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Notes on Acmella (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) in Taiwan

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Notes on Acmella (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) in Taiwan Botanical Studies (2008) 49: 73-82. taXONOMY Notes on Acmella (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) in Taiwan Kuo-FangCHUNG1,YoshikoKONO1, Chiu-Mei WANG2,andChing-IPeNG1,* 1Herbarium (HAST), Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan 2Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Guancian Rd., Taichung, Taiwan (Received June 25, 2007; Accepted December 2, 2007) ABSTRACT. In several recent pictorial guides on Taiwanese wildflowers and medicinal plants, color photographsofunknownAcmella species with radiate capitula were erroneously identified as Acmella paniculata or its synonyms, despite this plant’s having discoid capitula. As nearly all books attribute medicinal propertiestotheseAcmella, it is imperative to clarify their taxonomy. In this article we document the occurrence of five species of Acmella in Taiwan, two with radiate capitula that were not reported for the flora of this island before, namely: A. brachyglossaandA. ciliata.Detaileddescriptionandcolorphotographsand chromosome cytology of all five species of Acmella are provided to aid in identification. Keywords: Acmella brachyglossa;Acmella ciliata;Acmella oleracea;Acmella paniculata;Acmella uliginosa; Chromosome cytology; Compositae; Invasive plants; Naturalized plants; Spilanthes. INTRODUCTION acmella (L.) Murray. In 1950 Koster and Philipson studied the type specimen of Verbesina acmella L., basionym ThegenusAcmellaRich.(Asteraceae)comprises30 ofSpilanthes acmella (L.) Murray, and noted that this species and 9 additional infraspecific taxa that are mainly specimen actually represents a species of Blainvillea distributedinthetropicalandsubtropicalregionsaround Cass.,renderingS. acmellaauct. non (L.) Murray for the theworld(Jansen,1985b).Oneofthemostdistinctand species. The next available name Spilanthes paniculata recognizablemembersofthegenusisAcmellaoleracea Wall. ex DC. was therefore taken as the correct name for (L.) R. K. Jansen, a species characterized by its large, the species (Koster and Philipson, 1950). Although this cylindric discoid capitula. For centuries, Acmellaoleracea treatment was soon taken up by Hara (1951) and Kitamura has been widely cultivated for horticultural, medicinal, (1969),Li(1978)didnotseemtobeawareoftheseworks insecticidal, and culinary purposes (Jansen, 1985b; Lee, and instead followed the earlier works of Hayata (1904) 1994;HindandBiggs,2003).Inparticular,thisspeciesis andKitamura(1941)inusingthenameSpilanthes acmella famous as a folklore remedy for toothache and for throat (L.) Murray in the first edition of the Flora of Taiwan. andguminfections,earningittheEnglishnickname,the Moreover, Li’s treatment (1978) of Spilanthes acmella “toothacheplant.”Ithasbeenlongknownthatchewing was erroneously accompanied by a line drawing (based thecapitulaofAcmellaoleraceawillnumbthemouthand onM.T. Kao s.n.1962, TAI) portraying the cultivated temporarily relieve dental and oral pain (Jansen, 1985b; Acmella oleracea(asSpilanthes acmella),whichfurther HindandBiggs,2003),anditsapplicationforthisisstill complicated the taxonomy of SpilanthesinTaiwan.The widespreadinTaiwan(Chung,1997;ChiuandChang, confusing of various species and misapplication of names 1998) and many other parts of the world (Hind and iscommonplaceamongfolkherbalists(e.g.,LiuandOu, Biggs,2003).Despiteitslongandwideapplicationasa 1981; Chung, 1997) and anonymous information sources folk medicine, the taxonomy of Acmellaoleraceaandits postingontheInternet(HindandBiggs,2003). congenersinTaiwanhasbeenchaotic. Based on the cladistic analysis of morphological and Augustine Henry (1896), based on his collections cytological characters of SpilanthesJacq.(sensuMoore, from Bankinsing (currently Wanluan Township, Pingtung 1907),Jansen(1981,1985b)re-circumscribedthegenus County, A. Henry 812) and South Cape (currently Oluanpi, andrestoredthegenericstatusofAcmella,whichhadlong Hengchun Township, Pingtung County, A. Henry 219)in beensubsumedtoasectionunderSpilanthes by earlier southern Taiwan, was the first to document the existence of taxonomists. Jansen’s taxonomy was followed by Peng Acmellapaniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R. K. Jansen (mis-typed etal.(1998)inthesecondeditionoftheFloraofTaiwan, asSpilanthes ‘acinella’ L.) on the island. Subsequently in which two discoid species, the cultivated A. oleracea Hayata (1904) and Kitamura (1941), in their studies (L.)R.K.JansenandtheindigenousA. paniculata (Wall. ofTaiwaneseCompositae,enumerateditasSpilanthes exDC.)R.K.Jansen,weredescribedandillustrated withlinedrawingsandcolorphotographs.Inthesame *Correspondingauthor:E-mail:[email protected];Tel: year, Chiu and Chang (1998) illustrated three species of +886-2-2789-3821;Fax:+886-2-2789-1623. Acmella(asSpilanthes)inabookonmedicinalplants 74 Botanical Studies, Vol. 49, 2008 in Taiwan. In this work, they included the cultivated Pantropical, about 30 species, mainly distributed in Acmella oleracea(asS. acmella L. var. oleraceaClarke), the tropics and subtropics. Many species have become a species with inconspicuous ray florets (as Spilanthes naturalized and invasive. In Taiwan, one native species, paniculata Wall. ex DC.), and another species with radiate one cultivated species, and three naturalized species are capitula[asSpilanthes acmella (L.) Murray]. Subsequent found. tothepublicationofthesecondeditionoftheFloraof Taiwan (Peng et al., 1998) and a Chinese version of Key to species of Acmella in Taiwan the simplified flora (Peng and Chung, 1999), the name 1. Capitula discoid (without ray florets). Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R. K. Jansen appeared 2. Leaves ovate to deltoid, leaf bases broad obtuse, intwopictorialguidestothewildflowersofTaiwan truncate to slightly cordate; capitula cylindric, more (Lin,2003;Dai,2006).Thecolorphotographsinthetwo than 1 cm wide; involucral bracts 15-18, triseriate; books, however, show Acmellaspecieswithnoticeable mature achenes without evident cork-like margins..... radiate capitula that are similar to those of the ‘’Spilanthes ............................................................ 3.A. oleracea acmella’ in the work of Chiu and Chang (1998). In 2007, Chungetal.reportedthenaturalizationofaradiatespecies, 2. Leaves lanceolate, elliptic to narrowly ovate, leaf Acmella uliginosa(Sw.)Cass.,innorthernTaiwan.This basesattenuateorcuneate;capitulacone-shaped,less species, however, differs considerably from the radiate than 1 cm wide; involucral bracts 9-12, biseriate; speciesillustratedinChiuandChang(1998),Lin(2003), mature achenes with evident cork-like margins.......... and Dai (2007) in having much smaller capitula. ........................................................... 4.A. paniculata BecausemostpublicationsinTaiwan(e.g.,Chiuand 1. Capitula radiate (with ray florets). Chang,1998;Lin,2003;Dai,2006)andonlinereports 3. Leaves ovate to deltoid, leaf bases broad obtuse, attributemedicinalpropertiestotheseunknownradiate truncate to slightly cordate; capitula ovoid; mature Acmella, naming these plants correctly is important. achenes with evident cork-like margins...................... Additionally, a timely report on the naturalization of alien ................................................................2.A. ciliata species is crucial to effectively controlling and eradicating 3. Leaves lanceolate, elliptic to narrowly ovate, leaf potential invasive species (Wu et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2004; basesattenuateorcuneate;capitulacone-shaped; Yang et al., 2005). To clarify the taxonomy of Acmella mature achenes without evident cork-like margins. in Taiwan, we surveyed herbarium collections, consulted 4. Disc florets 4- or 5-merous, corollas light yellow folk herbalists, and visited localities where photographs of or greenish, ray florets relatively inconspicuous; Acmellawithradiatecapitulaweretaken.Asaresult,we involucral bracts 7-11, biseriate; achenes of disc documenttheexistenceoftwoadditionalAcmellaspecies florets 1.5-3 mm long ..............1.A. brachyglossa with ray florets, which are new to the flora of Taiwan. A key to the species in Taiwan and their color photographs 4. Disc florets 4-merous, corollas yellow to orange, are provided to aid in their identification. Additionally we ray florets conspicuous; involucral bracts 5-6, summarizeandtabulatethesourcesofmisappliednames uniseriate; achenes of disc florets 1.2-1.8 mm long ofAcmellaoccurringinTaiwan(Table1). ....................................................... 5.A. uliginosa TAXONOMIC TREATMENT 1. Acmella brachyglossa Cass.,Dict.Sci. Nat.(ed.2)50: 258. 1827; Jansen, Syst. Bot. Mongr. 8: 73. 1985. Acmella Rich. in Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 472. 1807; Jansen, Syst. 短舌花金鈕扣（新擬中名） Figures1A,1D,1Ja Bot.Monogr.8:19.1985.—Spilanthes sect.Acmella (Rich.) DC., Prodr. (DC.) 5: 620. 1836. 金鈕扣屬 Annual herbs. Plants 10-30 cm tall, stems decumbent Table 1.SourcesofmisappliednamesofAcmella inTaiwan. Acmella brachyglossa Acmella ciliata Acmella oleracea Acmella paniculata Li(1978) ‡‘Spilanthes acmella’ †‘Spilanthes acmella’ Liu&Ou(1981)1 ‡‘Spilanthes acmella’ †‘Spilanthes acmella’ Chung(1997)2 †‡‘Spilanthes acmella’ Chiu&Chang(1998)3 †‡‘Spilanthes paniculata’ †‡‘Spilanthes acmella’ Lin(2005)4 ‡‘Acmella paniculata’ Dai(2006)5 ‡‘Acmella paniculata’ †Misappliedindescription. ‡Misappliedinillustration,includinglinedrawingsorphotographs. 1劉國柱、歐潤芝;2鍾錠全;3邱年永、張光雄;4林文智;5戴德泉. CHUNG et al. — Acmella (Asteraceae) in Taiwan 75 Figure 1. Acmella Rich.inTaiwan.A,habitofA. brachyglossa;B,habitofA. ciliata;C,habitofA. uliginosa;D-I,radiate(D-F,I)and discoid(G,H)capitula:D,A. brachyglossa;E&F,A. ciliata;g,A.
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