APPENDIX Classification of living fishes (based on Nelson, 1984). All Orders but only selected Families relevant to the text are given. Superclass: AGNATHA (jawless fishes) Order: Myxiniformes (hagfishes) Order: Petromyzontiformes (lampreys) Superclass: GNATHOSTOMATA (jawed fishes) Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Subclass: Holocephali Order: Chimaeriformes (chimaeras) Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) Order: Hexanchiformes e.g. cow shark : Heterodontiformes e.g. Port Jackson shark : Lamniformes e.g. basking shark, mackerel shark : Squaliformes e.g. dogfish : Rajiformes (sharks and rays) Class: Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Subclass: Dipneusti (lungfishes) Order: Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosireniformes Subclass: Crossopterygii Order: Coelacanthiformes e.g. Latimeria Subclass: Brachiopterygii (bichirs) Order: Polypteriformes e.g. Polypterus Subclass: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Infrac1ass: Chondrostei Order: Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish) Infrac1ass: Neopterygi 'Holosteans' Order: Lepisosteiformes (gars) : Amiiformes (bowfin) 190 FISH ECOLOGY 'Teleosts' Order: Osteoglossiformes e.g. Osteoglossidae, Mormyridae, Gymnar­ chidae Elopiformes e.g. Megalopidae (tarpons) Notacanthiformes e.g. Halosauridae Anguilliformes e.g. Anguillidae (eels) Clupeiformes e.g. Clupeidae (herrings), Engraulidae (an­ chovies) 'Superorder Ostariophysi' Order: Gonorynchiformes e.g. Chanidae (milkfish) Cypriniformes e.g. Cyprinidae (carps etc.), Catostomidae (suckers), Cobitididae (loaches) Characiformes e.g. Curimatidae Siluriformes (catfishes) e.g. Ictaluridae, Loricariidae, Ariidae Gymnotiformes e.g. Gymnotidae 'Superorder: Protoacanthopterygii' Order: Salmoniformes e.g. Salmonidae (salmon, trout, char, whitefish), Esocidae (pikes), Umbridae (mud minnows) 'Superorder: Stenopterygii' Order: Stomiiformes e.g. Gonostomatidae, Stomiidae 'Superorder: Scopelomorpha' Order: Aulopiformes e.g. Synodontidae : Myctophiformes e.g. Myctophidae (lanternfishes) 'Superorder: Paracanthopterygii' Order: Percopsiformes e.g. Percopsidae (troutperches) Gadiformes: Gadidae (cods), Macrouridae (rattails) Ophidiiformes Batrachoidiformes Lophiiformes (anglerfishes) e.g. Ceratiidae Gobiesociformes e.g. Gobiesocidae (clingfishes) 'Superorder: Acanthopterygii' Order: Cyprindontiformes e.g. Exocoetidae (flyingfishes), Cyprino­ dontidae (killifishes), Poeciliidae Atheriniformes e.g. Atherinidae (silversides) Lampriformes Beryciformes e.g. Holocentridae (squirrelfishes) Zeiformes e.g. Zeidae (dories) Gasterosteiformes e.g. Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks) Indostomiformes Pegasiformes e.g. Pegasidae (sea moths) APPENDIX 191 Syngnathiformes e.g. Syngnathidae (pipefish and seahorses) Dactylopteriformes Synbranchiformes e.g. Synbranchidae (swamp eels) Scorpaeniformes e.g. Scorpaenidae (rockfishes), Cottidae (sculpins) Perciformes e.g. Percidae, Cichlidae, Centrarchidae, Chaetodontidae, Pomacentridae, Scombridae, Carangidae Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) e.g. Pleuronectidae (plaice) Tetraodontiformes e.g. Balisitidae (triggerfish), Molidae (sunfish) Telraodonliformes Pleuronecliformes ~ '----- Perciformes Synbrcnchiformes'\. L Gcslerosleiformes \ ----- Scorpceniformes Zeiformes Alheriniformes Gobiescociformes Cyprinidonliformes Lophiformes Balrcchoidiformes Ophidiiformes Gcdiiformes Percopisformes Scopelomorpha Siomiiformes Sclmoniformes Oslariophysi Clupeiformes Figure Al Simplified and provisional phylogenetic tree for teleost fishes (simplified and redrawn from Nelson, 1984). REFERENCES Achieng, A.P. (1990). The impact of the introduction of Nile perch, Lates niloticus (L.) on the fisheries of Lake Victoria. J. Fish Bioi., 37 (Suppl. A), 17-23. Adams, D.D. and Page, W.P. (1985). Acid Deposition. Environmental. Economic and Policy Issues. Plenum. New York. Alabaster, J.S. and Lloyd, R. (1982). Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish, 2nd edn. Butterworth Scientific, Guildford. Aim, G. (1959). Connection between maturity, size and age in fishes. Rep. Inst. Freshwat. Res. (Drottningholm), 40, 5-145. Angermeier, P.L. and Karr, J.R. (1984). 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