Cultural Diversity in Present-day Scania and Blekinge ca. AD 800-1000
BY FREDRIK SVANBERG
Suanberg, Fredrih. 1997, Cubural Diuersity in Present-day Scania and Blehinge ca. AD 800-1000. Abstlact LundArchaeological Reuiew 3 (1997), pp. 59-72.
The main point expressed in the article is that differences berween different regions in present-day southern Sweden during the Viking Age, primarily of a cultural and social nature, have not hitherto been understood or emphasized enough. Such differences are a main focus ofinterest when the great historical questions ofthis period are evaluated. The author argues that it is possible to characterize human collectives by studying cultural traditions reflected in the archaeological material. Such collectives can be a basis for discussions of VikingAge society and historical change. The main inspiration is eariier research by Johan Callmer, which can be made more detailed and theoretically elaborated. Cultural diversity in present-day Scania and Blekinge is discussed, primarily based on differing burial customs and cultural contacts. As a result, four major groups, and several minor ones are discussed briefly.
Fredrih Suanberg Institute ofArchaeology, Uniaersitl ofLund, Sandgatan 1, 5-223 50 Lund.
Introduction
Some aspects of culture and societywere similar how should they be characterized? Y/hat over large parts ofScandinavia during theViking terminology should be used? How can they be Age. There were great similarities in ideas as seen in relation to early mentions of names of regards the world of metaphors. For example, 'peoples" and "lands" in the written sources? Can common myths seems to be expressed in the archaeological material illuminate how such Gotlandic picture stones, skaldic poetry and some names should be understood or vice versa? burial rituals represented in many areas (Andrdn In Swedish research into present-daysouthern 1993). The social dlites ofdifferent areas shared Sweden, some efforts have been made to discuss some cultural traits. Characte ristic artefacts, such differences between large areas (Hyenstran d1984, as the oval brooches, were spread over vast 1996; Burstr
CULTURAL DIVERSITY 59 The research of Johan Callmer is of special been reached on a regional level, among which significance in this context, especially his we may mention Richard Holmbergt study of important mapping of different settlement areas, west Scania, Birgitta Hirdh's study of the south- a splendid tool for further discussions of diflb- west, the work by the Ystad Project and Sten rent regions on a general level (Callmer 1991). Tesch in the south, Mdrta Strcimberg's and Berta Callmer has presented a discussion of diffbrences Stjernquistt fieldwork and studies in the south- and made some effort to interpret them. His terms east and Johan Callmer's and Anne Carliet for characterizing different areas has been "social discussions of the north-east (Holmberg1977; aggregates", "ethnically distinct areas" and "spe- Strcimberg 1982; Callmer 1982, 1984; Tesch cial cultural areas" (Callmer l99 l, 7992 and 1994 1983; Hirdh 1984; Berglund 1991; Stjernquist respectively (the last concept translated from 1993a, 1993b; Carlie 1994). Excavated Viking Swedish by the author)). The author will argue Age settlements have recently been surveyed by that the characterization ofdifferent areas can be Dieter Meier (1995) and sites with known or made more specific by studying the archaeological probable Viking age graves by Hans Ulrich material and that the terminology and inter- Kleiminger (1993). pretations in general can be further elaborated. During the early 1990s, there was a renewed In the present article, cultural differences interest among archaeologists in discussing Late between different setdement areas in present-day Iron Age regionaliry and centraliry in Scania. Scania and Blekinge in southern Sweden will be Evaluations of difltrent types of centres have demonstrated. The discussion will mainly be played an important role in this research. A based on differing burial customs and differing generalized picture of Scania with two major interactions with other areas. The discussion of regions has been put forward; one great region in interactions is presented on averysuperficial level the north-east around the plain of Kristianstad, ofanalysis. As has been demonstrated byCallmer with Va as the most important centre, and an- (1994), different forms of interaction can be other region in the south and south-west with discussed in much more detail. The demonstrated Uppikra as the most important centre (Fabech differences will be related to written sources, 1993; Anglert 1995). Based on his mapping of natural geography and the generalized mapping Late Iron Age settlement areas, Callmer has of Late Iron Age settlement. chosen to identifynorth-eastScaniaand Blekinge I will argue that cultural, social, economic as "ethnically distinct areas" (1992, p. 100, fig. and other differences berween smaller areas during l .). the Late Iron Age have not yet been understood As is evident from the works of Callmer and or emphasized enough. Many human collectives Fabech, Late IronAge Scania consisted ofseveral seems to have had a marked cultural identiry more or less distinct areas. However, there have demonstrated in specific cultural traditions, not yet been any detailed evaluations of the which remain to be more intimatelycharacterized archaeological material in order to characterize in relation to different historical questions. these different units. Culturally, the picture is certainly a lot more complicated than this cited division into rwo main areas. The diversity of Scania As regards natural geography, Scania is very Since Mdrta Strcimbergt publication of 1961, heterogeneous. In fig. l, information about there have been no thorough evaluations ofthe topography and major watercourses has been history of the Late Iron Age in present-day Sca- combined with settlement areas, landscape types nia considering the available archaeological and "ethnographical" boundaries during the early
sources in depth. Important results have however 1 8th century according to a study byAke Camp-
60 FREDRIK SYANBERG c\ OV v.a
t
s
Fig. i . Late Iron Age settlement in Scania according to Callmer 1991, p. 270, fig.6 (dotted); Land over 133 merres above sea level (dense hatching) and major watercourses according to Bredsdorff 7973; areas without prehistoric monuments according to Hyenstrand 1984, p. 33, map 5 (black); woodlands (sparse hatching), borders between scrub country and plains (thin dashed l.ines, some minor borders in the north-east has been omitred) and main "ethnographic" borders during the early l Bth century (thick dashed lines) according to Campbell 1928, maps I and IV -30km bell (1928). Campbellt ethnography was based and post-medieval settlement ofScania. This can on differing types of grounds, buildings and be seen in a study of settlement and economy systems ofcultivation andfencing.This is ofinte- duringthe mid 17th centurybySven Dahl(1942, rest for comparisons with conditions in the Late pp. 10 ff.), which could be compared with med- Iron Age. ieval population densiryas reflected in parish sizes It is obvious rhar differing economic or church density (Rosborn 1984, pp.70 f., figs. conditions and natural boundaries had a great 1-2; \Tienberg 1993, p.74, fig.36). Vhen we influence on the densiry and extenr of medieval relate Late Iron Age settlement to natural
CULTURAL DIVERSITY 6I geographyand 17th-1 8th centurycircumstances the Dane' but the Danish islands to Denmark as reflected in fig. 1, it seems appropriate to make (Lund 1983b,p.24). The division into "north some high-level observations: The settlement of Danes" and'touth Danes" found in KingAlfredt the Viking Age most probably consisted of three Orosius (supported by a runic stone on Lolland), large densely settled plain areas; an area along the also suggestsVikingAge differences between east west and south coast, an area around the Helgei and west in the "Danish" area (Randsborg 1980, river in the north-east and an area in the south- p. 17). There is also other evidence that would east. Apaft from these large areas, therewere smal- seem to separate developments in the east from ler units in the centre and in the forested areas of those in the west (Nielsen 1990, pp. I52 ff.). the north as well as areas in the north-west that The division of Scania into hundreds was not appear to be divided rather than a large unit. conducted according to a unitarysystem.'We can Earlywritten sources do not give much infor- identify two different structures. The first consists mation about political or cultural conditions in of hundreds with names denoting settlement Scania. In the 6th centuryJordanes mentions a areas: Gciinge, Gard, Villand and Albo hund- Bergio,which can possibly be correlated with the reds. In the second structure, the hundreds are area corresponding to the later Bjdre Hundred. It named after a village or other localiry (Anglert is also possible that Jordan es' Luothidahas some 1995, pp.44 f.).The areas of the first structure correspondence with the later Luggude Hund- were not called hundreds in the oldest written red (Callmer 1991, pp. 258,266). The sailor sources. In his discussion of the hundred names, 'W'ulfstan men tions a S conegin the late 9th century. ThorstenAndersson considered the name Qunits, How great a part of present Scania this concept and probably also Fcirsand Frosra, as being related -Wulfstant identified is uncertain. Considering to older settlement areas. He also thought that route, it is possible that it only denoted the the areas of Bjdre, Lugudeand north and south southern and western parts. It must also be noted Asbo were also created out of older settlement that\Tulfstan speaks of Sraz egas a landbelonging areas, because oftheir character as separate sett- to Denmark (Lund 1983a,pp.7 ff.;1983b, pp. lement areas (Andersson 1965, pp. 78 ff.). East 24f.).Inapeace trearyin B 11 between the Franks andwest Gciingewere one united area until1537 and a king of the Danes, one of the Danish (Carlie 1994, p.198). North andsouthAsbowas representative swas Osfed ofS cania (Annales Regni also in all probability formerly one single area Francorum). This fact, together with the state- (Pamp 1983, p.29).The laterAlbo Hundredwas ment of\Tulfstan, suggests that at least a part of called Alsmarcin I 1 20. The ending -marchas an present-dayScaniawas underthelordship ofwest older meaning of "border area" and consequently Danish kings for parts of the 9th century. this settlement area can be interpreted as a border However, the Danish kingdom that we find in area between northern and southern greater areas. the Frankish sources ofthe late 8th and early 9th During the 1 2th century the later Villand Hund- century is perhaps best interpreted as if the main red was known as Wetlandi (Pamp 1983, pp.26 areas of the Daneswere in Jutland, but that the f.). present Danish islands, and Scania in the east In the late llth century, Adam of Bremen were seen as the marcof theDanes, or their "bor- does notseparate differentparts ofScania (Adam der areas". There are indications oflocal rulers, of Bremen 1984, pp. 207 f .), and neither does for example the godar,mentioned on runicstones Saxo Grammaticus in his Danish history, written on Funen, or the stone for Sibbe on Oland, which in the late 12th century. In one case, however, say he "ruled land in Denmarli' (Sawyer 1 99 1 , p. describing the rebellion of 1180-1182, Saxo 279).Ve can compare information from Ottar speaks of north Scanians and east Scanians.The in the late 9th century that Hedeby belonged to north Scanians in question came from the area in
62 FREDRIKSVANBERG the north-west and the east Scanians came down chests and the two cases of graves with Thor's the ancientroad from the settlements in the north- hammers as a grave gift have no known east (BlaabergJensen et al. 1996). counterparts elsewhere in Scania. The picture we can reach by examining The cemeteries in the sourh-east (Ingelstorp, written sources and comparing settlement areas Jdrrestad andAlbo hundreds), differ in manyways with natural geography and the partition into from those in the west and south-west as regards hundreds must now be compared with the picture grave gifts. At least three graves here (two in ofcultural diversity reflected in the archaeological Ingelstorp and one in Girdldsa) contain equal- material. armed brooches. Burials with arm-rings ofbronze As a part of the work for my doctoral thesis I are known from the cemereries in GislOv, Gird- have registered excavated Viking Age graves in lcisa, Ravlunda and Torup. Neither equal-armed Scania (Fig. 2). This material suggests sharp brooches nor arm-rings ofbronze are known from differences even on a superficial level ofanalysis: burials in the areas of the inhumation tradition. In the west and south-west, the known graves In this context it should be noted that of the six and cemeteries consist almost exclusively of equal-armed brooches and the three arm-rings of inhumations. In the south-east the predominant bronze from the Vking Age known to Strcim- tradition is cremation, but a few inhumations berg in 196I, allbut one object with known find occur. In the north-east, the few known graves location were from rhe three hundreds with are inhumations. Then there is an area with cremation burials in the south-east (4 objects) or cremations in present-day \fest Griinge Hund, the areas with inhumations in the north-east (2 red. The few excavated graves in the north-west objects), the only exceprion being a very special can hardly be seen as representative ofthe burial equal-armed brooch (only one known parallel customs he re, and excavated graves are lacking in from Birka) from Stora K CULTURAL DIVERsITY 53 $ ) I I I N. Asbo I * ii;I. ':'ll' Gtiinge 7 o I I I I I i;r' ii1 ) ( o ti;j'-.:il; nsjo \_t Frosta C Fars ::li :30km Fig. 2. The hundreds of Scania and excavated Vking Age graves. Large dot = inhumation cemetery, small dot = inhumation grave, large rriangle = cremation cemetery, small triangle = cremation grave, unfilled symbols = uncertain, (S, no symbol = non-determinable burial custom. S = Strijmberg 1961 II. I Bj:irsgird (S, pp.48 f.),2 Stridsdala p. 51),3 Rya (S, p .44),4RigaHorstad (Stromberg 1968), 5 Norrvidinge (unpublished, Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum), 6 Lackaldnga (S, p. 62), 7 Stavie (Nagmdr 1979), B Kallby (S, p.46),9 Arl6v (rwo graves, S, pp. 15 f.), 10 Onsvala (Bruzelius 1S59), ll Onsvala (Larsson l9B2),l2Virentofta (Hansen 1934),13 Lockarp (Samuelson 1989; unpublished, Malmti museer), 14 Bunkeflo (Nagy 1976), 15 S,iidraAkarp (S, p' 5a), 16 Stora Hammar (S, p.60),17 Tofta (S, p. 58), 18 Fuglie (S, p. 5S), 19 Tielleborg (S, pp. 63 f.; Hansson 1993; unpublished, Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum), 20Tielleborg (Jeppsson 1.995),2l Kyrkokdpinge (S, p. 58), 22Bosarp (S, p' 57), 23 B6ste (S, p. 65), 24 Saritslov (S, pp. 65 f.), 25 Ormijlia (Hansson 1993a),26 Ruuthsbo, Gustavsfelt (S, p. 26), 27 Ruuthsbo, Ostra gravfelrer (S, p. 25), 28 Ystad (Str,iimberg I978, pp.90 ff.),29 Fredriksberg (Cinthio 1946), 30 Lilla Kiipinge (Tesch 1993, pp. 78 f.), 31 (Stora Kopinge (Tesch 1993, p. 127),32 Ingelstorp (both symbols, Stromberg 1gB2),33 Hagestad (unpublished; Strcimberg 1962),34Yalleberga (unpublished; S, p.40),35 Grossh6g (strdmberg 1985, pp. 110 ff.), 36 GislOv (both symbols, strcimberg 1985, pp. l2l ff.),37 Gnalav (s, p. 41), 38 Gnrdlosa (Stjernquist 1993; 1993a),39 Tlanis (S, p. 31), 40 Torup (S, pp. 13 ff.), 41 Ravlunda (S, pp. I1 f.),42 Hdrnestad (Moberg I95l), 43Yenestad (S, p. 23) , 44Yeueryd (Str 64 FREDRIK SVANBERG stad and two graves in Grosshcig; spearheads of Carolingian empire to Scania before ca. AD 950 Petersent types C, B, G?, K and M). As can be are almost exclusively known only from the wes- seen, even the types ofspearheads differ from the tern parts (the area ofinhumations and the north- only rwo known examples from graves in the west) . The known imports mainly consist ofcoins west. The sixth grave comes from Girdlosa and and high-qualiry Frankish mounts and come from contains a knife as the only weapon. It should be the treasure finds (Hirdh 1976, nos. 40, 4L, 55, noted that the only professionally excavated 77,85, 1\2, 124 and 142).In addition ro rhese weapon-grave in the south-east is the grave from finds, a recently discovered Carolingian 9th- Girdl Stora Kopinge mentioned byGsch 1993,p. 127) . with, the areas in question. The lack ofcomparable The swords seem to be connected to the areas finds in the south-east and north-east makes it with inhumation burials. probable that people from here did not. Looking at the spread ofdifferent types in the Four small brooches datable to the 10th or registration ofspearheads in present Sweden by early I 1 th century from the south-east ofScania LarsAndersson, it is clear that spearheads typical have been identified as a special rype, not known of Gotland and/or the M?ilaren valley occur only from elsewhere (Str CULTURAL DIVERsITY 65 in the burial customs. The groups can be related when trying to discuss the history of the area. to the three separated densely populated plain The Viking Age in Blekinge has most areas. Comparing the early medieval division into importantly been studied by Karl-Axel Bjiirk- hundreds, which in all probability was a system quist andThomas Persson, who have done basic based on earlier forms of territoriality, it seems work on chronology and monuments. Ingemar probable that even finer partitions into smaller Atterman has treated a cultural landscape and units existed. In addition to these main cultural maritime blockages in eastern Blekinge, as well groups there were several smaller units. An area as the Late Iron Age cemeteries. Leif Stenholm corresponding to the later \(/est G south-west seems to be culturally related to areas blockages (Bj many good things to say about Bishop Egino. natural geographic conditions (cf Berglund 1 966, Among other great achievements he is said to p. 11, fig.3). have "won for Christ many peoples that were still The Late Iron Age cemeteries of Blekinge have devoted to the worship of idols, above all the wild been described in the earlier archaeological re- people called Blekingar, and those who live on search as having a special character compared to the island of Holm, neighbours of the Gritar the cemeteries ofScania and Smiland (cf. Bj 66 FREDRIK SVANBERG I I I a'-t-. \ I t- \ I , I \_, ...,,i. t 1'.--: I +:::. I I \; I I I I I I , c, I iltQ t o D Fig. 3. Late Iron Age settlement in Blekinge (dotted, after Svanberg 1994, p.50, fig. 17); major watercourses (Bredsdorff 1973) and excavated Viking Age graves. The medieval border berween Blekinge proper and Lister is shown as a broken line. Large triangle = cremation cemetery, small triangle = cremation grave, unfilled triangle = uncertain cremation, unfilled square = uncertain grave find. B&P = Bjorkquist & Persson 1979, SHM = Hisroriska museet' Stockholm, BLM = Blekinge lens museum, Karlskrona. 1 Norje (unpublished; SHM 4596:h), 2 Asarum (unpublished, BLM 500-503), 3 Brekne Hoby (unpublished;lHM7452:271),4 Mortjuk (unpublished; BS.B pp. 37,54),5 Vaby (unpublished; SHM 9536:6),6 Stora Silpinge (unpublished; SHM 9536:7), 7 Ronneby (BscB p. 39), 8 Byrum (Persson 1976),9 Johannishus (Hjortsberga Parish F.4'A45-46, B&B pp. 36 ff.; Nagmdr l9g2),10 Johannishus (Hjortsberga Parish RAA 38, Nagn|r l9B2),11 Hjortsberga (Hjortsberga Parish RAli 14,8AP,p.45), l2Hjortsberga(HjortsbergaParishRA./i.8,B&Bpp.36ff.),13B The contents of the graves have strong artefact, comparable primarily to material from similarities to those ofsouth-east Scania. At least present-dayeastern and central Sweden. I know five grave finds comprise equal-armed brooches only two VikingAge graves with bronze pendants (Lilla Vambisa, Hjorrsberg" RAA 8, Johannis- from Scania (Norrvidinge and Fuglie, Map 2). hus RAA45-46 (2) andVedeby) andfourgraves The Scanian pendants are however of a special contains arm-rings ofbronze (Johannishus RAA character and do not parallel the examples from 45-46 (2), Ronneby and M CULTURAL DIVERSITY 67 p Sb -:' f. ::i':,. .tr:,::. 0 o ,:,,i: a Ao o Iz o AA A 4 ls 0 A 5 sI10 40 km Fig. 4. Archaeological material from the Viking Age used in the article for evaluating a division into cultural groups ca. 800-1000. 1 Inhumation grave or cemetery, 2 Inhumation graves with a sword or an axe as the only weapon, 3 Imports from the Carolingian empire or England before ca. 950,4 Cremation grave or cemetery, 5 Graves with spearheads in south-east Scania, 6 Graves with arm-rings of bronze, 7 Graves with equal-armed brooches, 8 Finds of south-east Scanian local type of brooches (Strcimberg l9B7),9 Graves with bronze pendants in Blekinge, 10 Graves with small round brooches (cemeteries which includes graves of rypes no.2, 5,6,7,9 or 10 have not been given symbols of type 1 or 4). from Hjortahammar and two graves from Their graves reflect special cultural traditions, Vedeby). Round brooches do not occur in any differing from those of neighbouring areas. As Viking Age grave find from Scania. was mentioned above, contemporary or almost I know only two certain weapon-graves from contemporary written sources discuss them as a Blekinge. A non-expert-collected grave find from special people inhabiting a special land. The burial Vdby contained a late VikingAge axe as the only customs have clear parallels to the customs of weapon. The other find consists of a spearhead of south-east Scania. Petersent rype K, said to have been found in a The hundred division of Blekinge splits the grave-mound in Norje. In addition to these finds province into four parts. The Lister peninsula there is also a spearhead of Petersent rype K that was a separate hundred, and also in other respects comes from an area close to the church of Ldsen counted as aspecial unit during the MiddleAges. Parish in east Blekinge, probably the site of a In terms of natural geography (with its devastated cemetery (SHM 922221). These consequences for agrafian economy), it differs weapon finds are too small as material for any from the rest ofBlekinge. Its character or special generalizations. cultural traits during the Late Iron Age are very It is quite clear that the people inhabiting hard to discuss on account of the very small present-day Blekinge during the Viking Age available archaeological material. Three runic should be recognized as a specific cultural group. stones from the 7th century with obvious com- 68 FREDRIK SYANBERG I \>b - \:, i:t f. I &ro I '+1. 0 \J ii: n 1;l 40 km Fig. 5. Cultural groups in present Scania and Blekinge ca. 800-1000 as discussed in the present study. mon traits could be interpreted as manifestations they may be less rigid. The idea ofstudying culture ofpettychiefs controlling Lister at this time (Sten- through a selected theme, a small part of the holm 1 986, pp. 54 ff .;Svanberg 199 4, pp. 22 f .). entity with intense cultural meanings, is close to The settlement of Blekinge proper was divided the way many ethnologists work (Ehn & Liifgren into Vdstra (western), Medelsta (middle) and 1994).Therelation between burial customs and Ostra (eastern) hundreds, which seems to be a identity in the area of study must be further logical partition of an area that was primarily discussed. regarded as a larger unit. The interpretation ofthe differences demon- strated in the article also remains to be further Discussion elaborated. In the study, the term cubural group has been used. The groups in question can also be In the very briefstudy presented here, I have has related to discussions incorporating other demonstrated how differences in cultural perspectives, for example politics, centre- traditions reflected in burial customs, and in periphery relations or ethniciry. The connection contacts with other regions, can be related to between differing cultural traditions and such other sources in trying to grasp the diversiry of perspectives must also be discussed in that case. different human collectives in present-day Sca- One must be careful when trying to relate nia and Blekinge ca. 800-1000 (Fig. 4; Fig. 5). archaeologically characterized groups to the early Itmightseem atemptinghypothesis to regard mentions of names of peoples or lands in written the burial customs as a "cultural theme" of sources. The interpretation of such names is by importance for the self-constructed identity of no means simple (cf. \Tallerstrom 1997). some human collectives. In some areas the Thepartition into awestern and eastern sphere traditions seem very restricted, while in others ofcontacts ofthe discussed cultural groups can CULTURAL DIVERsITY 69 be supported by other material. For example, we - 1991. (ed.). The Cuhural Landscape During 6000 Years Sweden Eco- can mention the spread of early "Danish" coins, in Southern - The ktad Project logical Bulletins 41. Copenhagen. soapstone items and some eastern orwestern types Bjdrkquist, K.-A. & Persson, T. 1979. Stenarna dAr barn jewellery (Steuer 1987, of Scandinavian bronze ti lekt: En studie i bkhing k behygelsehistoria under Abb. 5, 18 and 21) and the finds of oriental-type brons- och jtirnd.lder. Unplblished seminar paper. belt fittings (]ansson 1987, figs. 1 I and 12). Lund. The picture of cultural contacts and cultural BlaabergJensen, R., Bjerg, K., Gerssler Urplante, K. & Bjerregaard Pedersen, S. 1996. Det skinske opror diversiry is partly transformed from the mid 1 Oth 1 1 80-1 1 82. ln Absalon: Fadrelandets ed. F. century onwards. An important part of the fader, Birkebak, T. Christensen & I. Skovgaard-Petersen. changes consisted ofa cultural and political con- Roskilde. formity to the customs of the Christian church Bredsdorff, P. 197 3. Kortlagning og historishe studier: Et and the administration of the Danish kingdom. uarktoj? Copenhagen. It must be argued that the history of these Bruzelius, N. G. 1859. Beschreibung von einigen im Dorfe Onsvala, Bara Gerichts-Districte, Schonen, developments should be primarily discussed on Schweden, gefundenen Alterthiimern. lz ziegn fiir a regional level. The developments in all sc hweizerhc he Gesc h i c hte und Aher thuns hundeY :1. probability meant something of a break in Burenhult, G. 197 5. D en arkeologiska undersdkningen traditions and cultural contacts for the three av Tofta H6gar. 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