TASK 15 Topic: COLONISATION OF THE CAPE Grade: 7

Presented By: Mrs Sunichur Pitlochry Primary School Educator KEYWORDS

• immigration: to come into a country to stay • Calvinists: the followers of John Calvin who formed a new Christian religious movement in protest to certain things that were happening in the Roman Catholic Church. • clashes: small fights • persecution: people being treated badly or even killed for religious or other reasons. • refugees: people who flee from their country because of war or persecution SUMMARY Dutch and Huguenot immigration

Many Dutch people came from Holland and settled on traditional Khoi- khoi grazing land. This resulted in many clashes during which many Khoi-khoi lost their lives because they didn't have access to guns. They were also affected by the diseases that Europeans brought to the Cape. This immigration of Dutch to the Cape resulted in the development of new towns like Stellenbosch, Graaff-Reinet, Swellendam, Tulbagh and Paarl. In 1688, King Louis XIV of France ruled that only Roman Catholics would be allowed in France. The Calvinists decided to leave France in order to avoid persecution. These refugees became known as French Huguenots. SUMARY continued

Simon van der Stel, the governor of the Cape was not happy with the quality of the wine that Free Burghers were making for the passing ships. The VOC then encouraged Huguenot refugees who were wine makers to go and live in the Cape. 200 Huguenots took up the VOC's offer of free passage fom France to Cape Town. The Huguenots were very hard working people who got along well with the Dutch Calvinists. They were highly trained craftsmen and experienced at growing grapes, making wine, brandy and vinegar. The quality of wine improved and today South African wine is one of the best in the world. ACTIVITY 3.11

1. Why do you think Dutch people immigrated to the Cape? (2) 2. What advantage did the Dutch settlers have over the Khoi-khoi when they fought for land? (2) 3. What was the rule that made French Calvinists leave France from 1688 onwards? (2) 4. What did the Dutch and the Huguenots have in common with each other? (2) 5. Explain why the VOC was so keen to help the Huguenots. (2) ACTIVITY 3.11 continued

6. What do you think the Huguenots' view of freedom might have been when they arrived at the Cape? (2) 7. “It was worth every rixdaler bringing the Huguenots to the Cape.” a) What do these words mean? (2) b) Who do you think might have used these words? (2) c) Why were these words used? (2) 8. There are at least two sides to every story. The Huguenots had many successful achievements. What is the other side of this story if you look at the situation from the Khoi-khoi point of view. (2) SUMMARY The Trekboers move inland The Trekboers were Dutch, German and French Free Burghers who moved away from the Cape to find better pastures for their livestock during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many of them wanted to get away from the strict rules of the VOC. The Trekboers moved inland towards the north and the east. Families travelled in wagons while their livestock walked alongside. Servants and slaves performed the following duties: • looked after animals • found wood and made the fires for cooking • skinned animals SUMARY continued

• washed dishes • put up tents The VOC had no control over the Trekboers who kept moving their stock towards the Orange River. There were not enough officials and there were no roads on which to follow them. Some of the Trekboers who had moved east towards the Fish River often clashed with the Xhosas over grazing land. The Trekboers sometimes raided the Khoi-khoi and made their captives into servants who had to work for food and shelter only. ACTIVITY 3.12 ACTIVITY 3.12 continued

1. Refer to Figure 3.3 in the previous slide and mention three directions in which the Trekboers moved. (3)

2. Mention TWO reasons why the Trekboers left the Cape. (4)

3. List FIVE tasks that Trekboer servants were expected to perform. (5) SUMMARY The Trekboer Lifestyle The Trekboers were nomadic pastoralists and moved about looking for fresh grazing land. They often clashed with indigenous people. Their lifestyle was free and independent from law. They also faced problems such as: • no roads to move their wagons along • difficulty finding suitable camp sites for the night • need to protect livestock from dangerous wild animals Some Trekboers would stay near a river for a few seasons where they would build mud huts with thatched roofs and floors made of clay and cattle dung. SUMMARY continued

They made furniture from wood. They also made clothes, shoes and furniture from leather, and soap from animal fat and beeswax. They hunted animals and grew crops of vegetables when they could. Most Trekboer families went back to Cape Town once a year to sell horses, cattle, sheep, skins, hides, soap, beeswax and ivory and to buy gunpowder, coffee, sugar, cutlery, crockery and agricultural implements. They would often trade these items with the Khoi-khoi for more cattle or ivory. Trekboer families often had more than 10 children whose education was mainly informal. They spoke a dialect of Dutch which later developed into Afrikaans. ACTIVITY 3.13

1. Why did the Trekboers often clash with the indigenous people? (2) 2. From whom did the Trekboers sometimes get more cattle? (1) 3. Why do you think Cape Town was a good place in which to trade? Give at least TWO reasons. (4) 4. What does it mean to be free and independent from law? (2) 5. Mention THREE problems frequently encountered by the Trekboers in their nomadic lifestyle. (3) ACTIVITY 3.13 continued

6. Write a paragraph about life from the viewpoint of a young person in a Trekboer family based on the details in the painting. ( You may also refer to page 140 of your textbook ) (5) ACTIVITY 3.13 continued

7. What word in the source gives the impression that the information may not be accurate? Which TWO “facts” do you think might be true? (3) SUMMARY Land dispossession in the Cape When the Trekboers moved inland they began competing with the San, Khoi-khoi and Xhosa for grazing land and water. Each group needed land to make a living and to survive. There were many fights and raids between the various groups during the 1600's. The Trekboers had better weapons, which resulted in hundreds of Khoi-khoi being killed and dispossessed of their traditional grazing land. Some were forced to become servants and labourers of the Europeans. Others fled inland to join the San on less fertail land in mountainous areas. Many Khoi-khoi also died during three major outbreaks of measles and smallpox. Within a short period the traditional economic, social and political order of the Khoi-khoi had almost been destroyed. ACTIVITY 3.14

1. Why were the Khoi-khoi at the point of being extinguished? (3) 2. Write a paragraph discussing the reasons for the near destruction of the Khoi-khoi as a group. Include the following in your paragraph: a) Who the Khoi-khoi were. b) The Khoi-khoi's traditional farming activities. c) The conflict with the European settlers. d) What advantages the European settlers had. e) The different challenges the Khoi-khoi faced. f) What became of the Khoi-khoi. (5) KEYWORDS

• dispossession: when someone takes away something that is yours • missionary: a person who goes to foreign countries to spread Christianity. • scattered: spread out • extinct: died out • ordained: become a qualified priest • baptised: a Christian ceremony where a person is accepted into the Christian faith and given a name SUMMARY Genadendal: the first mission station in S.A In 1738 , Georg Schmidt was sent to South Africa by the Morovian Missionary Society. He moved to a place 100km east of Cape Town which he called Genadendal. He wished to help the Khoi-khoi who were scattered , poverty-stricken and about to become extinct, because of the land dispossession and disease. A Khoi-khoi woman named Vehettge Tikhule, helped Schmidt to start a small community. Her husband built a house and a few other small buildings where Schmidt taught about ten Khoi-khoi to read the Bible and to write in Dutch. When Vehettge was baptised she received the Christian name Magdalena. Government officials at the Cape and clergy from the Cape Dutch Reformed Church complained that Schmidt had no right to baptise people because he had not been ordained. SUMMARY continued

After seven years of trying to uplift the Khoi-khoi, Schmidt went back to Europe to be ordained, but died before he could return to Genadendal. When Morovian missionaries visited Genadendal in 1792, they found the buildings in ruin. They met Magdalena. She had been preaching to her people under a pear tree for 47 years. She still had the Dutch Bible given to her by Schmidt , wrapped in sheepskin in a leather bag. Her daughter was able to read to them from the Dutch Bible. The mission of Genadendal developed into the largest settlement in the colony after Cape Town, and became an important educational centre and self-sufficient community. A few Khoi- were helped out of poverty and their pride was restored after the dispossession of their land.

SUMMARY The work of William Bleek and Lucy Lloyd In 1870 , William Bleek worked with Lucy Lloyd on a project to learn the San language. They were aware that the language was about to die out as the San became fewer and fewer in number, due to being dispossessed of their land. Their aim was to record the personal stories, beliefs, customs and traditions of the San people. They were able to learn the language from prisoners who were building the breakwater in Table Bay. They also wrote down many interpretations of rock art paintings. It was a difficult process writing down the San language because of its many click sounds, but the language has been successfully preserved for future generations. ACTIVITY 3.15

1. Describe in your own words, the conditions in which Georg Schmidt found the Khoi-khoi when he arrived in Genadendal. (3) 2. What was unusual about Schmidt's first convert? (2) 3. Why did Schmidt leave South Africa with a plan to return? (2) 4. Discuss the contribution made by the following people in the lives of the Khoi-khoi and San. a) Georg Schmidt b) Vehettge Tikhuie c) William Bleek and Lucy Lloyd (6) Reference

1. Spot On Social Sciences Grade 7 Jill Allwood & Anthony Hambly