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Namwase Hadijja, (B MAKERERE UNIVERSITY Anti-bacterial activity of Corchorus olitorius L. and Acmella caulirhiza Del. on Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacteria in dental caries Namwase Hadijja, (B. Pharm.) Reg no: 2015/HD07/1469U A dissertation submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Pharmacology of Makerere University September 2017 i DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my son Katabira Ukasha. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere appreciation and gratitude is expressed to Dr. Bbosa Godfrey of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department and Dr. Najjuka Florence of Microbiology Department at Makerere University for their many hours of counsel, guidance, advice, support, endless encouragement and instruction throughout the course of this research. Their shared wisdom and insight concerning education and life are greatly appreciated. I would like to thank Dr. Francis Ocheng for providing me with the American Type Culture Collection strain of Streptococcus mutans. I would also like to thank and appreciate Dr. Buwembo William of Anatomy Department, Makerere University for the advice and insight provided during the preparation of the experiments. I also wish to acknowledge and thank the efforts of various technical persons with whom I have had the privilege to work with. Mr. Odia Gordon and Mr. Lubega Aloysius of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department who were very helpful during the preparation of the different extracts. Mr. Musisi Nathan, Ms. Akello Melody and Mr. Kasilye James from the Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University whose assistance has been very instrumental and made the performance of the antibacterial assays very understandable. Thanks also go to the staff and my colleagues at the Pharmacology and Therapeutics department for making my time at Makerere University a great experience. Most importantly, I express my sincere appreciation to my husband Mr. Katabira Musa, my parents Mr. and Mrs. Ngobi and the entire family for their patience, love, continuous encouragement, support, sacrifices and prayers throughout my educational pursuits and daily life. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ ACRONYMS ................................................................................ x OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Justification of the study .................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Significance of the study .................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Research questions ........................................................................................................... 4 1.6 General objective.............................................................................................................. 4 1.6.1 Specific objectives............................................................................................................ 5 1.7 Conceptual framework ..................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 7 2.1 Oral health ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Oral diseases ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1.1 Periodontal diseases ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1.2 Dental caries and its global burden .................................................................................. 8 2.2 Predisposing factors to dental caries ................................................................................ 9 iv 2.2.1 Cariogenic bacteria ........................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Role of Streptococcus mutans in the pathogenesis of dental caries ................................. 9 2.3 Modern and Traditional management of dental caries ................................................... 10 2.3.1 Modern medicines for prevention and treatment of dental caries .................................. 10 2.3.2 Traditional medicines for prevention and treatment of dental caries ............................. 11 2.3.2.1 Phytochemical compounds present in medicinal plants with antibacterial activity ………………………………………………………………………………………….12 2.4 Corchorus olitorius L. and Acmella caulirhiza Del. medicinal plants........................... 13 2.4.1 Corchorus olitorius L. .................................................................................................... 13 2.4.1.1 Common names of Corchorus olitorius L. .................................................................... 14 2.4.1.2 Taxonomic classification of Corchorus olitorius L. ...................................................... 14 2.4.1.3 Medicinal uses of Corchorus olitorius L. ...................................................................... 14 2.4.1.4 Phytochemistry of Corchorus olitorius L. ..................................................................... 15 2.4.1.5 Antimicrobial activity of Corchorus olitorius L. ........................................................... 15 2.4.2 Acmella caulirhiza Del. .................................................................................................. 16 2.4.2.1 Common names of Acmella caulirhiza Del. .................................................................. 16 2.4.2.2 Taxonomic classification of Acmella caulirhiza Del. .................................................... 16 2.4.2.3 Medicinal uses of Acmella caulirhiza Del. .................................................................... 17 2.4.2.4 Phytochemistry of Acmella caulirhiza Del. ................................................................... 17 2.4.2.5 Antimicrobial activity of Acmella caulirhiza Del. ......................................................... 17 2.4.2.6 Toxicity of Acmella caulirhiza Del. ............................................................................... 17 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................... 19 3.1 Study design ................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Study setting ................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Selection criteria of the medicinal plants ....................................................................... 19 v 3.4 Collection and identification of the plants ..................................................................... 19 3.5 Processing of C. olitorius L. and A. caulirhiza Del ....................................................... 19 3.6 Extraction of C. olitorius L. and A. caulirhiza Del ........................................................ 20 3.6.1 Extraction of C. olitorius L. and A. caulirhiza Del using diethyl ether and methanol ………………………………………………………………………………………….20 3.6.2 Extraction of C. olitorius L. and A. caulirhiza Del. using distilled water ...................... 21 3.7 Preparation of stock solutions of plant extracts for bioassay ......................................... 21 3.8 Preparation of experimental control drugs ..................................................................... 21 3.8.1 Positive control ............................................................................................................... 21 3.8.2 Negative control ............................................................................................................. 22 3.9 Microbial strain of Streptococcus mutans ...................................................................... 22 3.10 Preparation of inoculum for Streptococcus mutans ......................................................
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