No. 9 Virginia Tech losing to No. their moral nose dive by following his exam- ple. that we wish to discuss with our col- 6 Nebraska 41–21. After the Korean War, he became known as leagues in the Senate for the next few Appearance in a Bowl Alliance game ‘‘40-Second’’ Boyd because he defeated oppo- moments. Senator THOMAS needs to pays well. Each participating team nents in aerial combat in less than 40 sec- leave so he is going to lead off. takes approximately $8,000,000 back to onds. Many of his contemporaries from this I yield the floor. its school. In addition, the teams get period say he was the best fighter pilot in The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- the national visibility and prestige the U.S. Air Force. ator from Wyoming. that leads to strong athletic recruit- Not only was he skilled and brave, but he Mr. THOMAS. I thank the Chair. ment. Conferences outside the alliance was also a brain. The Air Force recognized ∑ Mr. President, I rise today to speak have a remote chance of participating this and sent him to Georgia Tech, not to be a ‘‘rambling wreck,’’ but to become a top about the college football Bowl Alli- in one of the Alliance Bowls. Over time graduate engineer. It was there that he de- ance. I am concerned that under the it will hurt the quality of the nonalli- veloped the fighter tactics which proved so Bowl Alliance structure, athletic excel- ance teams who will have difficulty in effective during the Vietnam War, and the lence is not being recognized in recruitment. The Alliance Bowl struc- concepts that later revolutionized the design postseason I–A college football play. ture will make the alliance teams of fighter aircraft and the U.S.A.’s way of Fresh in the minds of Wyoming foot- stronger and relegate the nonalliance fighting wars, both in the air and on the ball fans is the last game of regular teams to a second-tier status. ground. season play when the nationally The alliance ensures its monopoly He saved the F–15 from being an 80,000- ranked Cowboys played against No. 5- pound, swing-wing air bus, streamlining it through the use of the at-large rule. into a 40,000-pound, lean and mean fixed-wing ranked Brigham Young University for Although the champions of the self-se- fighter, which Desert Storm proved still has the Western Athletic Conference [WAC] lected Alliance Bowl conferences auto- no equal. championship title. Both teams went matically appear in one of the major Boyd was also a key player in the develop- into the game believing the winner bowl games there are two remaining ment of the F–16, probably the most agile would be selected for major postseason at-large spots. It is questionable as to and maneuverable fighter aircraft ever built, bowl action. UW and BYU delivered a whether those two spots are truly at- and costing half the price of the F–15. The terrific conference championship game. large and open to any high-quality top brass didn’t want it. To them, more ex- pensive was better. Boyd outfoxed them by BYU won 28–25 over Wyoming in over- team that can play their way into one developing it in secret. time play. It was the first WAC title of the spots. A team from the WAC was Chuck Spinney, who as a Pentagon staffer game won in overtime. Unfortunately, deserving of one of those at-large spots sweated under Boyd’s cantankerous, de- neither WAC team was invited to a last year, but the invitation never manding tough love says, ‘‘The most impor- major New Year’s bowl. came. tant gift my father gave me was a deep belief The 1996 selections to the New Year’s I am concerned for the future of the in the importance of doing what you think is bowl games shed revealing light on the athletes and schools in the nonalliance right—to act on what your conscience says college football Bowl Alliance. Invita- conferences. That is why I joined with you should act on and to accept the con- sequences. The most important gift Boyd tions to the most lucrative major Senators MITCH MCCONNELL, ROBERT gave me was the ability to do this and sur- bowls games—the Orange Bowl, the BENNETT, and MIKE ENZI in writing to vive and grow at the same time.’’ Sugar Bowl, and the Fiesta Bowl—were the Department of Justice [DOJ] and Boyd never made general—truth-tellers largely sent to high-profile, highly the Federal Trade Commission [FTC] seldom do in today’s slick military because marketable teams instead of worthy to request an investigation of the Bowl the Pentagon brass hate the truth, and try teams. Many sports fans were dis- Alliance. We suspect possible viola- to destroy those who tell it. They did their appointed at the postseason New Year’s tions of the Sherman Antitrust Act. In best to do a number on John. But true to bowl matchups. I am concerned about 1996, the eight Alliance Bowl partici- form, he always out-maneuvered them. Norman Schwarzkopf is widely heralded as the closed selection process that has pants, including the Rose Bowl partici- the hero of Desert Storm, but in fact, Boyd’s developed and the impact the Bowl Al- pants, went home with a total of $68 tactics and strategy were the real force be- liance structure will have on I–A colle- million. The 28 teams that played in hind the 100-Hour War. Stormin’ Norman giate football. the minor bowl games shared a pot of