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Grade 7 History Term 3 Colonisation of the Cape 17Th – 18Th Centuries

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Grade 7 History Term 3 Colonisation of the Cape 17Th – 18Th Centuries 1 Grade 7 History Term 3 th th Colonisation of the Cape 17 – 18 centuries Contents Section A: Revision .............................................................................................................. 3 Indigenous inhabitants of the Cape in the 17th century .................................................... 3 San hunter-gatherers .................................................................................................... 3 Khoikhoi herders ........................................................................................................... 4 Where African farmers were settled .............................................................................. 5 Section B: Dutch Settlement ................................................................................................ 6 Reasons: DEIC permanent settlement at the Cape 1652 ................................................. 6 Results of the Dutch arrival and settlement ...................................................................... 9 Slaves at the Cape: Why slaves were brought to the Cape .......................................... 9 Where the slaves came from ....................................................................................... 10 Timeline of slaves at the Cape .................................................................................... 11 How slaves were brought to the Cape ......................................................................... 12 Farm workers .............................................................................................................. 12 Other slave activities ................................................................................................... 13 Causes and effects of slave resistance ....................................................................... 14 Slave legacy at the Cape ............................................................................................ 16 Religion of Islam .......................................................................................................... 17 Development of the Afrikaans language ...................................................................... 17 Free burghers: The Dutch and French Huguenot immigration to the Cape .................... 18 The Dutch and Free Burghers ..................................................................................... 18 The French Huguenots .............................................................................................. 18 GM 2017 2 Expanding European frontiers ........................................................................................ 19 The Trek Boers, with their servants and slaves, move inland ..................................... 19 Lifestyles and stories of Trek Boers ............................................................................ 20 Land dispossession and consequences for the indigenous population ....................... 21 Genadendal: the first mission station in southern Africa 1738 ..................................... 22 The work of Lucy Lloyd and Wilhelm Bleek ................................................................. 23 GM 2017 3 Section A: Revision Indigenous inhabitants of the Cape in the 17th century San hunter-gatherers The word ‘San’ means ‘people different from ourselves’. The San, who were hunter- gatherers, were the first people to live at the Cape. They got their food by hunting wild animals and gathering plant foods like fruits, nuts, berries, mushrooms and roots. Hunter-gatherers lived in small groups. They were nomadic which means that they did not settle in one place. They moved around to find different plant foods at different times of the year, as well as good water resources. They believed that all the land belonged to the community. They hunted using arrows coated in poisons obtained from snakes, plants, beetles and scorpions. They made tools and musical instruments from wood and stone and clothing from animal skins. For thousands of years, hunter-gatherers lived all over southern Africa. We know this because of the San’s rock paintings and engravings which show us how they lived. When the Dutch colonised the Cape in the 17th century there were San hunter-gatherers living at the Cape and in the rest of southern Africa. The San were called Bushmen by the Dutch, because they made their homes in the bush. San rock art San trance dance GM 2017 4 Khoikhoi herders Vocabulary Pastoralists: people who raise livestock for food Status: position Indigenous: the first people on the land The word ‘Khoikhoi’ means ‘Men among Men’. The Khoikhoi were similar to the San in appearance, only a little taller. They were pastoralists who lived along the coastal regions of the Cape. They measured their status and wealth in sheep and cattle. Some of their clan names were Gamtoos, Chainoqua and Hessequa. Their lives revolved around water, animals and land. They made tools, weapons and ornaments from copper and iron which they obtained by trading with Africans from the North. The San and Khoikhoi had many conflicts over cattle and land. Strandlopers were part of the Khoikhoi family but they lived in caves on the beaches. They lived off fish and shellfish. Archaeologists have found mounds of shells in caves, together with animal bones and stone tools. The Dutch settlers referred to the Khoikhoi as Hottentots, because of the sound of the language. This word is now considered to be insulting and is no longer used. Activity 1- Informal Assessment 1. What were the Khoikhoi who lived from the sea called? (1) 2. Explain why land was so important to the indigenous people? (1) 3. Complete the following sentence: ‘The San ate wild animals, berries…’ (4) 4. Who were the Gamtoos, Chainoqua and Hessequa? (1) 5. How do we know the San were creative people? (3) 6. What have archaeologists dug up that taught us about the Strandlopers? (3) 7. Tabulate the differences between the San and the Khoikhoi. (4) Total: 17 GM 2017 5 Where African farmers were settled The Xhosa tribes came from Central Africa and settled in the Eastern Cape where the Transkei and Ciskei are today. Traditional Xhoza women smoking their pipes African farmers planted and ate sorghum and millet. This region was suitable for their crops as it received about 500mm of rain during the summer growing season. Sorghum The Xhosa loved drinking sour milk and sorghum beer. Millet is one of Africa’s staple grains. It is highly nutritious, tasty and easy to digest. African farmers also owned large herds of cattle. This was a form of wealth. When European farmers came into this region, they clashed over the use of land with each of the groups living there. Sour milk - Amazi Sorghum Beer GM 2017 6 Section B: Dutch Settlement Reasons: DEIC permanent settlement at the Cape 1652 The DEIC (Dutch East India Company) in the Netherlands was set up in 1602 to trade. In 1647, the Haerlem, a Dutch trading ship, was shipwrecked in Table Bay. When the sailors eventually got back to Holland they gave the DEIC or VOC (Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie) wonderful reports about what they had seen at the Cape – plenty of water, fertile land and lots of wild animals. The VOC was the wealthiest and most powerful trading company in the world at that time. They traded for spices and other interesting goods from India. They had to sail for months to get from Europe to the East and months to sail back home. On these voyages, many of the sailors died from a disease called scurvy. Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C. The VOC decided it would be a good idea to set up a half-way station at the Cape so that fresh fruit and vegetables could be grown for the sailors. GM 2017 7 Activity 2 1. What causes scurvy? (1) 2. Name 3 good things that the sailors from the Haerlem said that they had found at the Cape. (3) 3. What does DEIC stand for? (1) Total: 5 In April 1652, Jan van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape with 100 men and women, including his wife Maria de la Quellerie. The first thing the men did was to build a fort for protection. The original fort, built of mud, clay and timber, no longer exists, but a more permanent brick, stone and cement castle was built near to the fort some years later. The building, known as the Castle, still stands today. An aerial view of the The entrance to the Castle Castle in Cape Town The Dutch also started a large garden to produce fresh fruit and vegetables for themselves and the ships stopping at the refreshment station. This was known as the Company gardens. It still exists today, but is no longer a vegetable garden. In time, the settlers built a harbour and workshops for ship repairs. After some time, medical centres were built and doctors were brought over from Europe. Van Riebeeck’s men kept sheep and rabbits on Robben Island. They hunted seals, penguins and wild animals. Cape Town Robben Island GM 2017 8 Robben Island lies 12 km away from Cape Town. It has been used in various ways over the last 400 years: it has served as a hospital for lepers as well as for insane and very ill patients. It was used for military purposes during the Second World War. From 1961 to 1991 it was used as a maximum security prison. The most famous prisoner during that time was Nelson Mandela. Today it is a famous World Heritage Site. Vocabulary Blacksmiths: people who make horseshoes and other objects from metal Indigenous: belonging naturally The VOC realised that the company could not produce enough food for the passing ships so they allowed some of their people to set
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