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APPENDIX

Classification of living (based on Nelson, 1984). All Orders but only selected Families relevant to the text are given.

Superclass: (jawless fishes) : Myxiniformes (hagfishes) Order: Petromyzontiformes (lampreys) Superclass: (jawed fishes) : (cartilaginous fishes) Subclass: Order: Chimaeriformes (chimaeras) Subclass: ( and rays) Order: e.g. cow : Heterodontiformes e.g. : Lamniformes e.g. , shark : e.g. dogfish : Rajiformes (sharks and rays) Class: (bony fishes) Subclass: Dipneusti () Order: Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosireniformes Subclass: Crossopterygii Order: Coelacanthiformes e.g. Latimeria Subclass: Brachiopterygii () Order: Polypteriformes e.g. Polypterus Subclass: (ray-finned fishes) Infrac1ass: Order: ( and ) Infrac1ass: Neopterygi 'Holosteans' Order: Lepisosteiformes () : () 190 ECOLOGY '' Order: e.g. Osteoglossidae, , Gymnar• chidae e.g. Megalopidae () e.g. Halosauridae Anguilliformes e.g. Anguillidae () e.g. (), Engraulidae (an• chovies) 'Superorder ' Order: e.g. () e.g. ( etc.), (suckers), Cobitididae (loaches) e.g. Curimatidae Siluriformes () e.g. Ictaluridae, Loricariidae, Ariidae e.g. Gymnotidae 'Superorder: Protoacanthopterygii' Order: Salmoniformes e.g. (, trout, char, whitefish), Esocidae (pikes), Umbridae (mud ) 'Superorder: ' Order: e.g. , 'Superorder: Scopelomorpha' Order: e.g. Synodontidae : e.g. Myctophidae (lanternfishes) 'Superorder: ' Order: e.g. (troutperches) : Gadidae (cods), Macrouridae (rattails) Batrachoidiformes Lophiiformes () e.g. Ceratiidae Gobiesociformes e.g. (clingfishes) 'Superorder: ' Order: Cyprindontiformes e.g. Exocoetidae (flyingfishes), Cyprino• dontidae (killifishes), Poeciliidae e.g. Atherinidae (silversides) e.g. (squirrelfishes) e.g. (dories) e.g. Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks) Indostomiformes Pegasiformes e.g. Pegasidae (sea moths) APPENDIX 191

Syngnathiformes e.g. Syngnathidae (pipefish and seahorses) Dactylopteriformes e.g. Synbranchidae (swamp eels) e.g. Scorpaenidae (rockfishes), () e.g. Percidae, Cichlidae, Centrarchidae, Chaetodontidae, Pomacentridae, Scombridae, Carangidae Pleuronectiformes () e.g. Pleuronectidae (plaice) e.g. Balisitidae (triggerfish), Molidae (sunfish) Telraodonliformes Pleuronecliformes ~ '----- Perciformes Synbrcnchiformes'\. L Gcslerosleiformes \ ----- Scorpceniformes Zeiformes

Alheriniformes Gobiescociformes Cyprinidonliformes Lophiformes Balrcchoidiformes Ophidiiformes Gcdiiformes Percopisformes Scopelomorpha

Siomiiformes Sclmoniformes

Oslariophysi

Clupeiformes

Figure Al Simplified and provisional for fishes (simplified and redrawn from Nelson, 1984). REFERENCES

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Abramis brama (bream) 19, 143 cage 178-179, 187 abundance see density monoculture 166 Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) 20,50, 88, polyculture 166-167 117 aquatic surface respiration 37 acidic precipitation see also pH 170--171, gigas 18,37,144 174 charr see Salve linus alpinus Acipenseriformes see sturgeons 16-17, Argentinidae (argentines) 55 168 Ariidae (sea ) 18 Actinopterygii I, 16-21 Aristichthyes nobilis (bighead ) 143, 103 166 aerial respiration 16, 17, 37, 47, 51 Artemia (brine ) 118 ageing 130-131 Astroblepus 34 Agnatha I, II, 12-13,98, 130, 139 Astronesthes III Alepisauridae (lancetfishes) 55, 151 Astronesthes lamellosus (snaggletooth) 57 see Alosa pseudoharengus Atherinidae 46 algivores 101, 104 Aulopiformes 19 Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife) 41,43, 106,175,177 Balistidae (triggerfishes) 21 Alpheus (cleaner shrimp) 71 barracudas see Sphyraenidae alternative reproductive strategies 145 bass Ambassis gymnocephalus 47 largemouth see Micropterus salmoides Ambassis natalensis 47 sea see Serranidae Ambassis productus 47 white see Morone chrysops Ambloplites rupestris 105 Bathygobius soporator 88 17 bathypelagic zone 55, 76, 111-112, Amiiformes 17 150--151 ammocoete larva 115, 175 Betta pugnax 100 Ammodytidae (sand eels) 50, 185 58,76,151 Amphiprion (anemonefishes) 70--71, Blennidae (blennies) 50,51,107 148-149 Blennius parvo 51 Anabantidae (anabantoids) 144 Blennius pholis 51 anchoveta see ringens Blennius sanguinolentus 108 anemonefishes see Amphiprion bloater see hoyi anglerfishes see Lophiiformes body shape 32,33-34,35-36,41-42, Anguilla () 18,36,92, 167 46-47,49-50,53-55 Anguilliformes 18, 92, 93 body size 46,49,125-126,141,145,146, annual fishes 144 148,171 anti-freeze 4, 56 boxfishes see Ostraciidae Apogonidae 147 Brachiopterygii 16 aquaculture 19,165-166,172-173, bream see Abramis 178-179,187 brown trout see Salmo trutta 206 INDEX bullhead see Cottus gobio community structure 62 see Lota Iota competition 61,70,74-75,145 butterflyfishes see Chaetodontidae exploitation 61, 127 interference 61,64, 127 Californian see Sardinops caerula interspecific 34,61,63,64,69,84 Campostoma anomalum (stoneroller) 100 intraspecific 61,63,68, 143 60,68,75, 137 competitive bottleneck 66 capelin see Mallotus villosus condition factor 127-128 Carangidae Uacks) 50,53, 109 continental shelf 52,57, 108-109, Carcharodon (great white shark) 149-150,182 119 continental slope 52, 58 carnivores 99,100,101,102,104,105, Coregonus (whitefish) 19,67,86, 106, 108,110,111,112,113-114,118-119,122 144,175-176,179 carp see Cyprinus carpio Coregonus hoyi (bloater) 175, 177 catfishes see Siluriformes Coryphaenidae (dolphinfishes) 57, 110 Catostomidae (suckers) 63 Cottidae (sculpins) 20,41,49,50,119, Catostomus 143 141, 146 Catostomus commersoni (white sucker) Coitus bairdi 113 174 Cottus cognatus (slimy sculpin) 43 Centrarchidae (sunfishes and basses) 20, Cottus gobio 33 44,63,64,65-66,138,145 critical period 155-157 Centropomidae (snooks) 44,47 Crossopterygii 1, 16 Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes) 20,50, Ctenopharyngodon idellus (grass carp) 70, 107, 119-120 166 Chanidae () 167 Curimatidae 102 Channichthyidae (icefishes) 57 75 Characiformes (characins) 17, 18-19,84, Cyprinidae (cyprinids) 37,44,63,64,66, 143 84,85,141,143,167,169 characins see Characiformes cyprinids see Cyprinidae charr see Salvelinus Cypriniformes 17, 18-19 Chimaeriformes 15, 111, 150 Cyprinodon (pupfish) 38, 51 Chlorophalmidae (tripodfishes) 55,151 Cyprinodon diabolis (Devil's Hole pupfish) Chondrichthyes 1, 11, 13-15, 98, 150 25 Cichla oce/laris 175 Cyprinodontidae 46,47 Cichlasoma citrinellum 145 20, 137 Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum 139 Cyprinus carpio (common carp) 31,36, Cichlidae (cichlids) 18,20,42,67,86, 143, 166 103-105,117,118,119,138,144-145, 167, 169, 175 dams 168 cichlids see Cichlidae damsel fishes see Pomacentridae ciscoes see Coregonus and Daphnia 115 cleaners 70, 104 density 47-48,68,148,151,158-159, clingfishes see Gobiesocidae 161-162 globiceps 108 density dependence 153, 156-157, Clupea harengus (herring) 18, 73, 75, 162-164 89-90,95,97,149,155,159,180,185 dessication 51 Clupeiformes 18,46,50,53,86,87,88, detritivores 99, 102, 104, 106-107, 112, 92, 105, 107, 109, 112, 113, 115, 136, 169, 116-117 182,183,185 Devil's Hole pupfish clupeoids see Clupeiformes see Cyprinodon diabolis (loaches) 141 Diadema antillarum () 72-73 cod see Gadus morhua Dipneusti (lungfishes) 1, 16,37 Colossoma macropomum 101 disease see pathogens INDEX 207

Dissostichus eleginoides 112 fertilization 145 diversity 11-12,48-49, 103, 168 external 132, 139 dolphin see Coryphaenidae internal 15, 132, 137, 139, 150 dominance hierarchy 83, 127 filterfeeders 115, 117 dominant year class 156 fisheries 18,19,73,89,97,153,154-155, Dorosoma cepedianum (gizzard shad) 115 158, 159, 162-165, 171, 174, 175-178, dragonfishes see Melanostomiidae 181,182-186, 187 Gulf of Thailand 159, 186 ecomorphology 115-120 North Sea 185 ectothermy 7, 28 Peruvian upwelling 185-186 eel see Anguilla Fistularidae (cornetfishes) 107 eelpouts see Zoarcidae fitness 22 eggs 13,77,83,84-85, 132, 137, 138, flood plain 35,36-37,65,84-85, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 148 101-103, 143-144 demersal 73, 147, 149 flounder see Platichthyes flesus pelagic 72,92, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150 flyingfishes see Exocoetidae size 133-134, 135, 141, 147, 149-150 food 126, 155 Elasmobranchii see also Chondrichthyes consumption 123-124, 127 I, 15, 119, 130, 132, 136-137, 139, 149, detection 112-1I4 150, 159, 186 selection 112-115 electric eel see Electrophorus food webs 99, 101, 103, 106, 107, 110 electric organs II, 15, 18, 114 forestry 169 Electrophorus (electric eel) 37, 114 Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog) 68 EI Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 22-23, 186 Gadiformes (cods) 19, 149, 182 69 Gadus morhua (cod) 19,55,92,97, 135, 69 149, 185 endothermy 7,28 Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks) 46,47,68, energy budget 121-122 138, 144, 145 Engraulis mordax (Northern ) 73, Gasterosteiformes 117, 135, 149, 159 (sticklebacks and tubesnouts) 20 Engraulis ringens (Peruvian anchoveta) Gasterosteus aculeatus 23, 121, 150, 185-186 (threespine stickleback) 20, 113, 135 environmental degradation 162,167-171, Gillichthyes mirabilis 47,51 173-175,180-182 gill rakers 1I5, 116, 117, 121 epipelagic zone 53-54,56,57, 150 Ginglymostoma () 118 Esocidae 19, 119 gobies see Gobiidae Esox lucius (pike) 19,31,36,41, 68,86, Gobiesocidae (clingfishes) 50 102, 105, 119, 121, 135, 143 Gobiidae (gobies) 46,51, 125, 139, 145 estuaries 45-48,57,68,106-107,145-146 Goodeidae 137 St Lawrence 47,68 Great Barrier Reef 49, 109 Tamar 48 groupers see Serranidae West Kleinemond 68 growth 68,122,124-130,139,153,155, Eupomacentrus planifrons 156, 161, 164 (threespot damselfish) 52 efficiency 122, 127 eutrophication 173, 179, 181 rate 127, 129-130, 136 Exocoetidae (flyingfishes) 20,53, 110 grunts see Haemulidae guild 99,100,101,102, 107, 110, Ill, 112 fathead see Pimephales promelas guppy see Poecilia reticulata faunal zones 38-39 Gymnarchidae (gymnarchids) 18, 114 fecundity 133-135, 137-138, 139, 141, Gymnotidae 114 146, 147, 149-150, 152, 153, 154, 161, 164, 186 habitat segregation 61, 64 208 INDEX habitat selection 57,64,65,67,69 Michigan 42-43, 174-175, 177 see Melanogrammus aeglefinus Ontario 174-175,177 Haemulidae (grunts) 46 Opinicon 105 Haemulon 88 Superior 177 hagfish see also Myxiniformes 12, 13 Tanganyika 40,44,103,105 halibut see Hippoglossus hippoglossus Victoria 103, 175, 177-178 hatchetfishes see Stemoptychidae Volta 87, 169 98-99, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, Windermere 68 112-113,117,122 Wisconsin bog lakes 44, 66-67 hermaphroditism 139,148-149,151-152 see Salve linus namaycush herring see Clupea Lamniformes 137 Hilsa ilisha (hilsa) 92 lampreys see also Petromyzontiformes Hippoglossus hippoglossus (halibut) 21 12, 13,92, 106, 115, 118, 130, 138, 141, home range 80, 81, 83-84, 86, 87, 88 174-175 homing 88, 95-97 lancetfishes see Alepisauridae mechanisms 95-97 lantemfishes see Myctophidae Hoplosternum 37 larvae 7,72,73,76,78,84-85,91,92, hurricanes 51-52 113, 132, 135, 138, 141, 143, 146,147, Hypophthalmichthyes molitrix (silver carp) 148, 149, 150, 151, 155-156 166 lateral line 10, 113 Hypopomus brevirostris 37 Lates niloticus () 103-104, 175 Latimeria 16 Ictaluridae (catfishes) 167 Leiognathidae 186 Ictalurus (bullhead) 106 Lepidosiren 16 introductions 174-175 Lepisosteiformes 17 Isitius brasiliensis (cookiecutter) 118 Lepomis (sunfishes) 41 Istiophoridae (marlins) 7, 53, 56 L. cyanallus (green sunfish) 66, 86 paucus (mako shark) 137 L. gibbosus (pumpkinseed sunfish) 66, iteroparity 132, 136, 140, 143, 149, 150, 151 105,118 L. macrochirus (bluegill sunfish) 66, 87, jacks see Carangidae 105, 114, 118, 145 lethal factors 26 Kyphosidae 117 life span 136, 140, 143, 152 light 10-11,51,53,58 Labeo 117 Limnothrissa miodon 105 Labidesthes (silverside) 105 Liparidae (snailfishes) 50, 150 Labridae () 20,50, 138, 139, 147, loaches see Cobitidae 148 Lophiiformes (anglerflshes) 19,55,111, Labroides 70 119,151 lakes 40-45,65-68,85-87, 103-106, Lota Iota (burbot) 19,41,144,174 144-145, 173-179 lungfishes see Dipneusti 20,42,67, 103 Lutjanidae (snappers) 46, 107 American Great Lakes 41,106, 173-175, 175-177 see Scombridae 223 174 macrofauna 106, 110 Babine 87 Macrouridae (rattails) 55, 112, 151 Baikal 20 Mallotus villosus (capelin) 149, 156 Erie 173,174 mangrove swamps 45-46, 50, 68 Huron 174-175,177 marlins see Istiophoridae Jiloa 144-145 match-mismatch hypothesis 155-156 Magadi 43, 44 maturity Malawi 40, 86, 103 age at 135-136,141 Mendota 86 size at 135-136 INDEX 209

maximum sustainable yield 164 larseni 112 meiofauna 106, 110 Notothenia neglecta 112 Melanogrammus aeglefinus (haddock) 19, 56 74, 75, 185 Notropis 34, 86 Melanostomiidae (dragonfishes) 55 nursery areas 46,57,68,89,102,145, Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside) 146 149, 168, 180 Merlangius merlangus (whiting) 19,74, 185 nutrients 10 1 55,58,75,110-111, budget 122-123 125,150-151 macro 98 Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) micro 98 66,105, 121 migration 63,79,81-83,84-85,86-87, oceans 89-95, 141, 168 Atlantic 56-57, 147, 159 amphidromous 83 Antarctic 56, 57, 112 anadromous 81,92-95, 168 Indian 16, 53 catadromous 81-82, 92-95 Pacific 22,53,57,89,95,108 diadromous 18,81,92-95 Oligocottus maculosus 87, 88 oceanodromous 81,89 100, 101, 102, 108, 110, 166 potamodromous 81 Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon) 19, 132, vertical 55,56,75,86-87,89-91 177 mining 169 O. kisutch (coho salmon) 79 minnow see Phoxinus O. mykiss (rainbow and steelhead trout) Molidae (marine sunfishes) 21, 54 85, 179 molluscivores 104, 106, 118, 166 O. nerka (sockeye salmon) 79,87, Moridae (deep-sea cod) 112 94-95 Mormyridae (mormyrlds) 18, 114, 169 optimal foraging 114-115 Morone chrysops (white bass) 86 esculentus 178 mortality see also survival 135, 136, Oreochromis grahami 43 139, 140, 153, 156, 161, 164, 169 178 mouth-brooders 104, 138, 145, 147, 150 Osmerus mordax () 43 mudminnow see Umbra limi Ostariophysi 18 mudskippers see Periophthalmidae Osteichythes 1, 16-21 Mugil cephalus 106 Osteoglossiformes 18 Mugilidae (mullets) 46,51,92,106-107, Ostraciidae 21 116,117 130 mullets see Mugilidae over-fishing 175,178,185 mummichog see Fundulus heteroclitus growth 164-165,178 61-62,70-71 recruitment 164-165,178,186 Myctophidae (lanternfishes) 55,56,57,58, oxygen 8,28,29-31,34,36-37,40-41, 75,90, 111, 125, 151 43-44,45,51,53,57,139,144,169,173 Myctophiformes 19 Mylopharyngodon piceus (black carp) 166 paedophages 104 Myxiniformes see also hagfish 12, 13 Pagrus major (red seabream) 187 Paralichthys olivaceus (Japanese flounder) Neoceratodus 16 187 nest-building 138, 143, 145, 147 parental care 136-139, 141, 145, 147, 149 net reproductive rate (Ro) 152, 153, 161, parrotfishes see Scaridae 170, 171 parthenogenesis 20, 139-140, 142-143 niche 26-27,62 pathogens 61,67-68,75 'frozen' 142 pearl dace see Semotilus margarita Nile perch see Lates niloticus Perca 121, 126, 135, 143 Northern anchovy see Engraulis mordax P. jlavescens (American or yellow perch) Notothenia gibberiformes 112 20,43,44,66-67,86 210 INDEX

Perea eont'd Raja erinaeea (little skate) 71 P. fluviatilis (European perch) 20, 31, Raja geogianus 112 68,102 Raja oceLLata (winter skate) 75 perch see Perea rattails see Macrouridae Percidae (perches) 119 rays see aLso Elasmobranchii 14-15,54, Perciformes 20 110, 114, 118 Pereopsis omiseomayeus (trout perch) 43 reaction distance 113 Periophthalmidae (mudskippers) 50,51 recruitment see also stock recruitment Petromyzontiformes see aLso lampreys relationship 72 12, 13 closed 72 pH 37,44,117,170---171,174 open 72 Phoxinus phoxinus (European minnow) reefs 48-52,69-73,87-88, 107-108, 126, 19, 141 146--149 23,67,88,99, 101, 106, coral 48,50,51,69-73,87-88, 107,108,109,110,111,121,141,166 107-108, 112, 123, 146--149 pike see Esox Lucius rocky 48,69,108 PimephaLes notatus 100 resource partitioning 69-70 PimephaLes promeLas (fathead minnow) 174 Reynolds number 5--6 piscivores 63,73-74, 102, 104-105, 106, hoLubi 68 107-108,110,119,141 Rhinichthys 143 plaice see Pleuroneetes platessa rhithron 32-34,63,64,99-101, 140---143 planktivores 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 115, Rhodeus amarus (bitterling) 144 117-118,166,175 rivers see aLso potamon and rhithron PLatiehthyes flesus (flounder) 47 32-40,62-65,83-85,99-103,140---143, PLeeostomus 34 167-173 Pleuronectes pLatessa (plaice) 21,91-92, Amazon 65, 101 95, 132, 136, 149, 155 Jordan Creek 63 Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) 21,46,50, Madeira 84, 143 54, 110, 114, 136, 149, 182 Mississippi 17, 169 Poecilia 140, 141, 142 Mohave 36 P. retieuLata (guppy) 20,137, 141-142 Negro 36,37,65 Poeciliidae 20 Niger 101 Poeeiliopsis 140, 142 Ohio 169 PoLLaehius poLlaehius (pollack) 19 Orinoco 114 pollution 170, 180---182 Paraguai 84 Polypterus 16 St Lawrence 174 Pomacentridae (damselfishes) 20, 50, 70, Sungai Gombak 100 88, 106, 147 Volta 168 Pomadasyidae 107 Yangtse 17,160 Pomatoschistus microps 48 Zaire 101 potamon 32,34-40, 143-144 RivuLus 139 predation 59--60,63,64,66--67,68,70,71, Rutilus rutilus (roach) 19,36, 84, 87, 102, 73,74,75,87, 135, 143, 145, 146, 148, 143 155,174-175 pressure 57-58 SaLmo (salmon and trout) 19, 106, 132 Prochilodontidae 102 S. saLar (Atlantic salmon) 94-95, 135, Proehilodus 117 136,187 production 153, 159-160 S. trutta (brown or sea trout) 33, 85, 86, Prosopium 174-175 124,127,156--157,171 16 salmon see Oncorhynchus or Sa/mo Psilogobius 71 Atlantic salmon see S. salar coho see O. kisuteh Raja batis (common skate) 159 sockeye see O. nerka INDEX 211

Salmonidae (salmon, trout and whitefish) sharks see also Elasmobranchii 14-15, 19,31,64,83-84,85,92-93,96-97,119, 53,55,74, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 137, 126, 138, 141, 145, 157, 167, 168, 169, 150 171,173 basking (Cetorhinus maximus) 115 Salmonifonnes 19,92,93 whale (Rhinodon typus) 115, 125 Salvelinus (charrs) 19, 106 shoaling 80--81,84,86,88-89,95, 127, S. alpinus (Arctic charr) 44, 67 183 S. namaycush (lake trout) 41, 144, 174, Silurifonnes (catfishes) 18-19,36,64, 101 177 skates see rays and Elasmobranchii sand eels see Ammodytidae slimy sculpin see Cottus cognatus Sardinella aurita 57 smelt see Osmerus mordax Sardinella cameronensis 57 snailfishes see Liparidae Sardinella ebba 57 snappers see Lutjanidae Sardinops caerula (Californian sardine) snooks see Centropomidae 158 Solea solea (sole) 21 Sarotherodon mossambicus 112 solubility scales 130--131 gases 7-8 Scaridae (parrotfishes) 20, 70, 88, 107, sound 10, 113 117,139 56 schooling see shoaling spawners Scoliodon laticaudus () serial (batch or multiple) 135, 141,143, 137 145, 146, 149 Scomber scombrus (mackerel) 75, 149, total 135, 141, 143, 145, 149 185 spawning Scombridae (mackerels and tunas) 25,53, aggregations 148 57,88,89, 109, 110, 119, 182, 183 lunar cycle 145-146,148 Scophthalamus aquaosus (windowpane) 75 modes 147 Scorpaenidae (rockfishes) 20, 137-138 season 140, 141, 143, 144-145, Scorpaenifonnes 20 146-147, 149-150 sculpins see Cottidae species flocks 20 sea bass see Serranidae Sphyraenidae (barracudas) 108, 119 seas 52-58,73-75,88-92, 107-112, see Sprattus 146-152,179-187 Sprattus sprattus (sprat) 47, 185 Arabian 57 Squalus acanthius () 137 Baltic 53, 181 (hatchetfishes) 55 Caribbean 72, 108 sticklebacks see Gasterosteifonnes Irish 159 Stizostedion lucioperca (zander) 175 Mediterranean 108 Stizostedion vitreum (walleye) 41, 143, North 88, 91, 95, 110, 132, 136, 149, 169 155, 180, 181 stock-recruitment relationship 153-158, Sebastes (rockfishes) 137 165 segregation Stomiifonnes 19,55, 125 interactive 61 stratification 36,40--41, 52-53, 87 selective 61,69 stream order 32, 38, 62, 100, 140, 141 semelparity 132, 136, 141, 151 see Acipenserifonnes 16-17 Semotilus atromaculatus 99 suckers see Catostomidae Semotilus margarita (pearl dace) 174 sunfish Seriola guingueradiata (yellowtail) 187 bluegill see Lepomis macrochirus Serrasalmus 144 freshwater see Centrachidae, Lepomis Serranidae (groupers and sea basses) 20, green see Lepomis cyanallus 70,88, 107, 139, 148 marine see Molidae sex-detennining mechanism 146 pumpkinseed see Lepomis gibbosus shads see Clupeifonnes surgeonfishes see Acanthuridae 212 INDEX survival see also mortality 152, 154, 155 vision 10-11,45, 113, 114 swimming 4-6,77-79 vIviparity 136-138,141,149,150 swordtails see Xiphophorus von Bertallanfy curve 129 (pipefishes and seahorses) 20, 138, 147-148 walleye see Stizostedion vitreum water Teleostei 1, 17-21,98, 132, 137-138, 154 chemistry 37 Teleostomi 1, 11 density 1--4 temperature 2, 27-28, 34, 36, 40, 42--43, heat capacity 7 44,45,47,50-51,52-53,56-57,123-124, movement 32, 77 127, 146, 147, 155, 156, 169 salinity 2--4, 8-10, 31-32, 37-38, 41, tench see Tinea tinea 44,45--46,47,51,53,57 territoriality 80, 83-84, 86, 87-88, 95, viscosity 4-7,77-78 141,145,147,148,157 water extraction 169 Tetraodontiformes 21 see Trachinidae Tinea tinea 19,31,36,143 weight-length relationship 127 Torpedo (electric ray) 137 white sucker see Catostomus commersoni Trachinidae (weevers) 50 whitefish see Coregonus triggerfishes see Balistidae whiting see Merlangius merlangus Triglidae (gumards) 114 wrasses see Labridae tripodfishes see Chlorophalmidae trout see Salmo Xiphophorus 20 brown see S. trutta rainbow see Oncorhynchus mykiss Zoarcidae (eelpouts) 54, Ill, 150 tuna see Scombridae zone of tolerance 26, 56 23,67,87,88,95, 101, ultraviolet light 33 104, 105, 107, 110, 114, 115, 141, Umbra limi (mudminnow) 44,66-67 166