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A Network Analysis of Urban R&D Trends in Seoul, South Korea sustainability Article Smart, Sustainable and Citizen Centered: A Network Analysis of Urban R&D Trends in Seoul, South Korea Bo Wang 1,2, Sang Do Park 3,*, Jong Youl Lee 1 and Jesse W. Campbell 1 1 Department of Public Administration, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; [email protected] (B.W.); [email protected] (J.Y.L.); [email protected] (J.W.C.) 2 Department of Public Administration, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China 3 Department of Global Business, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 May 2020; Accepted: 10 July 2020; Published: 23 July 2020 Abstract: Although it is now recognized that place matters for urban development policy, most case studies focusing on particular cities tend to adopt a high-level perspective that imperfectly captures the full spectrum of context-relevant urban development issues. This study applies semantic network analysis to a corpus of 13,852 accepted R&D project proposals on issues related to the urban development of Seoul, South Korea. Through our analysis, we highlight important research trends and also make connections between these trends and the policy orientation and priorities of successive mayoral administrations over a period of 16 years. Although the results suggest that there is significant overlap between policy orientation and scientific research activity, the interests of research scientists cannot be reduced entirely to political priorities. The study contributes to the literature by fusing the place-based approach to urban development studies with the computational content analysis methodology. We raise several questions for future research, including questions about the relationship between policy priorities, scientific research, and academic research. Keywords: urban development; semantic network analysis; Seoul 1. Introduction Urban development planning and policy must take into consideration an increasingly sophisticated and diverse set of considerations in order to facilitate growth and provide citizens with a livable environment. For some time, a knowledge-based approach to urban planning and development centered on leveraging knowledge resources, cultures, and competencies to facilitate knowledge and information-based economic growth has gained traction [1,2]. This imperative will only strengthen as cities have begun to move beyond the information-based economies that have driven development for the past decades and into a future characterized by Forth Industrial Revolution technologies [2,3]. Moreover, new developments and projects are expected to be both eco-friendly (that is, have a low demand on the environment) and sustainable from a longer-term perspective [4]. These social, economic, and environmental goals are interdependent and evolving. The potential to realize breakthroughs is rooted in the ability to meet the ever-evolving requirements of basic realities, and it is widely believed that meaningful engagement with urban research can strengthen evidence-based decision-making, enhance professional competence and credibility, and improve the quality of evaluation [5,6]. Among advanced democracies, South Korea has been a leader in using publicly funded research and development (R&D) to pursue strategic goals [7]. Many R&D projects aim to facilitate urban development. Although most cities in Korea are the product of a largely unplanned and rapid development wherein urban strategies have evolved over time to meet changing circumstances, other younger cities, such as the new administrative capital Sejong and Songdo International City, Sustainability 2020, 12, 5933; doi:10.3390/su12155933 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, 5933 2 of 18 have been artificially constructed based on the specific plans of the government. The latter planned cities are designed to reflect the development of science and technology as well as livability. In such cities, the process of urban development can be regarded as a comprehensive product of converged knowledge, a key source of which is the R&D Research Project based on open government data [8]. Seoul’s development has of course been largely organic, however, due to its economic and cultural importance, the administrative and policy elite in the capital Seoul are often at the vanguard of planned urban development, and a great number of development and revitalization projects are planned and implemented in the city (a relatively recent and widely seen as successful example is that of the Cheonggyecheon revitalization project) [9]. Although national R&D projects are announced, evaluated, and funded by the central government, due to its economic, political, and strategic importance, the Seoul Metropolitan Government actively participates in the planning stage of the proposals National Assembly Budget Office 2019. At the same time, however little is known about the content of urban development R&D projects relevant to Seoul, and moreover there is little clarity about the extent to which they reflect the priorities of the city’s administrators. The laissez-faire, placeless approach to urban development and growth associated with the neoliberal development agenda has given way to the view that place matters, and a number of studies have focused on the knowledge-based development strategies of various globally oriented cities [2,10]. Such case studies facilitate urban development policy from a comparative perspective, however they do not capture the full spectrum of science-based research that is relevant to a given context. On the other hand, scholars have used bibliometric and network analysis techniques in the area of urban studies to look at a range of issues including areas of expertise and interests of faculty in the field of urban planning, urban sustainability concepts and urbanization research, urban energy systems, green infrastructure, urban climate change, urban food policy, and development participation [11–17]. Such studies bring to light how various concepts transform as well as branch off over time, with the core issues addressed by each branch of the conceptual path evolving into distinct topics [5]. These forking paths, however, relate crucially to a common origin and therefore can best be explicated through a network-style approach. At the same time, such studies fail to highlight the extent to which various concepts are relevant to a given urban context. Some scholars suggest that in many contexts, few beyond academia tend to engage with the output of academics, or, in the words of Taylor and Hurley, “Not a lot of people read the stuff.” [6] This study brings together the place-based approach of the case study with the network analysis approach used in the conceptual development studies. We explore the keywords and contents of urban R&D in Seoul through network analysis. Specifically, through empirical analysis, we seek to understand the actual topics that are driving urban development in Seoul during salient periods of development. Until now, however, scholars have not used the network analysis approach to analyze the R&D development trends of a single, significant place. As such, this study contributes both by shedding light on the empirical content of urban R&D in a competitive, global city, and also highlights the methodological promise of the network analysis approach for this problem domain. The remainder of this study is organized as follows. First, we discuss the government-funded R&D project process, detailing the role of various actors, as well as that of the Seoul mayoral administration in the process. We describe in detail the process in which R&D projects are formulated, evaluated, and funded. Next, we provide an overview of Korean urban development concepts, focusing specifically on the case of Seoul, which has received the most attention from urban development academics due to its economic, cultural, and political importance. Next, we introduce our research methodology and dataset, the latter of which consists of data collected from the year 2001 to 2018. We then present the results of our analysis. We demonstrate that the network analysis approach goes far beyond the case study in detailing the empirical reality of actual research on urban development. In the final section of the study, we discuss the limitations of the analysis, but also reflect on its implications, suggesting additional research questions that can help move the discussion forward. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5933 3 of 18 2. Research and Development for Urban Development in Korea Korea’s rapid economic development, as well as the role of the government in this process, is well known [18,19]. Although the government’s role in the economy has lessened greatly compared the so-called developmental period of the 1970s and 1980s, nevertheless, government continues to play a locomotive role in some areas. Recently, Korea has emerged as one of the largest per capita domestic investors on R&D among OECD countries. From 2012 to 2017, Korea consistently ranked second behind only Israel. In 2017, about 4.29% of GDP was spent in Korea, or about 65 billion US Dollars (According to the OECD, which uses an adjusted rather than absolute measure of spending for the sake of comparison, in 2017 Korea spent 88 billion in 2010 parity purchasing power adjusted US Dollars.) [7,20]. This figure consists of public, private, and foreign resources, with publicly sourced funds equaling just under 30% of total spending, or about 14 billion US dollars. These public funds
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